The State of AI Ethics Report (Volume 5)
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This report was prepared by the Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) — an international non-profit organization democratizing AI ethics literacy. Learn more on our website or subscribe to our weekly newsletter The AI Ethics Brief. This work is licensed open-access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Primary contact for the report: Abhishek Gupta ([email protected]) Full team behind the report: Special thanks to our contributors: Iga Kozlowska, Sarah Grant, Andrea Pedeferri, Alexandrine Royer, Victoria Heath, Muriam Fancy, Shannon Egan, Marcel Hedman, Natalie Klym, and Karim Nader. The State of AI Ethics Report, Volume 5 (July 2021) 1 Table of Contents Founder’s Note 6 1. What we’re thinking by MAIEI Staff and Community 7 From the Founder’s Desk 7 Tradeoff determination for ethics, safety, and inclusivity in AI systems 7 Systems Design Thinking for Responsible AI 10 The importance systems adaptability for meaningful Responsible AI deployment 12 Building for resiliency in AI systems 14 Sociology of AI Ethics 17 Algorithmic Impact Assessments – What Impact Do They Have? 17 Slow AI and The Culture of Speed 20 The Sociology of Race and Digital Society 24 Office Hours 27 We interviewed 3 experts who teach Tech Ethics. Here’s what we learned. 27 The Future of Teaching Tech Ethics 33 What’s missing in the way Tech Ethics is taught currently? 39 Anthropology of AI Ethics 44 The AI Junkyard: Thinking Through the Lifecycle of AI Systems 44 Beyond the usual 47 Artificial Intelligence and Healthcare: From Sci-Fi to Reality 47 The Chief AI Ethics Officer: A Champion or a PR Stunt? 50 The Paradox of AI Ethics in Warfare 52 2. The Critical Race Quantum Computer: A Tool for Liberation by Michael Lipset, Jessica Brown, Michael Crawford, Kwaku Aning, & Katlyn Turner 59 3. Creativity and AI 83 Opening remarks by Ramya Srinivasan (AI Researcher at Fujitsu Research of America Inc.) 83 Go Deep: Research Summaries 85 Creativity in the Era of Artificial Intelligence 85 AI vs. Maya Angelou: Experimental Evidence That People Cannot Differentiate AI-Generated From Human-Written Poetry 88 On Human-AI Collaboration in Artistic Performance 91 From the Gut? Questions on Artificial Intelligence and Music 94 Fashion piracy and artificial intelligence—does the new creative environment come with new copyright issues? 96 Go Wide: Article Summaries (summarized by Abhishek Gupta) 100 The State of AI Ethics Report, Volume 5 (July 2021) 2 2021 Emerging Trends: How Artificial Intelligence Will Affect Creative Decisions 100 4. Environment and AI 101 Opening Remarks by Asim Hussain (Chairperson, Green Software Foundation) 101 Go Deep: Research Summaries 105 How Tech Companies are Helping Big Oil Profit from Climate Destruction 105 Energy and Policy Considerations in Deep Learning for NLP 107 Is AI Greening Global Supply Chains? 110 Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning 113 Go Wide: Article Summaries (summarized by Abhishek Gupta) 116 Hundreds of sewage leaks detected thanks to AI 116 We finally know how bad for the environment your Netflix habit is 116 AI and Climate Change: The Promise, the Perils and Pillars for Action 117 5. Geopolitics and AI 118 Opening Remarks by Jeffrey Ding (PhD Candidate, University of Oxford) 118 Go Deep: Research Summaries 120 Code Work: Thinking with the System in Mexico 120 10 takeaways from our meetup on AI Ethics in the APAC Region 123 The Logic of Strategic Assets: From Oil to AI 127 Artificial Intelligence and Inequality in the Middle East: The Political Economy of Inclusion 130 Go Wide: Article Summaries (summarized by Abhishek Gupta) 133 China Poised To Dominate The Artificial Intelligence (AI) Market 133 EU to launch first AI regulations 133 How China turned a prize-winning iPhone hack against the Uyghurs 134 US-China tech war: Beijing's secret chipmaking champions 135 Chinese Users Do Care About Online Privacy 136 Understanding Contextual Facial Expressions Across the Globe 136 Across China, AI ‘city brains’ are changing how the government runs 137 TikTok changed the shape of some people’s faces without asking 138 Chinese AI lab challenges Google, OpenAI with a model of 1.75 trillion parameters 138 6. Outside the boxes 140 Opening Remarks by Cristian Gherhes (Research Fellow, Oxford Brookes University) 140 Go Deep: Research Summaries 144 Mapping the Ethicality of Algorithmic Pricing 144 Disaster City Digital Twin: A Vision for Integrating Artificial and Human Intelligence for Disaster Management 147 The State of AI Ethics Report, Volume 5 (July 2021) 3 AI Ethics in the Public, Private, and NGO Sectors: A Review of a Global Document Collection 150 One Map to Rule Them All? Google Maps as Digital Technical Object 154 Making Kin with the Machines 158 In AI We Trust: Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Reliability 161 From AI Winter to AI Hype: The Story of AI in Montreal 165 Dating Through the Filters 169 Explaining the Principles to Practices Gap in AI 171 Go Wide: Article Summaries (summarized by Abhishek Gupta) 174 New Algorithms Could Reduce Racial Disparities in Health Care 174 Why Is Big Tech Policing Speech? Because the Government Isn’t 174 The Little-Known Data Broker Industry Is Spending Big Bucks Lobbying Congress 175 How AI Can Help Companies Set Prices More Ethically 176 How Facebook’s Ad System Lets Companies Talk Out of Both Sides of Their Mouths 176 Blood, Poop, and Violence: YouTube Has a Creepy Minecraft Problem 177 Error-riddled data sets are warping our sense of how good AI really is 177 Shadow Bans, Dopamine Hits, and Viral Videos, All in the Life of TikTok Creators 178 Want to Get Along With Robots? Pretend They’re Animals 179 Hard Choices: AI in healthcare 179 Google Promised Its Contact Tracing App Was Completely Private—But It Wasn’t 180 To Be Tracked or Not? Apple Is Now Giving Us the Choice. 181 Facebook Oversight Board Upholds Social Network’s Ban of Trump 181 The four most common fallacies about AI 182 Nevada Lawmakers Introduce Privacy Legislation After Markup Investigation into Vaccine Websites 183 Language models like GPT-3 could herald a new type of search engine 184 Twitter's Photo Crop Algorithm Favors White Faces and Women 184 The Future Of Work Now: Ethical AI At Salesforce 185 Google’s New Dermatology App Wasn’t Designed for People With Darker Skin 186 The New York Times Uses the Very Dark Patterns it Derides 186 How a largely untested AI algorithm crept into hundreds of hospitals 187 Dark Patterns that Mislead Consumers Are All Over the Internet 188 How censorship became the new crisis for social networks 188 10 steps to educate your company on AI fairness 189 These creepy fake humans herald a new age in AI 190 Can Schools Police What Students Say on Social Media? 190 ‘Care bots’ are on the rise and replacing human caregivers 191 The State of AI Ethics Report, Volume 5 (July 2021) 4 7. Community-Nominated Spotlights 193 Spotlight #1: Sun Sun Lim (Professor, Singapore University of Technology and Design) 193 Spotlight #2: Claudia May Del Pozo (Director of the Eon Resilience Lab at C Minds) 196 Closing Remarks 199 Support Our Work 200 *Note: The original sources are linked under the title of each piece. The work in the following pages combines summaries of the original material supplemented with insights from MAIEI research staff, unless otherwise indicated. The State of AI Ethics Report, Volume 5 (July 2021) 5 Founder’s Note Welcome to another edition of the State of AI Ethics report from the team at the Montreal AI Ethics Institute! We’ve been thrilled with progress in the field this past quarter, especially as we’ve seen more calls for practical and actionable guidance for practitioners in the field, rather than just abstract, theoretical frameworks for evaluating the societal impacts emerging from the use of AI systems. In particular, we’ve seen a rise in interdisciplinary approaches to addressing these concerns as you’ll observe from the pieces featured in this edition of the report. We also got an overwhelming response from past readers of the report who wanted to learn more about our staff and community’s perspectives on the developments in the field and heeding that call, we’ve added a new section in the report titled “What we’re thinking” that will highlight some of our observations in more detail. We also have a special contribution from a stellar group of scholars who came together to discuss how we can reconceptualize critical race studies borrowing ideas from quantum computing titled “Critical Race Quantum Computer: A Tool for Liberation” that I strongly urge readers to peruse. We also chose to engage in a more topical analysis of the state of our field by looking through the areas of “AI and Creativity”, “AI and Environment”, and “Geopolitics and AI” to offer readers an in-depth look at some emergent areas that we believe will be essential in understanding how the field is moving forward in some underexplored areas and what we can expect going forward. We also have our evergreen “Outside the boxes” section with an eclectic mix of topics for those who want to get a broad coverage of areas in the field. Finally, we have featured profiles in our “Community Spotlights” showcasing work from intrepid scholars and activists reshaping our understanding of society and technology in different parts of the world. I hope you enjoy this report and see you in the “Closing Remarks.” Abhishek Gupta (@atg_abhishek) Founder, Director, & Principal Researcher Montreal AI Ethics Institute Abhishek Gupta is the Founder, Director, and Principal Researcher at the Montreal AI Ethics Institute. He is a Machine Learning Engineer at Microsoft, where he serves on the CSE Responsible AI Board.