DOCSLIB.ORG

Sanctuaries of Zeus: Mt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sanctuaries of Zeus: Mt Sanctuaries of Zeus: Mt. Lykaion and olympia in the early iron age Item Type Article; text Authors Romano, D.G.; Voyatzis, M.E. Citation Romano, D. G., & Voyatzis, M. E. (2021). Sanctuaries of Zeus: Mt. Lykaion and olympia in the early iron age. Hesperia, 90(1), 1–25. DOI 10.2972/hesperia.90.1.0001 Publisher American School of Classical Studies at Athens Journal Hesperia Rights Copyright © American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Download date 26/09/2021 07:37:53 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/660820 () SANCTUARIES OF ZEUS Pages – M. L O E I A ABSTRACT Recent excavations at the Sanctuary of Zeus at Mt. Lykaion have revealed evidence for ritual activity at the ash altar of Zeus from the Mycenaean through the Hellenistic period. Indications of continuous activity at this cult place beginning in the Late Bronze Age invite consideration of possible connections between this site and others in the Peloponnese, including the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia. Although altars composed of ash became fairly common in the Early Iron Age, we propose that the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia and its impressive ash altar may have been inspired by key aspects of the much older cult place at Mt. Lykaion, which it ultimately overshadowed in subsequent centuries. INTRODUCTION Situated in the Arcadian mountains, near the ancient and modern borders of Elis and Messenia, the Sanctuary of Zeus on Mt. Lykaion was one of the most famous Zeus shrines in the ancient world (Fig. 1). It consisted of an ash altar and temenos at the southern peak of the mountain, and an administrative and athletic complex in a lower mountain meadow (Fig. 2). A number of ancient authors refer to the remote location and great antiq- uity of the site. Famed as one of the birthplaces of Zeus, Mt. Lykaion was 1. e Sanctuary of Zeus at has been run as a synergasia between of Arizona. Mt. Lykaion was investigated in the 39th Ephorate of Prehistoric Romano is grateful to the School the late 19th and early 20th centu- and Classical Antiquities in Tripolis of Historical Studies, Institute for ries, principally by Kourouniotis on (now the Ephorate of Antiquities of Advanced Study, and the Andrew W. behalf of the Archaeological Society Arcadia) and the University of Arizona Mellon Foundation for support in the of Athens. His important excavation under the auspices of the American winter and spring of 2018. e authors reports are Kourouniotis 1904 and School of Classical Studies at Athens. also appreciate the assistance of the 1909. Since 2004, renewed research, e director of the project is Anna Archaeological Mapping Lab, School excavation, and study have been Karapanagiotou of the Ephorate of of Anthropology, University of Arizona, underway as the Mt. Lykaion Excava- Antiquities of Arcadia, and the co- in creating the maps and plans for this tion and Survey Project, http://lykaion directors are David Gilman Romano article. excavation.org. Since 2006 this project and Mary E. Voyatzis of the University © A S C S A . also known for the practice of human sacriªce at the altar, and for humans Figure 1. Map of the Peloponnese, turning into werewolves.« Two preliminary reports have been published showing Mt. Lykaion and other key that summarize recent work at the site between 2004 and 2010, including sites. D. G. Romano, M. Pihokker, and A. Mayer, after E. Gaba; Wikimedia Com- excavation at the upper level of the sanctuary from 2007 to 2010, and in mons CC BY 3.0 the mountain meadow from 2006 to 2010.® A second ªve-year excavation permit granted in 2016 allowed a renewal of investigations at the site.¯ e Lykaion sanctuary was one of several important cult sites that existed in the Peloponnese by the Early Iron Age (EIA). Some of these sanctuaries may have been connected via river pathways cutting through the region, most prominently the Eurotas, the Alpheios, and the Pamisos 2. Both Callimachus (Hymn 1.5–9) the history of the cult, see Cook 1914, http://lykaionexcavation.org. and Pausanias (8.36.3) talk about the pp. 63–99. For werewolves and an 3. Romano and Voyatzis 2010, 2014, birth of Zeus on Mt. Lykaion. Mul- excellent summary of the sacriªces 2015. tiple ancient authors mention human at Mt. Lykaion, see Burkert 1983, 4. We continued our excavations at sacriªce at the Sanctuary of Zeus at pp. 83–93. Most of the ancient literary the altar in each of the summer seasons, Mt. Lykaion including Paus. 8.38.5–7; accounts relating to the Sanctuary 2016–2019, and plan to complete our eophr. in Porph. Abst. 2.27; Pl. Resp. of Zeus at Mt. Lykaion are conve- ªve-year permit in 2021. 565d; Pseudo-Plato, Minos 315c. For niently found at the project website: . µ Figure 2. Map of the upper and lower parts of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Mt. Lykaion. D. G. Romano, M. Pihokker, and A. Mayer ¶ . Rivers. ey include sites such as the Sanctuary of Apollo at Amyklai, south of Sparta, and the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, while the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta reveals evidence of activity likely beginning a little later.¸ In this article we examine how these sites of sacriªce and ritual gathering may relate in terms of appearance, landscape, communication, ªnds, chronology, and cult. RESULTS FROM THE RECENT EXCAVATIONS AT MT. LYKAION e ash altar at Mt. Lykaion is situated at the very top of a natural conical formation at the southern peak of the mountain (Fig. 3). e peak ex- tends 24 m above a ¹at terrace to the south, identiªed by Kourouniotis as the temenos, which he measured as 55 m wide and up to 120 m long (Figs. 2, 4).º Human engineering fashioned the top of the southern peak into a circular shape best seen by means of a Google Earth satellite image (Fig. 5). e diameter of the circular shape is ca. 30 m; part of the stone retaining wall to support the ash can be seen to the south and west.» e ash altar was comprised primarily of heavily burned animal bones, which were mixed together with ash and huge amounts of pottery, ter- racotta ªgurines, miniature bronze tripods, coins, lead dedications, and other o¼erings.½ All the material points to a long history of ritual use, with consistent activity from the Mycenaean through the Hellenistic period.¾ e animal bones consisted principally of heavily burned sheep and goat femurs (thigh bones), patellas (knee bones), and tail bones.¿ e deepest layer contained Mycenaean pottery, ranging in date from the Mycenaean through the Hellenistic period (Fig. 6). Kylikes were the most common type of vessel identiªed. In some parts of the altar, an EIA layer may be discerned immediately above the Mycenaean one by EIA pottery including, for example, a Laconian-style skyphos (Fig. 7). A heavy concentration of ªre-cracked rocks and dedications comprises a region that we have labeled an “area of intense burning,” likely established in the EIA in the southern part of the altar, immediately above the Mycenaean level. It re¹ects the intense heat generated in this concentrated area, which contained a variety of votive o¼erings and ceramics. 5. For a discussion of the earli- belonging to the columns holding the it is not clear what the nature of the est pottery from the site, see Coulson golden eagles of Zeus mentioned by activities were during those times. 1985, pp. 31, 63–66. Of the nearly 400 Pausanias (8.38.7). is early pottery is mostly the kind catalogued Laconian EIA pieces, just 7. e stone retaining wall was of household assemblage common in a a small fraction (ca. 14) are said to be likely constructed near the end of the domestic setting, but the southern sum- from Artemis Orthia (Coulson 1985, 7th century Â.Ã.; see Romano and mit of the mountain lacks water and pp. 67–84). By far the majority comes Voyatzis 2014, pp. 625–629. is inhospitable, windy, and cold even from Amyklai, where huge quantities of 8. Romano and Voyatzis 2014, in the summer, therefore it is highly such material continue to be uncov- pp. 578–626. For a geoarchaeological unlikely that it was a site of habitation ered; see also Vlachou 2012; 2018, study of the evidence for ritual from in any period. pp. 99–110. the altar, see Mentzer, Romano, and 10. See the appendix by Starkovich 6. Kourouniotis 1904, pp. 160–161. Voyatzis 2017, pp. 1038–1041. in Romano and Voyatzis 2014, p. 645. Kourouniotis reports that in 1897, 9. Neolithic, Early Helladic, and 11. Romano and Voyatzis 2014, Kontopoulos found two large stone Middle Helladic pottery was also found pp. 580–582. bases that he correctly identiªed as in the excavations of the altar, though . Å Figure 3. ¤e southern peak of Mt. Lykaion, from the northeast. Photo D. G. Romano Figure 4. ¤e altar of Zeus, the temenos, and the stone bases for the columns of the sanctuary, from the east. Photo D. G. Romano Figure 5. Satellite image of the southern peak of Mt. Lykaion, November 2013. Base image Google Earth; annotations D. G. Romano Æ . Figure 6. Mycenaean kylikes found in situ during the excavation of the ash altar at Mt. Lykaion. Photo A. Rohn Figure 7. Laconian-style skyphos (C-Z-051-12 + C-Z-060-11) from Mt. Lykaion. Scale 1:3. Drawing C. L. Kolb Farther north at the very summit of the southern peak in a shallower part of the altar we uncovered a manmade architectural platform consist- ing of irregular long, ¹at ªeldstone slabs constructed on top of bedrock.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Verification of Vulnerable Zones Identified Under the Nitrate Directive \ and Sensitive Areas Identified Under the Urban Waste W
    CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE (91/271/EEC) 1 1.2 THE NITRATES DIRECTIVE (91/676/EEC) 3 1.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 4 2 THE OFFICIAL GREEK DESIGNATION PROCESS 9 2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION IN GREECE 9 2.2 OFFICIAL DESIGNATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS 10 2.3 OFFICIAL DESIGNATION OF VULNERABLE ZONES 14 1 INTRODUCTION This report is a review of the areas designated as Sensitive Areas in conformity with the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC and Vulnerable Zones in conformity with the Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC in Greece. The review also includes suggestions for further areas that should be designated within the scope of these two Directives. Although the two Directives have different objectives, the areas designated as sensitive or vulnerable are reviewed simultaneously because of the similarities in the designation process. The investigations will focus upon: • Checking that those waters that should be identified according to either Directive have been; • in the case of the Nitrates Directive, assessing whether vulnerable zones have been designated correctly and comprehensively. The identification of vulnerable zones and sensitive areas in relation to the Nitrates Directive and Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is carried out according to both common and specific criteria, as these are specified in the two Directives. 1.1 THE URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE (91/271/EEC) The Directive concerns the collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater as well as biodegradable wastewater from certain industrial sectors. The designation of sensitive areas is required by the Directive since, depending on the sensitivity of the receptor, treatment of a different level is necessary prior to discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
    Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
    [Show full text]
  • Spartan Suspicions and the Massacre, Again1 Sospechas Espartanas Y La Masacre, De Nuevo
    Spartan Suspicions and the Massacre, Again1 Sospechas espartanas y la masacre, de nuevo Annalisa Paradiso2 Università della Basilicata (Italia) Recibido: 27-02-17 Aprobado: 28-03-17 Abstract While narrating Brasidas’ expedition to Thrace and the Spartans’ decision to send 700 helots to accompany him as hoplites, Thucydides refers to another episode of helots’ enfranchisement, followed however by their massacre. The association of the timing of the two policies is indeed suspect, whereas it is possible that in the second case the slaughter may have been carried out in different chasms in Laconia, rather than in the so-called Kaiadas, after dividing the helots into groups. Key-words: Thucydides, Sparta, Massacre, Kaiadas. Resumen Mientras narra la expedición de Brásidas a Tracia y la decisión de los espartanos de enviarle 700 ilotas que le acompañaran como hoplitas, Tucídides refiere otro episodio de manumisión de ilotas, seguido empero de su masacre. La coincidencia de ambas medidas políticas es en efecto sospechosa, si tenemos en cuenta que en el segundo caso la matanza puede haberse llevado a cabo en desfiladeros diferentes de Laconia, y no en el llamado Kaiadas, tras dividir a los ilotas en grupos. Palabras-clave: Tucídides, Esparta, masacre, Kaiadas. 1 This article has been improved through information and comments supplied by Yanis Pikoulas, Dimitris Roubis, and James Roy. I am grateful to them and to Maria Serena Patriziano, physical anthropologist, who provided the volumetric calculations. 2 ([email protected]) She is Lecturer of Greek History at the Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Architecture, Environment and Cultural Heritage of the University of Basilicata (Matera, Italy).
    [Show full text]
  • Assigning Macroseismic Intensities of Historical Earthquakes from Late 19Th Century in Sw Peloponnese (Greece)
    ASSIGNING MACROSEISMIC INTENSITIES OF HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES FROM LATE 19TH CENTURY IN SW PELOPONNESE (GREECE) Nikos SAKELLARIOU1 and Vassiliki KOUSKOUNA2 ABSTRACT The seismic activity of Greece has always been present in the country’s history. Numerous earthquakes have occurred in the area of SW Peloponnese, which includes the seismically active faults of Kalamata, Pamisos and Messinian gulf, as well as the subduction zone of the Hellenic arc. In the present paper macroseismic information was collected from contemporary and recent earthquake studies and the local press for three significant earthquakes of this area, i.e. Messini (1885), Filiatra (1886) and Kyparissia (1899). These earthquakes are presented in detail, as far as the flow of information, damage reports, seismological compilations and intensity assignment and distribution are concerned, from which macroseismic parameters (i.e. epicentre, magnitude) were assessed. The macroseismic datapoints of the studied earthquakes were introduced to a database, containing the event dates (OS/NS), source of information and date, the digitized original texts containing all sorts of macroseismic information and, finally, the assigned intensities expressed in EMS98, which may also act as input to the Hellenic Macroseismic Database (http://macroseismology.geol.uoa.gr/). INTRODUCTION Throughout the ages earthquakes have been the most destructive of all natural hazards, having been associated with crises due to their effects in several aspects of human life. In historical times the damage and sudden crippling of the economy of an area led to population movements, emigration or desertification of villages, even small towns. Since we are not able to foresee what will happen in the future, we have to find out what happened in the past and extrapolate to modern times.
    [Show full text]
  • Messenian Dialect and Dedications of the "Methanioi"
    MESSENIAN DIALECT AND DEDICATIONS OF THE "METHANIOI" (PLATE 98) TWO BRONZE SPEAR BUTTS, dedicated at different sanctuaries in the Pelopon- nesos but obviously parallel and seemingly related, have long puzzled epigraphistsand historians.1One (Fig. 1)2 was found at Olympia and bears the inscription: MEeANIOIAnO AAKEAAIMONION FIG. 1. Inscriptionon bronze spear butt dedicatedat Olympia. Olympia Museum 10 (after LSAG, pl. 33:4). The other (Fig. 2)3 was found in the precinctof Apollo Korythosnear Koronein Messenia and carries a fragmentarydedication, written retrogradeon all four faces: MEeAN[101]ANEeE[N Afl'] AeANAI[ONTA-] AAIA0[1]4 I Works frequently cited are abbreviatedas follows: Buck, GD = C. D. Buck, The Greek Dialects: Grammar,Selected Inscriptions, Glossary,Chicago 1955 LCM = LiverpoolClassical Monthly LSAG = L. H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece,Oxford 1961 Meiggs and Lewis = R. Meiggs and D. Lewis, A Selectionof GreekHistorical Inscriptionsto the End of the Fifth CenturyB.C., Oxford 1969 SGDI = H. Collitz and F. Bechtel, Sammlungdergriechischen Dialekt-Inschriften, 4 vols., Got- tingen 1884-1915 2 W. Greenwell, "Votive Armour and Arms," JHS 2, 1882 (pp. 65-82), pp. 71-72, pl. xi; H. Roehl, Inscriptionesgraecae antiquissimae,Berlin 1882, no. 46; W. Dittenbergerand K. Purgold, Olympia, V, Die Inschriten von Olympia, Berlin 1896, pp. 247-248; E. S. Roberts, An Introductionto Greek Epigraphy, I, The ArchaicInscriptions and the GreekAlphabet, Cambridge 1887, no. 286; SGDI, no. 3369; H. Roehl, Ima- gines inscriptionumgraecarum antiquissimarum, 3rd ed., Berlin 1907, p. 110, no. 5; E. Schwyzer, Dialecto- rum graecarum exempla epigraphicapotiora, Leipzig 1923, no. 106; E. Kunze and H. Schleif, Olympische ForschungenI, Berlin 1944, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Nikos Skoulikidis.Pdf
    The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 59 Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy Nikos Skoulikidis Elias Dimitriou Ioannis Karaouzas Editors The Rivers of Greece Evolution, Current Status and Perspectives The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Founded by Otto Hutzinger Editors-in-Chief: Damia Barcelo´ • Andrey G. Kostianoy Volume 59 Advisory Board: Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu, Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton, Donald L. Sparks More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/698 The Rivers of Greece Evolution, Current Status and Perspectives Volume Editors: Nikos Skoulikidis Á Elias Dimitriou Á Ioannis Karaouzas With contributions by F. Botsou Á N. Chrysoula Á E. Dimitriou Á A.N. Economou Á D. Hela Á N. Kamidis Á I. Karaouzas Á A. Koltsakidou Á I. Konstantinou Á P. Koundouri Á D. Lambropoulou Á L. Maria Á I.D. Mariolakos Á A. Mentzafou Á A. Papadopoulos Á D. Reppas Á M. Scoullos Á V. Skianis Á N. Skoulikidis Á M. Styllas Á G. Sylaios Á C. Theodoropoulos Á L. Vardakas Á S. Zogaris Editors Nikos Skoulikidis Elias Dimitriou Institute of Marine Biological Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters Resources and Inland Waters Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Anavissos, Greece Anavissos, Greece Ioannis Karaouzas Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Anavissos, Greece ISSN 1867-979X ISSN 1616-864X (electronic) The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ISBN 978-3-662-55367-1 ISBN 978-3-662-55369-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55369-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954950 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • LINK Template
    LINKN°94 m aY 1 ST 2017 Editor : Laura Gimenez Designer : Mariam Sassi link #LINKEXPLORE Content Contact 5 EVS, K.A.NE. About us 6 Youth Center - program 14 Yana Volkova 16 NGO Stella Tea Križanec 18 Croatia. Hrvatska. Joana Ganilho Marques 22 Monuments and Sites Rosa Vernooij 25 Orange Craze Molly O’Doherty 27 UK News Sofiene Lahdheri 30 Photo Report Joana Ganilho Marques 32 We need poetry is in the streets K.A.NE. Staff members of KANE: Filaretos Vourkos Fotini Arapi Jelena Scepanovic K.A.N.E Nantiana Koutiva Social Youth Development Vyron Giannakopoulos Youth Center of Kalamata EVS: Plateia Othonos 10 Anna Szlendak Kalamata, 24100, Greece Aroa Liébana Rellán Arthur Gallagher [email protected] Joana Ganilho Marques Laura Gimenez Mariam Sassi +30 272 111 0740 Martyna Czypicka Mehdi Jaffar kentroneon.wordpress.com Molly O’Doherty ngokane.org/index.php Óscar Villarraso López Renée Hoogenboom f @kentroneon Rosa Vernooij Rüya Hazar Sara Amghar Sofiene Lahdheri Tea Križanec Yana Volkova ANNA Kalimera! I am Ania and I come from Poland. I will be working for KANE and running Photography and Ukulele workshops. I studied photography in the Institute of Journalism of the University of Warsaw and worked for press photo agencies when I lived in my country. I enjoy every form of photography, I use both digital and film camera, I also create my own pinhole cameras. Besides, I am totally addicted to travel. AROA Hi ! My name is Aroa, I’m from Madrid in Spain but I live in Màlaga, the south of Spain. In Spain I’m working in a secondary school for dance, I’m the teacher for hip-hop, funks, break dance and classic for teens.
    [Show full text]
  • 12(2) 02 Pearce.Indd
    PHYTOLOGIA BALCANICA 12 (2): 149–164, Sofia, 2006 149 John Stuart Mill’s botanical collections from Greece (a private passion) Nicholas R. Pearce The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK, e-mail: [email protected] Received: March 07, 2006 ▷ Accepted: April 26, 2006 Abstract. An account is given of John Stuart Mill’s two journeys to Greece in 1855 and 1862. A list of the extensive botanical collections is included along with the itineraries of the journeys and an introduction to his interest in botany. Key words: botany, collections, Greece, itineraries, J.S. Mill Background Two years ago, while working in the time to start a family. John was the firstborn Herbarium at Kew, I discovered some of a large family. specimens collected by J.S. Mill. I was John’s childhood was an unhappy and not aware at that time that Mill was in- solitary time. His education was conduct- terested in botany. I decided to look ed at home, entirely by his father who, further into this aspect of an eminent concurrently, was writing his History of Victorian and found that not only was British India. At the age of twenty he be- Mill a keen and enthusiastic botanist came profoundly depressed and lost in- but had collected a herbarium of over terest in his work and life. This lonely 12 000 specimens. These collections con- boyhood and his depression is movingly sisted not only of plants from the UK but described in his autobiography (Mill 1875). specimens from across Europe to Turkey. The In 1827 John was invited for dinner at the specimens from Greece were particularly extensive house of John Taylor and it was there that he first and I decided to investigate these collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Holocene Paleogeography of the Coastal Plain of the Gulf of Messenia, Greece, and Its Relationships to Archaeological Settings and Coastal Change
    Late Holocene Paleogeography of the Coastal Plain of the Gulf of Messenia, Greece, and Its Relationships to Archaeological Settings and Coastal Change JOHN C. KRAFT Department of Geology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711 GEORGE RAPP, JR. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Hellenic Institute of Oceanographic and Fishing Research, Agios Kosmas, Ellinikon, Athens, Greece STANLEY E. ASCHENBRENNER Minnesota Messenia Expedition, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION made that current geomorphic elements have existed from middle Holocene time to The coastal plain of the Pamisos River The late Holocene geologic history of the the present. Despite extensive discussion in and five associated rivers at the head of the world's sandy coastal plains undoubtedly the literature of the interplay between cul- Gulf of Messenia in the southwestern played a significant role in their occupancy tural and physical phenomena since Peloponnese includes middle through upper by man. These plains are loci of relatively Neolithic time, a true synthesis of these Holocene sedimentary-environment litho- rapid geographic change, so there is a po- elements has been exceedingly difficult to somes of alluvial flood-plain deposits, tential for large error if the assumption is achieve. In addition to a lack of adequate channel sand, braided streams and deltas, bank swamps and marshes, dune fields, minor lagoons, beach-accretion ridges, and shallow-marine sediment. The areal dis- tribution of these environments is in bal- ance between the sediment supplied by the alluvial systems and their modification by coastal wave action. Questions remain about the importance of tectonic uplift and downwarp relative to sediment input and changes in eustatic sea level.
    [Show full text]
  • Works 2005-2010
    AMYKLES RESEARCH PROJECT: Works 2005-2010 ΑΝΑΤΥΠΟ ΑΘΗΝΑ 2015 Το κ׫στος του τ׫μου κ׋λυψαν ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΜΠΕΝΑΚΗ (τα Μ׌λη του Μουσε׎ου Μπεν׋κη 11-12 (2011-2012 οι ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ Ν. ΜΕΝΕΓΑΣ ΟΙΚΟΓΕΝΕΙΑ Tο ετ׍σιο περιοδικ׫ του Μουσε׎ου Μπεν׋κη & και οι: Ειρ׍νη Αδαμαντι׋δη, The annual journal of the Benaki Museum ,Ελ׌νη Αλαβ׋νου, Π׋νος Αλεξ׫πουλος Ελ׌νη Αναγνωστοπο׬λου, Αναστ׋σιος και ,Αθην׋ Αντωνοπο׬λου, Βγ׌να Βαρθολομα׎ου Ν׎κος Βασιλ׋τος, Αγγελικ׍ Βασιλ׋του, Εκδ׫της: Μουσε׎ο Μπεν׋κη ,Φαν׍ Βαφιαδ׋κη, Απ׫στολος Βερβ׌ρογλου Ιω׋ννης Βικελ׎δης, Θεοδ׭ρα Γ׋λβα, Υπε׬θυνη σ׬νταξης: Μ׋ρια Διαμ׋ντη Σταυρο׬λα Γιανναρ׋κου, Σωτηρ׎α Γραμμεν׎δου, Γε׭ργιος Δαλακο׬ρας, Συντακτικ׍ επιτροπ׍: Αιμιλ׎α Γερουλ׋νου Αναστασ׎α Δουρμο׬ση, Μαρ׎α Ευθυμ׎ου, Άγγελος Δεληβορρι׋ς Βασιλικ׍ Κοντολα׎μου, Σταυρο׬λα Μ׋ρια Διαμ׋ντη Κοτταρ׎δη, Ναν׋ Κουταλ׋κη, Το׬λα Κουτρ׋κου, Αναστασ׎α Κωνσταντιν׎δη, Χαρ׋λαμπος Μπο׬ρας Γε׭ργιος Κωνσταντ׫πουλος, Μυρτ׭ Λι׋τη, Δ׋φνη Μανι׋, Π׋νος Μανι׋ς, Διορθ׭σεις: Μ׋ρια Διαμ׋ντη Γιο׬λα Μαριολοπο׬λου, Αγλαΐα Μαρο׬γκα, Αριστε׎δης Μαρτ׎νης, Σχεδιασμ׫ς: Βαγγ׌λης Καρατζ׋ς Ευανθ׎α Μπισκ׎νη-Καραγιανν׋κου, Σοφ׎α Παραγωγ׍: Λενι׭ Μαργαριτο׬λη ,Μπον׋νου, Ευ׋γγελος Παντελ׎δης Χρ׍στος Παπαχατζ׫πουλος, Μαρ׎α Εκτ׬πωση: Λιθοπρ׎ντ, Ι. Σκουρι׋ς ΕΠΕ ,Παπαχατζοπο׬λου, Χ׋ρη Παπαχρ׎στου .Ηρακλ׍ς Παππ׋ς, Μ׋ρω Πατσουρ׋τη, Βιβλιοδεσ׎α: Θ. Ηλι׫πουλος – Π.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Lyric Messene
    1 Lyric Messene: Collaborative Ethnogenesis and Historical Narrative1 Luke Nathaniel Madson Classical Studies Introduction: In the ancient world, Messenia is the case study par excellence of competing historical- political narratives and notions of revival. The wholesale creation of the late classical polis of Messene illustrates the variety of ways in which new political realities look to the past to establish precedent and stability in the face of seismic change.2 Many Messenian traditions map well onto what Jan Bremmer has called “Myth as Argument,”3 namely, a particular construction of the past to justify present political views, (sometimes) with an argument for a certain direction in the future. This idea is exemplified in the fragmentary lyric tradition of Eumelus known as the Delian Prosodion, of which we have only two attributed lines. As my analysis of this poetic tradition will show, it is inadequate to dismiss such evidence as mere political propaganda orchestrated by the Thebans and Messenians as they founded a new polis. The Delian Prosodion, when contextualized and queried against other emerging Messenian poetic traditions, historical narratives, and archaeological evidence, reveals the compelling traditions which are put forward in the process of ethnogenesis. Such expressions serve to establish legitimacy, not just in a broader external panhellenic political community, but also internally in the micro-narrative of Messene and the identity of its citizens. The poetry attributed to Eumelus shows the development of lyric memory, which functions much like the physical manifestation of civic memory, as seen in the city of Messene; both facilitate the emergence of a certain historical consciousness as well as the embodiment of a present contemporary community.
    [Show full text]
  • Pavlides2011.Pdf
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Hero-Cult in Archaic and Classical Sparta: a Study of Local Religion Nicolette A. Pavlides PhD Thesis The University of Edinburgh Classics 2011 For my father ii Signed Declaration This thesis has been composed by the candidate, the work is the candidate‘s own and the work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. Signed: iii Abstract Hero-Cult in Archaic and Classical Sparta: a Study of Local Religion This dissertation examines the hero-cults in Sparta in the Archaic and Classical periods on the basis of the archaeological and literary sources. The aim is to explore the local idiosyncrasies of a pan-Hellenic phenomenon, which itself can help us understand the place and function of heroes in Greek religion.
    [Show full text]