DOCSLIB.ORG

FULLTEXT01.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FULLTEXT01.Pdf Johannes Siapkas Heterological Ethnicity Conceptualizing identities in ancient Greece ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS BOREAS. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 27 Editor: Gullög Nordquist Editor’s address: Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, S:t Eriks torg 5, SE-753 10 Uppsala, Sweden. Doctoral dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 2004. ABSTRACT Siapkas, J. 2003. Heterological Ethnicity: Conceptualizing identities in ancient Greece. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Boreas. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 27. Uppsala. 343 pp., 1 table, 1 map. ISBN 91-554-5823-8. In accordance with the heterological tradition, this study emphasises the determining effect of theoretical assumptions on our conceptualizations of the past. This study scrutinises how classical archaeologists and ancient historians have conceptualized ethnic groups, in particular the Messenians. Ethnic groups have traditionally been regarded as static with clear-cut boundaries. Each group has also been attributed with certain essential characteristics. According to this view, the Messenian ethnic identity was preserved during the period of Spartan occupation. This view is facilitated by a passive perspective, which regards evidence as reflections of reality and emphasises continuity. This culture historical perspective, which gives precedence to literary evidence and reduces archaeology to a handmaiden of history, has prevailed in classics from the 19th century until today. It can be juxtaposed with perspectives, discernable in classics from the 1960s onwards, which maintain that various parts of culture are manipulated in accordance with contemporaneous socio- political needs. These active perspectives — ranging from systems theoretical, functionalistic to processual models — resemble the instrumentalist model in anthropology which regards ethnicity as a dynamic and flexible strategy. Nevertheless, the instrumentalist redefinition of ethnicity did not influence classics until the late 1990s. According to the instrumentalist perspective, the Messenian ethnic identity emerged as a strategy of distinction in opposition to the Spartans. Despite the variations, these perspectives can be regarded as part of a dogmatic tradition. Scholars within the dogmatic tradition tend to focus on the evidence and neglect the influence of the scholarly discourse on the conceptualizations of the past. This study, which is influenced by Michel de Certeau’s critique of the dogmatic tradition, elaborates on the discursive constraints of classical archaeology and ancient history. Keywords: theory, ethnicity, classical archaeology, ancient history, primordialism, instrumentalism, Messenia, helots, heterology, de Certeau. Johannes Siapkas, Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, S:t Eriks torg 5, SE-753 10 Uppsala, Sweden. © Johannes Siapkas 2003 ISBN: 91-554-5823-8 ISSN: 0346-6442 English revised by Laura Wrang. Printed in Sweden by Elanders Gotab, Stockholm 2003 Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden www.uu.se, [email protected] v Contents Acknowledgements viii INTRODUCTION 1 The Politics of Archaeology and Classics 1 Structuring the Argument 5 Terminology 7 Terminological Peculiarities 7 Terminological Parallels — Race and Ethnos 11 Demarcating Ethnicity 13 PRACTICE AS CRITIQUE 19 Ethnicity Oscillating between Practice and Discourse 19 Introducing de Certeau 19 Tactics — Other’s Practices 21 Historiography 25 Heterological Ethnicity 30 Practice Theories of Ethnicity 31 PRIMORDIALISM 41 The Primordial Model 41 Primordial Greeks 46 Primordial Messenians 60 Messenian Origins 60 Boreas 27 vi Proto-Messenians 61 Messenian Wars and Aristomenes 75 A comment on the geography 84 Summarising remarks 85 Messenian Survival 88 Political history 89 The helot revolt in the 460s 89 Pylos, 420s 94 Summary 96 Social helots 97 Origins 98 Social organisation 98 Religion and archaeology 104 Exiles 108 Loyalties 111 Summarising remarks 117 Messenian Independence 120 Political history 120 The founding of Messene 121 Messenian expansion and geography 125 Political relations 129 Political biographies 141 Messenia’s political organisation 144 Summary 147 Social history 148 Political tensions 149 Archaeologies and religion 154 Summarising remarks 168 Primordialism — a reiteration 170 INSTRUMENTALISM 175 Instrumentalist Ethnicity 175 Barth and the Emic Perspective 177 Situationalism 180 Criticism 186 Boreas 27 vii Instrumentalist Archaeologies 188 Processual Instrumentalism 189 Instrumentalist Greeks 195 Instrumentalist Messenians 207 Hero Cults 209 Summarising remarks 220 Regional Messenia 220 The University of Minnesota Messenian Expedition 220 The Pylos Regional Archaeological Project 224 Summarising remarks 227 Holistic Helots 228 Helots as Marxist slaves 231 Integrated helots 233 Summarising remarks 247 Greek Discourses 248 Helots — the other Greeks 250 The myopic gaze of Pausanias 255 Summarising remarks 262 Becoming Messenian 263 Being Messenian 275 Instrumentalism — a reiteration 281 HETEROLOGICAL ETHNICITY 287 REFERENCES 293 INDEX 322 Boreas 27 viii Acknowledgements Many persons have contributed to the work on this dissertation. I owe a debt of gratitude to all of them, first and foremost to my supervisor Pontus Hellström. This study would not have been possible without his support during these years. His guidance and gentle ways have helped me make my argument comprehensible. Pontus and I also formulated a research project, funded by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Fund in 1999, of which this study is a part. Another foundation, STINT (the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education), has also contributed to this study, albeit in a more indirect way. Through their financial support, I spent six months in 2000-2001 at the Department of Classics at Stanford University. My stay at Stanford was in retrospect crucial, since I realised, thanks to Ian Morris, that scholarship also is an argument. I owe a lot to Ian’s open-mindedness. Continuing with financial support, I have also benefited from contributions from the following: Sven Kristensons Fund; Axel W Persons Fund; the Friends of the Swedish Institute at Athens; Helge Ax:son Johnsons Foundation; and Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala. Small meetings can have great repercussions. At Stanford, I happened to meet another Greek (I am sorry, but I do not remember his name). If my memory serves me correct, he was writing a thesis on Buddhism in Japan at some Department of Religious Studies. Anyway, to make a long story short, over a cup of coffee and needless to say countless cigarettes, we came to express uneasiness with Bourdieu’s ever-presence in our disciplines. This was the first time I heard the name of Michel de Certeau. I literally began to read The Practice of Everyday Life a couple of hours later. De Certeau’s critique of history, finally, made me realise the intrinsic contradictions of my ideas, which resulted in a fundamental restructuring of this study a year ago. Along the way, I have also met other persons. Gullög Nordquist’s enthusiasm is always inspiring. This work has benefited a lot from Gullög’s encouragement and advice, particularly during the last years when she, in addition to Pontus, served as my supervisor. I would also like to thank, Michael Lindblom, who made a first version of the cover, Lars Karlsson, who helped me decipher the Italian, Brita Alroth, for help with the references, and Susanne Carlsson, for the searches in TLG. Boreas 27 ix I have also benefited greatly from countless discussions revolving around archaeology as a problem with Johan Hegardt, Fredrik Andersson and Michel Notelid. Dimitrios Iordanoglou, too, has been a source of inspiration. It is time to turn to closer relatives. My parents, sister and brother have been a constant source of support. Lastly, my love Lena Sjögren. Her unconditional love, together with countless discussions and her patient readings of the manuscript at different stages, has made the last years endurable. Ioannis Siapkas Uppsala, December 2003 Boreas 27 Introduction Leisurely reader: you don’t need me to swear that I longed for this book, born out of my own brain, to be the handsomest child imaginable, the most elegant, the most sensible. But could I contradict the natural order of things? Like creates like. So what could my sterile, half-educated wit give birth to except the history … you’re under no obligation at all, so you can say anything you like about this history, you don’t have to worry about being insulted if you don’t like it or rewarded if you do. de Cervantes 1995, 3. This book is an argument. I find that the metaphor of discussion captures the essence of scholarship. Heterological Ethnicity should, accordingly, be read as a contribution to an extensive and ongoing debate. My fundamental argument is that theoretical assumptions have a determining effect on our image of the past. This concern is rather wide, and in order to make it comprehensible it needs to be limited. The analytical focus is thus delimited by two notions: ‘ethnicity’, and ‘Messenians’. Ethnicity has been a governing topic in classics since the 19th century and can therefore serve to illustrate the effects of theoretical assumptions. However, since ethnicity has received so much attention I have also made a second limitation;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Verification of Vulnerable Zones Identified Under the Nitrate Directive \ and Sensitive Areas Identified Under the Urban Waste W
    CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE (91/271/EEC) 1 1.2 THE NITRATES DIRECTIVE (91/676/EEC) 3 1.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 4 2 THE OFFICIAL GREEK DESIGNATION PROCESS 9 2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION IN GREECE 9 2.2 OFFICIAL DESIGNATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS 10 2.3 OFFICIAL DESIGNATION OF VULNERABLE ZONES 14 1 INTRODUCTION This report is a review of the areas designated as Sensitive Areas in conformity with the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC and Vulnerable Zones in conformity with the Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC in Greece. The review also includes suggestions for further areas that should be designated within the scope of these two Directives. Although the two Directives have different objectives, the areas designated as sensitive or vulnerable are reviewed simultaneously because of the similarities in the designation process. The investigations will focus upon: • Checking that those waters that should be identified according to either Directive have been; • in the case of the Nitrates Directive, assessing whether vulnerable zones have been designated correctly and comprehensively. The identification of vulnerable zones and sensitive areas in relation to the Nitrates Directive and Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is carried out according to both common and specific criteria, as these are specified in the two Directives. 1.1 THE URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE (91/271/EEC) The Directive concerns the collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater as well as biodegradable wastewater from certain industrial sectors. The designation of sensitive areas is required by the Directive since, depending on the sensitivity of the receptor, treatment of a different level is necessary prior to discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • Corinth, 1984: East of the Theater
    CORINTH, 1984: EAST OF THE THEATER (PLATES 6-18) RTZHE EXCAVATIONS conductedin 1984 by the American School of Classical Studies at Ancient Corinth have been an expansion of the work executed by the School east of the Theater in 1983.1 Investigations were continued along the west side of East Theater Street around the vomitorium of the Theater and on the east side of the same street where three different Roman buildings now have been distinguished (P1. 6). The buildings are numbered southward starting at the gateway from the theatrical court, with the odd num- bers assigned to the east side of East Theater Street. In this report those structures are designated as Building 1, Building 3, and Building 5 of that street; the last of these is the structure that in the previous Hesperia report was called the Terraced Building.2 During the 1984 excavation season much new architecturalmaterial was uncovered;many newly excavatedfills now can be associatedwith constructionoperations after 44 B.C.and destruc- tions of-the various buildings terminating ca. A.D. 400. All this indicates that the area along East Theater Street has a much more complex history than that published in the previous Hesperia report. BUILDING 1, EAST THEATER STREET (Fig. 7, P1. 7:a, b) Building 1 has been only partially excavated; activity was continued this year within its I Once again this year excavating at Ancient Corinth was made possible by permission of the Greek Ar- chaeologicalService and by the cooperationof the ArchaeologicalEphoreia of the Argolid and the Corinthia. The Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Stephen G.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(S) of an Inland and Mountainous Region
    Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(s) of an Inland and Mountainous Region Eleni Salavoura1 Abstract: The concept of space is an abstract and sometimes a conventional term, but places – where people dwell, (inter)act and gain experiences – contribute decisively to the formation of the main characteristics and the identity of its residents. Arkadia, in the heart of the Peloponnese, is a landlocked country with small valleys and basins surrounded by high mountains, which, according to the ancient literature, offered to its inhabitants a hard and laborious life. Its rough terrain made Arkadia always a less attractive area for archaeological investigation. However, due to its position in the centre of the Peloponnese, Arkadia is an inevitable passage for anyone moving along or across the peninsula. The long life of small and medium-sized agrarian communities undoubtedly owes more to their foundation at crossroads connecting the inland with the Peloponnesian coast, than to their potential for economic growth based on the resources of the land. However, sites such as Analipsis, on its east-southeastern borders, the cemetery at Palaiokastro and the ash altar on Mount Lykaion, both in the southwest part of Arkadia, indicate that the area had a Bronze Age past, and raise many new questions. In this paper, I discuss the role of Arkadia in early Mycenaean times based on settlement patterns and excavation data, and I investigate the relation of these inland communities with high-ranking central places. In other words, this is an attempt to set place(s) into space, supporting the idea that the central region of the Peloponnese was a separated, but not isolated part of it, comprising regions that are also diversified among themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Spartan Suspicions and the Massacre, Again1 Sospechas Espartanas Y La Masacre, De Nuevo
    Spartan Suspicions and the Massacre, Again1 Sospechas espartanas y la masacre, de nuevo Annalisa Paradiso2 Università della Basilicata (Italia) Recibido: 27-02-17 Aprobado: 28-03-17 Abstract While narrating Brasidas’ expedition to Thrace and the Spartans’ decision to send 700 helots to accompany him as hoplites, Thucydides refers to another episode of helots’ enfranchisement, followed however by their massacre. The association of the timing of the two policies is indeed suspect, whereas it is possible that in the second case the slaughter may have been carried out in different chasms in Laconia, rather than in the so-called Kaiadas, after dividing the helots into groups. Key-words: Thucydides, Sparta, Massacre, Kaiadas. Resumen Mientras narra la expedición de Brásidas a Tracia y la decisión de los espartanos de enviarle 700 ilotas que le acompañaran como hoplitas, Tucídides refiere otro episodio de manumisión de ilotas, seguido empero de su masacre. La coincidencia de ambas medidas políticas es en efecto sospechosa, si tenemos en cuenta que en el segundo caso la matanza puede haberse llevado a cabo en desfiladeros diferentes de Laconia, y no en el llamado Kaiadas, tras dividir a los ilotas en grupos. Palabras-clave: Tucídides, Esparta, masacre, Kaiadas. 1 This article has been improved through information and comments supplied by Yanis Pikoulas, Dimitris Roubis, and James Roy. I am grateful to them and to Maria Serena Patriziano, physical anthropologist, who provided the volumetric calculations. 2 ([email protected]) She is Lecturer of Greek History at the Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Architecture, Environment and Cultural Heritage of the University of Basilicata (Matera, Italy).
    [Show full text]
  • INFOPACK for PARTICIPANTS Description of the Project
    Social entrepreneurship for a fair society… for a hopeful future Programme: Erasmus+ KA1: Mobility of Youth Workers. Activity: Training course Addressed to: Active and enthusiastic youth workers or people that work in different fields of social economy, employees or volunteers of the partner organizations and active groups of the region with a direct interest in youth employability. Organiser: Koukouva Social Cooperative Enterprise Project Ref. Number: 2019-3-EL02-KA105-005338 Dates: 07 – 13 June 2020 (excluding travel days) INFOPACK FOR PARTICIPANTS Description of the project As a cooperative, our dreams matched with the values of social economy and we found many solutions through its structures, but we also came across plenty of practices that raised a num- ber of concerns. Thus, recognizing the needs of the current social and economic conditions of most of European countries, as well as the different paths that could be taken due to them and being big support- ers of social economy, we decided to apply for this multinational training course. Through this training course, we intent to host youth workers and people who work in social economy in different countries so that we will together explore the field, exchange good prac- tices and create tools that we can use to facilitate young people understand social economy and its values, find their skills and how they can use them through it. • create a common understanding about the social OBJECTIVES values of Social Economy and how it can bring us closer to a more fair society, • explore the field of social economy and employ- ability in the different countries • create tools that could help the understanding and decision making of young people around social entrepreneurship, • provide, exchange and create tools about plan- ning and developing a social entrepreneurship • enforce youth workers with knowledge and tools on social economy and social entrepreneurship • create a network under common values for fu- ture collaboration.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the Messeniaca of Rhianus of Bene
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Thessaly Institutional Repository OBSERVATIONS ON THE MESSENIACA OF RHIANUS OF BENE The nine fragments of Rhianus which can with certainty be included in his Messeniaca make a basis for conjecture about the contents of the epic. Of the five mentions in Stephanus four refer to Peloponnese and one to Rhodes, which was named in the sixth book. Pausanias, whose sources for the Messenian wars conflate several accounts including those of Rhianus himself and of the prose writer Myron of Priene, shows that Rhianus’s hero Aristomenes was not said in the poem to have fought in the se­ cond Messenian war : indeed Pausanias expressly disagreed with the statement of Rhianus that the war of Aristomenes was fought when Leotychides was king of Sparta1. We know of no Messe­ nian war of the period of Leotychides I, but Plato (Laws 692 D, 698 D-E) preserved a tradition of a war fought at the time of the battle of Marathon. The evidence that Rhianus believed Aristomenes to have fought at the time of Leotychides II may profitably be examined in the context of Spartan troubles in Pe. loponnese in the early fifth century. The lines οϋρεος άργεννοΐο περί πτύχας εατρατόωντο χείματά τε ποιας τε δύω και είκοσι πάσας (FG Hist 265 F 44) show that Rhianus mentioned a twenty years war, as Tyrtaeus did before him, but there is no evidence that Rhianus made his hero Aristomenes fight in it. The couplet probably refers back to the First Messenian war in which the Spartans were led by the kings Polydorus and Theopompus in the second half of the eighth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Assigning Macroseismic Intensities of Historical Earthquakes from Late 19Th Century in Sw Peloponnese (Greece)
    ASSIGNING MACROSEISMIC INTENSITIES OF HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES FROM LATE 19TH CENTURY IN SW PELOPONNESE (GREECE) Nikos SAKELLARIOU1 and Vassiliki KOUSKOUNA2 ABSTRACT The seismic activity of Greece has always been present in the country’s history. Numerous earthquakes have occurred in the area of SW Peloponnese, which includes the seismically active faults of Kalamata, Pamisos and Messinian gulf, as well as the subduction zone of the Hellenic arc. In the present paper macroseismic information was collected from contemporary and recent earthquake studies and the local press for three significant earthquakes of this area, i.e. Messini (1885), Filiatra (1886) and Kyparissia (1899). These earthquakes are presented in detail, as far as the flow of information, damage reports, seismological compilations and intensity assignment and distribution are concerned, from which macroseismic parameters (i.e. epicentre, magnitude) were assessed. The macroseismic datapoints of the studied earthquakes were introduced to a database, containing the event dates (OS/NS), source of information and date, the digitized original texts containing all sorts of macroseismic information and, finally, the assigned intensities expressed in EMS98, which may also act as input to the Hellenic Macroseismic Database (http://macroseismology.geol.uoa.gr/). INTRODUCTION Throughout the ages earthquakes have been the most destructive of all natural hazards, having been associated with crises due to their effects in several aspects of human life. In historical times the damage and sudden crippling of the economy of an area led to population movements, emigration or desertification of villages, even small towns. Since we are not able to foresee what will happen in the future, we have to find out what happened in the past and extrapolate to modern times.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 66-15,122 PIPER, Linda Jane, 1935- A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-146 B.C. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1966 History, ancient University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967 All Rights Reserved A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-1^6 B.C. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Linda Jane Piper, A.B., M.A. The Ohio State University 1966 Approved by Adviser Department of History PREFACE The history of Sparta from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C; to the destruction of Corinth in 1^6 B.C. is the history of social revolution and Sparta's second rise to military promi­ nence in the Peloponnesus; the history of kings and tyrants; the history of Sparta's struggle to remain autonomous in a period of amalgamation. It is also a period in Sparta's history too often neglected by historians both past and present. There is no monograph directly concerned with Hellenistic Sparta. For the most part, this period is briefly and only inci­ dentally covered in works dealing either with the whole history of ancient Sparta, or simply as a part of Hellenic or Hellenistic 1 2 history in toto. Both Pierre Roussel and Eug&ne Cavaignac, in their respective surveys of Spartan history, have written clear and concise chapters on the Hellenistic period. Because of the scope of their subject, however, they were forced to limit them­ selves to only the most important events and people of this time, and great gaps are left in between.
    [Show full text]
  • Nikos Skoulikidis.Pdf
    The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 59 Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy Nikos Skoulikidis Elias Dimitriou Ioannis Karaouzas Editors The Rivers of Greece Evolution, Current Status and Perspectives The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Founded by Otto Hutzinger Editors-in-Chief: Damia Barcelo´ • Andrey G. Kostianoy Volume 59 Advisory Board: Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu, Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton, Donald L. Sparks More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/698 The Rivers of Greece Evolution, Current Status and Perspectives Volume Editors: Nikos Skoulikidis Á Elias Dimitriou Á Ioannis Karaouzas With contributions by F. Botsou Á N. Chrysoula Á E. Dimitriou Á A.N. Economou Á D. Hela Á N. Kamidis Á I. Karaouzas Á A. Koltsakidou Á I. Konstantinou Á P. Koundouri Á D. Lambropoulou Á L. Maria Á I.D. Mariolakos Á A. Mentzafou Á A. Papadopoulos Á D. Reppas Á M. Scoullos Á V. Skianis Á N. Skoulikidis Á M. Styllas Á G. Sylaios Á C. Theodoropoulos Á L. Vardakas Á S. Zogaris Editors Nikos Skoulikidis Elias Dimitriou Institute of Marine Biological Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters Resources and Inland Waters Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Anavissos, Greece Anavissos, Greece Ioannis Karaouzas Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Anavissos, Greece ISSN 1867-979X ISSN 1616-864X (electronic) The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ISBN 978-3-662-55367-1 ISBN 978-3-662-55369-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55369-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954950 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Geophysical Journal International - Supplementary Material For
    1 Geophysical Journal International - Supplementary material for 2 3 The GPS velocity field of the Aegean. New observations, contribution of the earthquakes, 4 crustal blocks model. 5 6 Briole, P., Ganas, A., Elias, P & Dimitrov, D. 7 8 SUMMARY 9 10 The analysis of the secular component of the velocity field of the Aegean presented, discussed and 11 modelled in the main text, requires the accurate determination of the transient part of the velocity 12 field. This transient part is dominated by the coseismic displacements produced by the major 13 earthquakes that occurred in the area during the analysed time window. Another significant 14 component is due to the postseismic relaxations associated with those earthquakes. In this 15 supplementary material we review the coseismic and postseismic displacements induced by the 16 crustal earthquakes of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.3 during the period 2000-2020. In addition, several GPS 17 stations have their time series disrupted by other sources of transients with different origins, that we 18 also present and discuss. Once the transient velocity field is estimated it can be removed from the 19 total velocity field to extract what can be considered as the secular velocity field. We discuss the 20 gradients of this secular velocity field as they are measured along three sections originated at the 21 Euler pole of rotation Anatolia-Eurasia. 22 23 24 S1. INTRODUCTION 25 1 26 During the period 2000-2020 several strong earthquakes occurred in the Aegean region, with a 27 concentration in western Greece around and near the Ionian Islands: Lefkada 2003, Movri 2008, 28 Cephalonia doublet 2014, Lefkada 2015, and Zakynthos 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dictionary of Mythology —
    Ex-libris Ernest Rudge 22500629148 CASSELL’S POCKET REFERENCE LIBRARY A Dictionary of Mythology — Cassell’s Pocket Reference Library The first Six Volumes are : English Dictionary Poetical Quotations Proverbs and Maxims Dictionary of Mythology Gazetteer of the British Isles The Pocket Doctor Others are in active preparation In two Bindings—Cloth and Leather A DICTIONARY MYTHOLOGYOF BEING A CONCISE GUIDE TO THE MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME, BABYLONIA, EGYPT, AMERICA, SCANDINAVIA, & GREAT BRITAIN BY LEWIS SPENCE, M.A. Author of “ The Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru,” etc. i CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD. London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne 1910 ca') zz-^y . a k. WELLCOME INS77Tint \ LIBRARY Coll. W^iMOmeo Coll. No. _Zv_^ _ii ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INTRODUCTION Our grandfathers regarded the study of mythology as a necessary adjunct to a polite education, without a knowledge of which neither the classical nor the more modem poets could be read with understanding. But it is now recognised that upon mythology and folklore rests the basis of the new science of Comparative Religion. The evolution of religion from mythology has now been made plain. It is a law of evolution that, though the parent types which precede certain forms are doomed to perish, they yet bequeath to their descendants certain of their characteristics ; and although mythology has perished (in the civilised world, at least), it has left an indelible stamp not only upon modem religions, but also upon local and national custom. The work of Fruger, Lang, Immerwahr, and others has revolutionised mythology, and has evolved from the unexplained mass of tales of forty years ago a definite and systematic science.
    [Show full text]
  • Amtsblatt L 261
    ISSN 0376-9453 Amtsblatt L 261 39. Jahrgang der Europäischen Gemeinschaften 15 . Oktober 1996 Ausgabe in deutscher Sprache Rechtsvorschriften Inhalt I Veröffentlichungsbedürftige Rechtsakte Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1967/96 der Kommission vom 9 . Oktober 1996 zur Festsetzung der Höhe der Agrarteilbeträge und Zusatzzölle, die vom 1 . Juli bis 31 . Dezember 1996 bei der Einfuhr der unter die Verordnung (EG) Nr. 3448/93 des Rates fallenden Waren aus der Schweiz in die Gemeinschaft anzuwenden sind * Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1968/96 der Kommission vom 14 . Oktober 1996 zur Festsetzung der Oliven- und Olivenölerträge für das Wirtschaftsjahr 1995/96 13 Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1969/96 der Kommission vom 14 . Oktober 1996 über die Lieferung von Pflanzenöl im Rahmen der Nahrungsmittelhilfe 31 Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1970/96 der Kommission vom 14 . Oktober 1996 zur Eröffnung und Verwaltung eines gemeinschaftlichen Zollkontingents für Hirse des KN-Codes 1008 20 00 34 Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1971/96 der Kommission vom 14. Oktober 1996 zur Senkung der im Wirtschaftsjahr 1996/97 geltenden Grund- und Ankaufs­ preise für Orangen , Mandarinen und Clementinen wegen Überschreitung der für das Wirtschaftsjahr 1995/96 festgesetzten Interventionsschwellen 36 Verordnung (EG) Nr . 1972/96 der Kommission vom 14. Oktober 1996 zur Festle­ gung pauschaler Einfuhrwerte für die Bestimmung der im Sektor Obst und Gemüse geltenden Einfuhrpreise 39 II Nicht veröffentlichungsbedürftige Rechtsakte Kommission 96/595/EG : Entscheidung der Kommission vom 30. September 1996 zur Änderung der Entscheidung 93/402/EWG über die Veterinärbedingungen und Veterinär­ zeugnisse für die Einfuhr von frischem Fleisch aus südamerikanischen Län­ dern (') 41 (') Text von Bedeutung für den EwR 2 Bei Rechtsakten, deren Titel in magerer Schrift gedruckt sind, handelt es sich um Rechtsakte der laufenden Verwaltung im Bereich der Agrarpolitik, die normalerweise nur eine begrenzte Geltungsdauer haben .
    [Show full text]