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Methanobrevibacter smithii Halobacterium salinarum
Domain: Archaea/Archaebacteria Domain: Archaea/Archaebacteria
It is a model organism for the halophilic branch of the archaea. It is rod-shaped, motile, lives in highly saline It is the predominant archaeon in the environments (4M salt and higher), and is one of the few human gut. It plays an important role species known that can live in saturated salt solutions. in the efficient digestion of
polysaccharides (complex sugars) by consuming the end products of Kingdom: Euryarchaeota bacterial fermentation. Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Halobacteria Order: Halobacteriales Kingdom: Archae Family: Halobacteriaceae Phylum: Euryarchaeota Genus: Halobacterium Class: Methanobacteria Species: H. salinarum Order: Methanobacteriales Family: Methanobacteriaceae Genus: Methanobrevibacter ➔ Cell type: Prokaryotic Species: M. smithii ➔ Metabolism: Amino acids are the main source of chemical energy for H. salinarum. ➔ Adaptation(s): To survive in extremely salty ➔ Cell type: Prokaryotic environments, this archaeon—utilizes compatible ➔ Metabolism: depending on solutes (in particular potassium chloride) to reduce species - oxygen, hydrogen, osmotic stress. carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide ◆ UV Protection: To protect against the sun, they may be needed for have evolved a sophisticated DNA repair metabolism. mechanism. The genome encodes DNA repair ➔ Nutrition Acquisition: enzymes homologous to those in both bacteria Depending on species - & eukaryotes. nutrition intake may by absorption, Figure 1.1 (right) A view of a non-photosynthetic lake that has a red hue indicating photophosphorylation, or the presence of H. salinarum. chemosynthesis. ➔ Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation.
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Staphylococcus aureus
Domain: Bacteria
It is frequently found in the human respiratory tract and on the skin. It is positive for catalase and nitrate reduction. Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic, it is a common cause of skin infections (e.g. boils), respiratory disease (e.g. sinusitis), & food poisoning.
Kingdom: Eubacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Staphylococcaceae Genus: Staphylococcus Species: S. aureus
➔ Cell type: Prokaryote ➔ Cell structure: the cell wall of this bacteria consists of a very thick peptidoglycan layer. They are spherical, form clusters in 2 planes and have no flagella. ➔ Metabolism: Secretions include surface associated adhesins, endotoxins, exoenzymes, capsular polysaccharide.
Clostridium tetani
Domain: Bacteria
It is found as spores in soil or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. C. tetani produces a potent biological toxin, tetanospasmin, and is the causative agent of tetanus, a disease characterized by painful muscular spasms that can lead to respiratory failure and, in up to 40% of cases, death.
Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Clostridiaceae Genus: Clostridium Species: C. tetani
➔ Cell type: Prokaryote ➔ Cell structure: a rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe which stains Gram positive in fresh cultures. ➔ Characteristics: During vegetative growth, the organism cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. As the bacterium matures, it develops a terminal spore, which gives the organism its appearance. ➔ Toxicity: C. tetani usually enters a host through a wound to the skin, then it replicates. Once an infection is established, C. tetani produces two exotoxins, tetanolysin and tetanospasmin. Capra walie
Domain: Eukarya
It is an endangered species of ibex (sometimes considered a subspecies of the Alpine ibex). Threats against the species include habitat loss, poaching, and restricted range. The C. walie used to be widespread in the Simien Mountains but are now only found in the northern mountains of Ethiopia.
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Genus: Capra Species: C. walie
➔ Behavior: live in herds ranging from five to 20 animals. However the older, more mature males are often more solitary, though they will remain within a short distance of the main herd most times and during the mating season and rejoin with the herd for breeding purposes. ➔ Habitat: lives in very steep, rocky cliff areas between 2,500 and 4,500 m (8,200 and 14,800 ft) high. Their habitats are mountain forests, subalpine grasslands, and scrub.
Phoebastria albatrus
Domain: Eukarya
It is a large rare seabird from the North Pacific. Although related to the other North Pacific albatrosses, it also exhibits behavioural and morphological links to the albatrosses of the Southern Ocean. Once common, it was brought to the edge of extinction by the trade in feathers, but with protection has recently made a recovery. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae Genus: Phoebastria Species: P. albatrus
➔ Behavior: The short-tailed albatross feeds mainly on squid, but will follow ships for their discarded offal (organ meats). This albatross historically preferred to nest on large open areas near stands of the grass. ➔ Characteristics: have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill that split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.