An Overview of Saltpan Halophilic Bacterium

ntimicrob A ia f l o A l g a e Manikandan and Senthilkumar, J Antimicrob n n r t u s o Agents 2017, 3:4 J Journal of Antimicrobial Agents DOI: 10.4172/2472-1212.1000151 ISSN: 2472-1212 Review Article Open Access An Overview of Saltpan Halophilic Bacterium Manikandan P* and Senthilkumar PK Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India *Corresponding author: Perumal Manikandan, Asst. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Annamalai, University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India, Tel: +04144-238248; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: August 18, 2017; Accepted date: October 17, 2017; Published date: October 18, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Manikandan P, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Hypersaline environments provide an excellent medium for natural microbial communities which serve as a potential source of pharmaceutical substances. Salt is widely present in the earth. Almost 73% of earth was covered with marine water which contains 2.5% of common salt. Protease enzyme activity widespread in microorganisms, plant and animals. Proteolytic enzymes used in the industrial application and bioremediation process. In recent years’ new mutant’s microbe resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Protease inhibitors used as potential antibiotics for controlling microbial infections. A Hypersaline environment such as salt pans and salt lakes has high salt concentration and pH. The saltpan provides a diversity of different environmental conditions of alkalinity, salinity, temperature, pH and nutrition. Halophilic organisms growing between 0.5 and 3.0 M salt concentration. Extreme environments are the best source of bioactive compound producing halophiles microbes. Keywords: Halophilic bacteria; Enzyme production; Biosurfactants; [10,11]. The new halophilic genera, Halothermothrix, Halanaerobacter, Bioremediation; Industrial uses Halocella, Acetohalobium and Orenia [12]. Solar saltpans are located originate all around the world and deliver ideal settings for halophilic Introduction and halotolerant bacteria [13]. Halophilic microbial yields are in tall demand in the pharmaceutical industry anywhere they have used an Extreme halophiles are a group of microorganisms. They can able to antidote to a variability of the plant, animal and human pathogens as grow in at various areas of high salt concentration. In the hypersaline well as the spare of some biochemical pesticides. The development of environment, the salt concentration of the ocean is 3-5% and the Dead new molecular methods similar next generation sequencing has Sea is 31.5%. Halophiles were found in each domain of life primarily revolutionized our understanding of microbial ecology and detection consist of archaea [1]. Extreme environments were characterized by of novel genes [14]. extreme physicochemical conditions which make inhabitable for higher life forms [2]. Halophilic microorganisms used for enzyme However, the intensive research focused the biotechnological production of valuable enzymes and bioactive compounds. Halophilic applications of halophiles. Saline environments still offer a massive bacteria also produce secondary metabolites of extracellular diversity of microbes with the potential to produce an array of natural polysaccharides such as proteins, enzymes, amylase, cellulases and products which can only be unlocked by concerted research efforts. amino acids etc [3,4]. Saltpans are large ponds filled with saltwater Combination of culture and molecular approaches is employed to from the marine or another source. The salinity of the water gradually characterize halophilic bacteria from saltpan water samples and profile increases as water evaporates until it reaches saturation (26% at 20°C). their potential biotechnological applications [15]. The salt then precipitates out and it’s harvested. These hypersaline environments are commonly used in salt industries. These Enzyme Production environments are favorable for halophiles which occurrence becomes Halophilic bacteria produce various industrially important enzymes visible due to the pigment production. Salt pan soil is characterized by such as amylase and protease. These commercially important enzymes saline soil, contains the high amount of soluble salts Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, involved in the vital role of biotechnology [16]. Amylase enzyme is and Na+. The dead sea contains many salts with different concentration used in the pharmaceutical and treatment of digestive disorders [17]. [5,6]. This also used for various textile, detergent, food, paper and chemical industries. Protease enzyme used in medical, detergent and food Halophilic Bacteria processing industries. Amylases and proteases are also discovered from Halophilic microorganisms are salt loving bacteria that inhabit in some microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and actinomyces but the the hypersaline environments. These group is mainly prokaryotic and genus Bacillus harvest has largest amylase activity. Isolation, eukaryotic microorganisms. Normally halophiles living in the salt-rich identification and maintenance of these halophilic microbes are environments that loss of water and die as a result of osmosis [7]. The difficult; very few studies have been reported the applications [18]. halophilic and halotolerant bacterial media contain more than 5% However, only a minor fraction of the existing halophile diversity has salinity, some microorganisms are adapted different extreme been discovered, largely for enzyme production and other applications environmental conditions of temperature like pH, salinity, radiation like the production of bioactive compounds and compatible solutes and pressure [8,9]. The marine bacteria Bacillus pumilus and that are useful as stabilizers for bimolecular or stress protective agents Halobacterium salinarum isolated from the soil sediment sample [19]. The secondary metabolites of halophilic microbes contain a variety of bioactive compounds like lipopeptides, polypeptides, J Antimicrob Agents, an open access journal Volume 3 • Issue 4 • 1000151 ISSN:2472-1212 Citation: Manikandan P, Senthilkumar PK (2017) An Overview of Saltpan Halophilic Bacterium. J Antimicrob Agents 3: 151. doi: 10.4172/2472-1212.1000151 Page 2 of 5 polyketides, isocoumarins and macrolactins [20,21]. The significance [53]. Halo-tolerant Salinicoccus sediminis [54]. Halomonas of halophilic bacteria used in the salt making progression. This process hydrothermalis, Planococcus maritimus, Virgibacillus dokdonensis, accepted in the 1970s when it was realized that microorganisms play a Bacillus aquimaris [55]. role in responsible the quality and quantity of the salt harvested. The development of biological management performs for the operation of Bioremediation solar salterns [22]. Anaerobic microorganisms are interested in the extreme level environments because environmental parameters such as Bioremediation of voguish salty environment inexorably requires temperature and salinity regulate the rates of organic matter the application of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms, which remineralization [23]. are able to grow under such harsh conditions. Externally added bacteria may contain some deleterious effects on the ecosystem, Extremozymes since halophilic archaea are not only extremely high applying or activating the indigenous microflora is preferred if possible salt tolerant nevertheless also thermal tolerant because the specific [56]. Halotolerant and halophilic bacteria are generally tolerating environment in which they living. They look to be the very good conspicuous amounts of toxic metals in their environment. Therefore, aspirant for industrial application, besides existence salt-loving, they they were utilized in bioremediation of oil [17,57] Microbial may consume excellent activity, at high temperature, low water activity degradation of azo dyes under anaerobic cultures often follows via an and high pH. Present day, only a few reports have occurred on the enzymatic reaction. This is outstanding to the strong electron characterization of halophilic archaea isolated from Algerian saline withdrawing propensity of the azo groups associated with oxygen ecosystem that studies absorbed mainly on saline lakes [24-27]. commencing the reduced electron carrier [58-61]. Many microorganisms are capable of decolorizing the azo dyes, including Biosurfactants Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria [62-64] and some fungi [65,66]. This review highlights the various strategies adopted by the Biosurfactants as a green over synthetic surfactant due to them halophiles to compensate for their saline surroundings and includes lower toxicity to higher biodegradability and prodigious stability at descriptions of recent studies used these kind microorganisms for altered physiochemical conditions [28]. The biosurfactants to reduce bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted environments [67]. surface tension and form stable emulsions are a virtue for countless applications [29]. Besides, biosurfactants are to inhibit some pathogenic organisms. Numerous studies have optional, some Pharmaceutical Uses powerful biosurfactants with broad spectrum activity contrary to Consumption of Sea bio metabolites gained incredible importance anthropoid, plant and nourishment pathogens [30-32]. in past few years because due to their potential

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