How to Make Your SAS® Application Speak Many Languages
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Wesay Walkthrough Wesay Was Made by the Payap Language Software Group © SIL International 2007 – 2009 Available Under the Open Source MIT License
WeSay Walkthrough WeSay was made by the Payap Language Software group © SIL International 2007 ± 2009 Available under the open source MIT license. This documentation written by Nolan Adams © SIL International 2009. WeSay Walkthrough Table of Contents About This Document.....................................................................................................1 Who Should Read This........................................................................................1 What You Will Learn..........................................................................................1 Document Conventions.......................................................................................1 About WeSay..................................................................................................................2 Who WeSay is For....................................................................................................2 Task-Based Approach to Dictionary Making............................................................2 Gloss vs. Definition...................................................................................................4 Introduction.....................................................................................................................5 HowTo Install WeSay on Windows................................................................................6 Downloading WeSay.................................................................................................6 Running the Installer.................................................................................................6 -
Proposal for Ethiopic Script Root Zone LGR
Proposal for Ethiopic Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 2 Date: 2017-05-17 Document version:5.2 Authors: Ethiopic Script Generation Panel Contents 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract ........................................................................................ 3 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ................................................................................................ 3 3 Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It .................................................................... 4 3.1 Local Languages Using the Script .............................................................................................. 4 3.2 Geographic Territories of the Language or the Language Map of Ethiopia ................................ 7 4 Overall Development Process and Methodology .............................................................................. 8 4.1 Sources Consulted to Determine the Repertoire....................................................................... 8 4.2 Team Composition and Diversity .............................................................................................. 9 4.3 Analysis of Code Point Repertoire .......................................................................................... 10 4.4 Analysis of Code Point Variants .............................................................................................. 11 5 Repertoire .................................................................................................................................... -
Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature
YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Studia Orientalia 116 YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Helsinki 2015 Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Klaus Karttunen Studia Orientalia, vol. 116 Copyright © 2015 by the Finnish Oriental Society Editor Lotta Aunio Co-Editor Sari Nieminen Advisory Editorial Board Axel Fleisch (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Middle Eastern and Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Assyriology) Jaana Toivari-Viitala (Egyptology) Typesetting Lotta Aunio ISSN 0039-3282 ISBN 978-951-9380-88-9 Juvenes Print – Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy Tampere 2015 CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................... XV PART I: REFERENCES IN TEXTS A. EPIC AND CLASSICAL SANSKRIT ..................................................................... 3 1. Epics ....................................................................................................................3 Mahābhārata .........................................................................................................3 Rāmāyaṇa ............................................................................................................25 -
An Exercise in Abkhaz Comparative Dialectology: in the Steps of N. Ja
An Exercise in Abkhaz Comparative Dialectology: in the Steps of N. Ja. Marr George Hewitt and Zaira Khiba One of the multitude of languages in which the legendary (albeit, in terms of theoretical linguistics, eccentric) Scottish-Georgian philologist Nikolaj Jakovlevich Marr [Nik’o Iak’obis-dze Mari] (1864-1934) took an interest was the North-West Caucasian language Abkhaz, spoken to the (north-) west of both his birthplace (Kutaisi in Imereti(a)) and his maternal region of Guria; the province of Mingrelia (home to Georgian's sister-language, Mingrelian, the second most widely attested South Caucasian tongue) historically split Abkhazia from Georgian-speaking areas. Abkhaz had first been studied in depth by the Russian soldier- linguist Baron P. K. Uslar, who is widely credited with having laid the foundations of North Caucasian linguistics. He produced monograph- descriptions of some seven North Caucasian languages, and Abkhaz was the first, the printed version of the work appearing in 1887. Uslar devised a Cyrillic-based script but did not manage to distinguish all the 67 consonantal phonemes of the northern, Bzyp dialect, on which he worked. Successive adaptations were introduced by I. Bartolomej, K’. Mach’avariani, the native Abkhazian D. Gulia, and finally in 1909 by another Abkhazian A. Ch’och’ua, whose version remained in use for some two decades. Pre-Soviet publications were few and included a translation of the Gospels (1912) and Ch’och’ua's own primer (1920). The early Soviets granted Abkhaz the status of a literary language, which guaranteed not only continuing and more widescale publication but also the possibility of teaching of and in the language. -
|||GET||| the Call to Write 6Th Edition
THE CALL TO WRITE 6TH EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE John Trimbur | 9781285630823 | | | | | APA Citation Style, 6th Edition: Three to Five Authors/Editors In a professional sense, self-plagiarism is a serious offense because journals that publish your work want the most current research, not The Call to Write 6th edition published research. Most style guides are written for particular disciplines; therefore, citation rules and formats are designed for the kind of information used within that profession. History of writing History of the alphabet Graphemes Scripts in Unicode. The basic unit of writing in these systems can map to anything from phonemes to words. Geschichte der Schrift [ History of Writing ] in German 2nd ed. Paraphrasing is preferred when you want to incorporate research into your writing. Peer Commentary. It will also indicate the capitalization, font, and punctuation rules to follow. The in-text citation shows readers where certain ideas or words in your paper came from, and this shortened version of citation cross-references the full citation at the end of the paper. Directions for Proofreading. Ask Us! Hudis, M. Ethics of Writing: Bearing Witness. Table of Contents What is Documentation? Abjads differ from other alphabets in that they have characters only for consonantal sounds. American Braille obsolete. Toggle navigation. It is thought that the first consonantal alphabetic writing appeared before BC, as a representation of language developed by Semitic tribes in the The Call to Write 6th edition Peninsula see History of the alphabet. Provide the table or figure itself below the title. What Are the Rhetorical Appeals? However, they use them only in special contexts, such as for teaching. -
Josef Tropper. Ugaritische Grammatik. 1056 Pp. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag, 2000
Josef Tropper. Ugaritische Grammatik. 1056 pp. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag, 2000. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 273). The disadvantage of a dead language attested by a small corpus of texts is that it leaves many lacunae in our knowledge of text-dependent aspects of the culture that are revealed by that language; the advantage for the grammarian is that it permits an exhaustive inclusion of the data in a grammatical description. This T. has done in the volume under review, which explains why one of the more poorly attested of the ancient Near-Eastern languages now boasts one of the thickest grammars. The disadvantageous side for the grammarian wishing to exploit these data exhaustively is that, for many grammatical categories, they are very few, all too often a single datum or none at all. The danger is always lurking, therefore, that any given datum is for one reason or another atypical or misunderstood and that a rule be proposed that in fact has no basis. In a relatively brief time, the author has established himself as one of the principal authorities on the ancient Semitic languages, with forty-nine titles cited under his name in the bibliography, dated from 1989 to 2000, including three important monographs. Though he is familiar with the major Semitic languages, indeed has published on several of them, he has concentrated on the Northwest-Semitic languages and particularly on Ugaritic. His grammatical work has always been of the highest order and all who will in the future have reason to investigate any aspect of Ugaritic grammar will do well to start here. -
Abjad 1 Abjad Numerals 6 References Article Sources and Contributors 9 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 10 Article Licenses License 11 Abjad 1 Abjad
al-ʾAbǧad Two Wikipedia Articles PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 30 Sep 2013 21:20:08 UTC Contents Articles Abjad 1 Abjad numerals 6 References Article Sources and Contributors 9 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 10 Article Licenses License 11 Abjad 1 Abjad An abjad is a type of writing system where each symbol always or usually stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T. Daniels to replace the common terms "consonantary", "consonantal alphabet" or "syllabary" to refer to the family of scripts called West Semitic. Abjad is thought to be based on the first letters (a,b,ǧ,d) found in all Semitic language such as Phoenician, Syriac, Hebrew, and Arabic. In Arabic, "A" (ʾAlif), "B" (Bāʾ), "Ǧ" (Ǧīm), "D" (Dāl) make the word "abjad" which means "alphabet". The modern Arabic word for "alphabet" and "abjad" is interchangeably either "abajadeyyah" or "alefbaaeyyah". The word "alphabet" in English has a source in Greek language in which the first two letters were "A" (alpha) and "B" (beta), hence "alphabeta" (in Spanish, "alfabeto", but also called "abecedario", from "a" "b" "c" "d"). In Hebrew the first two letters are "A" (Aleph), "B" (Bet) hence "alephbet." It is also used to enumerate a list in the same manner that "a, b, c, d" (etc.) are used in the English language. Writing systems • History • Grapheme • List of writing systems Types • Featural alphabet • Alphabet • Abjad • Abugida • Syllabary • Logography • Shorthand Related topics • Pictogram • Ideogram Etymology is derived from pronouncing the first letters of the Arabic alphabet in order. -
Acoustic Modelling for Under-Resourced Languages
Acoustic Modelling for Under-Resourced Languages zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften der Fakult¨atf¨urInformatik der Universit¨atFridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte Dissertation von Sebastian St¨uker aus Detmold Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 23. Juli 2009 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Alexander Waibel Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Tanja Schultz ii Abstract Over the past decades research in the field of automatic speech recognition has lead to systems with a sufficiently high grade of maturity that makes them suitable for use in real-life applications. However, such recognition systems have been developed only for very few languages. Languages addressed are mainly those with a large population, a high economic power, or for which a high political interest exists. For the vast majority of the 4,000-7,000 languages in the world no well performing speech recognition systems exist. Languages are dying at a rapid rate. Linguists estimate that up to 90% of today’s languages may go extinct within a few generations. Often languages die, because their speakers abandon them in favor of a more wide-spread language, from which they expect more economic or cultural advantages. We believe that technology can play a role in stopping this trend, if it were to provide natural language processing technologies, including automatic speech recognition, for all languages in the world. The traditional way of training speech recognition systems for a new language requires the collection of large amounts of transcribed audio recordings, text resources, and the creation of a pronunciation dictionary. Considering the vast number of languages in the world in combination with the fact that most of them are only spoken by comparatively few speakers leads to the conclusion that this approach is not feasible when wanting to address all languages in the world. -
Alphabet Free Download
ALPHABET FREE DOWNLOAD Lynn Maslen Kertell,John R Maslen | 12 pages | 01 Aug 2008 | Scholastic US | 9780545019217 | English | New York, NY, United States Alphabet Is ‘the Internet Stock Left Behind.’ The Case for Buying Shares Now. Download Reset. Alphabet Phoenician Alphabet c. Google will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alphabet. Alphabet Inc. VentureBeat 6 hrs ago. The Aramaic gave rise to the Hebrew script. I have been spending quite a bit of time with Sundar, helping him Alphabet the company in any way I can, and I will of Alphabet continue to do Alphabet. This beginning reader's word search gets your kid to practice important vocabulary words, and he'll have a blast while he's at it! Do you know the person or title these quotes desc Taking the long-term view. Subfiler 7. There are thousands of symbols pictographs in Chinese representing different words, syllables and concepts. This organization is used in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean hanguland even Japanese kanawhich is not an alphabet. Another notable script is Alphabet Futharkwhich is believed to have evolved out of one of the Old Italic alphabets. Synonyms for alphabet Synonyms ABC sbasicselements Alphabet, essentialsfundamentalsgrammarprinciplesrudiments Visit Alphabet Thesaurus Alphabet More. Investing at the scale of the opportunities and resources we see. BCE Latin 7 c. Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a spelling reform to realign Alphabet writing Alphabet the contemporary spoken language. Padonkaffsky jargon Russian Translit Volapuk. See more words from the same century From the Editors at Alphabet. Alphabet shares were up 0. Take the quiz Spell It Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Then they trace the Alphabet V! These ticker symbols Alphabet refer to Alphabet Inc. -
WLE Austria Logo (No Text).Svg the Beautiful White Bengal Tiger, Abhishek Chiki Le, CC BY-SA 4.0
WLE Austria Logo (no text).svg The beautiful white bengal tiger, Abhishek Chiki le, CC BY-SA 4.0. Hide Participate in Wiki Loves Earth India 2016 Photo contest Upload Photos of Natural Heritage sites of India to help Wikipedia & win fantast ic Prizes Check out the rules here Writing system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve th is article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be ch allenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template me ssage) Predominant national and selected regional or minority scripts Writing systems worldwide.png Alphabetical Latin Cyrillic Greek Armenian Georgian Hangulaa Logographic and Syllabic Hanzi [L] Kana [S] / Kanji [L] Hanjab [L] Abjad Arabic Hebrew Abugida North Indic South Indic Ethiopic Thaana Canadian syllabic a a Featural-alphabetic. b Limited. v t e Present-day writing systems World alphabets & writing systems.svg Alphabetic Latin Cyrillic Hangul (featural) Other alphabetic Abjad Abugida Arabic (abjad) Other abjad Devanagari (abugida) Other abugida Other types Syllabaries Chinese (logographic) v t e Writing systems 09-Pismo.jpg History Grapheme List of writing systems Types Alphabet Abjad Abugida Syllabary Logography Shorthand Featural Related topics Pictogram Ideogram v t e A writing system is any conventional method of visually representing verbal comm unication. While both writing and speech are useful in conveying messages, writi ng differs in also being a reliable form of information storage and transfer.[1] The processes of encoding and decoding writing systems involve shared understan ding between writers and readers of the meaning behind the sets of characters th at make up a script. -
An Interview with Paul Frommer ! Author: Fredrik Ekman ! MS Date: 02-22-2012! ! FL Date: 03-01-2012 ! FL Number: FL-000006-00 ! Citation: Ekman, Fredrik
Fiat Lingua! ! Title: An Interview with Paul Frommer ! Author: Fredrik Ekman ! MS Date: 02-22-2012! ! FL Date: 03-01-2012 ! FL Number: FL-000006-00 ! Citation: Ekman, Fredrik. 2012. "An Interview with Paul Frommer.” FL-000006-00, Fiat Lingua, <http://fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Mar. 2012.! ! Copyright: © 2012 Fredrik Ekman. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ! NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.! ! " ! http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ AN INTERVIEW WITH PAUL FROMMER Fredrik Ekman Constructed languages have been used for a long time in movies, but only since the 1980s have we seen a more regular use of languages constructed directly for the movies, Klingon being the most well-known early example. Lately, Paul Frommer’s Na’vi for Avatar has received a good deal of attention. For the upcoming John Carter movie, based on Edgar Rice Burroughs’ 1912 novel A Princess of Mars, Frommer has created a new language, based on the alien language in the novel and its sequels. Burroughs is mostly known as the creator of Tarzan, but his science fiction stories have been extremely influential for the “sword and planet” genre, and are sometimes cited as part of the inspiration for movies such as Star Wars and Avatar. The movie and novel are set on the planet Mars, as it was perceived in popular literature 100 years ago. In fact, Burroughs helped popularize (and partly create) the image of a dying planet populated by warring races of men and aliens. -
Proposal for Generation Panel for Ethiopic Script Label
Proposal for Generation Panel for Ethiopic Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone 1. General Information Geʻez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz), (also known as Ethiopic) script is an abugida (syllable alphabet) used in the writing systems for several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is the most commonly used script in the writing systems of the majority of languages spoken in the country. It originated as an abjad (consonant-only alphabet) and was first used to write Geʻez, now the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The earliest known inscriptions in the Ge'ez script date to the 8th century BC. The Geʻez script has been predominantly used in Semitic, languages, particularly Amharic in Ethiopia, and Tigrinya in both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is also used for Sebatbeit, Meʻen, and most other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea it is used for Tigre, and it has traditionally been used for Bilin, a Cushitic language. Tigre, spoken in western and northern Eritrea, is considered to resemble Geʻez more than do the other derivative languages. The Geʻez script was also used in the writing systems of Oromifa until 1991 before the region’s government decision to change to Latin-based orthographies. We are proposing the establishment of a label generation panel for the root zone for Ethiopic script. The generation panel proposal has been developed after a thorough review of the Guidelines for Developing Script-Specific Label Generation Rules for Integration into the Root Zone LGR document by the panel. 1.1 Script for which the Panel is to be Established As described above, the Ethiopic or Geʻez script is used in the writing systems of the majority of languages spoken in the country.