IFPI Digital Music Report 2010 Music how, when, where you want it Contents

3. Introduction 4. Executive Summary: Music – Pathfinder In The Creative Industries’ Revolution 8. The Diversification Of Business Models 10. Digital Music Sales Around The World 12. In Profile: Pioneers Of Digital Music 18. Competing In A Rigged Market – The Problem Of Illegal File-Sharing 20. ‘Climate Change’ For All Creative Industries 24. Graduated Response – A Proportionate, Preventative Solution 28. The World Of Legal Music Services 30. Consumer Education – Lessons Learned Music How, When, Where You Want It – But Not Without Addressing Piracy

By John Kennedy, Chairman & Chief Executive, IFPI

This is the seventh IFPI Digital Music in new artists, we have to tackle mass legislation to curb illegal file-sharing. Report. If you compare it to the first piracy. Second, we are progressing towards Another clear change is within the music report published in 2004, you can an effective response. The progress is sector itself. It was, until recently, rare see a transformation in a business agonisingly slow for an industry which does for artists to engage in a public debate which has worked with the advance not have a lot of time to play with – but it is about piracy or admit it damages them. of technology, listened to the consumer progress nonetheless. In September 2009, the mood changed. and responded by licensing its music Lily Allen spoke out about the impact of in new formats and channels. On page 20 of the Report, Stephen illegal file-sharing on young artists’ careers. Garrett, head of the production company When she was attacked by an abusive In 2009 globally, for the first time, more Kudos, refers to a “climate change” in online mob, others came to her support. than one quarter of record companies’ the creative industries. That expression revenues came from digital channels. The mood of change is clearly reaching Fans can acquire tracks and albums governments. In 2009, legislation in ways inconceivable a few years “To continue to invest in requiring ISPs to tackle P2P piracy was ago – from download stores, streaming adopted in France, South Korea and sites, subscription services, free-to-user new artists, we have to tackle Taiwan. These countries established in sites, bundled with their broadband or a mass piracy.” law that it is appropriate for those who mobile phone handset. persistently violate copyright, despite repeated warnings, to face a proportionate It would be great to report these captures the way the debate over digital and effective sanction. This sets a innovations have been rewarded by piracy has evolved. You hear it around tremendous precedent in the protection market growth, more investment in artists, the world: this is no longer just a problem of intellectual property rights online. In more jobs. Sadly that is not the case. for music, it is a problem for the creative the UK, as in France, it is understood that Digital piracy remains a huge barrier to industries: affecting film, TV, books and government has a key role in protecting market growth. The slump in sales and games. In this arena, the music industry content on the internet. Even in the most investment in three major music markets is the pathfinder of the creative industries, competitive, innovative and market-driven outlined in the Report testify to this and pioneering with new offerings for the industries, the market itself can only are a warning to the rest of the world. consumer. In 2009, Rupert Murdoch operate under the effective rule of law. On the positive side, we have built a said that the content kleptomaniacs US$4.2 billion digital business full of should not triumph and Microsoft spoke This Report points the way to an optimistic consumer-friendly services. On the out against piracy, ready to ban players future for the music industry – great negative side, our global sales fell by from Xbox live if they had modified their offerings for consumers, more investment around 30 per cent from 2004 to 2009, consoles to play pirated discs – no three in artists, economic growth and more jobs. the growth of our digital sales is slowing strikes procedure needed! Yet we are nowhere near that future today, and even the success stories reported and we will not get there without a secure in this publication will struggle to survive The thinking behind the debate has legal environment where creative work is unless we address the fundamental also crucially changed. It is about the rewarded and copyright theft is effectively problem of piracy. future of a broad base of creative industries deterred. To unlock the enormous that have huge economic importance potential of digital music, we have to Some ask, ‘why not give up the fight?’ and employ vast numbers of people. address piracy both on P2P networks The answer is straightforward – first, we This is one of the reasons why the French, and in other forms. That is where, today, cannot afford to. To continue to invest UK and other governments are set on we look to governments for action. n

3 Digital Music Report 2010

Executive Summary: Music – Pathfinder In The Creative Industries’ Digital Revolution

“Our aim is not simply to be digitally savvy – our aim is to be consumer savvy.” Elio Leoni-Sceti, Chief Executive, EMI Music

A diversifying industry New business models The music business is continuing to “Our vision is music availability Record labels are making music lead the creative industries into the everywhere, at any time available in an unprecedented digital revolution. In 2009, for the first number of ways. A few years time ever, more than a quarter of the and in any place. But the ago, an album would have been recorded music industry’s global revenues biggest question is how do we delivered in just a few formats. (27%) came from digital channels – a monetise it in an environment Today, albums come in hundreds market worth an estimated US$4.2 billion of formats and products. in trade value, up 12 per cent on 2008 of widespread piracy?” For example, Beyoncé’s (IFPI). In the US, the world’s largest music Eric Daugan, Senior Vice I Am... Sasha Fierce album market, online and mobile revenues President, Commercial Strategy, is available in more than now account for around 40 per cent of 260 different products in music sales. Consumer choice has been Warner Music International EMEA the US including music transformed as companies have licensed videos, mastertones, more than 11 million tracks to around “Our aim is not simply to be digitally ringback tones and 400 legal music services worldwide. savvy – our aim is to be consumer savvy. audio tracks. We know that people want to consume Fans today can access and pay for music music digitally, so we need to be digitally Over the past couple of in diverse ways – from buying tracks aware, have digital capabilities and years, music companies or albums from download stores, and marketing ability,” says Elio Leoni-Sceti, have partnered with using subscription services, to using Chief Executive, EMI Music. ad-supported services music services that are bundled with such as Spotify, Deezer, devices, buying mobile apps for music, In the digital era, the music industry MySpace Music and and listening to music through streaming is diversifying its business models and We7, ISPs such as services for free. revenue streams. The à-la-carte download TDC in Denmark, Terra model, pioneered by iTunes, remains the in Brazil and Sky in the Music companies have licensed advertising largest revenue source in the online sector UK, mobile operators such –supported services to attract non-payers and has more than 100 million accounts as Vodafone, handset makers and file-sharers, struck groundbreaking across 23 countries (Apple). Recent such as Nokia and Sony Ericsson, deals with major ISPs, developed innovations in the à-la-carte sector include and online video channels such as partnerships with device manufacturers the introduction of variable pricing, which Hulu and VEVO. and established a new platform for has increased the conversion of track high-quality music videos aimed at mass purchases to album sales, as well as the audiences. All of these initiatives are launch of the iTunes LP and the rollout of experimental and innovative, and all are DRM-free downloads internationally. predicated on the simple principle of meeting the needs of the music fan.

4 Executive Summary

Access and bundling Barriers to growth Despite this progress, the challenge is “We’re much closer to the utopia, The digital music business still faces to take digital music to the commercial where we’re extracting €1 out of many barriers to its growth. These include mass market and “monetise” existing a million consumers as opposed lack of marketing by services in some behaviour. There is huge untapped countries, problems with publishing rights, consumer demand and potential for to €10 out of a thousand.” consumer reluctance to make online growth. Research conducted by Rob Wells, Senior Vice payments and the complex challenge Capgemini found that 70 per President, Digital, Universal of creating services that are user-friendly cent of all music consumed to different consumer groups. in the US, UK, France and Music Group International Germany came through digital Transcending all these obstacles, channels, while revenues “Music access” is seen as a compelling however, is the problem of digital piracy. from digital platforms in those legitimate alternative to piracy. Music Numerous indicators, outlined on page countries accounted for only 35 is bundled with services and devices, 18 of the report, confirm digital piracy per cent of industry revenues. or offered at no cost to the consumer is choking revenues, new services and One way of realising this on an advertising-supported basis. investment. Surveys also confirm the growth potential is to generate This low “average revenue per user” simple proposition supported by focus value from the behaviour of and high volume approach is seen groups and anecdotes everywhere – the vast number of people as one of many hybrid revenue models that the majority of consumers who who currently do not pay for rather than a single model for the future. illegally download, rather than use the music they consume. many legitimate alternatives available Convergence of services across today, do so because of the lure of “free”. In the US, only 18 per cent devices is also a major theme in of internet users aged 13 digital music. This is helping break A variety of third-party research and over regularly buy digital down the interoperability barriers that conclusively indicates that the net music today (NPD Group). have limited the consumer appeal of effect of illegal file-sharing is reduced In Europe, digital some services and restricted the growth purchasing of music. This is despite the adoption is even of the digital business. Each year obvious fact, also borne out in research, less widespread – the consumer is getting a better deal that some file-sharers are often also only 8 per cent as it becomes easier to transfer and buyers of music. of internet users use music across multiple screens in the top five and platforms. In 2009 for example, EU markets mobile applications brought streaming “In order to take the business frequently buy services Spotify, Deezer and others to the next level and capture music digitally to devices like the iPhone, allowing a (Forrester). premium service offering portability. the enormous potential that’s This convergence of services and still untapped, we need new devices, opening up new revenue services to truly break through channels is expected to accelerate. to the mass market. To do that, an attractive user interface, a strong value proposition and a clear marketing message are essential, as is an effective way of curbing piracy.” Thomas Hesse, President, Global Digital Business, U.S. Sales & Corporate Strategy, Sony

5 Digital Music Report 2010

Piracy hits investment Digital Music: Charting Change The crippling effects of illegal file- sharing are clear. Overall music sales 2003 2009 fell by around 30 per cent between 2004 and 2009. The worst-affected Licensed music services Less than 50 400+ markets are countries where, despite Catalogue available 1 million 11.6 m tracks the industry’s efforts, legitimate digital services have had little chance to take Industry’s digital revenues US$20m US$4.2 billion root. In Spain where legal problems have frustrated the ability to take action % of industry’s revenues Negligible 27% against piracy, sales fell by around from digital channels 18 per cent in 2009 and the market is now about one third of its level in 2001. In Spain and elsewhere the victim has been investment in local acts. The number of local artist album sales fell by 65 per cent between 2004 and 2009. In France, the number of local repertoire album releases plummeted from 271 in the first half of 2003 to 107 in the same period of 2009. In Brazil, local artist album releases by top music companies slumped more than 80 per cent between 2004 and 2009.

Salvador Cufi, Chairman of indie label Musica Global, based in Girona, Spain, says “We have made a great effort to digitise our catalogues and to create new business models for the internet – but there is no way in today’s market that we can make those investments profitable. It is a very sad situation that we can no longer invest in new artists in the way we would like.”

Eric Daugan, Senior Vice 260+: Number President, Commercial of different products Strategy, Warner Music International EMEA, says “Our vision is music Beyoncé’s I Am... available everywhere, at any time Research by Harris Interactive in the and in any place, but the biggest UK shows that although P2P remains Sasha Fierce was question is how do we monetise it in the major piracy problem, the illegal available in 2009 an environment of widespread piracy? distribution of music through other One way is to come up with products channels grew considerably in 2009. that people want to consume, and that is our responsibility. But if these Unlicensed download sites, news products and services are to flourish groups, specialised search engines, we also need help from governments forums, blogs and cyberlockers were and ISPs.” all significant channels for infringement.

6 Executive Summary

“There have to be sanctions, ISPs have to be involved and there needs to be back-up legislation. I would have preferred a purely commercial solution to achieve this, but sadly it doesn’t look as if that is going to happen. That is why there needs to be the encouragement coming from legislation.” Martin Mills, Chairman, Beggars Group

Case studies, creative industries education alone, while it has effectively There are indications, in Sweden raised awareness of the legal and and South Korea, of the positive ethical issues around unauthorised impact of a strengthened copyright downloading, does not change environment on curbing piracy and consumer behaviour. Good legitimate enhancing legitimate sales. music offerings and meaningful deterrence are vital in this process. Case studies in this report show improved music sales in those countries Legislation, ISP cooperation in 2009, though sustained action will be The music industry and other creative needed to maintain this progress. sectors around the world are seeking to engage ISPs in curbing digital piracy Digital piracy rose sharply on the on their networks. In most countries, agenda of all creative industries in this requires help from governments in 2009. With the rapid advance of establishing a consistent and effective technology, games manufacturers, response from the entire ISP community. film and television producers and The most widely considered approach book publishers are now facing the so far is a graduated response model, same challenges felt by the music involving escalating warnings to infringers industry at the start of the decade. culminating, as a last resort for those Simon Renshaw, artist manager, says who refuse to stop, in he sanction of “What I worry about is that we are temporary account suspension. The heading into a world where copyright graduated response is a proportionate, has no value and where there’s effective way to curb piracy. no incentive for anyone to provide patronage and support for the creators IFPI first called for ISPs to cooperate of intellectual property.” in a graduated response system in 2005. Five years later, voluntary Consumer education means have largely failed to progress. Consumer education has a vital role A number of governments however, to play, and the music industry is including France, UK, New Zealand, currently involved in more than 70 South Korea and Taiwan, have enacted awareness programmes across the legislation to require such cooperation world. It is clear however, that consumer or are in the process of doing so. n

“A decade’s worth of music file-sharing and swiping has made clear that the people it hurts are the creators... and the people this reverse Robin Hooding benefits are rich service providers, whose swollen profits perfectly mirror the lost receipts of the music business.” Bono, singer-songwriter, in the New York Times, January 2010

7 Digital Music Report 2010

The Diversification Of Business Models

“We are shaping our own future by finding new ways of getting music into people’s lives.” Lucian Grainge, Chairman and CEO, Universal Music Group International

Downloads continue to grow consumer demand for A-la-carte download services account for content such as video the majority of online revenues and saw is increasing network steady growth. Three key developments costs. Music and other in 2009 were: the roll-out of more DRM- entertainment content free services, continued growth in digital help ISPs reduce ‘churn’ album offerings and the introduction of and retain customers as variable pricing. well as generating new revenues.

Music companies have expanded their TDC’s PLAY service was the first licensing of DRM-free à-la-carte services ISP music service to internationally. Fans can now transfer launch. Today it offers their purchased music files to different TDC’s broadband, mobile portable players when they buy from and cable customers in virtually any online service. Digital album Denmark unlimited music sales grew faster than single track streaming from a catalogue purchases in many markets. Variable of 6.1 million tracks at no pricing, by which catalogue music is additional cost. TDC’s online customer Vodafone for example is active in more discounted relative to new top charting churn was reduced by 50 per cent, for than 20 countries, offering both à-la-carte tracks, helps increase the conversion of those who used TDC Play. and unlimited subscription services. In track purchases into album sales. April 2009 Vodafone Spain launched In the UK, home entertainment company an unlimited music subscription service The launch of iTunes LP – a deluxe digital Sky launched Sky Songs in October bundled with an overall mobile service format – boosted demand for premium 2009 offering consumers unlimited which attracted more than 100,000 users albums which account, on average, for 65- streaming of more than four million tracks shortly after launch. 70 per cent of the sales of a major digital with packages of 10-15 downloads per album release. Artists from Bob Dylan to month. This new offering is powered by Music subscriptions bundled Jay-Z are engaging fans in this new way. music service Omnifone. with devices Premium album downloads often outsell Mobile handset manufacturers Nokia regular versions. During the first week of In Brazil, Terra Networks, part of and SonyEricsson started offering sales through iTunes in Europe, the deluxe the Telefonica Group, launched Sonora unlimited music services bundled with version of Michael Bublé’s Crazy Love out- in 2006. The service offers unlimited mobile phones in 2008. The global sold the standard version by a ratio of 3:1. music streaming through a “tethered” reach of these players brings enormous subscription service with a fee bundled opportunities. Nokia is the biggest ISP and mobile partnerships into the ISP bill. In February 2009 Sonora mobile device manufacturer in the Internet service providers (ISPs) launched a new service tier – 20 hours world selling more than 450 million are increasingly looking to become of music streams per month, free-to- phones every year. commercial partners of music consumer on an ad-supported basis. companies. They can add value to The new offer attracted more than three Nokia’s Comes With Music (CWM) the ISPs’ offers at a time when their million users in less than one year. Mobile expanded widely into international markets traditional broadband market is close operators also increasingly offer added- in 2009, launching in 11 countries. to saturation in many markets and value content. The service has enjoyed particular

8 The Diversification Of Business Models

signed-up to date. Unlimited streaming deal with YouTube in September 2009 “The key for all of us in the is free on a computer and is advertising- that created a feature-rich experience industry is to continue to supported. Portable access through a for fans accessing music related-content mobile application with no advertising from Warner Music artists, including a experiment, to be somewhat is available for €9.99 a month. Spotify high-quality premium player, enhanced agnostic in our approach.” has reached an agreement with Swedish channels and links to artist websites. Ron Werre, President, EMI ISP TeliaSonera, allowing its customers The agreement also allowed the record to pay for the premium service on their company to sell advertising alongside Music Services broadband bill. videos that use its music across multiple channels. Another service operating a similar model is Deezer, a web-based Thomas Hesse, president, Global Digital service which users can access on Business, US Sales and Corporate

any computer without the need to Strategy, Sony Music Entertainment, download software. It offers music says “VEVO was created to improve streaming and personalised web the experience for both customers radios and has attracted more than and advertisers with a new premium 16 million users to date, including environment dedicated to viewing 10 million in France. Advertising- professionally produced content.” supported models have shown some success in migrating users unwilling Hulu is another service offering to pay for music and who have mainly music videos and live concerts used illegal file-sharing services. online. MySpace Music has also According to GfK, six out of 12 extended its service to launch Swedish users of Spotify reported MySpace Music Videos. in July they had stopped or cut down on their file-sharing activity Direct to consumer since using the service. Labels also work to support artists in success in Latin America. In Mexico, direct-to-consumer sales of music, there were 10 million downloads in the iTunes announced in late 2009 that merchandising and concert tickets. first six months of the service’s operation it was purchasing Lala, in a move Warner Music started to take artist and Brazil is now CWM’s top-selling that industry commentators said could websites in-house in 2008 and now territory. “Comes with Music is a strategic lead to the company becoming involved operates them for around a quarter move to transform the company from a in the streaming market. of its European roster. In Spain, the handset manufacturer into an internet company runs artist Alejandro Sanz’s services company. Music is obviously an Monetising music videos online official site, signing up around 80 important pillar out of all the services that Music video is a leading growth area per cent of his fan club to premium we’re launching”, says Adrian Harley, in digital music, driven by the success membership for €38.99 a year. Nokia Music Manager, Brazil of streaming services. According to a The site’s monthly unique user and Southern Cone. study by Jupiter Research in 2009, sites numbers soared by 300 per cent such as YouTube dominate digital music since Warner began to work with Other types of device partnerships activity in Europe with nearly one-third of Sanz on it, with the artist blogging include Dell’s bundling of the all internet users (31%) watching music four or five times a day to help generate subscription service Rhapsody with its videos online. an active online community. n computers in the US and with Napster in the UK for a limited period. In December 2009, Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment The rise of streaming services partnered with YouTube and the Abu A key development in 2009 was Dhabi Media Company to launch VEVO 1/3: Nearly a third the growth of advertising-supported in the US and Canada. The service has services that offer music streaming at also signed an agreement with EMI of European internet no cost to fans. The “upselling” of users Music. The service is focused on the users watch music to premium services is critical to the ad-supported distribution of professional long-term success of these companies. music videos online through the VEVO videos online Spotify is one of the highest-profile channel within YouTube, through VEVO. of such services. More than seven com and other online destinations. In a million users across six countries have separate move, Warner Music signed a

9 Lady Gaga Jason Mraz Black Eyed Peas

Digital Music Sales Around The World

Music companies’ global digital revenues Top 10 Digital Songs 2009 grew by an estimated 12 per cent in 2009 totalling US$ 4.2 billion in trade ARTIST TITLE SALES revenues. Digital channels now account Lady Gaga Poker Face 9.8m for 27 per cent of music sales, up from Black Eyed Peas Boom Boom Pow 8.5m 21 per cent in 2008 (IFPI). The music Jason Mraz I’m Yours 8.1m sector is generating far greater value from Lady Gaga Just Dance 7.7m the online and mobile market than any Black Eyed Peas I Gotta Feeling 7.1m other sector in the creative industries, Taylor Swift Love Story 6.5m with the exception of electronic games. Music companies’ revenues from digital Beyoncé Single Ladies (Put A Ring On It) 6.1m channels are now proportionately more Soulja Boy Tell’Em Kiss Me Thru The Phone 5.7m than double that of the film, newspaper Kanye West Heartless 5.5m and magazine industries combined. Britney Spears Circus 5.5m Source: IFPI. Chart includes online single tracks, audio and video mastertones, ringback tones and full track downloads Despite this success, the increase in to mobile. Period of 12 months to November 2009. Sales are rounded. Combines all versions of the same song. the music industry’s digital sales is not offsetting the sharp decline in sales of Global Digital Revenues Share physical formats. Overall, global music 35 sales fell for the tenth year running in 2009. Full year figures were not available at the time of going to press, 30 but digital and physical global sales in the first half of 2009 were down 25 12 per cent, excluding performance rights income (IFPI). 20

32% In the largest digital music market, 15 the US, within the space of eight 27% years digital revenues have gone from 10 practically zero to accounting for around 40 per cent of the US music market 5 (RIAA). iTunes is now the biggest music 5% 4% retailer in the US, accounting for 25 2% per cent of the overall music market, 0 Games Recorded music Films Newspapers Magazines followed by Walmart, Best Buy and Amazon (NPD Music Watch). Sources: IFPI, PWC Global Entertainment and Media Outlook

10 Taylor Swift Beyoncé

In Asia, around a quarter of the music A study by Jupiter Research in March Globally, single tracks crossed the business is now composed of digital 2009 highlighted some reasons for 1.5 billion mark for the first time, revenues, set against a backdrop of Europe’s digital lag: up an estimated 10 per cent on 2008. sharply falling physical sales (IFPI). Digital albums grew an estimated Digital sales in China, Indonesia, n The impact of music piracy – there 20 per cent, double the rate of single South Korea and Thailand now are 29.8 million frequent users of tracks. Today, around 20 per cent account for more than half of all file-sharing services in the top five of albums sold in the US are digital music sales. South Korea has seen EU markets alone and other forms of and around 15 per cent in the UK the benefits of a stronger copyright piracy are growing. Trends indicate a (RIAA, BPI). environment and there has been north-south divide, with Italy and Spain strong growth in MP3 subscription showing considerably higher piracy The best selling single track of 2009 services (see page 26). Japan, the levels. Paid digital music services have a was Lady Gaga, selling a total of biggest market in the region, was fundamental problem in competing with 9.8 million units. By comparison, hit by mobile piracy and economic widespread illegal downloading. the best-selling digital single track downturn, seeing CD sales fall by in 2008, Lil Wayne’s Lollipop, sold more than 20 per cent in the first n Europe’s higher taxation levels compared 9.1 million units and in 2007 Avril half of 2009, while digital sales to the US, different royalty structures and Lavigne’s Girlfriend sold 7.3 million were flat. a fragmented rights landscape makes units (IFPI). pan-European licensing a resource- Strong downloading demand helped intensive and complicated process. Global mobile music revenues fell in Australia become one of the few 2009, hit by piracy, lack of operator developed music markets to achieve n High-street retail consolidation started support for music services in some the “holy grail” of overall growth in earlier in the US. This drove active markets and saturation of the 2009, as the rise in digital music sales music fans online earlier, both to mastertones sector. On the other offset a small decline in revenues from online CD retailers such as Amazon hand, single track mobile downloads physical formats. Digital album sales as well as digital stores. were stable and ringback tones nearly doubled in 2009, representing continued to grow thanks to strong almost 8 per cent of overall album n The $0.99 à-la-carte model has been sales in the US, Japan and India. sales, and digital albums are proving better suited to the US compared to the especially popular in the early days fragmented European market given the Music subscriptions continued, and after a title’s release (ARIA). Some local comparatively low margins, which favour are expected to grow, account for artist releases, for example those by large players and economies of scale. more than 5 per cent of digital sales Australian artists Eskimo Joe, Hilltop in 2009 (IFPI). Services such as Hoods and Paul Dempsey, saw digital Latin America closely follows Europe TDC PLAY, Nokia Comes With Music, album sales of between 15 and 20 per in terms of digital share, with nearly Spotify Premium and Vodafone drove cent of total first week sales. 15 per cent of revenues coming from this growth. Despite still accounting digital channels. Brazil is the biggest for a modest share of overall digital Europe continues to lag behind in digital market in the region and saw revenues, advertising-supported digital adoption, with only around the successful development of services revenues are also expected to 15 per cent of sales coming from including Nokia Comes With Music and show strong growth in 2009. n digital channels. In 2009 however, Terra Sonora in 2009. Mexico saw the Europe was the fastest growing region introduction of the iTunes store in August in terms of digital sales. 2009 – the first in the region.

11 Digital Music Report 2010

In Profile: Pioneers Of Digital Music

People thought after six months that they had Music To The Household nothing to show for the money they had spent. Neil Martin, Business Development And who are we to determine how people should Director, Sky Songs enjoy music? If people want to buy music in bursts, we want their business.” The UK home entertainment company Sky’s music service, launched in partnership with all major and Sky has invested heavily in editorial support for the many independent record companies in October site. “You can’t just dump people in front of 150 years’ 2009, is the most high-profile tie-up to date worth of repertoire and leave them to get on with it. between the music industry and an ISP. You need to help people explore and discover new music otherwise they will be hit by choice paralysis.” “Sky is synonymous with premium content and great hi-tech driven solutions. We’re also known “We understand this through our work in television, for our pioneering work in launching and growing where schedulers provide choice that ensures people subscription services where people are happy watch more than two or three of the 600 channels to pay for content. We therefore had skills in available on the Sky platform. With Sky Songs, the company that were relevant to launching a editorial can lead people to digital music service” says Neil Martin, business explore certain genres or tracks. development director. The other day, the most visited page on the service was a playlist Sky Songs is part of the company’s broader move of the greatest-ever funeral to multi-platform delivery, which includes the songs, something that was driven launch of Sky Player on Xbox and mobile TV on the by a piece of editorial.” iPhone. “The way people use media is changing. A mainstream audience is now comfortable with Sky believes the increased enjoying content on different media – their phone, adoption of digital services will their PC and their TV.” be driven by the quality of the user experience offered. “When The service offers music fans unlimited streaming of we sold Sky Plus (a personal more than four million tracks and the opportunity to video recorder service), we didn’t download an album or 10 individual tracks for £6.49 sell the technology, we sold what per month or 15 tracks for £7.99 per month. Users it enabled you to do. Now it is in have the option of signing up for one month only. 25 per cent of UK homes. You “Subscription don’t sell bits and bytes, you services that sell the user experience. People locked people enthused about Sky Plus to into long their friends at parties or contracts without down the pub. We want to the option of generate such advocacy for downloading Sky Songs because of the were not popular. quality of the service.” n

12 In Profile: Pioneers Of Digital Music

Replacing Piracy With Partnership Jonathan Benassaya, CEO of Deezer

Deezer is a France-based ad-supported music streaming service. It has made the migration from being unlicensed and illegal to being a valued partner to the music industry. “In the US, start-ups usually begin in a garage; in Paris my partner started out in the music business in my kitchen – launching a website called blogmusik.net” says Jonathan Benassaya. “He soon received letters from bodies representing rights holders saying the service was illegal and must be shut down. He did that and then I sat down with him and the rights holders to see if we could work out a way forward.”

The result was Deezer, a licensed and legal website that users can access anywhere using a browser. The service offers on demand music streaming, web radio and a smart radio tool similar to Last.fm or Pandora. Once users have listened to their own playlist a number of times they tend to switch to web radio to find out about new hits or the smart radio tool to discover new tracks. Deezer also offers a free mobile application for its web radio service. For the on- demand portable feature users pay €9.99 per month.

The company has gone from three people in August 2007 to 45 people to date. “Our focus is on profitability instead of international expansion. That’s why we’ve done a huge job in France trying to optimise everything - from the music rights to the cost structure. We’ve grown from 100,000 unique visitors to 16 million across Europe, including almost 12 million in France.” n

13 Digital Music Report 2010

Around 65-70 per cent of the music accessed on Spotify is back catalogue rather than new releases, with the service functioning highly effectively as a music discovery tool. “Ultimately, it’s because the platform is so quick and it’s so easy to listen to whatever music you want within three seconds.”

Spotify’s primary objective is to migrate illegal file-sharers to its service, shifting 15-25 year old music fans to a legal model that puts money back into the creation of new music. The service is also attracting music fans over the age of 30 and this demographic has a much higher conversion rate from Spotify’s free service to its premium offering. Spot & Identify Daniel Ek, CEO of Spotify “If you take one per cent of all the radio advertising and display advertising Spotify today offers registered users free access revenue and put it into the digital music to more than 6.5 million tracks to stream, while market then you have the equivalent of premium services enable fans that pay a monthly 16-20 per cent of the UK digital music fee to listen to music on their mobile handsets market. So it’s not impossible to build and to strip away the advertising that supports an advertising-supported service that the free model. delivers revenues for the music industry, but ultimately it’s the mix between this “In 2006 when we started working on the project, model and paid models that will help the company was just me and a colleague. grow overall revenue.” We quickly hired another four guys. When we launched in October 2008 we had around 40 Spotify is planning international people on the staff. Right now, there are about expansion. The company is partnering 110 people working for the company.” with tom.com, the biggest internet portal in China, which also has established “When I launched Spotify, I felt there was an partnerships with handset manufacturers inconsistency between how people consumed and telecoms. “Chinese people are very music and the way the business model worked. used to paying for mobile We are now using technology to bridge a business content. That’s something problem and make it more accessible for that’s been proved over consumers to get music. At the same time, and over.” the protection of the content is important so that the revenues derived flow back to the artists.” In the US, Spotify’s goal is to increase the Ek believes that the digital music business in number of subscribers Europe can grow at least fourfold in the next to a music service few years. “We’ve been focusing on the user by a factor of five. experience. Our aim has been to do something “This is obviously a huge that consumers love and then figure out how to task and might take a couple years to reach.” n monetise it.”

14 In Profile: Pioneers Of Digital Music

The Pioneer ISP Tejs Bautrup, Music Manager, TDC Play

TDC was the first ISP worldwide to offer a free- to-user music access service. Customers can The company has seen competitors enter the access the service through their computer at market in Denmark, but these all offer standalone home or their mobile phone if they are on the subscriptions for around US$14 per month, while TDC network. the TDC service is free to customers and also offers unlimited streaming. “We think that the launch By November 2009, the company reported that of TDC PLAY has had some impact on piracy in more than 140 million downloads had been Denmark. A third-party survey last year suggested made using the service, the equivalent of 2.5 that 40 per cent of PLAY customers said they have downloads a second since launch. The hundred stopped engaging in music piracy.” most popular artists accounted for 35 per cent of all downloaded tracks and 50 per cent of the “We were the pioneers in offering this type of tracks available had been downloaded in the first service for consumers and we are proud of that. year of launch. We have had people from around the world asking about how it can be imitated. This is a genuinely “The Danish market has a high rate of customer new way of looking at the online music market.” n churn in the broadband market. TDC PLAY has allowed us to reduce our churn among our broadband customers.”

3315 Digital Music Report 2010

there’s a significant opportunity to build a large and global audience, perhaps the largest audience around music there’s ever been.”

Music videos and related content are embedded in YouTube, but will also be available on VEVO’s own website and through many other platforms. There is a huge potential audience. Some 450 million people a month worldwide visit YouTube and more than 60 per A New Take On cent of them consume some form of music programming. The site became Music Videos the largest music video network on the Rio Caraeff, CEO Of Vevo web when it launched in December and will roll-out to key territories VEVO is a new concept created worldwide this year. in partnership between Google’s YouTube, Universal Music and “Music videos are largely the same Sony Music. The organisation has as they have been for the last 30 also signed a multi-year licence with years. They don’t reflect the transition EMI Music. With three of the four from being primarily consumed major record labels on board and on television, a linear medium, to partnerships with independent music the internet, which is a two-way companies including The Orchard communication platform.” and INgrooves, VEVO offers 85 per cent of the music videos available The company is focused on on the market and is looking to sign advertising and integrated brand future deals with additional music sponsorship. Caraeff brushes off companies. It aims to create a better fears that such revenue may not be music video experience for fans and available in tight economic times. a more attractive online environment “Online video advertising grew by 300 for advertisers. per cent last year, with brands looking for more premium content than is “The idea behind VEVO is for music currently available.” companies to be more responsible for their destiny. We’re not trying to “We will be producing new original protect old business models, we’re programming and we will be licensing only focused on what’s best for the in content that’s never been made music lover. If we can do that then available before. Music video will form we will be interesting to artists, labels the foundation of what is VEVO but it and advertisers. Doing things the old won’t end at music videos, it will just way is clearly not working. We think grow from there.” n

16 In Profile: Pioneers Of Digital Music

Brazil is the number one market for Nokia Comes From Handset With Music. By the end of the third quarter of Makers To 2009, Comes With Music had claimed around 10 per cent of the digital music market in Brazil. Music Providers This success is partly put down to the fact that Tero Ojanpero, Executive VP the phones are not sold there without premium Of Services, Nokia CWM music service. Availability of licensed local repertoire is also important - Nokia secured a Nokia Comes With Music (CWM) was catalogue of six million tracks including 200 one of the most high-profile launches Brazilian independents and more than 2,000 of 2008 and 2009 saw it roll out to international independent labels. 13 countries around the world. Ojanpero says: “Each market is unique and “We are optimistic about the digital music business you need to align different things: the service and how it can expand. We want to make music needs to be great, you need a great mobile discovery as simple as possible and remove device, a good approach to the market and obstacles” says Tero Ojanpero. “CWM is a service channel support from the retailers and operators. that’s part of your handset – you get unlimited Only by aligning all of those things can you can downloads and you keep them forever. That’s the get a scalable model.” n special selling point, and there is no other service with these terms available in the marketplace.”

Top100.cn is A Legitimate Foothold licensed by the majors In China and 10,000 Gary Chen, CEO Of Top100.cn independent labels to make China’s digital music landscape remains dominated four million by mass-scale copyright infringer Baidu and other tracks available. “deep link” infringing distributors. However, a very The company small legitimate sector is battling to gain a foothold. currently Top100.cn is the streaming and downloading service facilitates five behind the Google music search in China, launched million music in March 2009. The company aims its service at streams and downloads daily. the 217 million online users in China that stream or download music illegally. “We are the first licensed “It is a labour intensive task to add extra tracks service to really exploit this user base and take on the to the service. We have 60 full-time and 30 part- pirate services.” time staff working on this. We have to wait for clearance to use tracks and only distribute them Gary Chen thinks he can take on pirate when they are officially released. Pirate services services by offering a better user experience. do not operate under those restrictions.” “We provide access to music for free in just two clicks, compared with the three clicks it takes on The service places cost-per-click advertising and unlicensed sites. We offer 100,000 Chinese tracks targets international brands that want to reach alone, representing virtually all the local repertoire younger consumers in China, now the world’s ever digitised and licensed.” second largest advertising market. n

17 Digital Music Report 2010

Competing In A Rigged Market – The Problem Of Illegal File Sharing

“We can no longer invest in new artists in the way we would like.” Salvador Cufi, Chairman of indie label Musica Global

Piracy – The impact on sales relationship between file-sharing and sales increased their file-sharing activity Music companies and legitimate music of sound recordings.” Research from in 2008 did so “because it’s free”. services are trying to build their online Harris Interactive in 2009 among 3,400 In Norway, research by Norstat in 2009 business in a rigged market deluged by online consumers aged 16-54 in the also found the most cited reason for unauthorised free content. The growth UK highlighted that nearly one in four illegal downloading from P2P of illegal file-sharing has been a major P2P file-sharers (24%) typically spend services was “because it’s free”. factor in the decline in legitimate music nothing on music, while also finding an Further studies came to broadly sales over the last decade, with global overlap of legal and illegal downloading the same conclusion in Japan industry revenues down around 30 per among some file-sharers. and Belgium in 2009 (IFPI). cent from 2004 to 2009. In virtually every country of the world, spending on A Jupiter Research study in five recorded music has fallen since illegal European countries among 5,000 file-sharing became widespread. internet users aged 15 and over in 2009 found that, although there is an overlap All but a few of the independent surveys between the habits of online music confirm that the net impact of illegal buyers and file-sharers, most illegal file- file-sharing is to reduce spending on sharers “do not buy music and are nearly legitimate music. Most academic studies half as likely as music buyers to buy CDs exploring the dramatic fall in sales in a high street shop or from an online of recorded music conclude that the store.” The study also finds that the net damage caused by illegal file-sharing effect of illegal file-sharing is negative. is a major factor in the decline. “Although it is possible that file-sharing functions as some sort of discovery tool These include Norbert Michael (The for those digital music buyers that also Impact of Digital File-Sharing on the file-share, it is reasonable to assume that Music Industry: An Empirical Analysis, their spend would be higher if they were 2006), Rob & Waldfogel (Piracy on the not file-sharing. The overall impact of file High C’s, 2006) and Alejandro Zenter sharing on music spending is negative.” (Measuring the Effect of File Sharing on Music Purchases, 2003). The lure of free A separate body of research helps A 2006 study by Professor Stan Liebowitz, explain why illegal file-sharing is having File-Sharing: Creative Destruction this impact on consumer behaviour, or Just Plain Destruction? concludes: confirming the main driver of piracy to “The papers that have examined the be not better choice or quality, but the impact of file-sharing can be categorised “lure of free”. Researchers GFK found by result and by methodology. By results that “because it’s free” was the main the classification is quite simple. There is answer given among over 400 illegal file- one study (Oberholzer and Strumpf, 2004) sharers in research unveiled in Sweden that claims to find a zero impact but it in July 2009. A study by Entertainment has been frequently discredited. All the Media Research in the UK found that other studies find some degree of negative 71 per cent of those who admitted they

18 Competing In A Rigged Market

(Jupiter Research, 2009). It is the “free-to-user” appeal of illegal The Spanish legitimate music file-sharing that creates its unfair market is now only one third of its advantage over legitimate music 1 in 4: size in 2001 and fell by around services, whose cost base, including 18 per cent in 2009 alone. Local artist payments to artists and copyright P2P file-sharers album sales in the Top 50 declined by holders, cannot compete with the free typically spend 65 per cent between 2004 and 2009. illegal alternative. This, more than any other factor, explains why the growth nothing on music n In Brazil, music sales fell by more of an innovative and entrepreneurial than 40 per cent between 2005 and legitimate music sector is being stunted 2009, with a disastrous impact in the absence of an effective response on investment in local repertoire. to digital piracy. In 2008 there were only 67 full Live performance earnings are priced local artist album releases The impact on local talent generally more to the benefit of by the five biggest music companies Illegal file-sharing has also had a very veteran, established acts, while in Brazil – just one tenth of the significant, and sometimes disastrous, it is the younger developing acts, number (625) a decade earlier. impact on investment in artists and local without lucrative live careers, who This has been particularly repertoire. With their revenues eroded by do not have the chance to develop damaging in a market where piracy, music companies have their reputation through recorded 70 per cent of music consumed far less to plough back into music sales. is domestic repertoire. local artist development. Much has been made of the idea that Clear evidence of this impact can New forms of piracy emerge growing live music revenues be seen in markets including France, Although P2P file-sharing remains the can compensate for the fall-off Spain and Brazil. most damaging form of piracy due to in recorded music sales, but the volume of files shared by users, this is, in reality, a myth. n In France, there has been a striking the last two years have seen a sharp fall in the number of local repertoire rise in non-P2P piracy, such as albums released in recent years. downloading from hosting sites, In the first half of 2009, 107 mobile piracy, stream ripping, instant French-repertoire albums were message sharing and downloading released compared to 271 in from forums and blogs. the same period six years earlier. New releases in France have According to a study by Jupiter suffered the most, falling by nearly Research in 2009, about one in two thirds in the last seven years, five people across Europe’s top from 91 in the first half of 2002 to markets (21%) are engaged in 35 in the same period of 2009. frequent unauthorised music-sharing. Overall investment in marketing P2P piracy is still the biggest single and promotion by the French source of this, with around two-thirds music industry fell nine per cent of music sharers file-swapping on in the first six months of 2009. P2P networks despite the increase At the same time 25 per cent of the in non-network file-sharing. French internet population currently download music illegally from P2P Research by Harris Interactive in networks or other sources on a monthly the UK shows that, although P2P basis (Jupiter Research, 2009). piracy is the single biggest problem and did not diminish in 2009, the n In Spain, a culture of state-tolerated illegal distribution of infringing music apathy towards illegal file-sharing through non-P2P channels is growing has contributed to a dramatic slump considerably. The research showed the in the music market. Spain has the biggest increases in usage for overseas worst online piracy problem of any unlicensed MP3 pay sites (47%) and major market in Europe. Today, P2P newsgroups (42%). Other significant usage in Spain, at 32 per cent of rises included MP3 search engines

* By the top internet users, is more than double (28%) and forum, blog and board music companies the European rate of 15 per cent links to cyberlockers (18%). n

19 Digital Music Report 2010

‘Climate Change’ For All Creative Industries

“We are in danger of creating a world where nothing appears to have any value at all, and the things that we make...will become scarce or disappearing commodities.” Stephen Garrett, Chief Executive, Kudos

Piracy’s impact on the business and you’re going to start creative sector seeing piracy of novels and reference For years digital piracy has been a books.” Renshaw passionately believes problem most associated with music. that the stakes involved go far wider The cost of digital Today, however, creative industries than the music industry. “What I worry piracy for creative including movie, publishing and about is that we are heading into a industries television, regard “monetising” the world where copyright has no value and online world and addressing digital where there’s no incentive for anyone to n Major film release Wolverine piracy as their greatest challenges. provide patronage and support for the was illegally downloaded creators of intellectual property.” 100,000 times in 24 hours “The music industry was hit first, but now with increased broadband you He says the world has transformed, n Six out of 10 music file- have a situation where all the creative for both young and established artists sharers in the UK also illegally industries are at a tipping point” says and the economy of jobs and activity that download films Simon Renshaw, Los Angeles-based surround them. “We’re dealing with this manager of a long list of major artists every week – everything that you can afford n Illegal distribution of TV including the Dixie Chicks. “You can see to do around a record is greatly reduced content is growing faster than it in the collapsing DVD market; you can and that also means that everything that music and movie piracy see what’s going on in TV, newspapers you’re spending with video companies, and magazines. And now we’re seeing with hotels, with airlines, with graphic the same thing in the book publishing artists, make up - everything’s reduced,

20 ‘Climate Change’ For All Creative Industries

maybe by 70 per cent. The money is not there anymore. And if there are no “We have to find a way of funding our future and not pretend rock stars the whole industry and the that new revenue models are magically going to rescue us as people working in it suffer.” the world of recorded music is destroyed by piracy .” Movie and TV piracy grows Björn Ulvaeus, singer-songwriter, formerly of ABBA The movie industry is also seeing the impact of digital piracy. The MPA, representing movie studios, estimates downloading of his company’s shows, that illegal streaming and such as the acclaimed series Spooks, film downloads now account for is threatening the future of TV and film 40 per cent of its piracy problem companies. He calls this a moment of by volume. Case studies around “climate change of the entertainment blockbuster movies show how top films industries” across the creative sector. now suffer from the same digital piracy “We are nurturing a generation who problems as popular albums. Pre-release are growing up to believe not only that copies of Wolverine everything is free were downloaded but that everything 100,000 times in should be free. 24 hours after a leak And the problem in April 2009. In US$1.4 with that is what 2008, seven million trillion: we do - making copies of Batman: music, television Dark Knight were The value of the programmes and downloaded on films - is incredibly BitTorrent. This has entertainment and expensive. We a ripple effect across media industry are in danger of the industry, on creating a world investment in 2009 (PWC) where nothing and jobs. In the US appears to have alone, the film any value at all, and television and the things that industries are estimated to employ 2.5 we make, which do have real value, million people, according to MPA. will become scarce or disappearing commodities. And that’s also threatening The problem is highlighted by Judy hundreds of thousands of jobs – Craymer, producer of both stage and not the fabulously wealthy or film versions of Mamma Mia, the UK the fat cats – these are drivers, film industry’s biggest ever box office electricians, carpenters, success. “It is clear that the technology ordinary working people. that has so badly damaged the music The combination of piracy business is now fast catching up with and recession is a pretty potent movies and TV – and it’s a frightening job killer.” prospect. Creative film making needs the revenues that come from sales of Garrett sees the solution as a works – but these are now being eroded combination of “monetisation” and as they are downloaded rampantly legislation engaging ISPs in curbing across the world. There is virtually piracy. “The music industry blazed an no perception of risk in this activity, impressive trail and is probably ahead even if most people know, as they of all the creative industries in terms of do, that stealing other people’s work finding ways of monetising the products is illegal and wrong.” of their labours. That said, it clearly has an enormous piracy problem. So we The television industry also raised have to do our best to plug the gaps the alarm over digital piracy in 2009. and curtail illegal activity.” The impact Stephen Garrett, executive chairman of of film piracy is being felt worldwide. television company Kudos, says mass In the UK alone, a 2009 report by

21 Digital Music Report 2010

Oxford Economics estimates losses create a legitimate digital publishing to film piracy at £600 million and sector. “Developing online services predicted that tackling the problem requires investment in new business would create nearly 8,000 jobs and models and one of the major threats of more than £150 million in tax revenues. piracy is that it takes away the chance Television programme piracy is also of being fairly rewarded for the financial proliferating. Commercial television risk of backing new ventures.” producers and networks need to recoup their substantial investment through George Walkley, head of digital for advertising revenue, international the Hachette UK Group, a division of syndication and DVD sales. Falling Hachette Livre, the French-based global advertising revenues combined with publishing group, says: “Digital piracy is Simon Renshaw digital piracy are threatening their ability a growing problem for publishing, and to do so. When Fox aired the premiere one which Hachette takes very seriously. of the last season of Prison Break in the It affects our authors, across the range “Unless we engage the ISPs US in April 2009, the illegal downloads of our businesses and subject areas. in assisting in the protection of the show at 1.14 million were virtually We realise that there are different ways of rights, then the value on a par with the number of legitimate to address the problem, but what is key viewers in the 18-49 age bracket. is that the creative industries cooperate of copyright is going to to lobby government and other completely disappear.” Book piracy threat stakeholders for effective measures Simon Renshaw, LA-based Book publishers are also grappling with to reduce illegal file-sharing.” the challenge of developing new business artist manager models for the digital era. Academic book Calls for ISP action piracy has been a problem for publishers Creative industries are looking to ISPs for some years. Now it is also seen as to address this problem. Renshaw says: major threat to the much larger consumer “They are like the utility companies of book sector. In 2009 the ebook, led by the 21st century – colossal industries Amazon’s Kindle, was rolled out for the first which have the right and the ability time around the world. Digital revenues to provide all this content. But unless from ebook sales still account for less than we engage the ISPs in assisting in the 1 per cent of the publishing sector, largely protection of rights, then the value of driven by the US, but are rising sharply. copyright is going to disappear.” Publishers say the market for digital books may develop far more slowly than for digital Judy Craymer applauds the UK music, but they agree that the breakdown government proposals for anti-piracy of technological barriers to distribution sanctions. “If our producers, directors, and the relatively small size of the files actors and crews are to maintain the Judy Craymer make book piracy a far greater threat success we have achieved through than before. movies like Mamma Mia, we are going to need to see concrete action to deal with Simon Juden, chief executive of the the problem. And we do not have the Publishers Association, notes that luxury of time.” piracy is already a real and present danger to the sales of high profile titles. For Kudos, Stephen Garrett says the “The biggest release of last year was French HADOPI law introducing a Dan Brown’s The Lost Symbol and graduated response has set an example the pirated version was out there internationally. “The French law is on the internet very, very quickly. absolutely right. It’s all very well to talk We were able to get illegal copies about consumer rights and people’s taken down, but it is tremendously rights to the internet, but equally we, the Stephen Garrett damaging because it was the most content owners and creators, have the valuable property for the publishing right to be rewarded for our work. I think business in 2009.” that squeezing someone’s bandwidth and ultimately cutting off that tiny percentage Juden notes that such piracy who persist seems to be quite a fair undermines the investment needed to balance between competing rights.” n

22 ‘Climate Change’ For All Creative Industries

one of the country’s leading pop-rock Teemu Brunila Case Studies bands. The Crash released four albums in 10 years and sold records in 30 From The countries between 1999 and 2009. “The Crash was an appropriate name,” Coal Face says Brunila ruefully “as we lived through the great crash of the music business.” Some critics may suggest The Indie Label that the band should not have suffered Keith Armstrong is the co-founder as increasing live revenues would have of Kitchenware Records, based in offset falling record sales, but Brunila the northern UK city of Newcastle. dismisses that view. “90 per cent of our Kitchenware is a development label, yearly income as a band came from often signing artists at the very copyright channels, not live, despite the beginning of their career. band touring 20 countries. Make no mistake, in a world with no copyright “When we were starting out back “We live in a world where protection, freedom of information will in the early 80s,” recalls Armstrong €1 is considered extravagant become freedom from information “there was a campaign running because no one will do a damn thing called ‘Home taping is killing music’. for a music download.” creatively. Song writing would cease to Our slogan was ‘Home taping broadens Teemu Brunila, singer-songwriter be a profession.” minds’. But illegal file-sharing is in a completely different league and is have done really well in the dance He cites an example. “One year the devaluing and cheapening the way charts, but I’ve seen online that there band played Valmiera, the biggest people perceive music.” have been 15,000 illegal downloads of music festival in Latvia. We drove in their next single that hasn’t even begun from the airport and heard our songs Armstrong says that for many of to play on the radio yet and won’t be on the radio. We headlined the festival his acts, the revenue coming in from released until next year. Not every one and the 10,000-strong crowd roared their first sales is essential to help of those downloads was probably a lost out our songs. When we came off stage them sustain their career. “That revenue sale, but even one in three of them I asked our label representative how is recycled straight away into building would have bought the girls some vitally many records we had sold in Latvia. The their profile and taking them to the needed tour support.” answer was like a slap in the face. 200.” next level, but it is disappearing.” Armstrong says: “I used to work in HMV, As he now concentrates on song He cites Editors as an example of an and if someone came in and started to writing, Brunila is aware that many act that has proved highly successful steal records we’d chase them down the in his profession have been badly in the UK and Europe and seems street. Uploaders are doing essentially squeezed by falling music sales. popular in the US but is unable to the same thing as those shoplifters. My “The average songwriter in Finland earns establish sales there. “The guys regularly artists are being hit. Editors and Sirens €1,600 a year before tax, discounting sell out plenty of four thousand seat both backed Lily Allen when she took a performance fees. Just 200 songwriters venues on both coasts, but their albums stand for new artists last year and said earn more than €20,000 a year. That has only sell 50,000 copies. They seem at this had to stop.” come about because we live in a world the mercy of the piracy culture.” where €1 is considered extravagant The Artist-Songwriter for a music download, but a couple of Sirens, an all-girl dance act, have a very Teemu Brunila is a Grammy Award- euro is considered reasonable for different profile, but suffer from the winning singer-songwriter from Finland a Starbucks coffee.” n same problem. “We’ve promoted them and former lead vocalist of The Crash, in the dance clubs and their first singles

Piracy is hitting Kitchenware’s acts Sirens and Editors Digital Music Report 2010

Graduated Response – A Proportionate, Preventative Solution

“In the digital market place we need both the carrot and the stick – and that includes legislation to help people move from pirate services to the legitimate ones.” Daniel Ek, CEO and founder, Spotify

The graduated response approach has become the focus of the music n According to a 2009 study by industry’s campaign for action Entertainment Media Research, by ISPs to address digital piracy. 45 per cent of consumers who One of the key benefits of a graduated downloaded music illegally response system is its effectiveness would definitely stop if a and proportionality compared to the graduated response model alternative approach of mass legal was implemented. A further actions and prosecutions 35 per cent claimed they would under existing laws. probably stop.

Under this system, the holders of n Research conducted for the New accounts identified by rights holders Zealand Federation Against Copyright as being used for infringement are Theft (NZFACT) in 2008 found that sent notices by their ISP. The notice 70 per cent of internet users in the would advise them to stop infringing country aged between 15 and 30 and suggest the use of a legitimate would stop file-sharing copyright service that respects copyright and infringing movies if their ISP could rewards rights holders. An escalating suspend or terminate their internet series of warnings would result, as account for breaking the law. a last resort, in temporary internet account suspension for those few n A study by Harris Research in the who refuse to stop. The system would UK in 2009 found that merely being protect the anonymity of individuals familiar with copyright law alone is and would essentially implement not a deterrent to illegal file-sharing. the standard terms of ISP subscriber The study suggested 23 per cent agreements, while conditioning of the general population in the UK continued service upon compliance illegally file-shares infringing music, with the law, particularly copyright. while 33 per cent of those “very familiar” with the law illegally file- Consumer surveys in different share music. countries show that the graduated response would effectively influence Progress With Graduated consumer behaviour while affecting Response Around The World only a small minority of people. Graduated response legislation arrived on the statute books in 2009 n IPSOS research, conducted in France with France, South Korea and in May 2008, found that 90 per cent Taiwan passing laws that turned of consumers would stop illegally the concept into reality. Other file-sharing on receipt of a second governments, such as the UK and warning from their ISP as part of a New Zealand, are proceeding with graduated response programme. the introduction of legislation.

24 Graduated Response

The government of France was an Given the development in a number repeat infringers. In New Zealand, early champion of graduated response of EU Member States of legislation to the government has concluded its legislation, understanding it as an effective tackle file-sharing and other forms of consultation on legislation to introduce way to protect the creativity of French piracy, the European Commission is graduated response and is expected to artists and local culture. considering whether to table framework present a bill to Parliament early in 2010. laws in order to provide guidance to the France’s legislation was member states. One option would be A different path to graduated enacted in October, for the Commission to come forward in response has been taken in Ireland. establishing a new 2010 with proposals to strengthen the The country’s largest ISP, Eircom, administrative authority EU Enforcement Directive. agreed to introduce such a system (HADOPI) that will in a settlement with the local require ISPs to send In Asia, South Korea and Taiwan recording industry. warning notices to online have passed legislation establishing copyright infringers. graduated response processes for There are government sponsored After a second warning, repeat infringement that can culminate discussions taking place between HADOPI will transfer the in account termination. ISPs and content industries in many files of repeat infringers countries. In Germany, the Ministry to the criminal courts, Legislation to tackle online copyright of Economy is sponsoring meetings where a judge will be infringement was also announced in to include discussions on graduated empowered to order the November in the UK, following the response, new business models and suspension of infringers’ government’s Digital Britain consultation. education. Other countries involved in internet access for up The proposal establishes a graduated similar discussions include Australia, to one year, as well as response leading to possible sanctions Brazil, Hong Kong and Japan – to impose a full range of that could include suspension of repeat all of which are closely monitoring criminal penalties. infringers’ accounts. ISPs would notify developments elsewhere. subscribers whose accounts have been The graduated response reported to be infringing, and keep In some countries, notably the US, system is expected to records on an anonymous basis. private deals have been struck start functioning in early between some individual rights 2010, as soon as some The government could then oblige holders and ISPs that incorporate a implementing decrees ISPs to implement technical measures commitment by the ISP to put in place have been adopted. or temporary account suspension for a system of graduated response. n

Industry Action On Pre-Release Piracy

While ISP cooperation offers a potential solution to mass- IFPI’s anti-piracy team tracks leaks of tracks and scale peer to peer (P2P) digital piracy the music industry albums released throughout the world. It searches is extremely active in tackling the separate and highly blogs, forums and websites as well as P2P networks damaging problem of pre-release piracy. Pre-release tracks and also works with legitimate online services, and albums leak days or weeks before official release. such as YouTube, to ensure copyright infringing IFPI’s London-based anti-piracy team works closely with content is removed. The number of infringing links member music companies both to help prevent leaks removed by IFPI rose from three million in 2008 to and to limit the proliferation of illegally distributed content more than five million in 2009. This online focus around the world. In 2009 IFPI’s internet anti-piracy unit is complemented by continuing work to tackle was merged with the organisation’s physical/forensic anti- commercial physical music piracy, which is piracy operations. sometimes linked to online infringement.

Jeremy Banks, IFPI’s director of anti-piracy, heads the new One of the most high-profile pre-release leaks of 2009 combined team. He says: “Record labels are more aware was the posting of Leona Lewis tracks online following than ever that the protective measures they take in the days a ‘hack’ of an internet account at her record company. around an album’s release are absolutely crucial to whether Simon Cowell, the managing director of Syco Records, the album will realise its full market potential. You can count called in the police and industry investigators who the cost in terms of lost returns to artist and record company traced the origins of the ‘hack’ and the leak to sources from the moment the first copy leaks out on to the internet.” in North America and Europe. n

25 South Korea – Legislative Change Combined With New Services Helps Boost Sales

South Korea is an example of a country South Korea’s copyright landscape the introduction of the law appears to where improvements to the legal started improving in 2007 after two have had a significant deterrent effect. environment, combined with a range major infringing services, Soribada Preliminary research by the South Korean of legitimate offerings, appear to have and Bugs, which had been subject to government suggests consumers are contributed to a marked increase in legal actions, turned legitimate. Also in aware of and are being influenced by the legitimate music sales and revived 2007, South Korea became one of the new law. In an indicative survey based on investment in local music. 1,000 interviews, 45 per cent said they were illegally downloading less content. Digital music came to South Korea very local early in the decade, with digital sales Helped by this improved environment, overtaking sales of physical formats repertoire: South Korea’s legitimate music services as early as 2006. In the early stages, and physical retailers are seeing however, legitimate digital services were Record companies encouraging revenue growth. At the hit by high rates of piracy which also report increasing same time, record companies report accounted for falling CD sales. increasing investment in local repertoire investment which has further boosted the market. However, since 2007, South Korea has seen a steady recovery against Alongside the action taken by the the backdrop of a series of legislative first countries in the world to require government, 2008 was also the year changes and legal actions that have P2P file-sharing operators to take that legal unlimited MP3 subscription significantly strengthened the protection measures to block illegal distribution of services offering a wide range of of music rights holders in the country. copyrighted works on request from right domestic and international repertoire In the first half of 2009, the government holders. In 2008, a new government took off. Today, major players like began to publicise its new graduated tabled legislation allowing authorities to Soribada and M.Net Media, all offer response law, which became effective order ISPs to warn infringing users and unlimited MP3 subscription services. in July, and music sales increased suspend accounts after three warnings. by 18 per cent, with digital sales up Authorities were also given the power Consumer take-up of these services by 32 per cent in the same period to suspend infringing message boards, has been robust. Soribada now has in 2008. Digital sales grew by 53 per blogs and forums following warnings. 300,000 paying subscribers, compared cent in the first nine months of 2009. to 700,000 subscribers in its previous CD sales also rose in 2009 for the The new graduated response law illegal format. M.Net Media and Neowiz first time in five years, mostly driven was passed in April 2009 and became Bugs have attracted 350,000 and by local K-pop. effective in July. Public awareness around 320,000 subscribers respectively. n

26 Sweden Sees Overall Music Revenues Soar – What Went Right?

The Swedish market showed hopeful “Many people are asking - what went Sweden’s IPRED law came into effect signs of growth in 2009, although right in Sweden this year?” says Jonas on the 1st April 2009. Based on the it remains to be seen if the results Sjöström, head of independent label EU Enforcement Directive, it gave will become a long-term trend. Playground Music and chairman copyright holders the right to obtain Against a backdrop of largely declining of Swedish independent labels body the name and address of copyright sales across Europe, the music market SOM. “This kind of growth is achievable infringers from ISPs. Evidence indicates in Sweden was up by 10.2 per cent in the law had a strong impact on music 2009. Growth was driven by an 98.6 users in the short-term. Research by per cent increase in the digital market “There is now some positive GfK in June 2009 found that 60 per and a 1.9 per cent rise in physical cent of infringing file-sharers had format sales. news but our whole sector stopped or reduced their activity is still at risk.” as a result of the introduction of Sweden’s resurgence appears to Jonas Sjöström, Playground Music the IPRED law. However, piracy show a combination of the “carrot” levels in Sweden are believed to of music offerings and the “stick” of have risen again since then, new enforcement legislation. Digital when you have a combination of good underlining the need for sustained sales growth in 2009 was driven user-friendly digital services and a enforcement and ISP cooperation. predominantly by iTunes and Spotify, deterrent response to piracy. Of course, with some music companies seeing this has to be just the start. The law in Spotify’s founder and chief executive their digital revenues double in 2009. itself is not going to be a deterrent in Daniel Ek believes “carrot and stick” Spotify launched in Sweden in October the long run unless it is enforced. We are crucial to Sweden’s success. 2008 and within a year reached 17 per also need more support for user-friendly “In Sweden, the most important cent of the Swedish population. services, more investment from Swedish lesson is the public recognition companies in local repertoire and of the problem. Most people now These events have not been driven by more government pressure on ISPs acknowledge that file-sharing the market alone, however. Sweden has to take their responsibility for curbing unlicensed music is illegal – it’s also seen a strengthening of the legal piracy. Sweden’s independent labels not OK and it’s not something that environment in 2009, with enormous have been extremely damaged by you should do, especially not when publicity around both the implementation illegal file-sharing in the last few years. there are legal services that you can of the IPRED anti-piracy law and the There is now some positive news but use instead.” n ruling against the world’s largest illegal our whole sector is still at risk, and we BitTorrent tracker, The Pirate Bay. have a big fight in front of us.”

27 Brazil CONT. Czech Republic france cont. Greece cont. Sonora Allmusic Deezer Newsphone Hellas The World Of TIM Music Store eMusic E-Compil Ringtones.GR Universal Music Loja i-legalne eMusic Sony Music Musicstore Universal Music Mobile Nokia FnacMusic Tellas Legal Music UOL Megastore O2 Active iTunes Viva Vineyard Music Stream Jamba Vodafone Warner Music Store t-music Jamendo Voiceweb Services Yahoo! Music Vodafone JIWA Wind YouTube YouTube Last.fm musicMe Hong Kong SAR, Bulgaria Denmark Musiclassics China The featured list of legitimate 4fun 3music Neuf Music 3Music digital music services appears on eMusic Bilka Musik Nokia Eolasia.com the Pro-music information resource M.Dir.bg Box Orange Music iMusic mp3.bg CD Skiven Qobuz Moov (www.pro-music.org). This is the most MTel Music Unlimited CDON Danmark SFR Music MusicStation comprehensive up-to-date directory of Musicspace eMusic Spotify Musicxs Novialbumi Digidi Starzik O8Media the world’s legitimate music websites. Vmusic EL Giganten Virgin Mega YouTube Pro-music is endorsed by an alliance of Getmore YouTube organisations representing international Canada GUCCA Zed Hungary 7digital Hollywood Express Dalok record companies (majors and Bell Music Store Inpoc (Aspiro) Germany eMusic independents), publishers, performing eMusic iTunes Denmark 7digital Jamba artists, music managers and musicians iTunes Canada MTV Music Shop Amazon MP3 Songo Jamster Netmusik.dk AOL Musik unions. The list numbers around 400 Napster Canada Optakt Beatport Iceland legitimate services in 60 countries. Puretracks PlayNow Arena (Sony Concert Online Gogoyoko Telus Ericsson) Deezer Grapewire Ur Music Prefueled DG Web Shop Tonlist.is Vevo TDC Play elixic.de Argentina Austria CONT. TDC Musik eMusic Ireland BajáMúsica Soulseduction Chile Telia e-Plus unlimited 3 Music Cyloop Telering Bazuca The Voice eventim music 7digital Faro Latino T-Zones Claroideas TouchDiva Finetunes Bleep.com Personal Música Weltbild Cyloop Freenet CD World Sonora YouTube Entel-Napster Mobile Ecuador iMesh Downloadmusic Ubby Música Zed Mall Music Cyloop iTunes Germany Eircom Mimix Jamba eMusic Australia Belgium Portal Disc Egypt Justaloud iLike 199 Songs 7digital Wapmanía Mazika Labelstudio iTunes Ireland 3 Mobile Belgian Music Online Wow Mazzika Box Last.fm Jamster Bandit.fm Celldorado Magix Music Shop Last.fm BigPondMusic eMusic China Estonia Mediamarkt Musik- Meteor Music Store DanceMusicHub Fnac 163 eMusic downloadshop MySpace Getmusic Hysterias 9Sky Medionmusic Nokia Music Store iTunes iTunes Belgium 9You Finland Motorload Universal Music Jamster Jamba China Mobile 7digital mp3.de Vodafone Music MP3.com.au La Mediatheque Douban City Market CM Store MP3.Saturn YouTube Music Station Legal Download Kuwo DNA Musiikkikauppa Musicload Myspace Music Mobistar Perfect World download.MTV3.fi Musicbox Italy Nokia Comes With Music MP3tunes QQ Download.NetAnttila Musicstar 3italia Nokia Music Australia PIAS shop Sina Downloads.cdon.com Musik-Gratis.net 7digital Optus PlayNow Arena Top100 eMusic Napster Azzurra Music Vodafone Proximus (Vodafone iTunes Nokia Music Store Beatport YouTube Live) Colombia Meteli.net o2 Music Dada Zooloader Studio 100 MP3 shop Codiscos musiikki.gigantti.fi PlayNow Deejay Store Cyloop MTV Music Shop Shop2download Downlovers Austria Brazil ETB Musica Nokia Comes With Music Steereo eMusic 3MusicStore Baixa Hits Ideas Comcel Music Nokia Musiikkikauppa T-Mobile Music GazzaMusic 7digital Claro Store NRJ Kauppa UMusic IBS A1 Music Coolnex Supertiendo Movistar NRJ Kauppa Mobile Vodafonelive iMusic Libero AmazonMP3 CTI Movel Musica Playnow Arena Weltbild iTunes DG Web Shop Deckpod Tigo Poimuri Zed Jamba eMusic Esom Pop City zwo3.net Last.fm Finetunes Huck_00 Costa Rica Sonera Music Player M2O.it iTunes Austria iMusica Cyloop Spotify Greece Messaggerie Digitali Jamba iToc Store.radiorock.fi 123play Mondadori Ladezone IWFC Net Music Croatia Tune Download Shop Akazoo MSN Music Last.fm MegaOmni Music Cedeterija WAP Funman Audiotex Net Music Media World Musicbox Mercado da Musica - Fonoteka Bob Mobile Nokia Comes With Music Musicload Transamerica France Cosmote Nokia Store Mycokemusic MSN Music Store Cyprus 7digital eMusic Sorrisi Music Shop MySpace MusIG eMusic airtist Emi Downloads TIM Nokia Music Store Nokia Comes With Music Amazon GoMP3 Vodafone Live Nokia Comes With Music Nokia Music Store Beatport iTunes Greece Yalp Preiser Oi Beezik MAD YouTube SMS.at Som Livre Cultura.com mpGreek Zed

28 Japan Netherlands cont. portugal cont. South africa CONT. Thailand Uruguay Beatport Toost TMN Vodafone Live Cool Voice Cyloop clubDAM YouMakeMusic Vodafone iMobile Dwango Zazell Zed South Korea Mobifan USA HMV Digital Japan ZoekMuziek 3355 Music Music Combo AmazonMP3 iTunes Japan YouTube Romania Bugs N-content AOL Music Lismo eMusic Dosirak Pikpod Artist Direct Listen Japan New Zealand Orange Lolsong Ringthai Bearshare mora Amplifier Vodafone Melon Sab Mobile eMusic mora win Bandit.fm MNet Sanook iLike mu-mo Digirama Russia Monkey3 Shinee imeem Music-jp iTunes Fidel MusicOn Tom Yum iMesh Musico Jamster Jamster Musicsoda True Digital iTunes Musing Last.fm mp3.ru Muz lala Napster Music Station Nextload Ohdio Turkey MP3.com Naxos Music Library Myspace Music Nokia Comes With Music Soribada Avea MySpace Music OnGen Telecom Music Store Soundkey Fizy Napster Reco-Choku Vodafone Sweden MPlay Qtrax YouTube YouTube Singapore 7digital MTV Rhapsody Geetune Åhléns Mynet Vevo Latvia Norway Mobile 1 Bengans Muzik.net Yahoo! Music eMusic 7digital Music Station Blipbeat Sendinle YouTube Bulls Press Nokia Comes With Music CDON TTnetmusik Zune Lithuania CDON.com Norway Nokia Music Store eClassical Turkcell eMusic DVDHuset Samsung Funclub eMusic YouTube Venezuela Elkjop Singtel AMPed Enjoy Cyloop Luxembourg Expert Singtel Ideas Gazell Digital Store United Kingdom eMusic iTunes Sony Ericsson PlayNow Ginza 3 iTunes Luxembourg Jamba Plus iTunes 7digital MTV Starhub Play Jamba AmazonMP3 Malaysia Musikkonline Starhub Gee! Klicktrack Bleep.com Bimbit Musikkverket & Playcom Xpointo Media Last FM eMusic Gua Muzik NetCom Media Milkshake HMV Digital Ruumz Nokia Slovakia MSN Music iTunes UK Platekompaniet eMusic MTV Music Shop Jamster Malta Spotify Music Station Last.fm eMusic Telenor Musikk Slovenia Musikshopen MSN Music TV2 eMusic MySpace MusicStation Mexico mZone Nokia Comes With Music MySpace Music American Express Panama Nokia Music Store Napster Music Shop Cyloop Spain Poplife Nokia Music UK In2Go 7digital Sony Ericsson – Playnow Nokia Comes With Music Ideas Music Store Paraguay Beatport Arena O2 Mexico Cyloop Blinko Sound Pollution Orange Ideas Radio Mexico FeelMP3 Deezer Spotify Play.com Ideas Telcel eMusic Tele2 – Musikbutiken Sky Songs iTunes Music Store Peru IbizaDanceClub.com Telenor Musik Spotify Mexico Cyloop iTunes Spain Telia Musik Tesco Iusacell Jamba Tre Music Store T-Mobile Iusacell Music Box Philippines Jukebox Orange YouTube TuneTribe Mixup Digital Fliptunes Last.fm Vodafone Movistar OPM Online Los40.com Switzerland We7 Nokia Comes With Music Pinoy Tunes Magnatune 7digital YouTube Nokia Music Store Star Records Movistar Emocion AmazonMP3 Prodigy MSN Mexico Tugtog Pinoy MTV Ex Libris Tarabu MySpace iTunes Terra Mexico Poland Nokia Music Store Jamba Tvolucion eMusic Nokia Comes With Music Musicload iplay.pl Olemovil MusicStation Netherlands Jamba PixBox Napster 7digital Last.fm PlayNow Nokia Comes With Music This is a list of digital music services from around Dance Tunes Melo.pl Rockola.fm Nokia Music Store the world that appears on the Pro-music website Downloadmusic.nl mp3.pl Spotify Orange eMusic Muzodajnia Vodafone PlayNow Arena (www.pro-music.org). Pro-music is endorsed by an iTunes Netherlands MySpace Yes.fm Soundmedia alliance of organisations representing international JAHA Nokia YouTube Sunrise Joylife record companies (majors and independents), Jamba Soho.pl Zed Vidzone Kindermuziek.tv YouTube Vodafone publishers, performing artists, music managers Legaldownload South Africa Weltbild and musicians unions. Mega-Media Portugal DJs Only ZED MP3downloaden 7digital GETMO MSN Music Shop Beatport Jamster Taiwan The list is compiled by IFPI based on information Nokia Comes With Music eMusic Just Music Ezpeer+ from its national groups at the time of publication. Planet Music iTunes Portugal MTN Loaded iNDIEVOX PlaymeLoud Jamba Music Station iNmusic It does not purport to be exhaustive and IFPI Radio 538 Nokia Nokia Comes With Music KKBox cannot guarantee its 100 per cent accuracy. Sony Ericsson PlayNow Optimus Nokia Music Store muziU Readers should consult the www.pro-music.org Plus Qmusika Pick n Play YouTube Surf2Music SAPO/ Musicaonline Rhythm Online website for the most up to date information.

29 Digital Music Report 2010

Consumer Education – Lessons Learned

Education is an essential element in addressing piracy, but can only form part of the solution, alongside good commercial music services and well-enforced legislation.

The music industry has been actively employers which have been distributed found in 2009 that 78 per cent of the involved in more than 70 education in multi-language versions around the UK population aged 16-54 understands campaigns across the world over the world. The www.pro-music.org website file-sharing copyrighted music is illegal. last six years, ranging from consumer is a one-stop information source, initiatives to projects for schools, parents established as early as 2003, providing Despite all the educational work and employers. An evaluation of these essential information about legitimate undertaken in recent years, the activities leads to an inescapable digital music services. In France and evidence is strong that awareness- conclusion, however: education is an Italy, consumer-targeted viral films have raising alone is inadequate in shaping essential element in addressing piracy, brought home the unsung community of consumer behaviour in the digital but can only form part of the solution, workers involved in bringing an album music market. The “carrot” of good alongside good commercial music to the market. High-profile litigation legal services has a vital role to play. services and well-enforced legislation. has also had a key role in the music So too does an element of sanction. industry’s awareness-raising activities Music sector campaigns have targeted in recent years. Research has shown that awareness different audiences. The Young People, of the law alone has not succeeded in Music and the Internet campaign aimed changing behaviour in a sustainable at the “influencers” – parents and “Whilst more education way. Without a perception of risk, teachers – has been rolled out in more is needed, increasingly comparable to speeding fines or other than 20 countries and 13 languages, familiarity with the law does forms of social deterrent, consumer in collaboration with the children’s behaviour remains largely unchanged. welfare charity Childnet International not appear likely, on it’s own, This was revealed in the European and the rights holders alliance Pro- to reduce file-sharing.” Union’s 2007 Safer Internet for Children music. The campaign has been driven Harris Research report, covering 29 countries. The study by demand from education authorities. highlights that “in the vast majority of In 2008 and 2009 in the UK more cases, across all countries, children than 135,000 information leaflets were Since 2003, the industry has taken know that most of the downloads are requested by teachers, education more than 100,000 civil and criminal illegal, but they minimise, deny or justify authorities and libraries. legal actions against individual illegal the practice. Everyone does it.” high volume file-sharers in 22 countries. IFPI has made available Digital File Check Surveys have showed both in the US The finding was reinforced in research (DFC), an educational software tool aimed and Europe that these waves of well- conducted by Harris Research in the at offering clear and simple advice on publicised legal actions had a very UK in 2009. The survey found that how computer users can download music significant impact in raising awareness music file-sharing among those “very safely and legally on their computer. DFC is of the law on unauthorised file-sharing. familiar with the law” (33%) was far available in ten languages and distributed Research by GfK in Europe showed more common than among the general with media and retail partners. that after legal actions awareness of population (23%). Harris concluded: illegality levels reached 70 per cent. “Whilst it is undoubtedly the case that Campaigns have also aimed to help In the US, research by Public Opinion more education is needed to persuade educational institutions and employers Strategies in 2003 and 2004 showed file-sharers to cease sharing copyrighted address copyright infringement on awareness levels jumped from 35 to music, increasingly, familiarity with the their networks. The music sector has 74 per cent after the commencement law does not appear likely, on its own, published guides for colleges and of lawsuits. Harris Interactive research to reduce file-sharing.” n

30 Page 10-11 photo credits: Lady Gaga – Oliver Rauh Black Eyed Peas – Meeno Taylor Swift – James Medina

© IFPI 2010.

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Designed by Band London www.bandlondon.co.uk Original illustrations by Amy DeVoogd www.devoogd.com www.ifpi.org