DIPLOMARBEIT Terrorismus Im Hindi-Film

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DIPLOMARBEIT Terrorismus Im Hindi-Film DIPLOMARBEIT Terrorismus im Hindi-Film Die Darstellung des muslimischen Terroristen als Bösewicht im indischen Mainstream-Kino,1999–2013. Anna-Franziska Steinebach angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, Januar 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Terrorismus im indischen Kontext .................................................................................. 1 1.2 Relevanz .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Forschungsgegenstand ..................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Hypothese ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.5 Forschungsstand .............................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Vorgehensweise und methodische Abgrenzung .............................................................. 8 2. Stereotyp ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Das Stereotyp in sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskursen ..................................................... 9 2.2 Stereotype in der Sprach-, Literatur- und Kunstwissenschaft ....................................... 11 2.3 Stereotype im Hindi-Film .............................................................................................. 12 2.3.1 Figur ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1.1 Archetyp .................................................................................................................. 14 2.3.1.2 Namensgebung im Hindi-Film ................................................................................ 15 2.3.2 Narration ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Schauspiel, visuelle Inszenierung und Komposition .................................................. 19 2.3.3.1 Schauspiel ................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.3.2 Äußere Merkmale .................................................................................................... 21 2.3.3.3 Komposition ............................................................................................................ 24 2.3.3.4 Setting und Location ................................................................................................ 25 2.3.3.5 Musik und Ton ........................................................................................................ 26 2.4 Zusammenfassung Stereotype ....................................................................................... 26 3. Der Bösewicht als Stereotyp im Hindi-Film ........................................................................ 28 3.1 Historische Bedingtheit: Gut und Böse im indischen Kontext ...................................... 28 3.2 Filmhistorischer Überblick ............................................................................................ 31 4. Exkurs: Der Muslim als Terrorist? Sozial-politische Hintergründe ..................................... 40 4.1 Kommunale Konflikte zwischen Hindus und Muslimen .............................................. 40 4.2 Der ungeliebte „Bruderstaat“ Pakistan und der globale islamistische Terrorismus seit 9/11 ................................................................................................................................. 43 4.3 Der Konflikt in Kaschmir .............................................................................................. 47 5. Der muslimische Terrorist im Hindi-Film ........................................................................... 49 5.1 Das Aufkommen des muslimischen Terroristen als Filmfigur ...................................... 49 5.2 Der muslimische Terrorist im Zeichen der Hindutva und der globale islamistische Terrorismus ..................................................................................................................... 51 6. Analyse ................................................................................................................................. 56 6.1 Der muslimische Terrorist als „Bösewicht“: Charakterisierung der Figur und narrative Merkmale ........................................................................................................................ 56 6.1.1 Der fanatische Extremist ............................................................................................ 60 6.1.2 Der brutale Sadist ....................................................................................................... 66 6.1.3 Der lächerliche muslimische Terrorist ....................................................................... 72 6.2 Optische Merkmale ....................................................................................................... 73 6.2.1 Die Physis ................................................................................................................... 73 6.2.2 Körpernahe Artefakte ................................................................................................. 77 6.2.3 Waffen ........................................................................................................................ 84 6.3 Bildästhetische Merkmale und schauspielerische Darstellung ...................................... 87 6.3.1 Schauspielerische Darstellung .................................................................................... 91 6.3.2 Merkmale auf akustischer Ebene ................................................................................ 92 6.3.3 Setting ......................................................................................................................... 93 6.3.3.1 Kaschmir .................................................................................................................. 94 6.3.3.2 Geheime Kommandozentralen ................................................................................ 95 6.3.3.3 Gefängnisse ............................................................................................................. 96 6.4 ´Gegenspieler´ zum muslimischen Terroristen .............................................................. 97 6.4.1 Der hinduistische Held und der patriotische Muslim ................................................. 97 7. Ergebnisse .......................................................................................................................... 102 8. Quellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................. 107 8.1 Filmographie ................................................................................................................ 111 8.2 Laufbildverzeichnis ..................................................................................................... 113 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 116 Lebenslauf .............................................................................................................................. 118 Danksagung ............................................................................................................................ 119 1. Einleitung “While all Muslims are not terrorists, all terrorists in the way that we recognize them on the global stage are Muslim.” 1 Dieser, von der indischen Fernsehjournalistin Barkha Dutt zitierte Satz im Zuge einer Diskussionsrunde über die Repräsentation von Muslimen innerhalb des indischen Mainstream- Kinos, kann als symptomatischer Ausdruck für ein scheinbar konsensual geteiltes Meinungsbild gesehen werden, welches den muslimischen Terroristen spätestens seit den Anschlägen vom 11. September 2001 innerhalb der indischen Gesellschaft aber auch innerhalb internationaler Diskurse über Terrorismus zum bedrohlichen Schreckgespenst stilisiert. Die assoziative Verschränkung zwischen Terrorismus und Religion des Islam ist dabei nicht nur Gegenstand nicht-fiktionaler Formate, sondern wird besonders innerhalb der medialen Sphäre des Films aufgearbeitet. Die grundsätzliche Frage, die sich hier stellt ist: Durch welche Mechanismen gelangen solch negativ behaftete Vorstellungen in die fiktionale Sphäre des Films? Und auf welche Weise werden sie dort verhandelt und weitergetragen? Dieser Frage soll nun im Kontext des Hindi-Films nachgegangen werden. 1.1 Terrorismus im indischen Kontext Indien bildet mit mehr als einer Milliarde Menschen die größte Demokratie unserer Erde, innerhalb derer Menschen aller Weltreligionen leben, welche nicht nur unterschiedlicher ethnischer Herkunft sind, sondern auch eigene Sprachen und Schriften besitzen, sowie unterschiedliche Riten und Gebräuche pflegen. Das Selbstbild Indiens als säkularem2, toleranten und synkretistischen Staat, in dem verschiedene Ethnien und Kulturen innerhalb seiner Grenzen friedlich
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