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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. ‘Alors a commencé une révolution dans le commerce, dans la puissance des nations, dans les mœurs, l’industrie & le gouvernement de tous les peuples’. Abbé Raynal, Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements & du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (7 vols, Amsterdam, 1770), I, p. 1. ‘La raison et l’industrie feront toujours de nouveaux progrès’. Voltaire, ‘Conclusion et examen de ce tableau historique’ (1763), in M, XXIV, p. 475. 2. The question of contemporary awareness of the rise of industry and the ‘industrial revolution’ has been widely discussed among historians. See for example: D. McCloskey, ‘The industrial revolution 1780–1860: a survey’, in Joel Mokyr, ed., The econonomics of the industrial revolution (London, 1985), pp. 53–74. Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and empire (London, 1999), pp. xi-12. Colin Jones, The great nation (London, 2002), pp. 159–70. Joel Mokyr, ‘The industrial revolution and the new economic history’, in idem, The economics of the industrial revolution, pp. 1–51. Gareth Stedman Jones, ‘Industrie’, Pauperism and the Hanoverian State: the genesis and political context of the original debate about the ‘Industrial Revolution’ in England and France, 1815–1840, Working paper of the Centre for History and Economics (Cambridge, 1997). 3. ‘Aufklärung ist der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit.’ Immanuel Kant, ‘Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung’, in Horst Brandt, ed., Was ist Aufklärung (Hamburg, 1999), p. 20. (Transl.: Foundations of the metaphysics of moral, What is enlightenment, Lewis White Beck, transl. (Chicago, 1949), p. 286.) ‘Den Menschen die Furcht zu nehmen und sie als Herren einzusetzen’. ‘Der Praxis gebieten’. Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Dialektik der Aufklärung (Frankfurt, 2004), pp. 9, 31. (Transl.: Dialectic of enlightenment, Edmund Jephcott, transl. (Stanford, CA: 2002), pp. 1, 19.) 4. ‘Die Mitteilung der reinen Einsicht ist deswegen einer ruhigen Ausdehnung oder dem Verbreiten wie eines Duftes in der widerstandslosen Atmosphäre zu vergleichen.’ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Phaenomenologie des Geistes (Leiden, 1907), p. 488. (Transl.: Phenomenology of spirit, A.V. Miller, transl. (Oxford, 1977), p. 331.) Johann Gottfried Herder, ‘Auch eine Philosophie der Geschichte zur Bildung der Menschheit’ (1774), in Wolfgang Pross, ed., Herder Werke (2 vols, Munich, 1984), I, p. 680. The examples of censorship of Voltaire’s works are legion in the eighteenth century and after. The 1752 pub- lic burning of Voltaire’s Diatribe du docteur Akakia in Berlin marked the rupture between him and Frederick II. René Pomeau, Voltaire en son temps (2 vols, Paris, 1995 edn), I, p. 703. For Voltaire’s works and the Transylvanian censors see Icob Mârza, ‘Une liste de livres interdits en Transylvanie (seconde moitié du XVIII siècle)’, in Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes, 21 (1983), 177–81. Voltaire to Jean Baptiste Nicolas de Lisle, 13 Oct. 1773. D 18583. Hegel uses ‘Bautz! Baradautz!’ in German. Miller translates this powerful onomatopoeic 187 188 Notes language somewhat timidly as ‘bang! crash!’. Hegel, Phaenomenologie des Geistes, p. 489. (Transl.: Phenomenology of spirit, p. 332.) Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, ‘Avertissement des editeurs’, in K, VL, p. 3. 5. Franco Venturi, Utopia and reform in the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1971), p. 2. Peter Gay, Voltaire’s politics (Princeton, NJ: 1959). Nannerl Keohane, Philosophie and the state in France: the Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Princeton, 1980). Maxine Berg and Elizabeth Eger, eds, Luxury in the eighteenth-century: debates desires and delectable goods (Basingstoke, 2003). Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford, eds, Consumers and luxury: consumer culture in Europe 1650–1850 (Manchester, 1999). Albert Hischman, The passions and the interests (Princeton, NJ: 1977). Gareth Stedman Jones, An end to poverty (London, 2004). Emma Rothschild, Economic sentiments (Cambridge, MA: 2001). Michael Sonenscher, Work and wages: natural law, politics, and the eighteenth-century French trades (Cambridge, 1989). 6. François Crouzet, De la supériorité de l’Angleterre sur la France (Paris, 1985), p. 30. Patrick O’Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic growth in Britain and France 1780–1914 (London, 1978), p. 192. Denis Woronoff, Histoire de l’industrie en France (Paris, 1998), p. 178. 7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Les Rêveries du promeneur solitaire, Henri Roddier, ed. (Paris, 1960), p. 101. 8. Hobsbawm, Industry and empire, p. xi. Mokyr, ‘The industrial revolution and the new economic history’, p. 1. 9. Mokyr, ‘Demand vs. Supply in the industrial revolution’, in idem, ed., The economics of the industrial revolution, pp. 97–118, p. 108. 10. D. McCloskey, ‘The industrial revolution, 1780–1860: a survey’, in Mokyr, ed., The economics of the industrial revolution, pp. 53–74, pp. 54, 74. Travellers are cited in almost all studies about the growth of industry cited here. See also David Landes, The unbound Prometheus (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 128–29. Patrick O’Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic growth in Britain and France 1780–1914 (London, 1978), pp. 186–90. Stedman Jones, ‘Industrie’, pauperism, and the Hanoverian state, p. 39. Hobsbawm, Industry and empire, p. 1. Mokyr, ‘Demand vs. supply’, p. 107. Joseph Schumpeter, The history of economic analysis (London, 1954), p. 4. 11. Jan de Vries, ‘The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution’, Journal of Economic History, 54 (1994), 249–270, pp. 254, 262. 12. On the link between enlightenment thought and Watt and his circle see Peter Jones, ‘Living the enlightenment and the French Revolution: James Watt, Matthew Boulton and their sons’, Historical Journal, 1 (1999), 157–82. ‘Chefs-d’oeuvre de l’industrie’. Jean-François Marmontel, Mémoires (1804) (2 vols, Clermont-Ferrand, 1972), II, p. 200. 13. Francis Bacon, ‘In praise of knowledge’, in idem, The works of Francis Bacon, Basil Montagu, ed. (16 vols, London, 1825), I, p. 254. ‘La raison et l’industrie feront toujours de nouveaux progrès’. Voltaire, ‘Conclusion et examen de ce tableau historique’, p. 475. 14. Raymond Williams, Keywords (London, 1988 edn), p. 165. 15. ‘Spectacle imposant de la nature’, ‘industrie humaine’, ‘Dictionnaire de l’industrie’, ‘Dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle’. Henri-Gabriel Duchesne, Dictionnaire de l’industrie (6 vols, Paris, 1795), I, pp. iii, xii. Notes 189 16. Lorraine Daston, Eine kurze Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Aufmerksamkeit (Munich, 2001), p. 11. 17. ‘Die mannigfaltigen Affinitäten zwischen Seiendem werden von der einen Beziehung zwischen sinngebendem Subjekt und sinnlosem Gegenstand, zwischen rationaler Bedeutung und zufälligem Bedeutungssträger verdrängt.’ ‘Inkommensurable’, ‘sie macht Ungleichnahmiges komparabel, indem sie es auf abstrakte Größen reduziert’. Adorno and Horkheimer, Dialektik der Aufklärung, pp. 13–19. (Transl.: Dialectic of the enlightenment, pp. 4–9.) 18. Adorno and Horheimer, Dialektik der Aufklärung, p. 33. (Transl.: Dialectic of enlightenment, p. 20.) ‘Elle fertilise tout, & répand par-tout l’abondance & la vie’. Louis de Jaucourt, ‘Industrie’, in Denis Diderot et al., eds, Encyclopédie de Diderot et D’Alembert sur CD-ROM (conforme aux 17 volumes de l’édition originale 1751–1765), REDON, publ., Version 1.0.0. The article is initialled ‘D.J.’ for ‘Chevalier de Jaucourt’. However, in the introduction, Jaucourt mentions that the article (or possibly only parts of it) are by ‘M. Quesnay’. 19. Christiane Mervaud, ed., Le siècle de Voltaire – hommage à René Pomeau (2 vols, Oxford, 1987). ‘Voltairens großes Talent … sich in jeder Form zu kommu- nizieren, machte ihn für eine gewisse Zeit zum unumschränkten geistigen Herrn seiner Nation. Was er ihr anbot, mußte sie aufnehmen; kein Widerstreben half’. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, ‘Zur Farbenlehre’ (1810), in Manfred Wenzel, ed., Goethe Werke (40 vols, Frankfurt on Main, 1991), XXIII, p. 869. Herder, ‘Auch eine Philosophie’, p. 680. ‘La vie de Voltaire doit être l’histoire … du pouvoir qu’il a exercé sur les opinions de son siècle’. Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, ‘La vie de Voltaire’, in K, LXX, p. 2. Adam Smith, ‘Letter to the Edinburgh Review’ (1756), in W. Wightman, ed., Adam Smith – essays on philosophical subjects (Indianapolis, 1981), p. 254. ‘Traité d’économie politique’. Philippe Steiner, ‘J.-B. Say and the political economy of his time: a quantitative approach’, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 21 (1999), 349–68, p. 360. 20. Émile Littré, Dictionnaire de la langue Française (7 vols, Paris, 1957), IV, p. 935. Venturi, Utopia, p. 3. Venturi reminds the reader of an ironic passage by Herder: ‘Mit welchem Vergnügen lesen wir einzelne dichterische Erzählungen, vom Ursprung einzelner Dinge, den ersten Schiffer, den ersten Kuß, den ersten Garten, den ersten Todten, das erste Kameel, die erste Schöpfung des Weibes und andre Erdichtungen, in denen die Poeten unserer Sprache noch so sparsam sind’. Johann Gottfried Herder, ‘Versuch einer Geschichte der lyrischen Dichtkunst’ (1764), Bernhard Suphan, ed., Sämtliche Werke – Johann Gottfried Herder (33 vols, Berlin, 1877), XXXII, p. 85. In Venturi’s translation the quote ends after ‘Kameel’. 21. ‘Virgile français’. René Pomeau, ‘Introduction’, in OH, p. 7. René Pomeau, Voltaire en son temps (2 vols, Oxford, 1995), I, p. 107. Henri Lagrave, ‘Finances’, in Jean Goulement et al., eds, Inventaire Voltaire (Paris, 1995), p. 548. 22. Gustave Flaubert, ‘Dictionnaire des idées reçues’, in idem,
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