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(Acrididae: Ordo Orthoptera) Pada Agroekosistem (Zea Mays L.) Dan Ekosistem Hutan Tanaman Di Kebun Raya Baturaden, Banyumas

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(Acrididae: Ordo Orthoptera) Pada Agroekosistem (Zea Mays L.) Dan Ekosistem Hutan Tanaman Di Kebun Raya Baturaden, Banyumas Biosfera Vol 34, No 2 Mei 2017 : 80-88 DOI: 10.20884/1.mib.2017.34.2.490 Biodiversitas Belalang (Acrididae: ordo Orthoptera) pada Agroekosistem (zea mays l.) dan Ekosistem Hutan Tanaman di Kebun Raya Baturaden, Banyumas Bagas Prakoso1 1Program Studi Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Ma’arif Nahdlatul Ulama (UMNU) Kebumen Email : [email protected] Abstarct This study aims to determine the diversity of grasshoppers (Acrididae: Orthoptera Order) on agro-ecosystems (Zea mays L.) and plants of forest ecosystems and to determine the role of locusts on both ecosystems. This research was conducted by field survey method. The parameters were observed at each site included the diversity of vegetation, the collection of the order Orthoptera Acrididae grasshoppers and locusts Acrididae direct observation of the order Orthoptera. Grasshopper diversity found in ecosystems diversity indices analyzed include: diversity index (H '), evenness (E) and Sorensen similarity index (C) as well as correlation and regression analysis. Samples were taken from agroecosystem (Zea mays L.) and forest plant ecosystem which was repeated four times. The results of this study found as many as 3,097 individuals were included in the Family Orthoptera Tetrigidae, Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae consisting of 7 genus that is Atractomorpha, Criotettix, Gesunola, Hesperotettix, Miramella, Oxya, and Valanga with 7 Species. In agro-ecosystem, 3 species were found with 1,030 individuals, while in plantation forest were found 5 species with 2,067 individuals. The results of the Shannon diversity index value-Weinner on forest ecosystem diversity a higher value (0.6307) when compared to the agro-ecosystem (0.5325). Under these conditions, forests ecosystems grasshopper plant has a higher biodiversity than agroekosistem (Zea mays L.). Key words: Acrididae, Agroecosystem, Grasshopper, Biodiversity, Forest Ecosystem Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman belalang (Acrididae: Ordo Orthoptera) pada agroekosistem (Zea mays L.) dan ekosistem hutan tanaman serta menentukan peran belalang pada kedua ekosistem. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode survai lapangan. Parameter yang diamati pada setiap lokasi meliputi keanekaragaman vegetasi tumbuhan, pengumpulan belalang Acrididae ordo Orthoptera dan pengamatan langsung terhadap belalang Acrididae ordo Orthoptera. Keanekaragaman belalang yang ditemukan pada ekosistem dianalisis dengan indeks keanekaragaman meliputi: indeks keanekaragaman (H’), kemerataan (E) dan indeks kesamaan sorensen (C) serta analisis korelasi dan regresi. Sampel diambil dari agroekosistem (Zea mays L.) dan ekosistem hutan tanaman yang selanjutnya diulang sebanyak empat kali. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan sebanyak 3.097 individu Orthoptera yang termasuk dalam Famili Tetrigidae, Acrididae dan Pyrgomorphidae yang terdiri dari 7 genus yaitu Atractomorpha, Criotettix, Gesunola, Hesperotettix, Miramella, Oxya, dan Valanga dengan 7 spesies. Pada agroekosistem ditemukan 3 spesies dengan 1.030 individu sedangkan pada hutan tanaman ditemukan 5 spesies dengan 2.067 individu. Hasil nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Weinner pada ekosistem hutan tanaman nilai keanekaragamannya lebih tinggi (0,6307) jika dibandingkan dengan agroekosistem (0,5325). Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka ekosistem hutan tanaman memiliki biodiversitas belalang yang lebih tinggi daripada agroekosistem (Zea mays L.). Kata kunci: Acrididae, Agroekosistem, Belalang, Biodiversitas, Ekosistem Hutan Pendahuluan Bhargava (1996), keragaman belalang dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor ekologis Belalang adalah serangga herbivor yang diantaranya adalah pola curah hujan, suhu termasuk dalam Ordo Orthoptera dengan jumlah atmosfer, kelembaban relatif, jenis tanah, spesies 20.000 (Borror, 2005). Menurut Rowell perlindungan dari musuh-musuh eksternal dan (1987), belalang dapat ditemukan hampir di struktur vegetasi. semua ekosistem terestrial. Sebagian besar Fielding and Bruseven (1995) menyatakan spesies belalang berada di ekosistem hutan bahwa vegetasi sangat mempengaruhi komposisi (Rowell, 1987). Mereka makan hampir setiap dan keberadaan spesies belalang dalam suatu tanaman yang liar ataupun yang dibudidayakan ekosistem. Semakin tinggi keanekaragaman (Probe dan Scalpel, 1980). vegetasi pada suatu habitat maka semakin tinggi Beberapa hasil penelitian Baldi dan pula sumber pakan bagi belalang dalam suatu Kisbenedek (1997) menunjukkan bahwa kenaeka- habitat, sehingga keberadaanya akan melimpah. ragaman belalang lebih stabil pada ekosistem Morris (2000) menyatakan bahwa struktur yang tidak terganggu. Saha et al., (2011) vegetasi merupakan parameter penting untuk menambahakan bahwa keanekaragaman dan mengetahui kenaekaragaman belalang di suatu kelimpahan spesies (Acrididae: Ordo Orthoptera) habitat dalam skala besar. Guo (2006) di ekosistem yang tidak terganggu lebih tinggi menambahkan bahwa perubahan keaneka- dibandingkan ekosistem yang terganggu. Menurut 80 Biodiversitas Belalang (Acrididae: ordo Orthoptera)... Prakoso, B. ragaman komunitas vegetasi dapat menyebabkan kepadatan (density). Keragaman mencakup jenis variasi dalam pola khusus keanekaragaman dan peran dari Belalang tersebut, sedangkan hayati belalang karena menurut Sanger (1977) kepadatan adalah jumlah dari spesies Belalang. dan Ingrisch (1980) belalang biasanya Selanjutnya, mengamati dan mengidentifikasi mempunyai ketergantungan khusus terhadap secara langsung Belalang yang terdapat di vegetasi dan microclimate. masing-masing tipe ekosistem. Setiap Belalang Belalang di Indonesia menjadi salah satu dikelompokan sampai tingkat spesies. Belalang hama yang memberikan kontribusi dalam (Acrididae) dewasa dikoleksi dengan sweep net kehilangan hasil tanaman jagung (Adnan, 2009). yang merupakan metode baku yang digunakan Agroekosistem (Zea mays .L) merupakan untuk mengukur komposisi spesies belalang penyederhanaan dari keanekaragaman hayati (Joshi et al.,1999; Larson et al., 1999; Saha dan alami menjadi tanaman dalam bentuk monokultur Halder, 2008). Metode yang digunakan untuk yang memerlukan perlakuan secara konstan mengoleksi belalang: Sweep Netting dan Hand berupa pemberian agrokimia (terutama pestisida Piercing (Ogedegbe dan Amadasun, 2011). dan pupuk) (Altieri, 1999). Menurut Widhiono Selain itu, populasi Belalang juga diamati secara (2003) modifikasi hutan di Gunung Slamet adalah langsung dengan cara melihat dan menghitung merubah hutan alam menjadi hutan tanaman, Belalang yang terdapat di masing-masing kombinasi hutan dengan pertanian (agroforestry) ekosistem. Parameter yang diamati meliputi dan hutan wisata. Dalam jangka panjang variabel utama yaitu keanekaragaman dan modifikasi hutan akan merubah iklim mikro dalam kelimpahan Belalang (Acrididae: Orthoptera) hutan serta menghasilkan komposisi tumbuhan sedangkan variabel pendukungnya adalah bawah yang berbeda dengan hutan alam (Hartley, struktur dan tipe vegetasi, temperatur, 2002). Sehingga menurut Van dan Con (2011) kelembaban, kecepatan angin, dan ketinggian. bahwa habitat hutan dengan lapisan kanopi hutan Pengukuran keanekaragaman dan yang banyak dan keragaman vegetasi yang tinggi kelimpahan Belalang (Acrididae) serta struktur lebih mendukung spesies serangga daripada vegetasi (Benefikih dan Petit, 2010) disurvai pada habitat hutan dengan lapisan kanopi hutan dan area yang berukuran ± 300 m2 (10 m x 30 m) vegetasi keanekaragaman yang sedikit. Hutan pada setiap titik. Pengamatan dilakukan dari tanaman adalah hutan yang ditanami dengan 07.00 pagi – 10.00 pagi dari setiap titik sampling. tanaman industri dengan tujuan untuk memenuhi Pengamatan satu minggu sekali. Pengamatan kebutuhan bahan baku industri. Hutan tanaman dengan menggunakan metode mutlak dan relatif. yang bersifat monokultur dan adanya dominasi Metode mutlak yaitu dengan cara melihat, campur tangan manusia menyebabkan tidak menghitung dan mengidentifikasi Belalang yang seimbangnya faktor-faktor lingkungan di hutan terdapat di lokasi penelitian dan yang mendatangi tanaman. Hutan tanaman di Kebun Raya tanaman. Metode relatif dengan cara jaring ayun Baturaden didominasi oleh damar (Agathis sebanyak 200 kali ayunan atau dengan hand lorantifolia Salisb). Perubahan struktur dari hutan piercing dan juga diambil gambarnya alam menjadi hutan tanaman diduga berdampak menggunakan camera digital untuk identifikasi terhadap perubahan ekosistem yang pada lebih lanjut. akhirnya berdampak terhadap keragaman flora Spesies Belalang yang tertangkap diamati maupun faunanya (Wagner et al., 1998). di laboratorium dan ditentukan peranannya. Identifikasi spesimen dilakukan dilaboratorium Metode Parasitologi dan Entomologi Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Spesimen didentifikasi berdasarkan Bahan yang digunakan adalah Belalang Borror et al., 1989 dengan dibantu beberapa (Acrididae) hasil tangkapan dari Agroekosistem publikasi (Ogedegbe dan Amadasun, 2011), (Zea mays L.) dan Hutan Tanaman di Kebun (Hochkirch, 1996), (Carbonell, 2002), (Gandar, Raya Baturaden. Sampling dilakukan dari April– 1983), (Johnson, 2008), (Haes, 1997), (Catling, Juli, 2014. Penelitian ini dibagi ke dalam 3 lokasi 2008) dan (Kirk dan Bomar, 2005). titik, 4 kali untuk setiap ekosistem. Pengukuran peran belalang pada Berikut alat-alat yang digunakan untuk ekosistem yaitu dengan mengambil gambar melakukan penelitian: sweep net, kantong jaring belalang yang berada pada suatu tanaman Belalang, Global Position Station (GPS), menggunakan camera digital. Pada petak yang Termometer, Higrometer, Barometer, Altimeter, sama dengan yang digunakan, dilakukan juga botol koleksi, tali meteran,
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