DOCSLIB.ORG

Eunduk Haeju Chungjin Gimchaek Hamheung Wonsan Heungnam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eunduk Haeju Chungjin Gimchaek Hamheung Wonsan Heungnam RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR NORTH KOREAN SOCIETY | http://www.goodfriends.or.kr/eng | email: [email protected] No.192 August 2008 Eunduk North Hamgyong Chungjin North Hamgyong Gimchaek North Hamgyong Hamheung South Hamgyong Heungnam South Hamgyong Wonsan Kangwon Province Haeju South Hwanghae <Image by Google earth> Haeju City, "Don't stop giving porridge to children” Haeju city of South Hwanghae Province commanded the City Party and administrative government officials of the elementary school "provide porridge to children, even in light of the food shortage." The city had been providing children food by turning its food supply from the construction shock troop brigade (건설돌격대) of Mt. Baekdu to support the bureau of elementary schools. Elementary schools in Haeju City are providing three meals a day. The food is a mixture of wheat and corn in a ratio of 7 to 3 and amount of the food is a little less than the provisions. Vegetables and Korean cabbage soup are served as side dishes. Residents of the city are pleased with the news and grateful to Party's decision saying, "I cannot stop crying due to Party's thoughtful care for our children at this difficult time." Haeju City Admitted the Homeless Children to Elementary School South Hwanghae Province has commanded government officials of the school "to take good cares of children who have no parents." Haeju city admitted 28 homeless children (kkotjebis) who came to the homeless shelter (꽃제비구제소) to the elementary school and those children were arranged to each grade according to their ages. Government officials of the City Party personally participated at the entrance ceremony to celebrate homeless children’s’ entrance into the school. The officials gave the children the necessities of life and encouraged them saying, "Although you do not have home and parents, you should endure the difficulties and study hard to become workers who render devoted service to General Kim Il-Song. Special lunch was also provided to the children. Increase in the Adult Homeless in Wonsan City Since last May and June, the number of adult homeless has been increasing in Wonsan City, Kangwon province. At present, the number of adult homeless who have steadily appeared has doubled from 4 or 5 to about 10. It is hard to figure out how many homeless there are because they usually come in from somewhere and leave the city during the night. However, the homeless who have constantly showed up since last May have been wandering around Wonsan station, car and bus parking lots and market without disappearing. Wonsan Kangwon Province Wonsan Station Wonsan Station <Image by Google earth> About 20 Permanent Homeless at Soonam Market of Chungjin City There are about 20 homeless who steadily appear at Soonam Market of Chungjin City, North Hamgyong Province. 9 to 10 out of the homeless are juvenile at the age from 8 to 15. 7 to 8 of them are adult at the age from 20 to 40. One old homeless is wandering around the market and he is singing and begging in front of market shelf. A female homeless who lost her mind is also seen there. Soonam Market <Photo by Good Friends> The Homeless at Ranam market, Chungjin Have Arisen Due To Food Scarcity of Last Spring When the food shortage was severe during the last spring, from April to June, the number of homeless in Ranam District of Chungjin City had increased. There are about 15 homeless people. 8 to 9 of them are young homeless and 5 to 6 are adult. According to young homeless, most of their parents died while them working for iron mills or sold their houses and left for the mountain or somewhere else due to the difficulty of obtaining food. Sarocheung (Socialist Working Youth League: SWYL) of the district was told "to seize the homeless and send them to the homeless shelters" by the party but disciplinary teams of SWYL say that it is useless because they escape soon. In Gimchaek, the Adult Homeless Settled Around Train Stations In Gimchaek, North Hamkyong, the residing homeless usually gather together around train stations. They intend to get some food dropped while being uploaded on trains. Especially, the adult homeless are quick. They act outside markets because they are not allowed to go inside the markets. The young homeless in groups of 10-12, and adults, by 5-6, and therefore, the longer residing homeless usually have stronger power than those less residing in particular regions. Eunduk County, the number of Homeless has increased to 15 for 2 Months In Eunduk, North Hamkyong, the number of homeless has increased to 15 for 2 months. There are about 9-10 minors and 5-6 adults. They are hanging around looking for food around markets. Meanwhile, in Hoeryong, Lee Soo-cheol (42) has become a homeless after he went broke. He is begging for food around markets, and people who know him feel pity for him. He was seen hanging around with the disabled homeless children for begging. Residents in Sapo District, Hamheung, “the homeless became so because they hate to work” Hamheung, South Hamkyong, has abundant the homeless people due to food shortage. In Sapo District, 10 or so the adult and minor homeless are regularly haunting around markets. However, residents are not sympathizing with the adult homeless while being so with minors. Cho Hak-cheol (48) deplored saying, “the adult homeless are corrupt people who can’t handle their food shortage. They are not disabled. I cannot understand them. It is enough to be bothered by the minor homeless.” In Heungnam, the Elderly Homeless Enrolled In Nursing Homes In Heungnam, South Hamkyong, the homeless in their 60s were forced to enroll in nursing homes by the police. In Heungnam, there are 9-10 minor homeless and 7-8 adult homeless including seniors. The senior homeless usually ran away from homes because of abuse from their children, or for fear of being a burden on them. However, even if they are enrolled in nursing home, it is still possible that they will run away soon due to the food shortage of the nursing homes. Good Friends: Center for Peace, Human Rights and Refugees If you need further information, please contact Good Friends (Korea) Good Friends USA (Washington, DC) E-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 82-2-587-8996 Tel: 1-202-824-0788/1-301-455-9196(D) Fax:82-2-587-8998 http://goodfriendsusa.blogspot.com .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inter-Korean Maritime Dynamics in the Northeast Asian Context César Ducruet, Stanislas Roussin
    Inter-Korean maritime dynamics in the Northeast Asian context César Ducruet, Stanislas Roussin To cite this version: César Ducruet, Stanislas Roussin. Inter-Korean maritime dynamics in the Northeast Asian context: Peninsular integration or North Korea’s pragmatism?. North / South Interfaces in the Korean Penin- sula, Dec 2008, Paris, France. halshs-00463620 HAL Id: halshs-00463620 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00463620 Submitted on 13 Mar 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Inter-Korean Maritime Dynamics in the Northeast Asian Context Peninsular Integration or North Korea’s Pragmatism? Draft paper International Workshop on “North / South Interfaces in the Korean Peninsula” EHESS, Paris, December 17-19, 2008 César DUCRUET1 Stanislas ROUSSIN Centre National de la Recherche General Manager & Head of Scientifique (CNRS) Research Department UMR 8504 Géographie-cités / SERIC COREE Equipe P.A.R.I.S. 1302 Byucksan Digital Valley V 13 rue du Four 60-73 Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-gu F-75006 Paris Seoul 153-801 France Republic of Korea Tel. +33 (0)140-464-000 Tel: +82 (0)2-2082-5613 Fax +33(0)140-464-009 Fax: +82 (0)2-2082-5616 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Dpr Korea 2019 Needs and Priorities
    DPR KOREA 2019 NEEDS AND PRIORITIES MARCH 2019 Credit: OCHA/Anthony Burke Democratic People’s Republic of Korea targeted beneficiaries by sector () Food Security Agriculture Health Nutrition WASH 327,000 97,000 CHINA Chongjin 120,000 North ! Hamgyong ! Hyeson 379,000 Ryanggang ! Kanggye 344,000 Jagang South Hamgyong ! Sinuiju 492,000 North Pyongan Hamhung ! South Pyongan 431,000 ! PYONGYANG Wonsan ! Nampo Nampo ! Kangwon North Hwanghae 123,000 274,000 South Hwanghae ! Haeju 559,000 REPUBLIC OF 548,000 KOREA PART I: TOTAL POPULATION PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED 25M 10.9M 3.8M REQUIREMENTS (US$) # HUMANITARIAN PARTNERS 120M 12 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea targeted beneficiaries by sector () Food Security Agriculture Health Nutrition WASH 327,000 97,000 CHINA Chongjin 120,000 North ! Hamgyong ! Hyeson 379,000 Ryanggang ! Kanggye 344,000 Jagang South Hamgyong ! Sinuiju 492,000 North Pyongan Hamhung ! South Pyongan 431,000 ! PYONGYANG Wonsan ! Nampo Nampo ! Kangwon North Hwanghae 123,000 274,000 South Hwanghae ! Haeju 559,000 REPUBLIC OF 548,000 KOREA 1 PART I: TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: COUNTRY STRATEGY Foreword by the UN Resident Coordinator 03 Needs and priorities at a glance 04 Overview of the situation 05 2018 key achievements 12 Strategic objectives 14 Response strategy 15 Operational capacity 18 Humanitarian access and monitoring 20 Summary of needs, targets and requirements 23 PART II: NEEDS AND PRIORITIES BY SECTOR Food Security & Agriculture 25 Nutrition 26 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) 27 Health 28 Guide to giving 29 PART III: ANNEXES Participating organizations & funding requirements 31 Activities by sector 32 People targeted by province 35 People targeted by sector 36 2 PART I: FOREWORD BY THE UN RESIDENT COORDINATOR FOREWORD BY THE UN RESIDENT COORDINATOR In the almost four years that I have been in DPR Korea Despite these challenges, I have also seen progress being made.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Labor in the DPRK, Education and Indoctrination
    Child Labor in the DPRK, Education and Indoctrination UNCRC Alternative Report to the 5th Periodic Report for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) September 2017 Submitted by People for Successful COrean REunification (PSCORE) Table of Contents Summary/Objective 2 Methodology 3 “Free” Education 4 Unchecked and Unmonitored: Physical Abuse in Schools 6 Forced Manual Labor during School 7 Mandatory Collections 8 Ideology and Education 9 Recommendation 12 References 13 1 Summary/Objective The goal of this report is for the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child to strongly consider the DPRK’s deplorable educational system at the 76th Pre-Sessional Working Group. A great number of reprehensible offenses have been committed by the DPRK against children’s education. Falsely advertised “free” education, unchecked corporal punishment and abuse in school, and forced manual labor in place of time in the classroom are the most notable, and will all be detailed in this report. But the most severe injustice is the content of the DPRK’s education, which is all geared to either overtly or covertly instill fear and hate into the minds of the state’s youngest and most impressionable minds. Education in the DPRK is filled with historical distortion and manipulative teachings that serve the state’s rulers, instilling a reverence for the DPRK’s government and leaders and a hatred toward any people or ideas that are not in alignment with the government’s. Education should be truthful and promote the values of peace, tolerance, equality, and understanding (General Comment No. 1, Article 29).
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerary Outline
    May Day Short Tour TOUR April 29th – May 5th 2022 6 nights in North Korea + Beijing-Pyongyang travel time OVERVIEW May Day is one of the best times to visit North Korea during the calendar year for the fine weather and festivities. Also known as International Workers’ Day, or Labour Day, May Day is a day off and locals take to the outdoors for picnics, dancing, and sports. Join in the celebrations as you experience North Korean culture like a local. In addition to the highlights of the North Korean capital Pyongyang and historic Kaesong on the Demilitarised Zone (the North/South border), we’ll have time for walks in the city, dining at some of Pyongyang’s most interesting restaurants, shopping at the Kwangbok Department Store, a picnic lunch, On this May Day tour, we’ll also get the chance to make a rare trip to Haeju City. We will take another road less travelled between Haeju and Nampo via scenic Mt. Kuwol after crossing the West Sea Barrage. If time isn’t on your side, take a look at our May Day Long Weekend Tour, or for a longer trip check out The May Day Tour (8 nights). ⬇⬇⬇ THIS DOCUMENT CANNOT BE TAKEN INTO KOREA The Experts in Travel to Rather Unusual Destinations. [email protected] | +86 10 6416 7544 | www.koryotours.com 27 Bei Sanlitun Nan, Chaoyang District, 100027, Beijing, China DAILY ITINERARY APRIL 28 – THURSDAY Briefing Day and Train Departure Day *Pre-Tour Briefing | We require all travellers to attend a pre-tour briefing that covers regulations, etiquette, safety, and practicalities for travel in North Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Terms of Reference
    Terms of reference Final project evaluation Capitalization on animal food production knowledge September-October 2019 External consultancy for final project evaluation Region Haeju city, South Hwangwae province Country The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) Sector Food security and nutrition, goat breeding, support for secondary education Project title Capitalization on animal food production knowledge Organization in charge of the Première Urgence Internationale (PUI) project Beneficiaries University of Agriculture of South Hwanghae Province, Livestock department of the Province, Two National Competence Centres Donor European Commission (DEVCO) Reference KOR15006 Main objective of the service Provide a final evaluation report to PUI concerning the KOR15006 project before October 20th, 2019. 1 Summary I. Project presentation ...................................................................................... 3 1. PUI’s action in DPKR ........................................................................................................... 3 2. Description of the action and rationale .............................................................................. 3 3. Area of intervention ........................................................................................................... 4 South Hwanghae, strategic but vulnerable province .................................. 4 4. Project’s stakeholders ........................................................................................................ 5 Haeju Agricultural
    [Show full text]
  • 6 New Industrial Parks Worth 44 Billion Won for Constuction Industry
    6 NEW INDUSTRIAL PARKS WORTH 44 BILLION WON FOR CONSTUCTION INDUSTRY The construction cost for six inter-Korean cooperative industrial parks like the Kaesong Industrial Complex would carry a construction bill of 44 billion Won. According to “Analysis of Examples of Inter-Korean Cooperation in the Construction Field and the Direction of Industrial Park Development within North Korea,” a recent report by the Construction Economy Research Institute of Korea, “Promotion of the North Korean construction market by the [South Korean] construction industry would not only increase the limited demand for the South Korean construction [field], but will also provide new growth to our economy.” According to the report, there has been almost no cooperative construction project within the construction field since 1988. On the other hand, tourism, industrial parks, physical fitness and religious projects have provided opportunities for construction companies. These projects generally call for construction equipment, materials, technicians and designs from South Korea, and land, labor, aggregate, etc. from the North. If six industrial parks on the same scale as the KIC were to be built, it would cost 43.09 billion Won. Of this, 4.07 billion won would cover government costs, while the actual cost of construction would be 39.02 billion won. If the KIC, currently undergoing the first phase of construction, were to complete all three phases of the original plan, the 19.9 square-kilometer complex would house 2,000 businesses. The research institute calls for the completion of phases 2 and 3 in the KIC, as well as the construction of industrial parks at Rajin-Sonbong, Sinuiju, Haeju, Nampo, and Wonsan.
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Recap: December
    MONTHLY RECAP: DECEMBER DPRK NUCLEAR ISSUE December 1st set the tone for the month with the United States adding new demands to the list of requirements for North Korea’s removal from Washington’s list of terror-sponsoring states. The new conditions require that Pyongyang provide details of its uranium enrichment program, including the amount of uranium it has extracted, as well as the alleged transfer of materials and technology to other countries. This announcement was made on the heels of a comment by Christopher Hill that he has seen “credible evidence” that North Korea has purchased equipment and materials used for uranium enrichment. In addition, a report prepared for the U.S. Congress by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) accused North Korea of providing arms and training to Hezbollah and the Tamil Tigers, both of whom Washington considers terrorist organizations. U.S.-DPRK COMMUNICATIONS On December 6 th , White House officials confirmed that President Bush had written a letter to Kim Jong-il, which was delivered by Christopher Hill during his latest visit to Pyongyang. In the letter, Bush urged Kim to keep promises regarding nuclear negotiations. In the letter, Bush referred to Kim as the “Dear Mr. Chairman”, a significant change from the “tyrant” label he had used in the past. North Korea responded by promising to meet its obligations under the six- party talks deal, and stating that it expects the United States to do the same. 6 PARTY WORKING GROUP Two days of six-way talks were held in Beijing from December 11 th. The talks were held to discuss energy and economic assistance to be provided to North Korea in exchange for the freeze of its nuclear facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • CELL PHONES in NORTH KOREA Has North Korea Entered the Telecommunications Revolution?
    CELL PHONES IN NORTH KOREA Has North Korea Entered the Telecommunications Revolution? Yonho Kim ABOUT THE AUTHOR Yonho Kim is a Staff Reporter for Voice of America’s Korea Service where he covers the North Korean economy, North Korea’s illicit activities, and economic sanctions against North Korea. He has been with VOA since 2008, covering a number of important developments in both US-DPRK and US-ROK relations. He has received a “Superior Accomplishment Award,” from the East Asia Pacific Division Director of the VOA. Prior to joining VOA, Mr. Kim was a broadcaster for Radio Free Asia’s Korea Service, focused on developments in and around North Korea and US-ROK alliance issues. He has also served as a columnist for The Pressian, reporting on developments on the Korean peninsula. From 2001-03, Mr. Kim was the Assistant Director of The Atlantic Council’s Program on Korea in Transition, where he conducted in-depth research on South Korean domestic politics and oversaw program outreach to US government and media interested in foreign policy. Mr. Kim has worked for Intellibridge Corporation as a freelance consultant and for the Hyundai Oil Refinery Co. Ltd. as a Foreign Exchange Dealer. From 1995-98, he was a researcher at the Hyundai Economic Research Institute in Seoul, focused on the international economy and foreign investment strategies. Mr. Kim holds a B.A. and M.A. in International Relations from Seoul National University and an M.A. in International Relations and International Economics from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea
    Operational Environment & Threat Analysis Volume 10, Issue 1 January - March 2019 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED OEE Red Diamond published by TRADOC G-2 Operational INSIDE THIS ISSUE Environment & Threat Analysis Directorate, Fort Leavenworth, KS Topic Inquiries: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Angela Williams (DAC), Branch Chief, Training & Support The Hermit Kingdom .............................................. 3 Jennifer Dunn (DAC), Branch Chief, Analysis & Production OE&TA Staff: North Korea Penny Mellies (DAC) Director, OE&TA Threat Actor Overview ......................................... 11 [email protected] 913-684-7920 MAJ Megan Williams MP LO Jangmadang: Development of a Black [email protected] 913-684-7944 Market-Driven Economy ...................................... 14 WO2 Rob Whalley UK LO [email protected] 913-684-7994 The Nature of The Kim Family Regime: Paula Devers (DAC) Intelligence Specialist The Guerrilla Dynasty and Gulag State .................. 18 [email protected] 913-684-7907 Laura Deatrick (CTR) Editor Challenges to Engaging North Korea’s [email protected] 913-684-7925 Keith French (CTR) Geospatial Analyst Population through Information Operations .......... 23 [email protected] 913-684-7953 North Korea’s Methods to Counter Angela Williams (DAC) Branch Chief, T&S Enemy Wet Gap Crossings .................................... 26 [email protected] 913-684-7929 John Dalbey (CTR) Military Analyst Summary of “Assessment to Collapse in [email protected] 913-684-7939 TM the DPRK: A NSI Pathways Report” ..................... 28 Jerry England (DAC) Intelligence Specialist [email protected] 913-684-7934 Previous North Korean Red Rick Garcia (CTR) Military Analyst Diamond articles ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Theory and Practice: Kaesong and Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by K-Developedia(KDI School) Repository EAST ASIAN REVIEW . Vol.13, No.1, Spring 2001, pp.67-88 Theory and Practice: Kaesong and Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation Nam Sung-wook INTRODUCTION The landmark June 15 inter-Korean summit was all the more dramatic and meaningful, given North Korea’s unresponsive attitude in the past. Politically, Seoul’s consistent “sunshine policy” certainly contributed to changes in the North. More importantly, however, it appears that the dire economic situation in the North played a large role in shifting North Korea’s stance. Ever since the 1990s, Pyongyang has experienced enormous economic hardship. This was in large part due to the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the East European Communist bloc, as well as the ever-increasing inconsistencies in the Socialist regime. Faced with difficulties greater than they expected, North Korea desperately needed external assistance, especially from South Korea. Consequently, it became a national priority for the North to improve its relations with the South, while strengthening the ideological education of its citizens. In the year 1999, the North recorded a positive growth rate of 6.2 percent for the first time in nine years, thanks to aid provided by South Korea and the international East Asian Review, 13(1), Spring 2001, pp.67-88 2001 by The Institute for East Asian Studies Published by the IEAS, 508-143 Jungrung 2-Dong Songbuk-Ku Seoul 136-851 KOREA 68 EAST ASIAN REVIEW SPRING 2001 community.
    [Show full text]
  • January 11, 1946 Untitled Memorandum on the Political and Morale Situation of Soviet Troops in North Korea and the Economic Situation in Korea
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified January 11, 1946 Untitled memorandum on the political and morale situation of Soviet troops in North Korea and the economic situation in Korea Citation: “Untitled memorandum on the political and morale situation of Soviet troops in North Korea and the economic situation in Korea,” January 11, 1946, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Archives of the Russian General Staff, op. 480, 29, st. 5, p. 2, pa. 21, k. 35. Translated by Gary Goldberg. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114893 Summary: A Soviet report on the first several months of the occupation of North Korea. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document Secret Copy Nº 1 TO MEMBER OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL OF THE MARITIME MILITARY DISTRICT GENERAL-COLONEL Cde. SHTYKOV [handwritten: Outgoing [[number]] 03003, 11 January 1946] I submit the memorandum of Lt. Col. Fedorov about the work of military commandants' offices and the political and morale situation of the troops deployed in North Korea, and also about the economic situation of the population of North Korea. ATTACHMENT: The aforementioned, on 19 pages, to the addressee only. CHIEF OF THE POLITICAL DIRECTORATE OF THE MARITIME MILITARY DISTRICT GENERAL-LIEUTENANT /signature/ KALASHNIKOV Two copies printed ________________ 1 - to the addressee 2 - to file Drafted by Chukov ________________ k. n. [possibly "office number" ( kantselyarsky nomer)] 74.11.1.46 vr. SECRET TO THE CHIEF OF THE POLITICAL DIRECTORATE OF THE MARITIME MILITARY DISTRICT GENERAL-LIEUTENANT Cde. KALASHNIKOV MEMORANDUM Carrying out your assignment to study agrarian relations in Korea, we at the same time interested ourselves in the political and economic situation on the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • New Evidence on North Korea in 1956
    Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Evidence on North Korea in 1956 Introduction by James F. Person ew events since the end of the 1950-1953 Korean War contrast, concludes that the attack on Kim Il Sung’s policies at have had such enduring political relevance in the 60-year the August Plenum “was a desperate attempt to turn the tide Fhistory of the North Korean party-state as the three-year rather than a serious challenge to Kim’s rule.”5 dispute in the Korean Workers’ Party (KWP) over development The documentary evidence on post-war North Korea has strategies that culminated in the summer of 1956. Yet, due to the been greatly enhanced recently through the release of docu- secretive nature of the regime and the paucity of documentary ments at the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History evidence from Korean and other archives, little has been known (RGANI), the post-Stalin Central Committee archive. These about this pivotal event until recently. While accounts of the epi- documents, some of which are presented below, originated sode have appeared in many histories of modern Korea,1 they with the Central Committee Department for Relations with have largely focused on the August 1956 Plenum of the KWP International Communist Parties, the Communist Party of the Central Committee (CC), which is generally portrayed as the Soviet Union’s (CPSU) own foreign policy organ.6 Some of climax of a decade-long power struggle between four factions: the documents were also analyzed by Japanese scholar Nobuo the so-called “Soviet faction” composed of ethnic Koreans who Shimotomai, who accessed them in microfilm copy at the Slavic lived in the Soviet Union and were sent to serve in administra- Research Center in Hokkaido, Japan.
    [Show full text]