《新21世纪大学英语》编写人员

总主编 翟象俊 张增健 余建中

本册主编 张增健 余建中 梁正溜

本册编写人员 董宏乐 黄 莺 季佩英 陈 进 范 烨 张 颖

策划编辑 唐 敏 林 森

责任编辑 曹 凯 前 言

2004年教育部制定的《大学英语课程教学要求》，明确提出“大学英语的教 学目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后工作和 社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流。” 这一要求无疑是为 当今的大学英语教学树立了方向标：着力改变以语法、阅读为核心的英语教学传 统，而朝着语言技能全面并举的方向倾斜。新大纲推动了英语教学的变革，而教 学的实际需求，更催唤着新一代教材的诞生。《新21世纪大学英语》，正 是 在 这 一形势下审慎推出的一套力求体现大学英语编写新理念的系列教材。 上世纪 90 年代后期我们在编写《21世纪大学英语》时，除了强调选材的内 容清新、语言生动外，在练习编写和教学过程中更突出听、说、读、写、译诸方面 语言技能的培养。与此同时，也开始利用现代化教育技术手段，如课件光盘及学 习软件系统等，积极展开以学生为中心的课堂教学活动。现今推出的《新21世纪 大学英语》系列教材，以功能意念贯穿始终，充分利用现代计算机技术、网络技 术和多媒体教学手段，全面提高学生的英语视、听、说、读、写、译的实用技能，以 “立体化”的方式体现教学活动的实用性以及语言的交际功能。 《新21世纪大学英语》是根据国家教育部颁发的《大学英语课程教学要 求》并参照《大学英语四、六级考试大纲》精神而编写的系列教材，包括《综合教 程》、《综合练习》、《教师参考书》（各四册）及相关配套网络平台。原《21世纪大 学英语》教材，是采用主题教学法则（theme-based）加以编写的，即：单元内A\B 课文中形成同一主题，另外再在《综合练习》内也配以一定数量的同类题材练习 材料。《新21世纪大学英语》虽仍沿用这一教学法则，但是进一步把视、听、说、 读、写、译各项能力互相交织且有机结合起来，这种针对性强的、符合外语教学 规律的综合反复训练，既利于提高学生的综合应用能力，又完整实现了真正意义

1 前 言

上的主题教学法。 《新21世纪大学英语综合教程》第 一 册 的 起 点 词 汇 为 1 8 0 0 词 ，可 供 各 类 高校新生使用。起点较高的学生可从第二册起步。《综合教程》每册8个单元， 每 单 元 包 括 四 大 板 块 ，即 ：视频导入（V i d e o S t a r t e r）、精读课文（T e x t A）、辅 助阅读（Te x t B）和 与主题相关的补充学习活动（Additional Theme-related Activities）。视频导入板块，由编者精心设计一段或一组围绕单元主题展开 的热身练习，教师即藉此以“拉家常”的方式跟学生交流互动，引出学习主题并 启发学生的思路，激发学生的学习热情。 课文由同一题材的两篇文章及相关 练习组成, 其中A课文为精读材料，配有大声朗读（Reading Aloud）、课文理解 （Understanding the Text）、语言学习（Learning the Language）三大项；B课 文为泛读材料，配有阅读理解检测（Comprehension Check）和深度讨论（In- depth Discussion）等练习。与主题相关的补充学习活动，旨在进一步拓宽学生 视野，如引入与主题相关的名人名言（Famous quotes to appreciate）、补充视听 和口语练习（Viewing comprehension and oral practice）等内容。纵观整个单元 的练习编写，《综合教程》在练习形式和设计上既继承了《21世纪大学英语读写 教程》中的词汇、结构练习等准则精华，又有所创新与突破，如新增“含英咀华” （Appreciating gems of the language）和“译写练习”（Translational Writing） 等强调语言学习的输出训练，进一步深化了学生的实际运用能力。 《综合练习》的设计在内容与主题上均与《综合教程》相关联，起到补充和 增强的作用，同时，也为学生今后参加全国大学英语四、六级考试奠定坚实基础。 《综合练习》每册共8个单元。每单元均由五部分组成：第一部分为听力，第二部 分为词汇和结构，第三部分为翻译，第四部分为阅读，第五部分为写作。《综合练 习》的练习设计本着主题教学与实用的原则，可由学生自主学习，也可由教师在 课堂上择用讲解。 《教师参考书》供使用《综合教程》教材的教师作教学参考。每册8个单元， 每个单元都提出明确的教学目标，并根据《综合教程》的相关内容，分别采用对 应的方式配以详细的问题与答案、中文译文、疑难注解。《教师参考书》还提供了 大量例句、练习答案和视频材料的文字稿。值得一提的是，教参还配置了课堂讨 论题的参考对答材料，供教师掌控使用。 总之，《新21世纪大学英语》系列教材博采众长，尽可能地吸纳了现行国内 外多种同类教材的优点。同时，还以21世纪我国人才培养的特点和教学改革现有 成果为依据，力图在有限的教学时间里，让使用本教材的学习者在英语能力方面

2 前 言

得到最大限度的提高。具体说来，本套教材具有以下几个特点： 111 高 标 准 选 材 ，注 重“ 跨 文 化 ”背 景 介 绍 。本教材对课文的选择力求实用、 有趣、有品位；在练习例句和其他材料的选择上，则力求简洁、生动、有效。除了 选材内容的趣味性、信息性和实用性，语言的规范性和文体的多样性，本教材在 重视英语语言基础知识和基本技能训练的同时，还注意将文化内容与语言材料 相 融 合 ，介 绍 西 方 文 化 背 景 。 222 编排合理，循序渐进。本教材各单元的顺序参考弗莱什—金卡伊德分级 法（Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level）并根据编者们反复讨论的结果而排定。因此， 各单元的文字基本上由浅入深，同时也根据教学需要略有调整，例如第一册第一 单元的主题安排，便是契合学生们入学之初状况的需求。 333 注重培养听说能力。本教材根据《大学英语课程教学要求》中有关教学 内容和课程体系改革的精神，与时俱进，加大了“听、说”训练的力度，将视听说 题材与课文主题保持一致，把听、说、读、写的技能训练有机地结合起来，使学生 的听、说训练贯穿于整个课程教学的始终。 444 强调主题教学的整体性。本 教 材 将 听 、说 、读 、写 内 容 相 结 合 ，把 听 、说 、 读、写、译五种技能的训练和培养围绕着同一主题展开，形成一个有机的整体。 555 拓 展 教 学 时 空 ，实 现 教 材 的 立 体 化 。除上述教学用书外，本教材还包括 配套的光盘、多媒体课件和网络课程等，以期充分利用多媒体和网络化现代教学 手段，立体、互动地引导学生开发各种学习潜能。 《新21世纪大学英语》系列教材由复旦大学翟象俊、张增健、余建中三位教 授总主编，并由众多资深专家和常年在教学第一线的优秀教师共同参加编写而 成。希望使用本书的教师在使用过程中不断给我们提出宝贵意见和建议，以便 我们在日后的修订中把工作做得更好。

编 者 2010年8月

3 使用说明

本书为《新21世纪大学英语综合教程》第四册。全书共八个单元，供一学期 使用。 每一单元包括五大板块，即视频导入（Video Starter）、精读课文（Text A）、辅助阅读（T e x t B）、写作辅导（W r i t i n g）和 与主题相关的补充学习活动 （Additional Theme-related Activities）。 视频导入是我们在教材编写方面的新尝试。在学习正式课文之前，视频导入 围绕本单元的核心内容展开有关话题，并提出具有一定挑战性的问题，以激发学 生的学习兴趣，引导学生深入完成本单元的学习任务。 课文是每一单元的核心部分。除了生词和词组解释外，每篇课文还有针 对课文难点或重点的注解。课文练习包括大声朗读（Reading Aloud）、课文 理解（Understanding the Text）和语言学习（Learning the Language）三个 组成部分。由于不少来自边远地区的学生未能在中学阶段掌握正确的英语语 音和语调，大声朗读对改进他们的语音和语调应有裨益。跟课文理解相关的 练习共有四项：1．综观（Overview），这一练习的设计思路是对课文的概括、 总结和总体把握；2．判读（Interpretation），针对课文中的疑难点进行破 解；3．讨论（Discussion），对课文中的观点或有关现象进行探讨；4．含英咀华 （Appreciating gems of the language）则列出课文中具有特色的语言现象 供学习者欣赏。语言学习练习共有三项：1．新词和词组学习（New Words and Expressions）, 此练习包括填空、改写句子等形式；2．句子结构（Structure）, 包 括连接句子、完成句子和改写句子等形式；3．构词法（Word Building），包括给单 词加前、后缀和用所给单词变换形式后填空等形式。 辅助阅读（Text B）由一篇跟主课文内容相关的辅助课文及练习组成。阅读

1 使用说明

理解（Comprehension Check）和深度讨论（In-depth Discussion）两项练习都为 全面理解辅助课文而设计。前者针对课文中的疑难点提出问题，后者则引导学习 者思考一些相关问题，进而对课文有更深层次的理解。 写作辅导（Writing）为第三、四册新增内容，着重讲解英语写作的基本方法 和技巧。该部分按照英语中的常见文体分类，每单元详细介绍一种文体，同时附 有课文中的范例，帮助学生活学活用，逐步提高写作能力。 每单元的最后一部分是与主题相关的补充学习活动（Additional Theme- Related Activities）。这些活动包括：1. 名言欣赏（Famous quotes to appreciate），这里收录了跟课文内容相关的名言及中文译文；2. 视频理解与口 语练习（Viewing comprehension and oral practice），这里有两段视频，各有侧 重，第一段视频对本单元内容进行概括或总结，第二段跟课文内容相关，较为轻 松；3. 开心一刻（Fun time），这里提供了一些歌曲、故事或笑话等，是学习者完 成一个单元的学习任务后放松自己的快乐时光。 本 教 程 对 主 课 文（A）和 辅 助 课 文（B）的 生 词 和 词 组 采 取 了 不 同 的 处 理 方式。主课文的生词和词组都列于课文后的生词和词组（New Words and Expressions）表中，并且根据《大学英语课程教学要求》标明级别，注解则主要 采用中英对照的形式。辅助课文后的词汇表中列出了《大学英语课程教学要求》 中作为“一般要求”的生词和词组，其余生词和词组则都用中文直接在课文中标 注。(黑正体表示“一般要求”的词汇；黑正体后加★表示“较高要求”的词汇；黑 正体后加▲表示“更高要求”的词汇；白斜体表示由纲内词组成的熟词；彩色体 表 示 超 纲 词 汇 。）

一般来说，课堂上处理本书的一个单元应花八节课时间，具体做法可参见教 师参考书的相关内容。

编 者 2011年5月

2 Contents

Unit 1 The American Dream 1 Part I Video Starter 1 Part II Text A Harsh Reality of the American Dream 2 Part III Text B Is the American Dream Still Possible? 15 Part IV Writing 22 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 24 Unit 2 Silent Struggle 27 Part I Video Starter 27 Part II Text A An Immigrant’s Silent Struggle 28 Part III Text B Hispanic, USA: The Conveyor-Belt Ladies 44 Part IV Writing 53 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 55 Unit 3 Arctic and Antarctic 59 Part I Video Starter 59 Part II Text A The Race to Own the Arctic 60 Part III Text B The Volcano at the End of the Earth 75 Part IV Writing 82 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 83 Unit 4 True Love 86 Part I Video Starter 86 Part II Text A My Only True Love 86

1 Contents

Part III Text B A Painful Decision 99 Part IV Writing 105 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 106

Unit 5 Different Perspectives 108 Part I Video Starter 108 Part II Text A The Heart of the Games: My Favorite Olympic Moments 109 Part III Text B Life Lessons 128 Part IV Writing 135 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 138 Unit 6 Music in Space 142 Part I Video Starter 142 Part II Text A Back Down to Earth 142 Part III Text B Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light 162 Part IV Writing 168 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 171 Unit 7 Coming from Within 174 Part I Video Starter 174 Part II Text A The Progress Paradox 174 Part III Text B How to Get Lucky 193 Part IV Writing 198 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 199 Unit 8 Living to Learn 203 Part I Video Starter 203 Part II Text A Blueprint for a “Learning Society” 203 Part III Text B 7 New Skills Every Worker Needs 221 Part IV Writing 228 Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 230 Glossary 233

2 Unit 1 The American Dream

Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

corresponding /krIspndIN/ a. 对应的 syllabus /sIlbs/ n. 教学大纲 renew /rInju/ vt. 更新 global /glUbl/ a. 全球的 aspiration /QspreISn/ n. 愿望 harmony /hAmnI/ n. 和谐 ring a bell 听上去熟悉 ethos /iTs/ n. 民族精神 prosperity /prspertI/ n. the United States Declaration of 兴旺，繁荣，昌盛 Independence 《美国独立宣言》 Creator /krieIt(r)/ n. inalienable /IneIljnbl/ a. 造物主；上帝 liberty /lIbtI/ n. 不可分割的；不可剥夺的 自由

1 Unit 1

Part II Text A Harsh Reality of the American Dream Humphrey Hawksley 1 It was a brilliant, hot day on the Seattle waterfront, with unspoilt views across the bay to outlying islands. 2 Just beyond a stretch of grass where people lay with books and lovers, came the melody of live unaccompanied singing. It turned out to be four men outside a cafe singing a love song about Cupid, each with different voice ranges, and a deep, swaying crowd, clapping along. 3 The Starbucks logo of the cafe struck me as a little old- fashioned until someone mentioned that this was the first Starbucks ever opened anywhere in the world. 4 I had come to Seattle because of a recent survey by the Centre for Economic Performance in London, on how easy or difficult it was to get rich in different parts of the world — or if not rich, at least move out of poverty. 5 “If you are born into poverty in the US,” said one of its authors, “you are actually more likely to remain in poverty than in other countries in Europe, the Nordic countries, even Canada, which you would think would not be that different.”

Possibilities 6 The study, together with general anti-American sentiment which has become more prevalent since the Iraq war, raised for me a question about the American dream — the idea that the United States is a place where anything is possible. 7 I had chosen Seattle not only because Starbucks was created there, but also because Microsoft and Amazon Books and Boeing airliners all come from this small city. Dreams, if you want, which began small but are now global brands. 8 “Great day, isn’t it?” I turned to see the lined, and drawn face of a man I will call Dave. “Are you getting what you want?” 9 We had met a couple of days earlier when he was having breakfast at a charity for the broke and homeless, and I had

2 The American Dream asked him if he believed in the American dream. 10 “The American dream,” Dave said, eating a muffin and wiping his lips with a paper napkin. “Well, it comes and 111 时 来 时 去 ；忽 隐 1 goes . It will come again.” 忽现

Winners and Losers 11 In a low-ceilinged eating hall, maybe 100 men sat side by side along trestle tables. 12 They had queued up2 since five, registered in case3 222 排 队（等 候 ） there was any work, then ate while security guards watched 333 也 许 ，说 不 定 over4 them in case there was trouble. 444 监视 13 In Europe or just across the border in Canada, they would be more likely to get social security, but this was America, where society is harshly divided into winners and losers. 14 Strangely, though, there seemed to be little resentment or blame of government. American culture is about self- reliance and the individual fighting a way through. 15 “The American dream,” said one of the men, his eyes dartingly alive, his nose so skewed it must have been broken many times in different fights. “I guess you are talking about a home, wife, children and all that.” 16 “Do you have it?” I said. 17 “No. No, I don’t. I had my opportunities, but I lost.”

Control 18 Just up the road in a small print shop, a fit, thoughtful former air force officer, Bobby Ray Forbes, was slotting calendars into envelopes. 5 19 His life collapsed when his marriage went wrong . He 555 发 生 问 题 ，出 错 had ended up on the street, but recently had managed to get a job and keep it. 20 “Oh sure, I have had the house, picket fence, two cars,” he said. 21 “But I put myself in a position where the government 6 could take control . Right now I am happy just being back 666 控制 7 in control . You see, what a lot of people do not know is 777 控制 that the key is not getting the American dream. It is holding onto it.”

3 Unit 1

22 In Europe, the government is entwined with a lot of what we do, yet in America, I felt a sentiment that the more say the government has over you, the more you carry a sense of failure. 8 888 接 受 ；开 始（ 从 23 Yet millions still yearn to come and take up the 事） challenge. 24 A million a year settle to start the process of becoming 999 宣誓 American citizens. Half a million actually take the oath9.

Flag Waving 25 At the landscaped Seattle centre, using cards and newspapers to shield themselves from the sun, rows and rows of immigrants at a naturalisation ceremony listened to local officials speak about various aspects of the American dream. 26 They came from everywhere: Britain, France, Iran, Iraq 10 1111 大声读出 — the name of every country read out , to cheers, as if we were at the Oscars and, of course, the waving of American flags. 27 “Why do you want to live here and not in Europe?” I asked a young woman from Ethiopia, who tipped back her Seattle Mariners baseball cap and looked at me as if I were completely mad. 28 “Europe,” she said disdainfully. “What do they ever 11 1111 希 望 ，期 待 hope for in Europe? Here they have a law that you can dream to be happy.” (812 words)

New Words harsh /hAS/ a. unpleasant, unkind, cruel 严酷的；严厉的 waterfront /wtfrnt/ n. a part of a town which is next to an area of water such as a river or the sea 江边；海（湖）滨 unspoilt /nspIlt/ a. not left to spoil; having an unchanged character 未受破坏的 bay /beI/ n. （海或湖的）湾 outlying /aUtlaIIN/ a. existing outside and away from a particular place 偏僻的；边远的 melody★ /meldI/ n. 曲调；歌曲

4 The American Dream unaccompanied 无伴奏的；无人陪伴的 /nkmpnId/ a. cafe /kQfeI/ n. 咖啡馆；小餐厅 sway /sweI/ v. to move or swing gently from side to side（使）摇 摆；（使）摇动 survey /sveI/ n. an examination of opinions, behavior, etc. made by asking people questions 调查 poverty /pvtI/ n. the condition of being extremely poor 贫穷 Nordic /ndIk/ a. the Germanic peoples of northern Europe 北欧人的 anti-American opposed to the United States 反美（国）的 /QntImerIkn/ a. prevalent★ /prevlnt/ a. generally or widely practiced, accepted or favored 普遍的；盛行的 airliner /elaIn(r)/ n. a large passenger aircraft 大型客机；班机 global /glUbl/ a. including or affecting the whole world 全球的 charity /tSQrtI/ n. 慈善团体；慈爱 homeless /hUmlIs/ a. without a place to live 无家可归的 muffin mfIn/ / n. 松饼 loser /luz(r)/ n. someone who did not win a race, competition, fight, etc. 失败者 low-ceilinged /lUsilINd/ a. having a lower than normal ceiling 天花板较低的 trestle /tresl/ n. 支架 trestle table 搁板桌 queue /kju/ vi. to line up 排队（等候） n. a line of people waiting for sth.（排队等候的）一 队人 border /bd/ n. the official line separating two countries or states 边界；国界 harshly /hASlI/ ad. in an unkind manner 严厉地，无情地 resentment★ /rIzentmnt/ n. a feeling of deep and bitter anger 怨恨，愤恨 reliance★ /rIlaIns/ n. the state of depending on a particular person or thing 依赖，依靠 dartingly /dAtINlI/ ad. rapidly, like a dart 迅速地；似飞镖地 thoughtful /TtfUl/ a. occupied with or given to thought 沉思的 slot★ /slt/ vt. to put sth. into a long narrow hole 把…放入狭长开 口中 collapse /klQps/ vi. (of people and business) to suddenly be unable to continue or work correctly 崩溃 picket▲ /pIkIt/ n. a stick put into the ground and used for marking sth. 桩；尖木桩 5 Unit 1 entwined /IntwaInd/ a. closely connected or unable to be separated 紧密结 合的 yearn▲ /jn/ vi. to want sth. a lot 渴望，渴求 oath★ /UT/ n. a promise 宣誓；誓言 shield /Sild/ vt. to protect sb. from sth. unpleasant 保护…（免 受…） naturalisation the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted /nQtSrlaIzeISn/ n. citizenship （外国人的）归化，入国籍 ceremony /serImUnI/ n. 仪式，典礼 disdainfully /dIsdeInfUlI/ ad. without respect 轻蔑地；藐视地

Expressions come and go to be present for a short time and then go away 时 来时去；忽隐忽现 queue up to line up 排队（等候） in case if it should happen that 也许，说不定 watch over to watch a person or activity carefully to make sure that the person behaves in the correct way or that the activity happens in the correct way 监视 go wrong to turn out badly 发生问题，出错 take control 控制 in control 控制 take up to accept (sth.); to start doing (sth.) regularly 接 受；开始（从事） take the oath 宣誓 read out to read (sth.) and say the words aloud so that other people can hear 大声读出 hope for to want (sth.) to happen or to be true 希望，期待

Notes

1. Author: Humphrey Hawksley /hmfrI hkslI/(汉弗莱·霍克斯利) is a BBC foreign correspondent and author. 2. American dream: a belief that in the United States people will be able to achieve success and prosperity through their own hard work, courage, creativity and determination, regardless of social class or circumstances of birth

6 The American Dream

3. Seattle /sIQtl/ （西雅图）：a city in the United States 4. Cupid /kjupId/ （丘比特）：the Roman god of love 5. Starbucks /stAbks/ （星巴克）：an international coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle 6. Center for Economic Performance: one of the leading economic research groups in Europe 7. Iraq /IrAk/ war（伊拉克战争）：a military campaign that began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force led by troops from the United States 8. Microsoft /maIkrU sft/（微软）：a multinational computer technology corporation 9. Amazon.com, Inc.（亚马逊公司）：a US-based multinational electronic commerce company, with its headquarter in Seattle 10. Boeing Company （波音公司）：a major American aerospace and defense corporation, founded in Seattle 11. picket fence: a low fence made of a row of flat sticks which are pointed at the top and often painted white 12. Oscar /sk(r)/ (奥斯卡奖)：an accolade (嘉奖) by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is the oldest, best known and most prestigious of film awards. 13. Ethiopia /iTIUpI/ （埃塞俄比亚）：a country in East Africa 14. Seattle Mariners /mQrInz/ （西雅图水手）：an American professional baseball team based in Seattle

Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud paragraphs 1-4. Afterwards, practice them on your own several times. It was a brilliant, hot day on the Seattle waterfront, with unspoilt views across the bay to out­lying islands. Just beyond a stretch of grass where people lay with books and lovers, came the melody of live unaccompanied singing. It turned out to be four men outside a cafe singing a love song about Cu­pid, each with different voice ranges, and a deep, swaying crowd, clapping along. The Starbucks logo of the cafe struck me as a little old-fashioned until someone mentioned that this was the first Starbucks ever opened anywhere in the world. I had come to Seattle because of a recent survey by the Centre for 7 Unit 1

Economic Performance in London, on how easy or difficult it was to get rich in different parts of the world — or if not rich, at least move out of poverty.

Understanding the Text 1.111 Overview BBC correspondent Humphrey Hawksley visited Seattle — the home of American dreams and big brands, and interviewed people there about their beliefs in the American dream. In Text A, Humphrey recorded his conversations with four people. Complete the following blanks and roleplay the conversations with a partner. (Some questions have been omitted by the author. You can add your own according to the context.) 111 Talk to Dave Place: at Conversation: Humphrey: Great day, isn’t it? Are you getting what you want? Do you believe in the American dream? Dave: The American dream… Well, it . It will come again. Implication of the Answer: Despite all the setbacks, Dave hasn’t yet.

222 Talk to a Man Place: in Conversation: Humphrey: Do you believe in the American dream? Man: The American dream... I guess you are talking about . Humphrey: Do you have it? Man: No. No, I don’t. , but I . Implication of the Answer: The man holds rather than responsible for his failure.

333 Talk to Bobby Place: in a small print shop Conversation: Humphrey: Bobby: Oh sure, I have had the house, picket fence, two cars. But I put myself in a position where the government could . Right now I am happy just being .

8 The American Dream

You see, what a lot of people do not know is that the key is not the American dream. It is . Implication of the Answer: Bobby wants to take control of his own fate rather than be controlled by . He is still his American dream.

444 Talk to a Woman from Ethiopia Place: at the Seattle center (at a ceremony) Conversation: Humphrey: Why do you want to live here and not in Europe? Woman: Europe. What do they ever in Europe? Here they have a law that you can . Implication of the Answer: Although the American dream is more and more like a delusion, this immigrant remains and believes that the US is different from Europe in that it is a land of .

2. Interpretation for Inference The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 … which you would think would not be that different. (Para. 5) AAAYou would think that the Nordic countries and Canada would not be that different from the US. BBB You would think that Canada would not be that different from the US. CCCYou would think that the Nordic countries would not be that different from the US. 222 … if you want… (Para. 7) AAA… if you desire to realize the dreams… BBB … if you are willing to call them “dreams”… CCC… if you are determined to work hard… 333 In Europe or just across the border in Canada, they would be more likely to get social security, but this was America, where society is harshly divided into winners and losers. (Para. 13) AAAThe competition in America is more fierce and cruel than that in Europe and Canada. If you do not work hard, you will be labeled as losers. BBB American people are more self-reliant than people in Europe and

9 Unit 1

Canada. They do not want help from the government when they are stricken by poverty. CCCIn America, poor people are less likely to get help from the government than in Europe or Canada. Thus the gap between poor and rich is getting wider. 444 … yet in America, I felt a sentiment that the more say the government has over you, the more you carry a sense of failure. (Para. 22) AAAAmerican people prefer liberalism — being free from too much government control. BBB American people don’t take the words from the government seriously. CCCThe American government is hindering the pursuit of the American dream.

3. Discussion

Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 What factors may influence the economic mobility in a country, that is, the possibility for its people to get rich or at least move out of poverty? 222 According to Text A, American people put little blame on the government when their dreams are shattered. Do you think the government can play a role in facilitating the pursuit of the American dream? Why or why not? 333 The American dream has been criticized for its emphasis on material possessions as a way of finding happiness. What’s your opinion?

4. Appreciating gems of the language End-weight principle End-weight principle refers to a tendency to place focal and heavier information at the end of a sentence. This structure can facilitate both comprehension and language production. For instance, in the following sentence from Text A, instead of being put at the end, the prepositional phrase “for me” intervenes between the verb “raised” and its long object “a question… is possible.”

The study, together with general anti-American sentiment which has become more prevalent since the Iraq war, raised for me a question about the American dream — the idea that the United States is a place where anything is possible.

Try to find at least one more example from Text A.

10 The American Dream

Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

bay border charity collapse global harsh melody poverty resentment ceremony shield slot survey sway thoughtful

111 I wonder if Chinese will eventually replace English as a language. 222 Sir James sits, deeply , staring at the floor. 333 Mary a cassette into the VCR. 444 I thought that without me the whole project would . 555 The prizes are presented at the school’s annual prize-giving in November. 666 On Monday afternoon, we sailed into a very beautiful . 777 Michael began to play the piano, and a few well-known filled the house. 888 The sun shines, and warm breezes the trees. 999 The evidence should open people’s eyes to the reality of poverty in Britain today. 1111 The train crosses the between Sweden and Norway at Riksgransen, which is also the point where the railway reaches its highest altitude. 1111 Everyone who completes the will be entered into a prize draw with the chance to win a £50 Amazon voucher（代金券）. 1111 History shows that open markets can play an important role in lifting millions of people out of . 1111 The singers did a performance on the first night, to raise money for AIDS research. 1111 An envious co-worker may develop a personal towards a promoted co-worker because the position represents a higher salary and more responsibility. 1111 Ruth held her hand above her eyes to them from the sun.

11 Unit 1

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary. come and go go wrong hope for in case in control read out take up watch over

111 I asked Mike to to me the names of all the winners. 222 The best they can is to get temporary accommodation（住 宿）. 333 For the past 6 months, I have had pain in my chest that . 444 He has been appointed to the interests of the disabled. 555 These shelves are very easy to put together — you can’t . 666 Rick the challenge and cycled the 250-mile route alone. 777 Anti-government forces are still of the area. 888 Eddie had his camera ready, just he saw something that would make a good picture.

3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: Motorcyclists must wear helmets to prevent injury. (shield) → Motorcyclists must wear helmets to shield themselves from injury.

111 Some schools still favor these traditional language teaching methods. (prevalent) These traditional language teaching methods . 222 I think it is unwise for the region to depend on tourism. (reliance) I think is unwise. 333 Despite a successful career in private business, Paul Allen always wanted a return to his public sector roots. (yearn) Despite a successful career in private business, Paul Allen always . 444 Medieval（中世纪的）knights（武士）promised loyalty to their lord. (oath) Medieval knights to their lord. 555 Visitors waited in line to enter the Saudi Pavilion（沙特展馆）at the Shanghai World Expo. (queue) Visitors to enter the Saudi Pavilion at the Shanghai World Expo.

12 The American Dream

Structure absolute construction

Absolute construction is a construction in which elements like -ing participle, -ed participle, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase, etc. take their own logical subject. It is often used to describe an accompanying circumstance, reason, time sequence, condition, etc. Here are some examples from Text A:

It turned out to be four men outside a cafe singing a love song about Cupid, each with different voice ranges, and a deep, swaying crowd, clapping along.

“The American dream,” said one of the men, his eyes dartingly alive, his nose so skewed it must have been broken many times in different fights.

Combine each group of sentences into one sentence containing at least one absolute construction. Model: Nobody had any more to say. The meeting was closed. → Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.

111 My little cousin walked past. Her doll dragged behind her on the pavement. . 222 Professor Brown rested against the blackboard. He has a piece of chalk in one hand and a textbook in the other. . 333 The floor was wet and slippery. We stayed outside. . 444 There was nothing else we could do. We left. . 555 Jim’s homework was done. He decided to see a movie. . 666 The holiday was over. We began to work again. . 13 Unit 1

the more…, the more…

The structure of “the more…, the more…” has a meaning quite similar to the Chinese “越…就越…”. Here are some examples:

. I felt a sentiment that the more say the government has over you, the more you carry a sense of failure. The more I see of him, the more I like him. The more he tried, the more progress he seemed to make.

Translate the following sentences into English, using “the more…, the more…”. 111 汤姆钱赚得越多，想要得到的也就越多。

222 我的朋友越解释，我越糊涂了。

333 你问得越多，所学到的知识也就越多。

444 这首曲子你会越练越熟。

555 掌握的英语词汇量越多，你能看懂和听懂的就越多。

666 小组成员们越讨论，分歧越多。

Word Building out-

The prefix out- can mean “outside” or “away from”. Here are some examples from Text A:

It was a brilliant, hot day on the Seattle waterfront, with unspoilt views across the bay to outlying islands. It turned out to be four men outside a cafe…

out + lying → outlying (lying at a distance from the central part) out + side → outside (not inside a building)

14 The American Dream

Match the words in Column A with the definitions in Column B, and then use those words in Column A to complete the sentences below.

A B 1) outbuilding a. not inside a building 2) outdoor b. a station in a remote location 3) outlying c. lying or being at a distance from the central part 4) outpatient d. a building that is subordinate to and separate from a main building 5) outpost e. someone who receives medical treatment at a hospital, but who does not stay there for the night 6) outside f. the outer part of sth.; not inside a building 111 My husband loves activities such as walking and camping. 222 Her overcoat is fur（毛皮）on the inside and cloth on the . 333 The man cut his hand and was treated as an at a local hospital. 444 My grandfather told of his service at a military , guarding the border sometime between 1910 and 1918. 555 The stables（马厩）and other were sold together with the main house. 666 A new transportation plan needs to be considered to meet the needs of those living in areas of the city.

Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. Is the American Dream Still Possible? David Wallechinsky 1 To be “middle class” in America once meant living well and having financial security. But today that comfortable and contented lifestyle is harder to achieve and maintain. PA R A DE（《 大 观 》 杂 志 ） commissioned（委 托）Mark Clements Research Inc. to survey Americans nationwide about their finances and outlook for the future.

15 Unit 1

2 The traditional American Dream is based on the belief that hardworking citizens can better their lives, pay their 111 给…提供机会 monthly bills without worry, give their children a start¹ to an even better life and still save enough to live comfortably after they retire. But many average Americans are struggling — squeezed by rising costs, declining wages, credit-card debt and diminished benefits, with little left over to save for retirement. 3 Does the dream survive? Do most Americans still believe they can forge better lives for themselves? 4 PARADE surveyed more than 2,200 Americans, of whom fully 84% described themselves as belonging to the middle 222 不管 class, regardless of² where they live or the size of their household. 5 For this report, we focused on U.S. households earning between $30,000 and $99,000 a year. Most of those surveyed describe themselves as married and having a family. More than 64% say they are employed full-time or part-time. Most say they are in reasonably good health and have a satisfying religious or spiritual life. They own a home and at least two 333 度假 cars, and they are able to take vacations³. By international standards, they live a life of prosperity. 6 Yet behind this prosperity is a growing unease（忧虑）. Half of the employed respondents（调查对象） say that they’ve experienced either increased health-care costs or a cut in health benefits over the last three years, and 39% have had cuts in their overtime（加班费）, raises or bonuses. Almost two-thirds say they live from paycheck to paycheck, and 47% say that no matter how hard they work, they cannot 4 444 获 得 成 功 ；存 钱 get ahead . More than a third worry about job loss. 7 Richard Oden of Conyers, Ga.（乔治亚州）— married, with five children — worked in the beer industry for 23 years. Last year, he developed pneumonia（肺炎）and required major surgery. When he was unable to return to work by a given date, he says, his company terminated （解雇）him at age 54 — even though he had a perfect attendance record and no performance problems. 5 555 运用 8 To help support his family, Oden had to dip into his 401(k) fund. “This was very stressful,” he says. “Everything 666 上 升 ；上 涨 had gone up6 — except wages.” 16 The American Dream

9 Oden has since started his own business, a “leadership and personal development” consulting firm. His wife, Josett, works as a representative in the health-care field. “I do believe I will recover financially（经济上）,” Oden says, “and that I will realize a decent retirement. But the traditional American Dream? For most Americans, it’s still a dream — a pipe dream7.” 777 幻想，白日梦 8 10 Having drawn on his own retirement fund, Oden knows 888 动 用 ；利 用 that saving can be a big problem. In the survey, nearly 83% say that there is not much left to save after they’ve paid their bills9. 999 付账单 11 Self-reliance and sacrifice. Most of those interviewed display qualities common to American success stories: determination, flexibility, pragmatism（务实）, willingness to work hard and especially self-reliance. Almost three-quarters of the middle-class respondents surveyed say they take responsibility for10 their own financial destiny and believe 1111 承担责任 that they will succeed or fail based on their own efforts. Still, many are downsizing（缩小…的规模）their dreams. 12 Shelly Comer, 43, of Dos Palos, Calif.（加利福尼亚州）, is a divorced mother of three who also takes care of a friend 11 of her oldest child, Michelle. She is going into debt so 1111 负债 that Michelle can go to college. Shelly has worked her whole life — as a receptionist, janitor（看门人）, preschool （幼儿 园）teacher and activities director at a hospital. Recently, she became a registered nurse and now works the night shift12 1111 夜班 in obstetrics（产科） at another hospital. Her annual income is $70,377. 13 Michelle, 19, is a freshman at the University of California at Merced. She says she is concerned about the financial burden her education is placing on her family: “In order to meet our expected family contribution, my mother had to borrow the entire amount of her share.” For her part, Michelle earned six small scholarships, two of which 13 are renewable （可继续的）for next year, and took out 1111 正 式 取 得 ，获 得 a federal loan. She also works 16 hours a week in the financial-aid office at the university. 14 Shelly has a retirement plan through the hospital. “But I have nothing saved for me,” she says. “I’m putting it all into the kids, so that they can succeed in school. Our parents did 17 Unit 1

everything for us, and I hope to do the same for my kids. 14 1111 依 靠 ，依 赖 I don’t count on anyone else to help us get to where we up to me15 1111 取 决 于（某 人） want to go. It’s all and my family.” 15 Who is responsible? One of the most intriguing（非常有趣 的）results of the PARADE survey is that 89% of the middle class believes that businesses have a social responsibility to their employees and to the community. Yet 81% believe that, in fact, American businesses make decisions based on what is best for their shareholders（持股人）and investors（投资 者）, not what’s best for their employees. 16 Today, despite having a college education, Randy works for $9 an hour finding community jobs for mentally 1111 智障的 challenged16 adults. Cherie works for a greeting-card company for $7.25 an hour. 17 “It used to be that if you stayed with your job, you would be rewarded,” says Cherie. “Now there is no guarantee.” 17 1111 就 … 而 论 ；至 于 As for retirement, Randy says, “Eventually, we will just downsize everything, sell our house and move into a smaller one.” 18 Is the dream changing? Simone Luevano, 46, and Miguel Gutierrez, 44, run a garage-door installation and repair business in Albuquerque, N.M. （新墨西哥州）. While the business grossed $453,000 last year, they took home just $50,000 net to live on. They have a daughter — Marilyn, age 7 — who is deaf in one ear and goes to a private school that costs $3,600 a year. 19 Simone says that financial stress is part of their lives: “It comes from the ‘maybe, could be, should be’ nature of our business.” When the economy is down, people don’t buy a new garage-door system. The cost of gas at the pump is a major factor, she adds: “When the price of gasoline goes down, business goes up.” 20 Have they prepared for retirement? Simone laughs, then replies, “The words ‘retirement’ and ‘vacation’ are not in our vocabulary. ” 21 “The American Dream is a bygone（以往的）thing,” she adds. “It’s not the way of life anymore. I used to believe I was responsible for my own destiny. But it’s not that simple. Now it’s faith and fortitude（坚韧）.” (1,036 words)

18 The American Dream

New Words financial /faInQnSl/ a. involving money 资金的, 财务的 contented /kntentId/ a. happy and satisfied满足的；满意的 nationwide existing or happening in all parts of a particular /neISnwaId/ a. & ad. country 全国性（的）；全国范围（的） finance faInQns/ / n. (pl.) the money which a person or company has 财 务状况；资金 retire /rItaI(r)/ vi. to stop working because of old age or ill health 退休 debt /det/ n. 欠债，债务 forge /fdZ/ vt. to make or produce, esp. with some difficulty 使 形成；缔造 religious /rIlIdZs/ a. 宗教的 prosperity /prspertI/ n. the situation of being successful and having a lot of money 成功；兴旺；富足 bonus /bUns/ n. extra money paid in addition to one’s usual salary 奖金；津贴 attendance /tendns/ n. the number of people who are present at an event or in a place 出勤（率） fund /fnd/ n. an amount of money one collects, saves or invests for a particular purpose 基金 leadership /lidSIp/ n. the position or fact of being the leader 领导；领导层 consult /knslt/ vt. to ask for information or advice from (someone) who has special knowledge about a particular subject 向…咨询；请教 representative 代表；代理人 /reprIzenttIv/ n. decent /disnt/ a. good or good enough 体面的；像样的 flexibility /fleksbIltI/ n. the ability to change or be changed easily according to the situation 适应性；灵活性 receptionist /rIsepSnIst/ n. someone who works in reception at a office, hotel, etc. (办公室或旅馆等的)接待员 burden /bdn/ n. sth. difficult or unpleasant that one has to deal with or worry about 负担；重负 scholarship /sklSIp/ n. 奖学金 federal /fedrl/ a. 联邦的；联邦政府的 loan /lUn/ n. an amount of money that a person, business, or country borrows, esp. from a bank贷款

19 Unit 1 guarantee /gQrnti/ n. a promise that sth. will be done or will happen 保 证；保障 installation /InstleISn/ n. 安装 gross /grUs/ vt. to earn a particular amount of money before taxes or costs have been taken out 获得毛利（或总收入） economy /IknmI/ n. the condition or structure of economic life in a country 经济情况；经济结构 gasoline /gQslin/ n. 汽油

Expressions get ahead to be successful in one’s work 获得成功；存钱 dip into to spend (part of a supply of money that one has been keeping or saving) 动用 go up to rise 上升；上涨 draw on to use (sth. that one has gradually gained or saved) 动用；利用 take out to obtain officially正式取得，获得 count on to depend on (sb. or sth.) 依靠，依赖 up to sb. dependent upon sb. 取决于（某人） as for when we speak of; concerning 就…而论；至于

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Choose the best answer for each of the following statements or questions. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 According to Text B, the American dream is more and more out of reach because of . A) moral degradation B) financial stress C) low morale D) poor government policy 222 Most of the survey respondents . AAAlive a prosperous life by international standards BBB cannot get ahead no matter how hard they work CCC do not have a satisfying religious or spiritual life DDD have experienced a cut in health benefits over the last three years

20 The American Dream

333 “Live from paycheck to paycheck” (Para. 6) very likely means . AAAto live on loans, government aid or charity BBB to bounce between odd jobs and earn sub-poverty pay CCCto lose one’s job and barely make a living DDDto maintain regular employment but remain in relative poverty 444 of the employed respondents worry about job loss. (Para. 6) A) Half B) More than a third C) 39% D) 47% 555 Richard Oden was fired because . (Para. 7) AAAhe didn’t have a perfect attendance record BBB he had performance problems CCChe was unable to resume work by a given date DDDhe was too ill to work 666 401(k) fund very likely refers to a type of . (Para. 8) A) checking account B) retirement savings account C) personal account D) bonus 777 Which of the following is true about Oden? AAAHe believes that he will recover from the financial stress. BBB He thinks the traditional American dream is still possible. CCCHe can hardly make ends meet. DDDHe can save something after having paid his bills. 888 According to Text B, what is the most distinctive quality common to American success stories? A) Determination. B) Pragmatism. C) Self-reliance. D) Willingness to work hard. 999 Most of the middle-class respondents believe that . AAAthey are responsible for their own finances BBB they have lost control of their financial destiny CCC the government should help them pursue their dream DDD the government is hindering the American dream 1111 All of the following help to cover Michelle’s tuition costs EXCEPT . (Para. 13) A) her mother’s salary B) her part-time job C) several scholarships D) a state loan 1111 89% of the middle class believe that businesses have a social responsibility to and . However, 81% believe that American businesses are making decisions according to what is best for . (Para. 15) AAA their employees... the community... their shareholders BBB their investors... the community... their nation 21 Unit 1

CCC the community... the employees... their investors DDD the nation... the investors... their employees

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 According to Text B, do most of the survey respondents still believe in the American dream? And what has happened to the American spirit — the essential qualities for success, such as determination, flexibility, pragmatism, diligence and independence? 222 Texts A and B investigate the American dream. Do you think a corresponding version of “Chinese dream” exists? If yes, describe it.

Part IV Writing Letter types, structure and layout Generally speaking, letters can be divided into two types: private letter and business letter/official correspondence. A letter typically consists of heading, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close and signature. Enclosure and postscript may also be included. heading: sender’s address and date inside address: recipient’s name and address salutation: complimentary greeting (e.g., Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Mr. Green) complimentary close: a polite way of ending a letter (e.g., Sincerely yours, Cordially yours) enclosure: telling the reader to look in the envelope for more (e.g., Enclosures: Resume Transcript Photo) postscript (P.S./PS): added writing after the main body of a letter (e.g., P.S. If you renew your subscription, we will send you a surprise gift.)

There are various types of letter layouts. Here we will only take a look at blocked form (often used in business letters) and modified form (the most popular format). See the illustrations below.

22 The American Dream

Blocked form: Dept. of English Sichuan Normal University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068 P. R. China Jan. 5, 2011

Professor Lester Lewis Dept. of English Columbia University New York, NY, 10027 U.S.A.

Dear Professor Lewis,

Yours truly, Ma Hong

Modified form: Dept. of English Sichuan Normal University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068 P. R. China Jan. 5, 2011 Professor Lester Lewis Dept. of English Columbia University New York, NY, 10027 U.S.A.

Dear Professor Lewis,

Yours truly, Ma Hong

23 Unit 1

Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up any new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

Now, I say to you today my friends, even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal.” — Martin Luther King, Jr. We must stop talking about the American dream and start listening to the dreams of Americans. — Reubin Askew If the American dream is for Americans only, it will remain our dream and never be our destiny. — Rene de Visme Williamson They call it the “American dream” because you have to be asleep to believe it. — George Carlin

2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) Watch the following video clip, and then complete the script and answer the questions below. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box first may be helpful.

mission /mISn/ n. 使命 appreciate /priSIeIt/ vt. （充分）意识到 patriotism /pQtrtIzm/ n. 爱国精神

The American Mission America is a great country. People from all over the world come here a better life, the chances to succeed, and the freedom to . Their problems, disagreements… It is not perfect. Their ability to disagree, to speak out, to is the right, maybe the obligation of every citizen. At the end of a day, we are all Americans. And we in our dreams and desires. This is just a reminder to appreciate: who we are, where we come from, we make and how truly fortunate we are to

24 The American Dream be part of the American spirits. We need to pass this along, called It’s within us. It’s what makes . It’s what makes . It’s what makes . Answer the following questions in a critical way. a. We have learned that the American dream can be harsh. Why so since America is a great country? b. Is the American dream still possible? c. What do you mean when you say that China is a great country?

2) Watch a video clip twice and then complete the following tasks. Before you start, glance at the words and expressions below.

liquor /lIk(r)/ n. 酒 make ends meet 使收支相抵 thrive /TraIv/ vi. 兴隆 tremendous /trImends/ a. 了不起的;巨大的 collaboration /klQbreISn/ n. 合作

Task 1: Complete the following outline of Sasha’s success story according to the video clip. a. Sasha emigrated from years ago. b. In order to make ends meet, he took a job at a New Jersey store. And he learned the and at the same time. c. In the year , he opened his own store. d. years ago, took the company online. e. From the year to , the company went from to in sales.

Task 2: Tell your classmates a true American dream story in the form of a PowerPoint presentation. Add relevant photos, videos or audios so that the story can be narrated more vividly.

25 Unit 1

3. Fun time

Roleplay the dialogue in the cartoon, and then answer the questions below.

1) What is the meaning of “check out of the American dream”? 2) The pamphlet on the hotel counter says “The American Dream $0 down”. What does this mean?

26 Unit 2 Silent Struggle

Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

ring in one’s ears 耳边（或脑海里）犹响起 threshold /TreShUld/ n. 门槛；门口 read sb.’s mind 看出某人的心思，知道某人在想什么 geographically /dZIgrQfIklI/ ad. 从地理上来说 Pacific Ocean 太平洋 as it is 事实上 empty nest 空巢 remittance /rImItns/ n. 汇款 ambition /QmbISn/ n. 抱负 aspiration /QspreISn/ n. 志向 loyalty /lIltI/ n. 忠 filiality fIlIQltI/ / n. 孝

27 Unit 2

Part II Text A An Immigrant’s Silent Struggle Robert Kosi Tette Back home in Ghana, I am the embodiment of success. But life in America hasn’t always been easy.

1 “I want to be just like you. You are from uptown, aren’t you?” the young man asked in the local slang with 1 111 未察觉到 a vigorous smile unaware of the scorching tropical sun. Selling bags of onions at the roadside, his extra-large T- shirt and drooping jeans were a testament to the widespread influence of American pop culture in Africa. I had accepted 2 222 休息一会儿 a seat at his onion stand to take a break before concluding business in Accra that afternoon. Between brisk sales serving customers stuck in traffic, he asked incessant questions about life in America, convinced that having a visa to the United States was like winning the lottery. How could I tell him that I envied his simple life and blissful innocence when I was 3 333 感到内疚 guilty of the silent culture that had helped to perpetuate a false image of Africans living abroad? 2 Outwardly, I looked like the poster boy for success visiting from the United States. My white designer shirt and matching pants were straight from the great malls in Detroit, where I worked as an engineer. Inwardly, I was caught in a web of ambition and cultural disillusionment. My attire suggested affluence, yet I could not afford the numerous requests for money or to make gifts of my belongings. Uncles and aunties who were prepared to mortgage their homes to help me leave 10 years ago now expected me to 4 444 朝相同方向走 finance cousins hoping to make the same move to the 去 United States. 3 After two weeks in Ghana, the excitement of my homecoming had waned. I was broke and looking forward 5 555 盼 望 ，期 待 to returning to the States. This time, though, it would be without the naiveté that had fueled my ambitious departure. Back then, the thought of someday resettling in Ghana afforded me unusual endurance. Now I face the challenges of life in America with a greater sense of permanency. 28 Silent Struggle

4 America had fulfilled my ambition for furthering my education and professional experience. I had arrived with the equivalent of a high-school diploma, and after 10 years, I hold a graduate degree and have a relatively successful professional career. Every inch of progress, however, had been achieved through exhausting battles. My college education had been financed partly through working multiple minimum-wage jobs. I was fortunate to secure a job upon graduation, but adjusting to corporate culture exacted another toll6. Initially, I found myself putting in twice the 666 需要付出另一 7 effort just to keep up . I learned to feign assertiveness after 种代价 8 realizing that I would not be taken seriously otherwise. 777 跟 上 ，不 落 后 Scared by a wave of layoffs, I went to graduate school part 888 认真对待 time because it was the only way I knew that afforded me an edge in job security. By the time I became eligible to apply 9 for citizenship, I had spent a small fortune in legal fees and 999 申请 10 endured stressful years grappling with the complexities of 1111 努力解决 securing permanent residency in America. 5 It was as though I had run 10 consecutive marathons, one for each year abroad, and my body screamed for rest. My trip home was in anticipation of11 a respite, but instead, 1111 期待着… I felt as though I were drowning in a melting pot of cultures. Part of me wanted to settle permanently in America and put closure to the direction my life was heading. Another part still longed for the uncomplicated life I once knew in Ghana — despite the illusive price of acceptance. Most of us leaving home never considered how much we would change or the scarring challenges ahead of us. I could still remember 12 a time when my thinking was no different than the onion 1111 与…不同的 seller’s. Someone had seen beyond that and given me a chance to come to America, so I still felt compelled to give something back. 6 Perhaps I should have been asking myself if I really wanted to trade places with13 the onion seller. Deep 1111 与…对换位置 14 down I knew my answer was no. Enlightenment had come 1111 在内心深处 with the loss of innocence and a silent struggle. My cultural conflict was no different from what other immigrants from 15 other cultures faced in America. I could stop dwelling on 1111 老是想着 being torn between two countries by accepting my new identity as a progressive blend of the two and embrace its 29 Unit 2

new responsibilities. 7 The strange irony was that I could learn from the onion seller and approach life with cheer despite its trials. If I paced myself and continued to work diligently, I just might enjoy my marathon life in America while providing something worthy for loved ones in Ghana. That is probably the missing ingredient separating a life of disillusionment and frustration from one that is engaging and fulfilling. (766 words)

New Words

Ghana /gAn/ n. 加纳（西非国家） embodiment /ImbdImnt/ n. a person or thing that represents or is a typical example of an idea or a quality 体现；化身 uptown /ptaUn/ n. the outer residential district of a city or town （市 镇外围）住宅区 slang▲ /slQN/ n. very informal language that is usu. spoken rather than written, used esp. by particular groups of people 俚语 scorch /sktS/ v. to burn and slightly damage a surface by making it too hot; be slightly burned by heat 灼伤；晒焦；烧 焦 tropical /trpIkl/ a. coming from, found in or typical of the tropics 热 带（地区）的；见于热带（地区）的 onion /njn/ n. 洋葱；葱头 droop /drup/ vi. to hang downwards 低垂，下垂 jeans /dZinz/ n. trousers made of strong blue cotton cloth which are worn informally 牛仔裤 testament /testmnt/ n. proof 证明，证据 brisk★ /brIsk/ a. busy, energetic and active（生意）兴旺的；活泼 的；轻快的 incessant▲ /Insesnt/ a. never stopping, esp. in an annoying or unpleasant way 不停的，不断的 visa /viz/ n. an official mark made in a passport which allows the holder to enter or leave a particular country（护 照的）签证 lottery▲ /ltrI/ n. a way of raising money by selling numbered

30 Silent Struggle

tickets and giving prizes to the holders of numbers selected at random 抽彩给奖法 envy /envI/ vt. to have the unhappy feeling of wanting to be like sb. else or have what they have 羡慕；忌妒 blissful /blIsfUl/ a. extremely happy 极幸福的；极快乐的 innocence /Insns/ n. the quality or state of being innocent 无辜；清白； 天真无邪 perpetuate /ppetjUeIt/ vt. to make sth. such as a situation or process continue, esp. one that is wrong, unfair or dangerous 使永存，使不朽 abroad /brd/ ad. in or to a foreign country or countries 在国外，在 海外 outwardly /aUtwdlI/ ad. 表面上；外表上 outward /aUtwd/ a. relating to how people, situations or things seem to be, rather than how they are inside; away from the center 表面的；向外的 poster /pUst(r)/ n. a large printed picture, photograph or notice that is put on a wall or board, usu. for decoration or to advertise sth. 海报 designer /dIzaIn(r)/ n. 设计者 designer shirt （标有设计师姓名的）品牌衬衫 pants▲ /pQnts/ n. trousers 裤子 mall★ /ml/ n. a covered area with rows of shops, closed to traffic 购物中心 inwardly /InwdlI/ ad. 在心灵深处；在内部 inward /Inwd/ a. felt or experienced in one’s own mind but not obvious to other people; going towards the inside or centre of sth. 内心的；向内的 ambition /QmbISn/ n. a strong wish to be successful, powerful, rich, etc. 雄心，抱负，野心 cultural /kltSrl/ a. connected with the culture of a particular society or group, its customs, beliefs, etc.; connected with art, literature, music, etc. 文化的；与文化有关的 disillusionment 幻灭；醒悟 /dIsIljuZnmnt/ n. disillusion▲ to destroy (sb.’s) belief in or good opinion of sb. or /dIsIljuZn/ vt. sth. 使醒悟；使不再抱幻想 attire /taI(r)/ n. clothes of a particular or formal type 衣服；服装 affluence QflU/ ns/ n. abundance of money, goods or property; wealth 丰 富；富裕 31 Unit 2 belongings /bIlNINz/ n. things that a person owns, esp. those which can be carried 财产；所有物 auntie /AntI/ n. (infml) aunt 伯母；婶母；姨母；姑母；舅母 mortgage★ /mgIdZ/ vt. to give sb. the legal right to take possession of (a house or some other property) as a security for payment of money lent 抵押（房产等） n. 抵押贷款 finance /faInQns/ vt. to provide the money needed for sth. to happen 为…供给资金 n. (the management of) a supply of money 财政；金融 homecoming /hUmkmIN/ n. a person’s arrival home after being away for a long time 回家（乡） wane /weIn/ vi. to become weaker in strength or influence 衰落； 衰微；减少 naiveté /naIivtI/ n. the quality of being naive 天真；质朴 departure /dIpAtS(r)/ n. the act of leaving a place 起程，出发 resettle /risetl/ v. to move to another place to live（使）重新安居； （使）在新地方定居 endurance /IndjUrns/ n. the ability to continue doing sth. painful or difficult for a long period of time without complaining 忍 耐（力） permanency /pmnnsI/ n. the state of lasting for a long time or for all time in the future 永久；永恒 equivalent /IkwIvlnt/ n. sth. which has the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc. as sth. else 同等物 a. having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc. 相当的，同等的 diploma★ /dIplUm/ n. 毕业文凭，学位证书 exhausting /IgzstIN/ a. making (sb.) extremely tired 使筋疲力尽的，使疲 惫不堪的 multiple /mltIpl/ a. very many of the same type, or of different types 多重的；多数的，多样的 minimum /mInImm/ a. extremely small 最少的，最小的，最低的 n. the smallest that is possible or allowed 最少量；最 小数；最低限度 exact /IgzQkt/ vt. to demand and get (sth.), sometimes using force or threats; to make (sth.) necessary 索取；要求 toll /tUl/ n. money paid for the use of a road, bridge, harbor, etc.（道路、桥梁、港口等的）使用费，通行费， 停泊费 32 Silent Struggle assertiveness /stIvnIs/ n. 过分自信 assertive★ /stIv/ a. expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice 坚定而自信 的；断言的 layoff★ /leIf/ n. an act of making people unemployed because there is no more work left for them to do（临时） 解雇 eligible★ /elIdZbl/ a. having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions 有恰当资格的；合格的 citizenship /sItIznSIp/ n. the state of being a member of a particular country and having rights because of it 公民身份 legal /ligl/ a. connected with the law; allowed by the law 法律 (上)的；合法的 fee /fi/ n. an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work or for a particular right or service 服务费， 酬金 grapple /grQpl/ vi. to seize firmly and try to fight; work hard to overcome a difficulty扭打；努力克服困难 permanent /pmnnt/ a. lasting for a long time or forever 永久的；持久的 residency /rezIdnsI/ n. permission to live in a country that is not your own; the state of living in a particular place （合 法）居住资格；居住 consecutive★ /knsekjUtIv/ a. following one after another in a series, without interruption 连续不断的 anticipation /QntIsIpeISn/ n. a feeling of excitement about sth. that is going to happen in the near future 预期，期待 respite /respaIt/ n. a pause or rest from sth. difficult or unpleasant 暂 停；休息，休养 closure▲ /klUZ(r)/ n. the feeling that an unpleasant experience has ended or been settled; the situation when a factory, school, hospital, etc. shuts permanently 终 止 ；关 闭 uncomplicated simple; without any difficulty or confusion 不复杂 /nkmplIkeItId/ a. 的，不麻烦的 illusive /IljusIv/ a. not real; based on illusion 幻觉的；虚假的 acceptance /kseptns/ n. accepting or being accepted 接受 scar★ /skA(r)/ v. 给（某人）留下伤疤；结疤 n. 伤痕；疤 enlightenment /InlaItnmnt/ n. 启迪，启发；觉悟 enlighten /InlaItn/ vt. to give sb. information about sth. so that they understand more about it 启发，开导；教导 33 Unit 2 conflict knflIkt/ / n. a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument 冲 突；争执 irony★ /aIrnI/ n. 有讽刺意味的情况（或事情等）；反语，反话 trial /traIl/ n. a person or thing that is annoying and causes a lot of problems 讨厌的事；惹麻烦的人 diligently /dIlIdZntlI/ ad. 认真刻苦地；勤勉地 diligent★ /dIlIdZnt/ a. showing care and effort in what one does; hard- working 认真刻苦的；勤勉的 frustration /frstreISn/ n. (state of) being frustrated 灰心；挫折

Expressions be unaware of not to know or not realize 未认识到，未察觉到； 不知道 take a break to take a short period of rest 休息一会儿 be guilty of to be justly chargeable with or responsible for a usu. grave breach of conduct or a crime 感到内疚； 感到有罪 make a move to make a change of place or position; to do the action that you intend to do or need to do in order to achieve sth.（朝…）走去；采取行动（或措施） look forward to to anticipate (sth.) with pleasure 盼望，期待 exact a toll to demand a price to be paid 需要付出代价 keep up to be able to understand or deal with sth. that is happening or changing very fast 跟上，不落后 take sb./sth. seriously to consider a person, subject or situation to be important or dangerous and worth your attention or respect 认真对待某人/某事 apply for to make a formal request for (sth.) 申请 grapple with to hold onto and fight with; to try to deal with or understand (a difficult problem or subject) 扭打， 搏斗；努力克服（解决、完成、对付） in anticipation of in preparation for sth. happening 期待着… different than not the same as (sb. or sth.) 与…不同的 trade… with to exchange… with 与…对换，与…进行交换 deep down in reality; in spite of appearances 实际上；在内心 深处，在心底

34 Silent Struggle dwell on to think or talk a lot about sth., esp. sth. that it would be better to forget 老是想着；详述

Notes

111 Author: Robert Kosi Tette（罗伯特·科希·泰特）is a native of Ghana, West Africa. He currently lives and works in Detroit as an engineer. Achieving higher education has been his goal since arriving in the United States in 1987. He earned his bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from PrairieView A & M University, Texas, and holds respective graduate degrees in engineering and business administration from Purdue University, Indiana, and the University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. His March 10, 2008 Newsweek article “An Immigrant‘s Silent Struggle” has been nominated for a 2008 New York Association of Black Journalists Award. 222 Newsweek: an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence. Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region. 333 Accra /krA/（阿克拉）：the capital and largest city of Ghana（加纳）. It is also the administrative, communications, and economic centre of the country. 444 Detroit /dItrIt/: the largest city in the state of Michigan in the Midwest region of the United States. It is known as the world’s traditional automotive center. 555 corporate culture: an organization’s values, beliefs, and behaviors. In general, it is concerned with beliefs and values on the basis of which people interpret experiences and behave, individually and in groups. 666 United States permanent residency: a person’s immigration status — the person is authorized to live and work in the United States of America on a permanent basis.

Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud paragraph 4. Afterwards, practice it on your own several times. America had fulfilled my ambition for furthering my education and professional experience. I had arrived with the equivalent of a high- school diploma, and after 10 years, I hold a graduate degree and have a relatively successful professional career. Every inch of progress, however, 35 Unit 2 had been achieved through exhausting battles. My college education had been financed partly through working multiple minimum-wage jobs. I was fortunate to secure a job upon graduation, but adjusting to corporate culture exacted another toll. Initially, I found myself putting in twice the effort just to keep up. I learned to feign assertiveness after realizing that I would not be taken seriously otherwise. Scared by a wave of layoffs, I went to graduate school part time because it was the only way I knew that afforded me an edge in job security. By the time I became eligible to apply for citizenship, I had spent a small fortune in legal fees and endured stressful years grappling with the complexities of securing permanent residency in America.

Understanding the Text 1. Overview In his Newsweek article “An Immigrant’s Silent Struggle”, Robert Kosi Tette shares his experiences, frustrations and hopes as an African immigrant to the US by tactically linking events of the past to challenges of the present and dreams of the future. He displays an appreciation of the host country that has embraced him, elaborates on the challenges and cultural disillusionment he has been burdened by and meanwhile, refers to the solution he has worked out to keep going. Reread the text carefully and fill in the blanks with appropriate words either from the text or of your own. 111 The author’s appreciation of the host country: America had fulfilled his ambition for furthering his . 222 The challenges and disillusionment the author has experienced: AAAHis college education had been financed partly through . BBB After landing a job, he had to bear the toll of adjusting to . Initially, he found himself putting in twice the effort just to . Later, he learned that he had to ; otherwise . CCC posed another threat to his job security. DDD In order to secure , he had to endure stressful years grappling with the complexities associated with it. By the time he was eligible to apply for citizenship, he had spent a small fortune in . EEE Although regarded as in his home country of Ghana, he could not afford or to make gifts of his belongings. 333 The solution the author has worked out to keep going: 36 Silent Struggle

The solution is to . In this way, he might enjoy while providing something worthy for .

2. Interpretation The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 … I was guilty of the silent culture that had helped to perpetuate a false image of Africans living abroad. (Para. 1) AAA … I was guilty of the silent culture that had prompted a false image of a continuous outflow（流出） of Africans. BBB … I was guilty of the silent culture that had made a mistaken belief about the situation of Africans living abroad. CCC… I was guilty of the silent culture that had resulted in a false decision to emigrate from Africa to foreign countries. 222 Now I face the challenges of life in America with a greater sense of permanency. (Para. 3) AAA Now I face the challenges of life in America with a greater desire to permanently settle down there. BBB Now I face the challenges of life in America more courageously although challenges there are incessant. CCC Now I have made up my mind to courageously face the challenges of life in America all my life. 333 My college education had been financed partly through working multiple minimum-wage jobs. (Para. 4) AAA Part of my college education was involved with how to make money through varied jobs. BBB Part of my college expenses had been paid for through working many minimum-wage jobs. CCC I had been working many and varied minimum-wage jobs in order to study finance in college. 444 … and endured stressful years grappling with the complexities of securing permanent residency in America. (Para. 4) AAA… and experienced years of stress fighting against the complexities of a lawful permanent residency in America. BBB … and underwent years of stress coping with the complexities of finding a secure residence in America. CCC … and suffered from years of stress dealing with the complexities of

37 Unit 2

getting permanent residency in America. 555 Another part still longed for the uncomplicated life I once knew in Ghana — despite the illusive price of acceptance. (Para. 5) AAA Another part still desired the simple life I once knew in Ghana — although accepting it would be all but impossible. BBB Another part still yearned for the uncomplicated life I once knew in Ghana — although it would exact a high price to accept it. CCCAnother part still longed for the simple life I once knew in Ghana — although I would never accept the price of it. 666 I could stop dwelling on being torn between two countries… (Para. 6) AAA I could put an end to the torture of living in two countries which are vastly different… BBB I could stop complaining about the torment of being alienated by two countries… CCC I could stop spending a lot of time thinking about being torn apart by two cultures… 777 … and approach life with cheer despite its trials. (Para. 7) AAA … and handle various tests in life with optimism. BBB … and happily live everyday life in spite of its difficulties. CCC… and get close to life with a shout of joy despite its hardships.

3. Discussion Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 What dream did Kosi Tette have when he started the journey of his life to the US? Illustrate. 222 Why for immigrants like Kosi Tette each year in the US could be compared to an arduous marathon? 333 In your judgment, why is it hard for immigrants like Kosi Tette to move back to their country of origin given the fact that they long for the uncomplicated life they once knew there? 444 Horace Greeley, an American newspaper editor, reformer and politician once said, “Go West, young man.” Today, it seems, the East is the new West. Chinese-Americans, Indian-Americans are returning to the land of their ancestors in droves. What do you think has prompted such a return flow?

4. Appreciating gems of the language Verbalization Noun verbalization, as the term indicates, is to use a noun as a verb

38 Silent Struggle without any morphological（形态的）change of form. This is a tricky subject, because nobody seems to agree on which words are just nouns and which ones are nouns and verbs. The truth is that language evolves and words which once were used only as nouns begin being used as verbs. The hybrid verbs often describe the action of being or obtaining the object described by the noun. For example, according to Merriam Webster dictionary (http:// www.merriam-webster.com), the word “voice” was first used as a noun. Later, however, it began also being used as a verb meaning “to express in words” as in to voice a complaint. Similar examples are to can tomatoes, to landscape a yard, to axe the cost, to top the previous record, to coach a leading team, etc. Now look at some examples from the text.

This time, though, it would be without the naiveté that had fueled my ambitious departure. (support, stimulate) Uncles and aunties who were prepared to mortgage their homes to help me leave 10 years ago now expected me to finance cousins hoping to make the same move to the United States. (furnish with necessary funds) If I paced myself and continued to work diligently, I just might enjoy my marathon life in America while providing something worthy for loved ones in Ghana. (establish a moderate or steady pace for oneself)

Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

abroad acceptance ambition conflict cultural departure endurance envy equivalent exhaust fee finance innocence legal multiple permanent tropical visa

111 We decided to delay our by a couple of hours to ensure we got at least some rest before the trip. 222 Jeff was taken on for a three-month trial period before being accepted as a member of staff. 333 Rome is a city with a rich heritage, offering a host of vibrant and artistic experiences.

39 Unit 2

444 The Amazon River basin contains the world’s largest rainforest. 555 How I her — she seemed to have everything she could possibly want. 666 Five years ago, Jenny arrived in London with all the naive of a small-town girl. 777 Do not enter a country with a tourist for non-tourist purposes. 888 Colleges in the U.S. and U.K. are always the first choice for Chinese students who want to study . 999 A person with his won’t stay long in an unproductive small firm like this. 1111 Following these guidelines will help you learn how to your college education to avoid graduating with a heavy debt. 1111 Rather than being just a test of human limitations, the marathon of today has become a measure of human . 1111 Ten thousand people a year die of the disease — that’s the of the population of this town. 1111 This is a tough course that will you physically and mentally, but in the long run it will be worth every ounce of energy you put into it! 1111 If you want to print copies of a document, you can just specify the number of copies you want to print. 1111 We will make minor revisions to the documents, typically to comply with changes to applicable laws. 1111 Chinese students will pay more for overseas educations in 2012 after popular destination countries decided to raise tuition . 1111 Recent decades have seen yoga（瑜伽）gain widespread as a method of staying in shape, as well as a way of handling stress. 1111 The long-time between the employers and the workers led to the strike last week.

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary. apply for guilty of deep down dwell on in anticipation of keep up look forward to take a break take sb. seriously trade with

111 Paul was marching with an energetic pace. I found it increasingly

40 Silent Struggle

difficult to . 222 The mayor is found embezzlement（盗用公款）and faces up to five years in prison. 333 What films are there to before the end of the year? Here’s our list of 10 to watch out for. 444 The ancient Chinese people from India, providing them with silk and getting jade, glass, and pearls in exchange. 555 I worked through the night on this project. I just , and now I’m feeling refreshed. 666 In appearance he was very calm and self-controlled while he could hardly stand any more pressure. 777 To the scholarship, please completely fill out the form below. 888 The oil retailers have significantly raised their purchases of crude（原油） a rise in prices. 999 Don’t painful memories. Focus your thoughts on the positive and that will move you in the right direction. 1111 Why did no one when an archeologist reported he had discovered 2 gold coins in the desert of Arizona dated 1029 BC?

3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: Caring for young children can tire you out physically and mentally. (exhaust) → Caring for young children can exhaust you physically and mentally.

111 If you have the right qualifications for financial help, we will tell you how to claim. (eligible) We will tell you how to claim if you financial help. 222 The team was almost ready to give up after being defeated six times in a row. (consecutive) After , the team was almost ready to give up. 333 The detail of his wildlife paintings is a proof of his powers of observation. (testament) The detail of his wildlife paintings his powers of observation. 444 We have worked with great effort to build a strong customer service team that provides unsurpassed service to customers. (diligently) We to build a strong customer service team that provides unsurpassed service to customers.

41 Unit 2

555 Johnson’s family originally came from Ireland, but went to the US and settled down there in the 19th century. (resettle) Johnson’s family originally came from Ireland, but in the 19th century. 666 Breathing such polluted air has the same effect as smoking ten cigarettes a day. (equivalent) Breathing such polluted air smoking ten cigarettes a day.

Structure gerunds as objects of verbs or prepositions

In English, the gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. Verbs or phrasal verbs that are often followed by a gerund include admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, deny, dislike, dwell on, enjoy, escape, finish, get through, imagine, insist on, justify, look forward to, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, resent, resume, risk, see, stop, suggest, tolerate, watch, etc. Additionally, prepositions are often followed by a gerund. Here are some examples from Text A:

I was broke and looking forward to returning to the States. America had fulfilled my ambition for furthering my education and professional experience. My college education had been financed partly through working multiple minimum-wage jobs. I learned to feign assertiveness after realizing that I would not be taken seriously otherwise. I could stop dwelling on being torn between two countries by accepting my new identity…

Fill in the blanks with the verbs given in the brackets in their proper forms. 111 My dad will never quit (smoke). 222 We postponed (make) any decision. 333 Steve said he especially disliked (get) home late at night.

42 Silent Struggle

444 David talked me into (come) to the party. 555 They frightened her out of（吓得她不敢） (voice) her opinion. 666 I remember (close) the office door. I have a mental picture of the action. 777 I didn’t forget (lock) the door. I locked it. 888 The ferry was late because it stopped (fuel). 999 Lucia missed (catch) the ferry and had to wait 30 minutes. 1111 The youngsters admitted to (commit) the crime. 1111 The police advised us not (enter) the building, for a murder had occurred. 1111 Sam resented Debbie’s (come) late to the party.

Word Building -ency

The suffix ency- can be used to form nouns, referring to the state, fact, quality, etc. of being or doing something. Here are two examples from Text A:

… grappling with the complexities of securing permanent residency in America. Now I face the challenges of life in America with a greater sense of permanency.

reside + ency → residency (permission to reside in a country that is not your own) permanent + ency → permanency (the state or quality of being permanent)

For each of the following definitions, find a corresponding word that ends with –ency. WORD MEANING the number of times that sth. happens during a period of time the quality of doing sth. well with no waste of time, supplies, etc. the quality of being able to speak or write a language, esp. a foreign language, easily and well needing attention very soon, esp. before anything else, because of its importance

43 Unit 2

an unexpected situation involving danger in which immediate action is necessary the ability to remain the same in behaviour, attitudes, or qualities

Complete the following sentences with the above –ency words. 111 There’s always a lack of in matters of foreign policy. 222 The job requires in both English and Spanish. 333 Accidents on that highway are happening with increasing . 444 The rioting（骚乱）grew worse and the government declared a state of . 555 What is so impressive about their society is the of the public services. 666 Reducing damage to the quake-stricken area is a matter of great .

Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. Hispanic, USA: The Conveyor-Belt Ladies Rose Del Castillo Guilbaut

1 The conveyor-belt ladies were the migrant women (mostly from Texas) I worked with during the summers of my teenage years. I call them conveyor-belt ladies because our entire relationship took place while sorting tomatoes on a conveyor belt. 2 We were like a cast in a play where all the action occurs 1 111 在同一布景下 on one set . We’d return day after day to perform the same roles, only this stage was a vegetable-packing shed, and at the end of the season there was no applause. The players could look forward only to the same uninspiring parts on a 2 222 一串 string of grim real-life stages. 3 The women and their families arrived in May for the carrot season, spent the summer in the tomato sheds and stayed through October for the bean harvest. After that, they

44 Silent Struggle emptied the town, some returning to their homes in Texas, while others continued on the migrant trail, picking cotton or oranges in other places. 4 Most of these women had started in the fields. The vegetable-packing sheds were a step up, easier than the back-breaking work the field demanded. The work was more tedious than strenuous, paid better. Best of all, you weren’t 3 subjected to the elements. 333 使 经 受 ，使 遭 受 5 The summer I was 16, my mother got jobs for both of us as tomato sorters. The work consisted of standing and picking flawed tomatoes off the conveyor belt before they 4 rolled off into the shipping boxes at the end of the line. It 444 滚离 was not unusual to work from 7 A. M. to midnight. I never heard anyone complain about the overtime. Overtime meant desperately needed extra money. 6 I was not happy to be part of the agricultural work force. I would have preferred working in a dress shop or baby- sitting, like my friends. But I had a dream that would cost a lot of money — college. And this was the highest-paying work I could do. 7 But it wasn’t so much the work that bothered me. I was embarrassed because only Mexicans worked at packing sheds. I had heard my schoolmates joke about5 the 555 开玩笑般地谈 “ugly, fat Mexican women” at the sheds. I feared working 论 6 with them would set me further apart from my Anglo 666 使…与众不同 classmates. 8 At 16 I was more American than Mexican and, with 7 adolescent arrogance, felt superior to these “uneducated” 777 比…优越 women. I might be one of them, I reasoned, but I was not like them. 9 But it was difficult not to like the women. They were an entertaining group, easing the long, monotonous hours with broad humor, spicy gossip and inventive laments. They 8 poked fun at all the male workers, especially the bossy 888 拿…开玩笑 Anglo supervisor. Although he didn’t speak Spanish (other than “Mujeres, trabajo, trabajo!” Women, work, work!) , he seemed to sense he was being laughed at. That would account for the sudden rages when he would stamp his foot9 and forbid us to talk until break time. 999 跺脚

45 Unit 2

10 But it would have been easier to tie the women’s 10 1111 把…打结 tongues in a knot than to keep them quiet. Eventually the had their way11 1111 想怎样就怎样 ladies and their fun, and the men learned to ignore them. 11 We were often shifted around, another strategy to keep 12 1111 设法了解 us quiet. This gave me ample opportunity to get to know everyone, listen to their life stories and absorb the gossip. 12 Pretty Rosa described her romances and her impending wedding to a handsome field worker. Bertha, a heavy-set, dark-skinned woman, told me that Rosa’s marriage would cause nothing but headaches because the man was younger and too handsome. 13 Maria, large, moon-faced and placid, described the births of each of her nine children, warning me about the horrors of childbirth. Pragmatic Minnie, a tiny woman who always 13 1111 嘲 笑 ，藐 视 wore printed cotton dresses, scoffed at Maria’s stupidity, telling me she wouldn’t have so many kids if she had gotten her tubes tied! 14 In unexpected moments, they could turn melancholic: recounting the babies who died because their mothers couldn’t afford medical care; the alcoholic, abusive 14 1111 需背负的十字 husbands who were their “cross to bear ”; the racism 架（喻 无 法 摆 they experienced in Texas, where they were branded “dirty 脱的困境或责 Mexicans” or “Mexican dogs” and not allowed in certain 任） restaurants. 15 They spoke with the fatalism of people with limited choices and alternatives. Their lives were as raw and brutal as ghetto streets — something they accepted with an odd grace and resignation. 16 I was appalled and deeply affected by these confidences. The injustices they endured enraged me; their personal struggles overwhelmed me. I knew I could do little but sympathize. 17 My icy arrogance quickly thawed, that first summer, as my respect for the conveyor-belt ladies grew. 18 I worked in the packing sheds for several summers. The last season also turned out to be the last time I lived at home. It was the end of a chapter in my life. I had just finished 15 1111 转入 junior college and was then transferring to university. I was already overeducated for seasonal work, but if you 46 Silent Struggle

16 counted the overtime, no other jobs came close to paying 1111 接近 so well, so I went back one last time. 19 The ladies treated me with warmth and respect. I was a 17 college student, deserving of special treatment. 1111 应受到，值得 20 Maria (of the nine children) tried to feed me all summer, bringing extra tortillas, which were delicious. I accepted them guiltily, always wondering if I was taking food away from her children. Others would bring rental contracts or other documents for me to explain and translate. 21 The last day of work was splendidly beautiful, warm and sunny. If this had been a movie, these last scenes would have been shot in soft focus, with crescendo of music in the background18. 1111 在 幕 后 ；不 露 面 22 But real life is anticlimactic. As it was, nothing unusual happened. The conveyor belt’s loud humming was turned off, silenced for the season. The women sighed as they 19 removed their aprons. Some of them just walked off , 1111 离开 calling “Hasta la proxima!” Until next time! 23 But most of the conveyor-belt ladies shook my hand, gave me blessing or a big hug. 24 “Make us proud!” they said. I hope I have. (999 words)

New Words

Hispanic /hIspQnIk/ a. of or connected with Spain or Spanish-speaking countries, esp. those of Latin America 西班牙的； 拉丁美洲的 conveyer /knveI(r)/ n. a continuous moving strip or surface that is used for transporting objects from one place to another 传送带；运送装置 migrant★ /maIgrnt/ n. a person or animal that travels from one place to another 移民；迁移动物 a. 迁移的，移居的 teenage /tineIdZ/ a. of or for teenagers 青少年的 uninspiring /nInspaIrIN/ a. not producing interest or excitement 引不起兴趣的 grim★ /grIm/ a. unpleasant and depressing 令人不愉快的；令人沮 丧的 bean /bin/ n. 豆；豆科植物

47 Unit 2 tedious /tidIs/ a. boring and continuing for too long 冗长乏味的 strenuous▲ /strenjUs/ a. needing great effort and energy 用力的，费劲的 elements /elImnts/ [the~] the weather, usu. bad weather 天气（尤指大 风、大雨等恶劣天气） sorter /st/ n. 分类者；分选者 flawed fld/ / a. not perfect, or containing mistakes 有缺陷的 flaw★ /fl/ n. a fault, mistake or weakness that causes sth. not to be perfect 瑕疵，缺陷 desperately /desprtlI/ ad. 绝望地；极需要地 desperate /desprt/ a. needing or wanting sth. very much 极需要的；极 度渴望的 agricultural /QgrIkltSrl/ a. used for or relating to farming 农业的 Mexican /meksIkn/ n. 墨西哥人；墨西哥语 a. 墨西哥的 schoolmate /skulmeIt/ n. 同学；校友 Anglo /QnglU/ n. a white person of European origin, esp. one whose family originally came from Britain 欧洲裔（尤指 英裔）白人 adolescent★ /QdUlesnt/ a. 青春期的 n. a young person between childhood and adulthood 青少年 arrogance★ /Qrgns/ n. the behaviour that shows that you think you are better or more important than other people 傲慢； 自大 superior /sjupIrI(r)/ a. showing that one thinks one is better than others 有优越感的 uneducated /nedjUkeItId/ a. having received little or no education 没受教育 的，没有知识的 monotonous▲ /mntns/ a. not changing and therefore uninteresting; boring or tedious 单调乏味的 spicy /spaIsI/ a. exciting and interesting, esp. because of being shocking or dealing with sexual matters; containing strong flavors from spices 有趣味的； 下流的；有香料味的；辛辣的 male /meIl/ a. 男（性）的；雄的；公的 bossy /bsI/ a. fond of giving people orders; domineering 爱发号 施令的；专横的 supervisor★ /sjupvaIz(r)/ n. a person who supervises 监督人；管理人 forbid /fbId/ vt. to refuse to allow (sth.), esp. officially禁止，不许 knot /nt/ n. （绳索等的）结；(装饰用的)花结，蝴蝶结；（木 48 Silent Struggle

材上的）结节 ample★ /Qmpl/ a. (more than) enough; plentiful 足够的；充足的 romance★ /rUmQns/ n. an exciting and usu. short romantic relationship 浪 漫史，风流韵事 impending /ImpendIN/ a. about to happen 即将发生的；行将到来的 heavy-set /hevIset/ a. having a broad heavy body（ 体 格）敦 实 的 ，粗 壮 的 placid /plQsId/ a. not easily excited or irritated（指人、性情等）温 和的，文静的 birth /bT/ n. being born or bearing young 出生；分娩 horror /hr(r)/ n. a feeling of intense fear; terror 恐怖；惊恐 childbirth /tSaIldbT/ n. the process of giving birth to a child分娩 pragmatic▲ /prQgmQtIk/ a. solving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having fixed ideas or theories 务实 的；注重实效的 stupidity /stjupIdtI/ n. the state of being stupid 笨；愚蠢 tube /tjub/ n. (pl.) （身体内的）管状器官； 管，管子 melancholic /melnklIk/ a. feeling or expressing sadness, esp. when the sadness is like an illness 忧郁的；抑郁的 recount★ /rIkaUnt/ vt. to give a detailed account of (sth.); to tell about (sth.) 详细叙述；讲述 alcoholic▲ /QlkhlIk/ n. 饮酒过度的人；酒鬼 a. 酒精的，含酒精的；由酒精引起的 abusive▲ /bjusIv/ a. treating sb. in a cruel or violent way; using offensive or insulting language 虐待的；辱骂的 racism▲ /reIsIzm/ n. 种族主义；种族歧视 brand /brQnd/ vt. to give a bad name to (sb.); to burn a mark onto the skin of (an animal such as a cow), to show who owns it 玷辱；在…上打烙印 fatalism /feItlIzm/ n. the belief that events are decided by fate; acceptance of all that happens as inevitable 宿命 论；听天由命 brutal★ /brutl/ a. cruel, violent and completely without feelings 残 忍的；粗暴的；冷酷无情的 ghetto /getU/ n. an area of a town occupied by any minority national or social group, typically crowded and with poor housing conditions 少数民族居住区；贫 民区 grace /greIs/ n. a quality of behavior that is polite and pleasant and deserves respect（ 言 谈 、举 止 等 ）文 雅 ；高 雅 ；优 雅 resignation★ /rezIgneISn/ n. patient acceptance or endurance 听任，顺从 49 Unit 2 appall▲ /pl/ vt. to fill (sb.) with horror or dismay; to shock deeply 使（某人）惊骇（或沮丧）；使大吃一惊 confidence knfId/ ns/ n. a secret which is told to sb.; a feeling of certainty, trust in one’s own ability 知心话，私房话；把握， 自信心 injustice /IndZstIs/ n. (an example of) a situation in which there is no fairness and justice 不公正，不公平 enrage /InreIdZ/ vt. to make (sb.) extremely angry 激怒，触怒 sympathize /sImpTaIz/ vi. to feel or express sympathy 同情 icy /aIsI/ a. extremely cold 冰冷的 thaw▲ /T/ v. (to cause) to change from a solid, frozen state to a liquid or soft one, because of an increase in temperature（使）解冻；融化，融解 chapter /tSQpt(r)/ n. (书籍、文章的)章，部分；(历史或人生的)重要篇章 seasonal /siznl/ a. relating to or happening during a particular period in the year 季节（性）的 tortilla /ttIl/ n. （墨西哥的）玉米粉圆饼 rental /rentl/ n. 租赁；租费 document /dkjumnt/ n. a paper or set of papers with written or printed information, esp. of an official type 文件；公文； 文献 crescendo /krISendU/ n. (music) gradual increase in loudness（音 量 的）渐 强 climactic /klaImQktIk/ a. forming a climax 形成高潮的 anticlimactic （在重要性、品质、兴趣等方面）骤降的，由精彩 /QntIklaImQktIk/ a. 出色降至平庸的；虎头蛇尾的 hum★ /hm/ v. to make a continuous low sound; to sing (a tune) with closed lips 发嗡嗡声；哼（曲子） apron▲ /eIprn/ n. 围裙

Expressions on one set 在同一布景下 a string of a series of 一串，一行，一列 be subjected to to be made to experience (usu. an unpleasant or worrying thing) 使经受，使遭受 roll off to turn over and over and move off 滚离 joke about to tell jokes about (sb. or sth.); to talk in a light- hearted, frivolous way about (sb. or sth.) 开玩笑般

50 Silent Struggle

地谈论；不严肃地对待 set sb./sth. apart from to make sb. or sth. different from or superior to others 使某人（或事物）与众不同 superior to better in quality than (sb. or sth. else); greater than (sb. or sth. else) 比…优越，比…好 poke fun at to make fun of (sb. or sth.); to mock or ridicule (sb. or sth.) 拿…开玩笑，取笑，嘲弄 stamp one’s foot to put one’s foot down heavily (on the ground, etc.) 跺脚 tie sth. in a knot 把…打个结 have (it) one’s (own) way to obtain the circumstances one wishes for; to do what one wishes to do, or to have others do what one wishes them to do 想怎样就怎样，随心所欲； 自主行事 get to know to spend time with sb. or sth. so that you gradually learn more about them 设法了解 scoff at to speak contemptuously about (sb. or sth.); to mock at sb. or sth. 嘲笑，藐视 a cross to bear a difficult problem that makes you worried or unhappy but that you have to deal with 需背负的十 字架（喻无法摆脱的困境或责任） transfer to to move to 转入 come close to (doing) sth. almost to reach or do sth. 接近 deserve of be worthy of help, praise, a reward, etc. 应受到， 值得 in the background in an inconspicuous position 在幕后；不露面 walk off to leave somewhere, usu. without telling people that you are going to leave 离开

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Complete the following statements by either making the best choice or filling in the blank with words from the text or of your own. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 According to the author, the conveyor-belt ladies referred to . AAA the actresses who performed the same roles of tomato sorters on the stage

51 Unit 2

BBB the local women who started in the fields and moved a step up to the packing sheds CCC the migrant women whose work was to sort tomatoes from a conveyor belt DDD the performers who looked forward to some inspiring parts on real-life stages 222 “Best of all, you weren’t subjected to the elements” (Para. 4) can best be interpreted as . 333 The author took on agricultural work although she didn’t like it because . AAAunlike her friends, she could not find a job working in a dress shop or as a baby-sitter BBB she was desperately in need of money and that was the best-paying job she could do CCC it was less strenuous, better paid and best of all, she didn’t have to work extra hours DDD it would be a lot of fun working with the Mexican women at vegetable-packing sheds 444 Initially, with adolescent arrogance, the author felt . 555 Arrogant as she was, the author found it difficult not to like the ladies because they were . 666 The word “broad” in “broad humor, spicy gossip and inventive laments” (Para. 9) is closest in meaning to . A) coarse B) liberal C) obvious D) spacious 777 One strategy to keep the ladies quiet was to and that gave the author ample opportunity to get to know everyone. 888 When the ladies recounted their painful and difficult life experiences, they spoke with a hint of . A) hatred B) discontent C) sarcasm D) fatalism 999 The injustices the conveyor-belt ladies endured enraged the author; their personal struggles overwhelmed her. However, she could do little but . 1111 That first summer, the author’s icy arrogance thawed as her for the ladies grew.

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 What do you think has prompted a continuous flow of migrant workers 52 Silent Struggle

into big cities in China? 222 Do you, as a college student, feel superior to those “uneducated” peasant migrants?

Part IV Writing

Personal and social letter Personal and social letters include invitations and replies, letters of congratulation, thank-you letters, and letters of condolence. They are really of the nature of friendly chat and are informal and free-and-easy as compared with essays. But this does not mean that we can be careless and slovenly in dashing off our letters. Let’s take as an example how to write thank-you letters.

How to Write Thank-you Letters Recognize an Occasion Send a thank-you letter for the following occasions: 1. When you receive a gift, write a kind note acknowledging the giver’s generosity. 2. When you connect with a new contact, a thank-you reminds the contact of your interaction and helps cement your relationship. 3. If you decide not to accept a job, send a thank-you mentioning your intention to withdraw your application. This shows the interviewers you appreciate their time and helps maintain a cordial relationship. 4. Even if you are not the successful candidate, your thoughtful letter keeps the lines of communication open between you and the organization where you applied and shows your gracious and polite approach.

Choose a Format Timing After a job interview, act promptly. You don’t want to send anything after the interviewer has made a decision! Experts recommend sending the thank-you within 24 hours of your interview, or at most, within 2 business days. Medium 1. Both email and print are acceptable media for thank-you letters, but typed letters are preferred after job interviews. 2. After an interview, email may be more advantageous because timing is crucial.

53 Unit 2

3. Follow-ups should take the same tone as previous correspondence. Send an email if you and your contact have already used email to communicate. 4. For less time-sensitive matters, a handwritten note may seem more personal.

Compose Your Letter It’s time to write — find an appropriate tone, decide what information to include, and don’t forget to proofread. Salutation and Tone 1. The tone of your letter depends on the culture of the organization and the nature of your previous contact with the recipient. 2. Use an informal, first-name salutation only if you and the recipient are already on a first-name basis. Body 1. For an Act of Kindness 111 Remind the recipient what they did for you. Your reminder jogs the recipient’s memory and makes it clear you noticed their efforts. 222 Express your appreciation. Be specific. What did you like about the gift? How will the referral serve you? 2. After an Interview 111 Use the body to convey new information and follow up on points raised in a job interview. 222 If you would still like the job, reiterate your interest. 333 Mention additional qualifications. 444 Follow up with requested information. If the interviewer asked for data or documentation that you did not have at the interview, send these with your thank-you. Closing 1. Reiterate your appreciation. Let the recipient know, in new words, that you are sincerely thankful for their efforts, time or consideration. 2. Suggest next steps. Let the recipient know when you will next be in touch. Make sure that you plan to follow up on your suggestion. 3. Sign the letter. A respectful closing line such as sincerely, best, or thanks again should precede your name.

54 Silent Struggle

Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up the new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

In the first place, we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin. — Theodore Roosevelt The making of an American begins at the point where he himself rejects all other ties, any other history, and himself adopts the vesture of his adopted land. —James Baldwin The great social adventure of America is no longer the conquest of the wilderness but the absorption of fifty different peoples. —Walter Lippmann As soon as the harvest is in, you’re a migrant worker. Afterwards just a bum. —Nunnally Johnson

2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) Question-based Discussion Task 1: You are going to watch a video clip and listen carefully to complete the following script. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

conventional /knvenSnl/ a. 常规的 occur to 被想起 heritage /herItIdZ/ n. 遗产 bless /bles/ vt. 赋予

My husband and I wanted to form a family. And we were unable to do that . So we chose to adopt. We picked China to adopt our two daughters. I was overcome by emotion, because that I was taking her away from her heritage, and her culture. But it made me feel better that I was bringing them to the US. We never adopted to . We adopted

55 Unit 2 to . But truly, she changed our life. And I think we changed hers for the better. you can do anything, and be anything. And my daughters have more of that opportunity when now they are here, and are . They can do anything, and everything. They can truly change the world they changed our world.

Task 2: Answer the following questions in a critical way. a. Why did Paula and her husband adopt their daughters to form a family? b. What does Paula mean when she says that it made her feel better that she was bringing them to the USA? c. Paula defines freedom as that you can do anything, and be anything. What’s your view on that?

2) View a video clip about a Latino immigrants’ protest against US deportation policy. Then, complete the following tasks.

custody /kstdI/ n. 拘留；监禁 deport /dIpt/ vt. 把…驱逐出境 Riker’s Island 赖克斯岛监狱（纽约） comply /kmplaI/ with 服从，遵守 jurisprudential /dZUrIsprudenSl/ a. 法学的，法律学的 infraction /InfrQkSn/ n. 违背；违法 Cuba /kjub/ n. 古巴（加勒比海岛国） dilute /daIljut/ vt. 稀释，冲淡

Task 1: Answer the following questions according to what you have learnt from the video clip. 111 What were the Latino protesters demanding marching across the Brooklyn Bridge to Manhattan on Tuesday? 222 According to a woman protester, how many people are arrested by police in New York City and where are they taken to? 333 Why, according to Immigration Services Director Alejandro Mayorkas, must immigration laws be carried out? 444 Does the ICE have the authority to deport anyone who is in the US illegally, if they are innocent of the charges for which they were originally arrested? 555 According to Mayorkas, does the United States welcome immigrants? If so, why must immigration be regulated?

56 Silent Struggle

Task 2: Make a two-minute speech according to the following guidelines. Comment on Mayorkas’ remark that immigration must be regulated to avoid diluting the benefits of citizenship for all Americans.

3. Fun time

Listen to this traditional song “When I First Came to This Land” and fill in the blanks in the lyrics.

When I First Came to This Land When I first came to this land I was not a wealthy man So I got myself a And I did what I could And called my shack "Break My " But the land was sweet and good And I did what I could

When I first came to this land I was not a wealthy man So I got myself a And I did what I could And called my cow "No Milk " And called my shack "Break My Back" But the land was sweet and good And I did what I could

When I first came to this land I was not a wealthy man So I got myself a And I did what I could And called my duck "Out of " And called my cow "No Milk Now" And called my shack "Break My Back" But the land was sweet and good And I did what I could

When I first came to this land I was not a wealthy man So I got myself a 57 Unit 2

And I did what I could And called my wife "Run for Your " And called my duck "Out of Luck" And called my cow "No Milk Now" And called my shack "Break My Back" But the land was sweet and good And I did what I could

When I first came to this land I was not a wealthy man So I got myself a And I did what I could And called my son "My Work’s " And called my wife "Run for Your Life" And called my duck "Out of Luck" And called my cow "No Milk Now" And called my shack "Break My Back" But the land was sweet and good And I did what I could

58 Unit 3 Arctic and Antarctic

Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

carve out （用辛勤的劳动）创造出… globalization /glUblaIzeISn/ n. 全球化 the Arctic 北极地区 ecosystem /ikUsIstm/ n. 生态系（统） meteorological /mitIrldZIkl/ a. 气象的 expedition /ekspIdISn/ n. 远征；科学考察 abundant /bndnt/ a. 大量的 overlie /UvlaI/ vi. 躺在…的上面 North Pole 北极 Greenland /grinlnd/ 格陵兰（岛） Denmark /denmAk/ 丹麦 territory /terItrI/ n. 领土 Alaska /lQsk/ 阿拉斯加州（美国州名） Iceland /aIslnd/ 冰岛（欧洲岛国） Norway /nweI/ 挪威 Prime Minister 首相，总理

59 Unit 3

Part II Text A The Race to Own the Arctic Bob Reiss

1 As the midnight sun rises over the North Pole this year, it 1 111 在…最高点 will shine down on a great race at the top of the world that could affect the lives and pocketbooks of every American. It will be a race not of explorers on dogsleds but of scientists on icebreaking ships, mapping the ocean floor below. Their work may provide a key to global wealth and power in the 21st century. 2 222 （因采 取特 定 2 If the race goes well, the U.S. stands to gain rights 的行动或许下 to oil and gas deposits in an undersea territory 20 times 承 诺 而）有 可 能 larger than Kuwait. Experts say other benefits may come as new shipping routes open, lowering the cost of cars you 会… buy, gasoline you purchase, and many items shipped to the eastern U.S. from Asia. 3 Economic, scientific, and conservation opportunities in the Arctic are fabulous. But if other nations gain control 3 333 控制 of disputed areas of the sea bottom or of new shipping 4 444 保 持 … 开 放（或 lanes that the U.S. wants kept open to all, security may be handicapped. They’d like to see better inter-country 开 通） coordination to protect Arctic waters. Some experts even fear eventual disputes: “If the United States doesn’t lead the 5 555 占 主 要 地 位 ，领 way toward diplomatic solutions, the Arctic may descend 6 先 into armed conflict.” 666 落 入…（里） 4 Eight countries ring the 5.5 million square miles of sea and land above the Arctic Circle. The area has some of the roughest conditions on Earth — subzero temperatures, icebergs that can smash ships, and terrain that has killed hundreds of explorers. 5 Until recently, the Arctic’s wealth — which may include up to 25% of the Earth’s oil and gas reserves — was too difficult to reach. But now the North Pole is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Last year’s summer Arctic ice cap was half the size it was 50 years ago. As the ice shrinks and technology improves, “it’s likely, if you live in Maine, that your gasoline will soon be coming from the Russian Arctic partly via icebreaking tankers,” says Mead Treadwell, 60 Arctic and Antarctic chair of the U.S Arctic Research Commission. “If you want to buy any item made in Asia, odds are increasing that it will come through the Arctic.” 6 Why take the new route? Savings. A container ship 7 sailing from China to New York would shave off more than 777 减掉 3,000 miles by going through the Arctic. Each trip would save as much as $2 million on fuel and fees for the Panama Canal. 7 Signs of a warming Arctic are everywhere. Some are tragic. Melting ice is shrinking the habitat of animals like polar bears. Native hunting grounds have disappeared. In Alaska, roads, buildings, and pipelines will need billions of 888 需要花费上亿 8 9 dollars worth of shoring up as the frozen ground beneath 美元 them thaws. And sea levels are gradually rising. 999 支撑 8 But there are some benefits as well. Norway’s new Snow White energy field, 90 miles offshore and once unreachable, is expected to produce $1.4 billion worth of liquefied natural gas annually for the next 25 years. Arctic oil already has helped make Russia the world’s second-biggest oil producer. 9 Scientists think the passage will be permanently ice- free during the summers sometime between 2013 and 2040. Probably within 20 years, a U.S. town like Alaska’s Dutch Harbor may become a trade hub as important as thriving Singapore is today, with a significant tonnage of world shipping sailing past. That’s why the race is on to draw boundaries and why American, Russian, and Norwegian scientists will be up north this summer, mapping the sea bottom. 10 10 Their work will help governments divide up thousands 1111 瓜 分 ，分 配 of square miles of sea floor areas where the ocean surface will remain international but a host country will own the mineral rights underneath. “This will be the greatest division 11 of lands on Earth possibly ever to occur, if you add up 1111 加起来 claims around the world,” says Paul Kelly, an American consultant on energy and ocean policy. 11 Although Arctic relations remain friendly, disputes have erupted. Canadian and American claims overlap near Alaska. Russia claims regions bigger than the land masses of France and Spain combined. Canadian officials insist the Northwest Passage belongs to their country, while the U.S. wants it to 61 Unit 3

be international. Some Arctic experts fear the war of words may turn into worse. 12 1111 加剧 12 Last summer, the race heated up after a Russian minisub dropped a flag on the sea bottom at the North Pole. “The Arctic is ours,” boasted a Russian explorer and legislator. The flag drop electrified other countries. One week later, the Canadian Prime Minister flew to a small, rocky Arctic island at Resolute Bay. “Use the Arctic or lose it,” he said, promising funding for new icebreakers, Arctic troops, and a new military base. 13 Meanwhile, officials in Washington, D.C., have begun a wholesale review of Arctic policy, but U.S. preparation has been notoriously insufficient. While the Russians have about 20 icebreakers, the U.S. Coast Guard has just a couple considered seaworthy. Russia and Norway have filed claims with the U.N., and Canada and Denmark are expected to follow. The U.S. has not yet filed a claim and is the only Arctic nation that hasn’t ratified a treaty called the Convention on the Law of the Sea, which will determine who gains control of contested offshore areas around the world. 14 A U.N. commission of scientists started to analyze Arctic claims. The Left Polar commission’s head Alexandre Albuquerque, a retired Brazilian Navy commander, says it’s possible that other nations claims may be recognized while America delays ratifying the treaty. 15 This summer, American scientists will be charting the sea floor north of Alaska on a Coast Guard icebreaker. Chief scientist Larry Mayer says that he’ll always remember two sights from last year’s voyage, when the ice had shrunk so much that the ship was able to reach at least 100 miles farther north than was previously possible. He was excited by the first sight: the sea bottom captured on his computer screen. The floor was pocked with 300-foot-wide holes, an occurrence that usually indicates escaping natural gas. 16 The second sight occurred when Mayer was standing on deck. He spotted a lone polar bear drifting on a 30-foot-wide piece of ice. In the old days, the animal could have walked on solid ice back to land, but now it was bent and doomed. To Mayer, the two sights highlighted opportunity and tragedy in the least-mapped area of the world. (1,055 words) 62 Arctic and Antarctic

New Words

Arctic /AktIk/ n. 北极 Antarctic /QntAktIk/ n. 南极 pocketbook /pkItbUk/ n. (Am.E) wallet; one’s financial resources 〈美〉 钱 包；经济来源 explorer /Iksplr(r)/ n. someone who travels into little known regions (esp. for some scientific purpose)探险家 dogsled /dgsled/ n. 狗拉雪橇 icebreaking /aIsbreIkIN/ a. for the purpose of breaking ice 破冰的 map /mQp/ vt. to make a map of an area 绘制地图 deposit /dIpzIt/ n. a layer of a metal or another substance that has formed in soil or rock 沉积物；矿床 undersea /ndsi/ a. situated, occurring, or done below the sea or the surface of the sea 海里的；海底的；海面下的 territory /terItrI/ n. a land with a specified characteristic（具有某种特 性的）地域 Kuwait /kweIt/ 科威特 item /aItm/ n. a whole individual unit, esp. when included in a list or collection 条，项；条款，条目 conservation /knsveISn/ n. the management of land and water in ways that prevent it from being damaged or destroyed （对 自然资源的）保护 dispute /dIspjut/ vt. to have a disagreement over sth. 争论，争执 n. a disagreement or argument about sth. important 争执，争端 handicap★ /hQndIkQp/ vt. to give someone a disadvantage 妨碍，使不利 inter-country /IntkntrI/ a. between countries 国家间的 coordination /kUdIneISn/ n. the process of organizing people or things in order to make them work together effectively 协调 diplomatic /dIplmQtIk/ a. relating to the profession or skill of preserving or creating friendly relationships between countries 外交的 descend /dIsend/ v. to go or come down 下来；下降 subzero /sbzIrU/ a. lower than zero degrees in temperature 零度以下的 iceberg /aIsbg/ n. 冰山 smash /smQS/ vt. to hit against an object or surface with a lot of force, causing injury or damage 粉碎，打碎

63 Unit 3 terrain★ /tereIn/ n. an area of land, usu. one that has a particular physical feature 地形，地势 tanker★ /tQNk(r)/ n. a large ship, truck, or airplane that carries gas or oil 油轮，运油飞机，油槽汽车 saving /seIvIN/ n. an amount of sth. that you manage to avoid using or spending 积蓄 polar★ /pUl(r)/ a. coming from or relating to an area near the North Pole or the South Pole 极地的 pipeline★ /paIplaIn/ n. 输油管道 shore /S(r)/ vi. to support by or as if by a shore or shores; prop 支 撑；使稳住 beneath /bIniT/ prep. under the surface of… 在…之下，在…下面 Norway /nweI/ 挪威 offshore /fS(r)/ a. in the ocean, not on the land（used esp. for talking about the oil industry）离岸的；向海的 unreachable /nritSbl/ a. unable to be reached or contacted 无法到达的 liquefy /lIkwIfaI/ v. to become a liquid, or to make sth. become a liquid（使）液化 Russia /rS/ 俄罗斯 sometime /smtaIm/ ad. at some unspecified or unknown time在某一时候 Dutch /dtS/ a. 荷兰的；荷兰人的；荷兰语的 harbour /hAb(r)/ n. a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo 港（口） thrive /TraIv/ v. to become very successful, happy, or healthy 兴 旺，蓬勃发展 Singapore /sINgp(r)/ 新加坡 tonnage /tnIdZ/ n. shipping considered in terms of total carrying capacity 船舶总吨位 Norwegian /nwidZn/ a. 挪威的；挪威人的；挪威语的 underneath /ndniT/ ad. on the lower or downward side 在下面；在底下 policy /plsI/ n. a set of plans or actions agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group 政策；方针 erupt★ /Irpt/ v. to suddenly express a particular feeling, esp. anger, in a noisy way 爆发，喷出 overlap★ /UvlQp/ v. to extend over and cover a part of 部分重叠 region /ridZn/ n. a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth 地区 minisub /mInIsb/ n. a mini submarine 小型潜水艇 boast /bUst/ v. to speak in excessively proud terms of one’s 64 Arctic and Antarctic

possessions, talents, etc. 夸耀，吹嘘 legislator★ /ledZIsleIt(r)/ n. someone who has the power and authority to create new laws 立法者；立法委员 electrify /IlektrIfaI/ vt. to excite suddenly and intensely 使震惊；使激动 prime /praIm/ a. most important 主要的；首位的 icebreaker /aIsbreIk(r)/ n. a ship that can break through floating ice破冰船 troop /trup/ n. a group of soldiers 部队 military /mIlItrI/ a. of or relating to the armed forces or war 军事的； 军队的 wholesale★ /hUlseIl/ a. (esp. of sth. bad or too extreme) complete or affecting a lot of things, people, places, etc.大批的; 大规模的;不加区别的;全部的 notoriously /nUtrIslI/ ad. in a notable manner, typically for some bad quality or deed 恶名昭彰地；声名狼藉地 insufficient /InsfISnt/ a. of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement 不充分的，不足的 seaworthy /siwDI/ a. in good condition and safe to travel on the ocean 适于航海的 file faIl/ / vt. to send sth. official提 出（申请 等）; 提 起（诉 讼 等） Denmark /denmAk/ 丹麦 ratify▲ /rQtIfaI/ vt. to make an agreement official by signing it or formally accepting it 正式批准;认可 chart /tSAt/ vt. to make a map of an area 在海图（或地图）上标出 treaty /tritI/ n. an official written agreement between two or more countries 条约，协定 convention /knvenSn/ n. an international agreement 国际公约；协定 Brazilian /brzIljn/ a. 巴西的；巴西人的 commander /kmAnd(r)/ n. a person in authority, esp. over a body of troops or a military operation 指挥官，司令官 voyage /vIIdZ/ n. a long trip, esp. by boat or into space 航海；航空； 旅行 pock /pk/ vt. to mark with a scar 使有凹坑 occurrence /krns/ n. sth. that happens, esp. sth. unexpected and unpleasant 出现；发生 deck /dek/ n. 甲板 spot /spt/ v. to notice someone or sth. 认出，发现 lone /lUn/ a. by oneself; alone 孤独的 tragedy /trQdZIdI/ n. an event resulting in great loss and misfortune 悲 剧

65 Unit 3

Expressions at the top of at the highest place, point, part, or surface of sth. 在…最高点 stand to do sth. to be in a particular situation or state that makes sth. likely to happen （因采取特定行动或许下承诺 而）有可能会… gain control of to get the power and right to direct someone or sth. 控制 keep sth. open 保持…开放（或开通） lead the way to be the best 占主要地位，领先 descend into to go or come down to a particular state 落入… （里） shave off to reduce an amount 减掉 (money) worth of the amount of money needed to pay for sth. 支付… 所需（的钱） shore up to support by placing against sth. solid or rigid 使 稳住，支持 divide up to separate people or things into smaller groups or parts 瓜分，分配 add up to calculate the total of several numbers or amounts 加起来，总计 heat up to make more intense 加剧

Notes

1. Author: Bob Reiss (鲍布·雷斯, 1951— ) is an American writer of nonfiction and fiction books. 2. the Arctic Circle （北极圈）: the outermost parallel circle counted from the North Pole where people cannot see the sun rise over the horizon in the winter solstice 3. Maine /meIn/ （缅因州）: a state in New England in the United States 4. Mead Treadwell /mid tredwel/ （米德·奇德韦尔）: the former Chair of the U.S. Arctic Research Commission and is Lieutenant Governor-elect of Alaska 5. U.S Arctic Research Commission（美国北极研究会）: a United States federal agency 6. Panama Canal （巴拿马运河）: a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States 7. Alaska /lQsk/ （阿拉斯加州）: a state in northwestern North America

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8. Northwest Passage （西北通道）: a sea route through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways amidst the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 9. Resolute Bay （雷瑟卢特湾）: a gateway to the North Pole 10. U.S. Coast Guard （美国海岸警卫队）: one of the five armed forces of the United States and the only military organization within the Department of Homeland Security 11. Convention on the Law of the Sea （《 海 洋 公 约 法 》） : the international agreement that defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world’s oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources 12. Polar Commission（极地委员会）: an organisation coordinating polar science efforts 13. the ship was able to research at least 100 miles farther north than was previously possible: The word “than” is functioning like a relative pronoun here and the subject is omitted in the comparative clause. More examples: Researchers have found a way to measure distances to objects three times farther away in outer space than was previously thought possible. Inflation was somewhat lower than was previously estimated.

Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud paragraphs 15-16. Afterwards, practice them on your own several times. This summer, American scientists will be charting the sea floor north of Alaska on a Coast Guard icebreaker. Chief scientist Larry Mayer says that he’ll always remember two sights from last year’s voyage, when the ice had shrunk so much that the ship was able to research at least 100 miles farther north than was previously possible. He was excited by the first sight: the sea bottom captured on his computer screen. The floor was pocked with 300-foot- wide holes, an occurrence that usually indicates escaping natural gas. The second sight occurred when Mayer was standing on deck. He spotted a lone polar bear drifting on a 30-foot-wide piece of ice. In the old days, the animal could have walked on solid ice back to land, but now it was bent and doomed. To Mayer, the two sights highlighted opportunity and tragedy in the least-mapped area of the world.

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Understanding the Text 1. Overview The Arctic is a wonderland with rich resources and great opportunities for exploration. Just because of that, several countries bordering the region are vying for a share of it, hence the race to own the Arctic. Now fill in the blanks with words from the text or of your own according to the content of the text. 111 What is the race about? The race is mainly about , economic, scientific, and opportunities, and of time and money brought by the possible new route. 222 Why is the race getting tense now? Because has made it possible to access the region’s wealth that was once difficult to reach. 333 What might happen if the race went wrong? If the race went wrong, insecurity, disputes, or even could occur in this region. 444 What are the countries doing with a view to gain the upper hand in the race? Tick where appropriate in the following table according to the text. The U.S. Canada Russia Norway Denmark Scientists mapping the sea bottom Minisub visiting the sea bottom Investing in icebreakers, troops, and military bases

Filing claim with the U.N.

Ratifying the Convention on the Law of the Sea

2. Interpretation The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 … a race not of explorers on dogsleds but of scientists on icebreaking ships, mapping the ocean floor below. (Para.1) 68 Arctic and Antarctic

AAA… a competition not between explorers by traditional transport but between scientists equipped with sophisticated instruments to do research. BBB … not a race of dogs but of machines driven by different people for different purposes. CCC… a race between explorers on dogsleds as well as scientists on icebreaking ships. 222 … security may be handicapped. (Para .3) AAA… national security may be put at a disadvantage. BBB … the US will be deprived of a sense of security. CCC… the US is exposed to possible attacks. 333 … the Arctic may descend into armed conflict. (Para. 3) AAA… the region may go down until there is a war. BBB … there is a possibility of war in the region. CCC… the Arctic may cause all kinds of conflict. 444 … odds are increasing that it will come through the Arctic. (Para. 5) AAA … increasingly goods are coming through the Arctic instead of through other routes. BBB … it is very strange that the item should come through the frozen Arctic. CCC… it is more and more likely for goods to come through the route via the Arctic. 555 … the war of words may turn into worse. (Para. 11) AAA… the weapons of war may become more advanced. BBB … the countries open fire with each other with all kinds of weapons. CCC… arguing with each other in words may lead to military conflicts. 666 The flag drop electrified other countries. (Para. 12) AAAWhat Russia did caused strong emotions of other countries. BBB The dropping of the flag is a gesture of welcome. CCCBy dropping the flag, Russia did send electricity to other countries.

3. Discussion

Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 Why do the countries race to gain control of the Arctic? 222 Who do you think should own the Arctic? Why?

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4. Appreciating gems of the language Oxymoron(矛盾修辞) An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective-noun combination of two words. Well-known examples include noisy silence, dark light, open secret, virtual reality. Read aloud the following examples from Text A and try to tell what is contradictory.

As the midnight sun rises over the North Pole this year, it will shine down on a great race at the top of the world that could affect the lives and pocketbooks of every American. To Mayer, the two sights highlighted opportunity and tragedy in the least-mapped area of the world.

Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

boast descend diplomatic dispute handicap item occurrence overlap prime saving smash sometime thrive tragedy underneath voyage

111 During Christmas sales season, most of the shopping malls reduce the price on many . 222 He claims that the drug had not been adequately tested but he did not produce any evidence. 333 After the credit crunch, the cutting of funding the development of research in many countries. 444 We would love to know you more, so you must come to our home and have dinner . 555 Most plants in tropical settings because there is abundant sunlight and rain. 666 I don’t like this city mostly because street-fights are an everyday and I never feel safe. 777 Just as the saying goes, don’t judge a book by its cover. that 70 Arctic and Antarctic

shy exterior（外表）, she is actually a very warm person. 888 He didn’t talk about his excellent exam results in case people thought he was . 999 In the high-rise fire, the apartment residents had to the windows to get out and escape the flames. 1111 The president seemed to be the target for the assassin’s bullet. Fortunately he had a narrow escape. 1111 After the disaster, some measures were designed to prevent any similar from happening again. 1111 It’s understandable if students find it difficult to distinguish the geology from geography because the two courses tend to . 1111 It’s ridiculous for him to spend all his on an expensive car. 1111 After watching a herd of goats into the valley for a few minutes he continued his journey. 1111 Negotiators from all the parties in concern are working hard to restore full relations between the two countries. 1111 It’s unbelievable for such a gigantic ship like the Titanic to sink on its maiden .

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary. add up divide up lead the way shave off gain control of heat up

111 The company in network applications for several years, so it’s a tough competitor. 222 The money among five different charities. If you disagree, you can raise the issue now. 333 Now the number of calories you have eaten, match it with the information in the exercises chart, then you can see what kind of activities you need to do to lose weight. 444 In the Beijing Olympics, he managed to nearly a second the world record for this event. 555 After 77 hours, authorities announce that firefighters are and have contained all blazes which will be put out before nightfall. 666 The Ebook market competition seems to set to as both Amazon and Google fight for dominance（主导地位）.

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3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: The archaeologists find some signs showing that an ancient civilization once existed in that area. (trace) → The archaeologists find some traces of an ancient civilization in that area.

111 People saw her singing in bars when she was 18. (spot) She singing in bars when she was 18. 222 They are on the last leg of a long journey across the Pacific. (voyage) They are on the last leg of across the Pacific. 333 In the past people in this area rarely saw vandalism. (occurrence) Vandalism used to be in this area in the past. 444 Those flowers are flourishing in your sun-drenched yard. (thrive) Those flowers in your sun-drenched yard. 555 Parents of all kinds of culture tend to speak rather too proudly or happily about their children’s achievements. (boast) Parents of all kinds of culture tend to their children’s achievements. 666 The most important thing for us is the safety of our customers. (prime) concern is the safety of our customers.

Structure as… as…

In English, the structure as+ adj./adv. +as is used for comparing one person, thing, or situation with another. Here is an example from Text A: But now the North Pole is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. More examples:

This film is as interesting as that one. Your pen writes as smoothly as mine. This dictionary is not as useful as you think.

72 Arctic and Antarctic

Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese in the parentheses, using the structure “as… as…”. Model: Your bag is three times mine. (expensive) → Your bag is three times as expensive as mine.

111 Please answer my question . （尽快） 222 She has searched the information about the disease on the Internet . （长达3个小时） 333 I don’t play football . （像过去那样频繁） 444 She looks . （和过去一样美） 555 He walked with me yesterday evening. （到火车站那么远） 666 She cooks . （和她妈妈一样好）

x times + noun

In English, x times + noun (size, height, length, width, weight…) is a common usage. Here is an example from Text A: Last year’s summer Arctic ice cap was half the size it was 50 years ago. . More examples:

The United States has twice the population of Japan. My foot swelled up to three times the normal size when it was stung by a wasp.

Rewrite the following sentences using the structure “x times + noun” while keeping the meaning unchanged. Model: This table is three times as long as that one. → This table is three times the length of that one.

111 The river is three times as deep as that one.

222 This hall is five times as big as the hall of our school.

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333 Line AB is three times as long as Line CD.

444 The earth is 49 times as large as the moon.

555 He earns five times as much as he did ten years ago.

Word Building inter-

When used in verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs, the prefix inter- takes the meaning of “between” or “from one to another”. Here is an example from Text A:

They’d like to see better inter-country coordination to protect Arctic waters.

More examples:

Canadian officials insist the Northwest Passage belongs to their country, while the U.S. wants it to be international. The successful candidate should have strong interpersonal skills. I enjoy the constant interaction with people from other departments.

inter + country → inter-country (between countries) inter + national → international (existing between countries) inter + personal → interpersonal (involving relationships between people) inter + action → interaction (the activity of talking between people)

For each of the following definitions, find a corresponding word that starts with inter-. WORD MEANING running between cities marriage between different races between departments existing between continents depending on each other

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Complete each of the following sentences with the above inter- words. Change the form where necessary. 111 They held an meeting in which all the heads of the departments of the university were present. 222 train services crossing the Hong Kong-China mainland border are jointly operated by Hong Kong’s MTR Corporation and the Ministry of Railways of the People’s Republic of China. 333 was accepted in Arabic society, though only if the husband was Muslim. 444 flight route varies due to many factors. 555 We are facing an increasingly global economy. No one can survive alone.

Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. The Volcano at the End of the Earth Donna O’Meara

1 I step onto the Antarctic ice. 2 Gale（强风）force winds, gusting（强风劲吹）40 miles per hour, blast my face with sharp, icy snow. In seconds, my eyebrows are frozen and tiny icicles（冰柱）hang from my lashes. All I see in every direction is a white, empty wilderness with no signs of life. What am I doing on this frozen continent? 3 Just then, as if answering my question, Mount Erebus volcano （埃里伯斯火山） launches a steam plume（羽状 物）high into the frigid（严寒的）blue sky. I am a volcano photographer and explorer. Over the past 25 years, I have seen 75 of the world’s volcanoes, sometimes risking my life to get the perfect photograph. And now, here I am in Antarctica, about to photograph Mount Erebus, one of the most active volcanoes on the globe.

A Dangerous Journey 4 Getting to Mount Erebus wasn’t easy. Few commercial

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jets fly to Antarctica. Even fewer tourist ships cruise around its rough waters. There are only six weeks during the year when it’s possible to visit, in January and February, which is summer in Antarctica. But I was lucky. After weeks of research online, I found a berth on a small Russian ship, Spirit of Enderby. 5 I knew the basic facts about Antarctica — that it is Earth’s fifth-largest continent, that it covers the South Pole, that it is frozen all the time. But in the months leading up 111 作为…的准备 to1 my trip, my mind swirled（打转） with questions about （或 先 导） the mysterious frozen wilderness. And I was nervous. But I was also excited. If I succeeded in photographing Mount Erebus, I felt the trip would be worth it. 6 In February 2009, I flew from my home in Hawaii（夏 威夷）to New Zealand（新西兰）, where my journey began. The voyage takes two or three weeks, depending on the weather. Our itinerary（路线）included landings（登陆） at four “sub-Antarctic” islands and then at major points in Antarctica, including Ross Island, home to Mount Erebus. 7 Spirit of Enderby was a small ship, able to carry just 48 passengers. The ship had two tiny areas where passengers could gather, the dining room and a library. I enjoyed meeting the Russian crew members and my fellow passengers — mostly bird specialists and marine biologists. But the person I best enjoyed talking to was 93-year- old Barbara Johns: a petite（个子娇小的）, white-haired adventurer. She was traveling with her 65-year-old son, Andrew.

Dreams and Disaster 8 Barbara had a very personal connection to Antarctica. Her father, Edward Nelson, was a biologist who traveled to the icy continent in 1910. He was part of one of the most famous — and tragic — Antarctic expeditions（探险） in history. The expedition was led by Robert Falcon Scott, a renowned British explorer. Scott was determined to be the first man to step foot on the South Pole. But the dream 2 222 以…为结果， ended in disaster. 以…告终 9 After a six-month sea voyage, Scott and his men landed in Antarctica. Scott and a small team then trekked to the 76 Arctic and Antarctic

South Pole. But they soon learned they’d been beaten to the Pole by the Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen. On their way back to base camp, Scott and four of his men died. Nelson and the other expedition members were eventually rescued. But they suffered for months from the cold and lack of food before their ship returned to take them home to England. 10 Barbara grew up hearing all about her father’s adventures. While in Antarctica, he worked in a rustic（用 带皮树枝、树根做成的）laboratory that Scott’s men built, where he studied area biology and wildlife. That hut still stands. And it had been Barbara’s lifelong（终身的）dream to see it. I was awed that a woman of 93 would take such a dangerous journey. But I understood.

A Fierce Storm 11 From the very first night, the seas were rough. The ship lunged（冲） and dipped, pitched and tilted. I spent most of the first few days in my berth. Just getting to the dining hall was a treacherous（变幻莫测的）journey. 12 As we pushed south, the ocean got rougher, the wind blew harder, and temperatures became frigid. When we reached iceberg territory, my eyes were glued to3 the radar 333 粘 在 …上 screen along with the crew’s. 13 The weather got worse the second week. One night, we encountered a fierce storm. I’ll never forget how the giant waves and ice chunks（大块）slammed into4 the bow. I 444 砸进 was afraid of being hurled from my berth, wedging（把… 楔牢）pillows around my head and hips to stay put5. Time 555 固定不动 seemed to stop. I sang songs under my breath, distracting myself from fear. Finally, I lulled（使入睡）myself to sleep. I awakened（醒来）in late morning, stunned to see sunny blue skies, elated and starving for breakfast. 14 Elation(兴高采烈) turned to despair when I learned that during the night Barbara Johns had fallen — and, subsequently（随后）, died. I stood there in shock upon hearing the news. All I could think of was her eyes twinkling with excitement as she talked about visiting her father’s lab. I felt heartbroken（心碎的）but also grateful to have met this remarkable woman, to have shared precious hours with her. 77 Unit 3

Her family insisted we continue the expedition. They said it was what Barbara would have wanted. So we did.

The Sparkling Castle 15 Long and sad days passed before we finally approached Ross Island, where the magnificent Mount Erebus volcano stood behind Scott’s hut. I struggled to get into my gear: silk long underwear（内衣）; cashmere（羊绒） long underwear; a heavy polar-fleece（摇粒绒） jumpsuit（连身衣裤）; and a down-filled（填充鸭绒的） waterproof outer suit. Special UV （紫外线） sunglasses protected my eyes from sun and snow glare（刺眼强光）. In my pack, I had water, extra socks and mittens（连指手套）, chocolate, and my camera. 666 甩开 16 I swung open6 the deck door and was knocked back by the freezing Antarctic wind. I staggered out again. I looked up at the glistening white, ice-covered peak of Mount Erebus. It was even more beautiful than I had imagined — a giant, sparkling castle against a brilliant blue sky. The wind swirled tiny ice crystals in the air that reflected the sun like gems do. This is aptly（贴切地）named Antarctic “diamond dust.” Hot steam and pink ash puffed（一阵阵地喷）from the massive ice-encased（包裹） volcano. 17 Next, I needed to get to shore. This required jumping from the side of the ship into a small rubber boat. Missing was not an option. A person doesn’t last more than a few minutes in the freezing sea. I held my breath, and 1, 2, 7 777 急速前进 3, jump. I made it! Off we zoomed across ice-covered waves. 8 888 颠簸冲上 18 We bumped up on a black-lava（熔岩） sand beach fringed（是…的边缘） with the biggest white icicles I had 9 999 踏出第一步 ever seen. I took my first step onto Ross Island, Antarctica. The wind hammered me down. I grabbed my camera, braced （撑） my elbows on the ice, and shot some great images of Mount Erebus. Every few minutes, puffs of hot volcanic（火 山的） steam swirled into the sky from the summit. 10 1111 迫使某人离开 19 I tore myself away from shooting and hiked, shoulder to the wind, to Scott’s famous hut, where Barbara’s father had worked a century ago. I entered alone. The room looked as if Scott’s men might return at any moment. I saw a desk covered with test tubes and glass beakers（烧杯）. It had 78 Arctic and Antarctic

11 belonged to Barbara’s father. I bowed my head and took 1111 低头鞠躬 a moment to honor Barbara and all of those brave souls who had come before me to this beautiful, harsh place. 20 Then it was time to return to the ship. I took my last 12 photographs of Mount Erebus as we pulled away . On the 1111 离开 ice in front of the volcano was a single emperor penguin（企 鹅） with its wings moving as if to say good-bye. (1,252 words)

New Words blast /blAst/ v. to hit sth. with a lot of energy or force 猛烈击打 launch /lntS/ vt. to send sth. out, such as a new ship into water or a rocket into space 发射，使升空 globe /glUb/ n. the world 全球 cruise /kruz/ v. to make a trip on a ship for pleasure, esp. one that involves visiting a series of places 巡航; 航游 online /nlaIn/ a. connected to or available through a computer or a group of connected computers, esp. by the Internet 联机的；在线的 photograph /fUtgrAf/ v. to take a photograph of someone or sth. 拍照 marine /mrin/ a. of or relating to the sea 海的; 海生的,海产的 biology /baIldZI/ n. the scientific study of living things 生物 hut /ht/ n. a small simple shelter 小屋 glue /glu/ v. to be fixed as if by glue, a sticky substance used for joining things together 紧附；粘牢 radar /reIdA(r)/ n. 雷达 hip /hIp/ n. 臀部 starve /stAv/ v. to suffer or to die because there is not enough food 饿死；饿得慌 despair /dIspe(r)/ n. the feeling that everything is wrong and nothing will turn out well 绝望，丧失信心 magnificent mQgnIfIs/ nt/ a. very impressive and beautiful, good, or skillful 壮 丽的，宏大的 waterproof /wtpruf/ a. so firm and compact as not to admit water防水的 sunglasses /snglAsIz/ n. glasses with dark lenses that you wear to protect your eyes when the sun is bright 太阳镜，墨镜 swing /swIN/ v. to move, or to make sth. move, backward and

79 Unit 3

forward or from one side to another, esp. from a fixed point摇摆；（在轴上）摆动 stagger /stQg(r)/ v. to walk with great difficulty 摇摇摆摆，蹒跚而行 ash /QS/ n. the gray powder that remains after sth. has burned 灰烬 option /pSn/ n. one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen（供）选择的事物（或人） bump /bmp/ v. to come upon, as if by accident; to meet with 碰 ，撞 hammer /hQm(r)/ v. to hit sth. hard or many times 敲击 elbow /elbU/ n. 手肘 summit /smIt/ n. the top point of a mountain or hill 顶点，峰顶 emperor /empr(r)/ n. the male ruler of an empire 皇帝

Expressions lead up to to happen or exist immediately before sth.作为… 的准备（或先导）；导致 end in (for sth., such as a play, film, opera, etc.) to end in a particular way 以…为结果，以…告终 stay put to stay where you are 留在原地；固定不动 tear sb. away to force someone to leave or to stop doing sth. 迫 使某人离开 pull away to pull back or move away or backward 摆脱；把… 开走；离开

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Choose the best answer for each of the following statements. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 Why did the writer visit Antarctica? AAATo carry out research. BBB To take pictures of Mount Erebus. CCC To explore scientists’ lives. DDD To meet other explorers. 222 What was Barbara’s personal connection to Antarctica?

80 Arctic and Antarctic

AAAHer father was one member of a famous Antarctic expedition. BBB Her son knows Scott — the renowned explorer very well. CCC She studied biology of South Pole. DDD She once worked in a laboratory in Antarctica. 333 How come “just getting to the dining hall was a treacherous journey”? (Para. 11) AAA Because the dinning hall was too far away. BBB Because it was too cold to go outside. CCC Because it was difficult to find the dinning hall. DDD Because the sea was very rough and it was difficult to walk steadily. 444 How did the writer and the crew feel when their eyes were glued to the radar screen? (Para. 12) A) Elated. B) Stunned. C) Nervous. D) Curious. 555 What does the author want to express when she writes, “All I could think of was her eyes twinkling with excitement as she talked about visiting her father’s lab” ? (Para. 14) AAA Her impression of the old lady. BBB The sadness she felt. CCC Her failing memory. DDD The sweetness of the old lady. 666 “So we did” means that . (Para. 14) AAA “So we continued the expedition” BBB “So we said the same thing” CCC “So we agreed with each other” DDD “So we carried out the plan” 777 The writer describes how she struggled to get into the gears to show . (Para. 15) AAAhow she fixed equipment BBB how fancy her clothes were CCC how she disliked the process DDD how cold it was outside 888 What was aptly named Antarctic “diamond dust”? (Para. 16) AAA The gems reflecting the sun. BBB The brilliant blue sky. CCC The tiny ice crystals in the air. DDD The glistening white, ice-covered peak. 999 “Missing was not an option” implies . (Para. 17) AAA “Missing the rubber boat could lead to death” BBB “They were not allowed to make mistakes” 81 Unit 3

CCC “Jumping into the rubber boat was highly difficult” DDD “They had to hold their breath doing the jumping” 1111 What was NOT true of Scott’s hut? AAA It was still in full use when the writer found it. BBB It was used once by Scott’s team. CCC It evoked strong emotions of the writer. DDD It once served as a laboratory.

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 Danger is one of the threads that piece together the anecdotes in this story. Why do you think the writer emphasizes it so much? What effects do the descriptions of danger have on you as a reader? 222 What are your reactions to the old lady Babara’s story? How is her story related to the theme of this story?

Part IV Writing Letters of application for a job or for a school An application letter for a job or for a school mainly serves three objectives: catch the reader’s attention favorably, convince the reader that you are qualified for the position or the study programme, and request an interview.

Structure Introduction: It may include the position or the study programme applied for, your suitability for the job or the programme, and a brief introduction of yourself. You can start with this statement: “Please find enclosed my CV, which I am forwarding to you as an application for the position of...” Body: You should connect your past experiences and education to the job or the study programme you are seeking. It may also include a brief description of your personal skills and qualifications, reasons why the addressee should read your CV. Conclusion: You should state how you intend to follow up your letter, and thank the recipient for giving you the opportunity to apply.

82 Arctic and Antarctic

Format On the left hand side you should write the name of the person, their title, company name, address and any position reference number. On the right hand side, write your address and the date. Begin your letter or email with “Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms xxxx”if you know the person’s name, or “Dear Sir or Madam” if you don’t know their name. Sign the letter and type your name underneath your signature.

Things to remember * not too long, just one page * no grammar or spelling errors * easy to read * no inappropriate language such as slang or technical jargon * brief, informative sentences and short paragraphs

Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up any new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

If Antarctica were music it would be Mozart. Art, and it would be Michelangelo. Literature, and it would be Shakespeare. And yet it is something even greater; the only place on earth that is still as it should be. May we never tame it. —Andrew Denton The fact that the Arctic, more than any other populated region of the world, requires the collaboration of so many disciplines and points of view to be understood at all, is a benefit rather than a burden. —Bruce Jackson We must always remember with gratitude and admiration the first sailors who steered their vessels through storms and mists, and increased our knowledge of the lands of ice in the South. —Roald Amundsen

2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) You are going to watch a video clip. Listen carefully to complete the passage with the missing statements. After that, dub the speaker’s voice with the screen behind you. Getting to know the words in the box below first may be helpful. 83 Unit 3

leap /lip/ n. 骤变 a leap of faith （突然）改变信念

This is the year to leave the ordinary behind.

Take a leap of faith. Stop dreaming. This is the year at Alaska once. Begin your adventure at AlaskaBeyondYourdreams.com.

2) View a video clip titled “Polar Drilling Yields Climate Clues” and then complete the following tasks. Before you begin, glance at the words and expressions below. You can see the clip as many times as you like.

glacier /glQsj(r)/ n. 冰川 sediment /sedImnt/ n. 沉积（物） fossil /fsl/ n. 化石 alga /Qlg/ n. ( pl. algae /QldZi/) 藻类 skeleton /skelItn/ n. 骨骼

Task 1: Fill in the blanks that tell the gist of the story. You can use the original words or your own expressions. 111 The scientists are drilling the ice in the Antarctica to . 222 ANDRILL is the shortened form of . 333 The scientists this year exceeded the previous Antarctica drilling by . 444 One challenge for the scientists is to drill through the thick ice and to . 555 Another challenge is the fact that the ice is . 666 Once the scientists got the sample, they did chemical experiments and . 777 All in all, the scientists wanted to get a picture of how the Antarctic ice shell has grown and also .

Task 2: Make a short speech according to the following guidelines. The scientists in the video clip are faced with great challenges of the Arctic. Do you think you can survive in the Arctic? Why or why not? What qualities are required of a man to survive in a harsh environment? Prepare a

84 Arctic and Antarctic two-minute speech to talk about it.

3. Fun time

The following quotes are humorous ones about polar exploration. Read the quotations and discuss what is funny about each quote. Remember context is quite important to appreciate the punch line.

Nothing easier. One step beyond the pole, you see, and the north wind becomes a south one. —Robert Peary (when explaining how he knew he had reached the North Pole)

Had we lived, I should have had a tale to tell of the hardihood, endurance, and courage of my companions which would have stirred the heart of every Englishman. These rough notes and our dead bodies must tell the tale. —Scott (Message to the Public)

Men wanted for hazardous journey. Small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, safe return doubtful. Honor and recognition in case of success. —Ernest Shackleton ([probably fake] newspaper announcement before his departure)

We were the only pulsating creatures in a dead world of ice. — Frederick Albert Cook

85 Unit 4 Unit 4 True Love

Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

justify /dZstIfaI/ vt. 证实 outgoing /aUtgUIN/ a. 友好的；愿与人交际的；开朗的 flesh fleS/ / n. 肉体

Part II Text A My Only True Love Albert DiBartolomeo

1 My wife and I raced out of Philadelphia. We were headed to the coast — a four-day weekend in Stone Harbor, New Jersey, with a stop in Atlantic City. 2 I have never traveled this route without being flung back to the summers that I spent in Atlantic City during college in the early ’80s. There are photos from those years, but I don’t need them to prompt trips back in time. The familiar geography alone does the work. 3 An hour after leaving Philadelphia, we stood on Sovereign Avenue in the fading light of the June evening. 86 True Love

We stopped there to see the house where I had spent my college summers, working as a busboy in a restaurant in the next shore town south. It was a white wood-frame house of three creaking stories. I had lived on the third floor. 4 I pictured myself sitting on the porch leisurely reading novels, lazing on the beach under clear skies, and sprinting to work on my bicycle for the sheer pleasure of feeling the power of my own youthful body. 5 Then my first love, Jaynecame to mind1. 111 出现在脑海中 6 “What are you thinking about?” my wife asked. 7 “Nothing much. Just those times when I lived here.”

8 I first saw Jayne on an early July morning. I had just begun to clean the front windows of the restaurant, when a girl approached the entrance. I watched her walk through the door. 9 She smiled as our eyes met, and I found myself stammering a hello. 10 “I’m the new busboy,” I said, feeling heat in my face. 11 “I’m the waitress who’s been here too long.” 12 “But it’s only a week into the season.” 13 “Exactly.” Jayne laughed and went to prepare for the tasks ahead. 14 Throughout the day I wanted to stop amid the rush of customers to talk to her. Whenever I saw her, my gaze lingered, sometimes into a stare that would have embarrassed me had anyone noticed. In the following days, we began to chat during the mid-afternoon lull. At first self-conscious and tongue-tied, I was soon talking with a scarcely controllable passion that I had never known before. 15 Before long, we met on the beach one afternoon. And on subsequent days we strolled along the Atlantic City boardwalk or sat in the apartment house listening to the songs of longing and loss that seemed to speak directly to us. 16 About a month after meeting Jayne, I drove her home after a party. Halfway there, it began to storm. The streets became streams, and we moved slowly along in the three- o’clock darkness. Parked outside her house, we sat in the car and talked.

87 Unit 4

17 But that was the last time we saw each other outside work. A week later Jayne joined me in “our” rear restaurant booth, looking serious. 18 “What’s the matter?” 19 She paused. “My boyfriend and I are getting back together.” 20 A fist seemed to strike my stomach. “I thought that was over.” 21 “He says that he loves me, and I think I love him too.” 22 I could find nothing to say. I spent the rest of the afternoon in a daze that barely diminished over the remaining three weeks of summer. I had never in my life felt 2 222 恢复 so hurt, and I thought that I could never recover from it.

23 Then one spring Saturday, I entered a bookstore in Philadelphia and asked a young woman on a ladder where I might find the Shakespeare sonnets I needed for an English class. 24 She looked down and told me where to find the poetry section. I thanked her, found the volume and soon left the store. 25 At the end of my English class a few weeks later, I walked into the hall and saw the bookstore clerk leaving a nearby classroom. I remembered her wheat-colored hair, her warm voice and intelligent green eyes. 26 She saw me and smiled in recognition. “The girl on the ladder,” I said when we reached each other. 27 “The Shakespeare sonnets.” 28 “Do you always remember the books people ask you about?” 29 “If the people are memorable.” 30 I smiled at that. 31 We were both heading for other classes, but exchanged names before parting. 32 I ran into Susan often after that, and usually said hello or joked and then went on our way. Sometimes we met behind the campus library and sat in the shade of the sycamore trees, talking and loafing. 3 333 传到…那里 33 One afternoon, however, our talk found its way to our parents. 88 True Love

34 “You would like my mother, I think,” I said, “but my father’s been dead since I was 11.” 35 Susan touched my arm. 36 “It’s been a while,” I said. 37 “I’m still sorry.” A darkness crept into her usually bright eyes. “I lost mine at the end of high school.” 38 It was my turn to say that I was sorry. 39 A few weeks later we began to date.

40 That summer I went to the shore for the final time as a college student. Once a place for adventure and wild excitement, it now seemed little more than a place where I had a guaranteed job. This trip was also different in that Susan would occasionally visit on weekends. 41 Because I worked during the day, we had only the evenings to spend together. The hours felt precious, and we often passed them by the sea merely talking. Some nights a pathway of moonlight lay across the water, connecting the shore to the horizon. “It’s as though we could walk on it.” I said once. 42 “Where would you go?” 43 “I don’t know, but I’d want you to come along.” 44 “Gladly.” 45 We held each other as the night deepened and cooled. It was here, as the waves crashed in the darkness, that I let Susan fully into those guarded places where I’d cloistered my sensitive injuries. She was delicate with them, and as she revealed to me her own secret fears and wishes, I knew what true love was.

46 Susan and I rose early in Stone Harbor the following morning and went to the beach to greet the ocean. We walked the several blocks in the still cool air and the special hush that comes with mornings by the sea. 47 “It’s so lovely,” Susan said, clutching my hand. Overhead the sea gulls wheeled and cried as we walked barefoot in the cool, wet sand. After a distance, we stopped, and I sat with my back close to a dune, while Susan kept 444 留在某处 4 5 to the shoreline, staring out to sea or looking about for 555 环视 interesting shells or stones. Often she turned and looked at 89 Unit 4

me, the bright early morning sun framing her back. 48 First love, I thought, may register in the blood with dizzying effect, but the love that endures takes up 6 666 居住 residence in the soul. In this way, love becomes something far more powerful than bone and flesh. It completes us, gives us the wholeness we need to navigate safely through life. 49 I could have watched my wife for hours as the waves broke and advanced toward her bare feet. In a world sometimes marred by hurt and anguish, I felt profoundly grateful that the sun had risen for me on such a love. I could feel it now flowing from me to her and back to me again, joined everywhere, complete, like the seas, and a harbor against all tempests. (1,214 words)

New Words fling /flIN/ v. to throw 扔，抛 sovereign★ /svrIn/ n. a supreme ruler, espe. a monarch 最高统治者 avenue /Qvnju/ n. a broad road or path, esp. one lined with trees 林荫 道 busboy /bsbI/ n. (AmE) a young man who clears tables in a restaurant or café 〈美〉餐厅侍者助手 creak▲ /krik/ v. to make a hush sound when being moved 吱吱嘎 嘎地作响 porch★ /pS/ n. an entrance covered by a roof built onto a house or church 门廊；走廊 novel /nvl/ n. 小说 laze /leIz/ v. to relax and enjoy yourself in a lazy way 懒散,混日子 sprint /sprInt/ v. to run very fast for a short distance 用全速奔跑 sheer /SI(r)/ a. nothing other than; pure 完全的，十足的；纯粹的 youthful /juTfUl/ a. typical of young people, or seeming young 年轻 的；青年的 stammer▲ /stQm(r)/ vt. to speak with a lot of pauses and repeated sounds 结结巴巴地说 amid /mId/ prep. among 在…之中 linger★ /lIng(r)/ v. to be slow or reluctant to leave 继续逗留；拖延 controllable /kntrUlbl/ a. able to be controlled 可控的 subsequent /sbsIkwnt/ a. happening or coming after sth. else 继…之后的； 随后的 90 True Love stroll★ /strUl/ v. to walk somewhere in a slow, relaxed way 散步， 溜达 boardwalk /bdwk/ n. (AmE) a raised path made of wood, usu. built next to the sea （尤指海滨的）木板人行道 halfway /hAf weI/ ad. at a middle point between two places, or in the middle of a period of time 在中途 boyfriend /bIfrend/ n. a man that you are having a romantic relationship with 男朋友 daze /deIz/ n. a state of stunned confusion 迷乱；茫然 sonnet /snIt/ n. a poem with 14 lines which rhyme with each other in a fixed pattern十四行诗 volume /vljum/ n. a book 书卷 nearby /nIbaI/ a. not far away 附近的 recognition /rekgnISn/ n. the act of knowing sb. or sth. 认出；认识 exchange /IkstSeIndZ/ vt. to give sth. to sb. who gives you sth. else 交换 part /pAt/ v. to leave sb. 分手；告别 campus /kQmps/ n. 校园 sycamore /sIkm(r)/ n. (AmE) a tree with broad leaves, or the wood of this tree 悬铃木 loaf /lUf/ v. to spend time somewhere and not do very much 游 荡，闲逛 pathway /pATweI/ n. a path 小路，小径 gladly /glQdlI/ ad. happily 幸福地 deepen /dipn/ vt. to become stronger or greater, or make sth. stronger or greater 深化，变深 cloister /klIst(r)/ vt. 使与尘世隔绝 injury /IndZrI/ n. （精神上的）伤害；损害 delicate /delIkt/ a. 体贴的，顾及别人情绪的 hush▲ /hS/ n. a sudden calm silence 静寂；沉默 clutch★ /kltS/ vt. to hold sth. tightly 紧抓 gull /gl/ n. seagull 海鸥 barefoot /befUt/ a. without shoes on your feet 赤脚的 dune /djun/ n. a hill made of sand near the sea or in the desert 沙丘 shoreline /SlaIn/ n. the edge of a sea, lake or wide river 滨线；（海、 湖、河）岸线 shell /Sel/ n. 贝壳 dizzying /dIzIIN/ a. making you feel dizzy 令人困惑的，令人糊涂的 residence /rezIdns/ n. a home 住处 flesh fleS/ / n. 肉（指人或脊椎动物身体的肌肉组织） wholeness★ /hUlnIs/ n. 整体；全部

91 Unit 4 navigate /nQvIgeIt/ v. to find which way you need to go when you are traveling 引领 bare /be(r)/ a. not covered by clothes 赤裸的；光秃的 mar▲ /mA(r)/ vt. to make sth. less attractive or enjoyable 损 坏 ，弄 糟 anguish▲ /QNgwIS/ n. mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or worry 极度痛苦；悲痛 tempest /tempIst/ n. a violent storm 大风暴；暴风雨

Expressions come to mind to think of sth. suddenly or immediately出现在脑 海中 recover from to get better after an illness, accident, shock, etc. 恢复 find one’s way to reach a place by discovering the right way to get there 设法到达；传到…那里 keep to to stay on a particular road, course, piece of ground, etc. 留在某处，不离开 look about 环视，往四下看 take up residence to start living in a place 居住；定居

Notes

111 Atlantic City: a city in New Jersey, US on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, known esp. for its casinos 222 Sovereign Avenue: the name of a street 333 the Shakespeare sonnets: The Shakespearian sonnet comprises three quatrains（四行 诗） and a couplet（对句）, rhymed ABABCDCDEFEFGG delaying the “turn” until the final couplet.

Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud the last two paragraphs. Afterwards, practice them on your own several times. First love, I thought, may register in the blood with dizzying effect, but the 92 True Love love that endures takes up residence in the soul. In this way, love becomes something far more powerful than bone and flesh. It completes us, gives us the wholeness we need to navigate safely through life. I could have watched my wife for hours as the waves broke and advanced toward her bare feet. In a world sometimes marred by hurt and anguish, I felt profoundly grateful that the sun had risen for me on such a love. I could feel it now flowing from me to her and back to me again, joined everywhere, complete, like the seas, and a harbor against all tempests.

Understanding the Text 1. Overview The text is a narration of the author’s four-day weekend in Stone Harbor with his wife. He skillfully inserts flashbacks of his love experiences which have been engraved in his heart. Read the story carefully and then complete the following table by filling in the blanks with appropriate words either from the text or of your own. First love with Jayne True love with Susan He first met Jayne when he worked as a He first saw Susan when he bought the in a restaurant and fell in Shakespeare sonnets in a bookstore as a love with her at first . . Before long, he started dating with After an English class a few weeks Jayne by along the later, he saw Susan leaving a Atlantic City boardwalk or sat in the classroom and she smiled . apartment house listening to the songs They exchanged names before parting. of . A month later, Jayne told him that her A few weeks later they began to date. boyfriend and her were . Because he worked during the day, they had only the evenings to spend together. The hours , and they often passed them by the sea . He felt so hurt that he thought he could He let Susan fully into those guarded places never it. where he’d cloistered his . She was with them, and as she revealed to him her own secret fears and wishes, he knew what true love was. First love may in the The love that endures in blood with . the soul.

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2. Interpretation The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations or inferences are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 The familiar geography alone does the work. (Para. 2) AAAMy familiarity with the city alone prompts trips back in time. BBB I am very good at geography. CCCI am very familiar with geography which is helpful for my work. 222 … I found myself stammering a hello. (Para. 9) AAA… I found myself too excited to say a hello. BBB … I couldn’t even say a hello to her. CCC… I greeted her with difficulty. 333 … had anyone noticed. (Para. 14) AAA… if anyone had noticed. BBB … whether anyone had noticed. CCC… as anyone noticed. 444 “If the people are memorable.” (Para. 29) AAAIf the people can memorize. BBB If the people are worth remembering. CCCIf the people have the ability to remember. 555 … and then went on our way. (Para. 32) AAA… and then went together in the same direction. BBB … and then continue our own business. CCC… and then say goodbye. 666 … our talk found its way to our parents. (Para. 33) AAA… we found a right way to talk about parents. BBB … our talk directly focused on our parents. CCC… we changed the topic of our parents. 777 She was delicate with them... (Para. 45) AAAShe was very fragile... BBB She was very sensitive about my injuries… CCCShe understood my injuries well...

3. Discussion

Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 The author concludes that first love may register in the blood with dizzying effect, but the love that endures takes up residence in the soul. Do you agree with him? Use examples to illustrate your point.

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222 What do you think of “love at first sight”? Why? 333 What are the qualifications you value when you choose your future wife or husband? Give your reasons.

4. Appreciating gems of the language Animalization of emotion Metaphors of emotion can be found in almost all languages we use in the world today. These metaphors are capable of producing a certain conception of emotion. For example, emotions can be perceived as a disease of the mind (He was sickened by despair.), as a driving force (She was bursting with joy.), as a burden (He carries his anger around with him.), and so on. In the text, we have quite a few sentences that contain metaphors of emotion as animals. e.g.

A fist seemed to strike my stomach. “I thought that was over.” (The bad news is compared to a fist.) A darkness crept into her usually bright eyes. (Only animals can creep.) First love, I thought, may register in the blood with dizzying effect, but the love that endures takes up residence in the soul. (Love takes up residence.)

More examples: He unleashed his anger. Don’t snarl at me! His feeling of happiness broke loose.

Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary. amid bare exchange fling injury loaf nearby part sheer stammer stroll subsequent

111 I hung about further down the street, hoping not to be seen by the few people who were there. 222 We phone numbers, but I don’t think I’ll call him. 333 We will examine the basic features of this philosophy and its influence upon developments in mathematics and astronomy.

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444 They exchanged a final kiss at the airport before . 555 The dollar fell in value rumors of weakness in the U.S. economy. 666 Unfortunately, she had to withdraw from the game because of a leg . 777 Whenever he was angry he would begin to slightly. 888 Screams erupted at a hotel, where Microsoft founder Bill Gates was addressing an education and technology conference. 999 Dolphins have an impressive ability to imitate and learn, often apparently for the pleasure of doing so. 1111 She inspected her feet and started to paint the toenails. 1111 During the weekends I like to just around the house. 1111 When he gave her the tickets she ripped them up and them at him.

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary. call for come to mind look about keep to recover from take up residence find one’s way head for

111 He left the country in December to in the United States. 222 It will take several months for Stephen to the knee injury. 333 The Football Association is likely to a ban on alcohol at football games. 444 There are fears that the company could be closure, following a bad year. 555 It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to to their apartment without any problem. 666 “Have you any suggestions?” “Nothing immediately .” 777 Having realized that they were lost, the hikers decided to the top of the mountain, waiting for help. 888 The sound was terrifying to him, but he had no time to him.

3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: The report made the conclusion that an economy that respected the limited availability of natural resources would benefit human beings. (conclude)

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→ The report concluded that an economy that respected the limited availability of natural resources would benefit human beings.

111 She stared at him and didn’t recognize him for a few seconds. (recognition) She stared at him for a few seconds. 222 All of the sensitive injuries in my heart occurred to me while I was watching the video. (come to mind) All of the sensitive injuries in my heart while I was watching the video. 333 Students explore new ideas as they understand more of the subject. (deepen) Students explore new ideas as they of the subject. 444 It was very clear that he was very distressed at the outcome of the court case. (anguish) at the outcome of the court case was very clear. 555 After the play had finished, we were reluctant to leave the bar hoping to catch sight of the actors. (linger) After the play had finished, we hoping to catch sight of the actors.

Structure noun phrase as adverbial

Noun phrases can function as adverbials by providing information such as time, place, manner, condition, reason, or purpose. Here are some examples:

Once a place for adventure and wild excitement, it now seemed little more than a place where I had a guaranteed job. He returned last night. Do it this way.

Complete the following sentences using the structure of “noun phrase used as adverbial”. 111 Soon he was working （每周一次或两次） round the local pubs. 222 A woman who fell （悬崖深处50英尺）was

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rescued by a Royal Navy helicopter. 333 Make sure you put the baby’s diaper on before you start feeding her. I learned this lesson （通过屡次犯错）. 444 No matter what compliment you pay them, they always take it （误解地）. 555 Over 40,000 people will attend the official opening ceremony of the Olympic Games （一周后的今天）.

Word Building sub-

You can add the prefix sub- to an adjective or a noun to form a new word, which means “under”, “below”, “lower than”, or “less than.” Here are some examples:

sub + normal → subnormal sub + way → subway sub + zero → subzero sub + title → subtitle sub + post office → sub-post office

Complete the following sentences with the words from the following box. Change the form where necessary.

subordinate subconscious subzero substandard subheading subway

111 Most tabloid newspapers are emphatically graphic in the presentation of their headlines and . 222 Students, unable to exercise outside in temperatures, had been allowed to have their P.E. class in the stadium. 333 Our mind registers things which our conscious mind is not aware of. 444 Large sections of the population, the classes specifically, were desperately in need of improved health care. 555 More money should be spent on the improvement of housing. 666 Ads on the asked us to call a confidential hotline if we knew what crimes our local school board was committing.

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Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. A Painful Decision Joyce Gabriel

1 “When I first met Richie, I was nine,” Betty Schimmel told me. “Richie Kovacs and I were in the same school. He loved science and music. He would walk me home, and we would talk about everything.” 2 Betty’s family had fled Czechoslovakia in 1938 — just ahead of Hitler’s invasion — for Budapest, where Richie’s family lived. As the two children became teenagers, their friendship turned to love. 3 Even after the Nazi’s stormed into Hungary in the spring of 1944, the young couple held on to their dreams of a future together. “We planned our wedding,” Betty said. “We always said we would have the reception at the Hotel Royal in Budapest where, before the Nazi came, Richie used to play drum in a dance band.” 1 4 Then, in the late fall of 1944, the Nazis rounded up 111 把…集聚起来 Betty, her mother, sister and brother, and herded them along with 5,000 other Hungarian Jews into a brick factory. They sat there for days in the cold and the rain, many of them dying or going mad, before they were forced to march across Hungary in the snow of winter. 5 After six brutal weeks the survivors of the march — 500 out of the original 5,000 — found themselves in Mauthausen, a concentration camp high on a hill overlooking an Austrian town. The camp smelled of2 death and suffering. For the 222 散发气味 first couple of months Betty was delirious, struggling to survive serious illnesses. 6 The American saved her when they liberated the camp in May of 1945. “I was happy to be alive,” Betty said, “but I was desolate because I had no idea where Richie was or even whether he was alive.” She was just 16 years old. 7 For the next year, as she was transferred camp to camp, she looked for him. The only thing she found was a list that said he was dead. Her mother, who worried for her 99 Unit 4

future, encouraged Betty to go out and meet other people. Eventually a young man that her mother admired and respected, Otto Schimmed, fell in love with Betty. But Betty rebuffed him several times. Otto, who had lost his entire family at Auschwitz, loved her. Finally, she agreed to marry him, although she still loved Richie, and told Otto so. In his devotion, Otto promised to let her go if Richie ever appeared. 8 They came to America, where Otto worked first as a busboy, and then as a waiter. He found menial jobs manufacturing leather goods, the trade he had learned in Hungary, gradually improving his skills and his English. Betty born him three children — two boys and a girl. 9 As Otto rose in his profession, eventually running a factory, the family moved to Pennsylvania. Betty found herself in her dream house, with what should have been her dream family. 10 Betty was still carrying the emotional losses of the war years. She had a nervous breakdown. “I felt that I had left 3 333 留下 my heart behind in Europe,” Betty said. 11 Time went by and in 1975, Betty’s mother was longing to see Hungary again. She asked Betty to take her and they began to make plans. But then tragically her mother died. Mourning her loss, Betty decided to carry out her mother’s wish and go. 12 The first week in Budapest she could barely bring 4 444 强 使 自 己（做 某 herself to leave the hotel — the memories were so strong. 5 事 Friends persuaded her to go out to dinner and by chance 555 碰巧 took her to the Hotel Royal — the very place where she and Richie had once planned to marry. 13 Toward the end of dinner, she happened to glance across the room. “I knew from the back of his head, it was Richie. I walked up to him and touched his arm. ‘I think we knew 6 666 转身 each other,’ I said. He turned around , and when he saw me 7 8 777 跳起来 he jumped up and embraced me, tears streaming down 9 888 流淌下来 his face. When he hugged me, it was as if time stood still . 14 999 静止不动 “But it was my last night in Budapest. It was his first night there. He had become a scientist and was speaking 1111 在数小时之内 at a conference, which he could not leave. In a matter of 1111 弥补 hours10, we had to catch up on11 our past and decide our 100 True Love future.” 15 Richie told her his story. He’d been captured by the Nazis and sent to a forced labor camp in Hungary. When he was liberated, he began searching for her across Europe — in Germany, Austria, France. Eventually, he and his mother immigrated to Canada, when he continued to search for her. 16 In fact, he had found her. 17 Years before, Richie told her, he had traced her to New York and come to her apartment. She and Otto had just had their first child. It was Otto who met him at the door. Otto, who had once promised to step aside12, turned him away 1111 退出 and had never told her. 18 Now Richie — living in the United States and married with three children of his own — begged Betty to leave her family and stay with him. 19 It was raining that night in Budapest, as Betty walked with Richie. “I looked up into his beautiful blue eyes, and I saw reflected there our boat trips on the Danube and all the love we’d shared. 20 “I told Richie I would give him my answer the next morning, at our favorite meeting spot.” 21 And then Betty called Otto and confronted him with his deception. “He cried and begged my forgiveness,” She said. “I was so hurt and angry. I hung up on him.” 22 “But I also heard my mother’s voice reminding me of the importance of the family. And I saw Otto working 18 hours a day, out of love for us.” 23 Pacing in her hotel room, Betty finally made her choice13. “I left Richie a note that was good-bye. I cried all 1111 选择 the way to Paris.” 24 “In Paris, Otto was waiting for me. He looked so lost and awful. I told him I was coming home with him, and for the first time, I allowed myself to love him for himself.” 25 “After celebrating 54 years of marriage and enjoying all our children and grandchildren, I know I made the right decision. I had once a young love that lasted from the age of nine to the age of fifteen, and that was my love for Richie. Then I was fortunate enough to have a mature love, and that was my love for Otto.” (1,072 words)

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New Words flee fli/ / v. to run away from danger 逃离 Czechoslovakia 捷克斯洛伐克 /tSekUslUvQkI/ Hitler /hItl(r)/ 希特勒（纳粹德国元首） invasion /InveIZn/ n. 侵略 Budapest /bjudpest/ 布达佩斯（匈牙利首都） storm /stm/ v. to attack suddenly and enter a place using a lot of force 强攻 Hungary /hNgrI/ 匈牙利（欧洲中部国家） reception /rIsepSn/ n. a formal social occasion held to welcome sb. or celebrate an event 招待会；接待处 royal /rIl/ a. relating to or belonging to a king or queen 皇家的 Nazi /nAtsI/ n. 纳粹分子 drum /drm/ n. 鼓 band /bQnd/ n. 乐队 Hungarian /hNgerIn/ a. 匈牙利的 Jew /dZu/ n. 犹太人 brick /brIk/ n. 砖 overlook /UvlUk/ vt. to have a view of 眺望，俯瞰 Austrian /strIn/ a. 奥地利的 delirious /dIlIrIs/ a. confused and unable to think clearly because you are very ill 神志失常的，说胡话的 liberate /lIbreIt/ vt. to free prisoners, a city, a country, etc. from sb.’s control 解放 desolate▲ /deslt/ a. very sad and lonely 沮丧的，孤单的 rebuff▲ /rIbS/ vt. to refuse sb.’s offer or suggestion in an unfriendly way 断然拒绝 Auschwitz /aUSvIts/ 奥斯威辛（集中营） menial /minIl/ a. boring and unimportant 乏味的；不体面的 leather /leD(r)/ n. 皮革 conference /knfrns/ n. a large formal meeting 会议 Austria /strI/ 奥地利（欧洲中部国家） immigrate /ImIgreIt/ v. to come into a country in order to live there permanently作为移民定居 aside /saId/ ad. to one side 在旁边 Danube /dQnjub/ 多瑙河

102 True Love confront /knfrnt/ vt. to face sb. in a threatening way 使对质 deception /dIsepSn/ n. the action of deceiving 欺骗 Paris /pQrIs/ 巴黎（法国首都）

Expressions round up to find and gather together a group of people, animals, or things 把…集聚起来 smell of to have a particular smell 散发…气味 leave… behind not to take sb. or sth. with you when you leave a place 留下… by chance the way some things happen without being planned or caused by people 碰巧 turn around to move your body so that you are looking in a different direction 转身 jump up to leap 跳起来 stream down to flow down quickly and in great amounts流淌下来 stand still not to change at all 静止不动 in a matter of hours in a time of hours 在数小时之内 catch up on to do sth. that you have not yet had time to do 弥补 step aside to leave an important job or official position退出 make one’s choice to choose 选择

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 Before 1938, Betty’s family lived in . A) Budapest B) Czechoslovakia C) Hungary D) Austria 222 Both Betty and Richie dreamed of . AAAhaving their wedding at the Hotel Royal in Budapest BBB getting married in Paris CCCplaying drum in a dance band DDDimmigrating to the United States of America

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333 Why was Betty still desolate after she was saved by the American? AAABecause she had to struggle to survive serious illnesses. BBB Because she couldn’t live together with her family. CCCBecause she was transferred camp to camp. DDDBecause she didn’t have any information about Richie. 444 Betty agreed to marry Otto . AAAwhen she didn’t love Richie any more BBB although she didn’t love him CCC because her mother admired Otto DDD because he lost his family 555 Betty led a pretty good life in Pennsylvania due to . AAAher great efforts BBB her mother’s help CCCher husband’s success in his profession DDDher children’s hard work 666 Betty decided to go to Hungary again to . AAAlook for Richie BBB carry out her mother’s wish CCCrecover from the loss of her mother DDDrecall her first love 777 Which of the following is NOT true about Betty? AAABetty went out to dinner in the first week in Budapest. BBB Betty recognized Richie immediately when she saw him. CCCBetty had dinner in the Hotel Royal. DDDBetty couldn’t help thinking of the past life. 888 When they met each other in the Hotel Royal by chance, Richie . A) was very calm B) couldn’t believe it was true C) was reluctant to recognize her D) couldn’t control his feeling 999 When Richie traced Betty to New York and came to her apartment, it was who turned him away. A) Betty’s mother B) Otto C) Betty’s daughter D) Betty’s son 1111 Although he had his family in the United States, Richie asked Betty to . AAApersuade Otto to step aside BBB leave her family and stay with him CCClive together with his family DDDmove to the United States 1111 What led to Betty’s decision of staying with Otto? 104 True Love

AAAHer mother’s words. BBB Both her mother’s words and Otto’s great love for the family. CCCOtto’s great success in his profession. DDDOtto’s request for forgiveness.

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 Do you think it appropriate for Richie to ask Betty to leave her family and stay with him? Why or why not? 222 If you were Betty, would you make the same decision? Why? 333 In conclusion, Betty described her love for Richie as a young love, and her love for Otto as a mature one. What is your understanding of young love and mature love?

Part IV Writing Resume A resume is a short account of your personal details, your education and your work experience that you send to an employer. Basically it consists of heading, career objectives, educational experience, working experience, other activities (interests, honors and awards, skills, publication, etc.), and references. Heading: including your name, address, phone number, email address Career objectives: stating your immediate work goal and the direction you hope your career will take Educational experience: listing relevant facts of your college education Work experience: highlighting your full-time, part-time, and volunteer work experience Honors and awards: stating the receipt of competitive awards, such as teaching or research awards, competitive scholarships, etc. References: indicating that they will be furnished on request, or listing two or three referees’ names, addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses More tips on how to write a resume: * Capitalize the headings to make them stand out on the page. * To save space, use phrases and clauses rather than complete * sentences.

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* List your most recent education and employment experience first to * attract the employer’s attention. * Don’t try to cram too much material onto a page. Ample white space is important.

Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up any new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind. —William Shakespeare

At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet. —Plato Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies. —Aristotle Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love. —Albert Einstein

2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) You are going to watch a PPT presentation, and read the words while listening to the song. After that, have a talk on the following questions. a. How do you feel about the song? b. Do you think that distance creates love? c. Is it painful to be missing someone?

2) View a clip of the movie “The Story of Us” and then complete the tasks that follow. Before you begin, glance at the words below. You can watch the clip as many times as you like. clarinet /klQrInet/ n. 黑管

Task 1: Fill in the blanks with the exact words you have heard. When I think about it, over the years, when Ben and I . Maybe it was . Who’s

106 True Love going to take Erin to school? ? But after a while, in not having to , because somehow you just .

Task 2: View the clip again and dub it.

3. Fun time

Listen to the song “A Love That Will Never Grow Old” and fill in the blanks in the lyrics.

A Love That Will Never Grow Old Go to sleep, may your sweet dreams Just lay back in my arms for I’ve this crazy old notion that calls me sometimes Saying this one’s the .

’Cause I know a love that will never grow old And I know a love that will never grow old.

When you wake up the world But , I’ll never falter or fail Just the smile in your eyes, it can , And your laughter’s like wind in my sails.

’Cause I know a love that will never grow old And I know a love that will never grow old.

Lean on me, let our hearts beat in time, from the hands that have held you so long. where we go on this rutted old road In a world that may say that .

’Cause I know a love that will never grow old And I know a love that will never grow old.

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Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

conjure up 使呈现于脑际 ( 或眼帘 ) ；想起 tremendous /trImends/ a. 巨大的 resound /rIzaUnd/ vi. 发出回音 switch to 切换到 novel /nvl/ a. 新奇的，不寻常的 restructure /ristrktS(r)/ vt. 再构成，重建 essence /esns/ n. 实质 broaden one’s horizons 开阔眼界 perception /psepSn/ n. 感知能力 productively /prUdktIvlI/ ad. 富有成效地

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Part II Text A The Heart of the Games: My Favorite Olympic Moments Mitch Albom

1 If you want to find the best stories at the Olympics, look in the corners, away from the spotlight. For me, in covering the Olympics over the last 24 years, the lesser-lit places have been where the most memorable moments took place. 2 Sure, TV always hypes the favorites. We are already being bombarded with big-name expectations in Beijing, such as swimming star Michael Phelps or basketball’s Kobe Bryant. But, personally, I soured on big-name stuff back in Barcelona in 1992, after the Dream Team’s Michael Jordan, who earned millions endorsing Nike, refused to get on the medal stand if he had to wear a Reebok sweat suit. 3 “They can mail me the medal,” he told the press. 4 Check, please. Thankfully, those same Olympics provided me with maybe the best sports moment I’ve ever covered — a much less-hyped one. And that taught me one of several lessons about where to seek the heart and soul1 111 核 心 ，实 质 ，精 of the Games: Look to2 the losers. 髓 5 The story I refer to happened one afternoon far from 2. 注 意 ；期 待 the Dream Team hysteria, in Barcelona’s Olympic stadium, when a British sprinter named Derek Redmond pulled a hamstring midway through a 400-meter heat. He fell to the track as if he’d been shot. His Olympics were over. 6 But his moment had just begun. 3 7 As Derek waved off the medics and tried to hop to 3. 挥手告别 the finish, his father, Jim Redmond, a heavyset machine- shop owner, burst from the stands and ran onto the track. He somehow reached his son, who buried his head in his father’s shoulder to hide his tears. Then the two of them, the father supporting the son, inched their way to the finish line so that Derek could say he finished the race. The crowd rose for the slow-hobbling men and roared as loudly as it would for any champion. 8 Later, Jim Redmond was asked how he made it onto the

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track. 9 “You don’t need accreditation in an emergency,” the father said. 10 Since most Olympians have trained a lifetime for a single moment, defeat can tell as rich a story as victory. In 1988, at the Seoul Games, American boxer Anthony Hembrick sat stunned, crying, a sweatshirt hood over his head, after learning that his coach had read the schedule wrong, they’d missed the bus and arrived too late for his 4 4. 用 绷 带 包 扎（伤 first bout. The coaches tried to tape him up quickly. They 口等） tried to argue. No luck. A forfeit was declared. Hembrick’s 5 5. 出拳击打 Olympics were over before he threw a punch . 11 How about runner Mary Decker Slaney, who missed 6. 由 于，因 为 the 1976 Games due to6 injury, the 1980 Games due to boycott, and who finally, in 1984 in Los Angeles, was a gold-medal favorite competing before her home crowd in the 3,000 meters? Just past the halfway mark, she got tangled with a barefoot, teenage British runner named Zola Budd and tumbled to the infield, grabbing her thigh and bursting 7 7. 突然…起来 into tears. Her dream was shattered. Four years later, in Seoul, Slaney tried the same race again and got brushed and stumbled and lost. Dream over, again. One of our greatest female distance runners ever. Yet defeat, sadly, was the star of her Olympic story. 12 Defeat meant something different to a young marathoner named Aguida Amaral, from war-torn East Timor, where violence left her home burned and her running shoes ruined. In Sydney in 2000, she had to compete in a plain white jersey under the Olympic flag. Near the end of the 26-mile race, despite being more than 47 minutes behind the winner, she was so grateful to have made it that, after running into 8 8. （祈 祷 、恳 求 、 the stadium, she dropped to her knees in prayer. An 屈 服 等 时）跪 下 official gently informed her that she still had to circle the track to finish, so she rose to cheers and did so, then kissed the ground. 13 By the way, Amaral finished second from last, proving that the best stories are often far from the medal stand. 14 They are also far from the well-known arenas of 9 9. 田径 gymnastics, swimming, and track and field . For example, in 1988, during a sailing competition, a Canadian named 110 Different Perspectives

Lawrence Lemieux was in second place in a race when he spotted two sailors from Singapore who’d been thrown into 10 the water by the rough winds and waves. He veered off 10. 偏离航向 course, pulled them onto his boat and waited for rescuers. It cost him any chance of winning. But it gave new meaning to Olympic sportsmanship. 15 In Sydney, the rarely seen sport of Greco-Roman wrestling offered the magical tale of a beefy Wyoming dairy farmer named Rulon Gardner, who had never finished higher than fifth in a world championship. He was pitted, in the gold-medal match, against11 a Russian legend named 11. 使 相 斗 ，使 竞 争 Aleksandr Karelin, “The Siberian Bear,” who hadn’t lost a match in thirteen years. Thirteen years? Gardner somehow 12 scored the first point on him and held Karelin off for 12. 阻 止 ，抵 挡 住 13 what felt like forever. Finally, with eight seconds left, the 13. 感觉好似 mighty Russian dropped his hands in surrender. Gardner took the gold and became an American icon — from Greco- Roman wrestling. 16 Who says that you need to understand a sport to find a hero? 17 In the Beijing Games, we’ll see many inspiring photos. But remember, sometimes a snapshot tells an entire story; sometimes it is only a keyhole. In 1988, there was the picture of South Korean boxer Byun Jong-Il, sitting alone in an empty ring after they turned the lights out14. The full 14. 关 掉 ，旋 熄 story was a controversial decision an hour earlier that led to bottles and chairs being thrown, and to Korean boxing officials attacking a referee in a melee. 18 There was also a photo of Soviet gymnast Dmitri Bilozerchev, at those same Seoul Games, wearing a bronze medal. The full story was that doctors had never expected him to walk again after he’d shattered his leg in 40 places in a drunk-driving incident. 19 There was the image of a Nigerian woman named Glory Alozie, flying over the hurdles in the Sydney Games en route to a silver medal. What the picture didn’t show was the heavy heart she carried over those hurdles, having lost the love of her life — her sprinter fiancé, Hyginus Anugo — just a few weeks earlier in that same city, after he was killed by a speeding car while running to get snacks for his teammates. 111 Unit 5

20 So the Olympics are this massive, colorful tapestry. And simple math tells us there will be more than 10,000 athletes competing in Beijing, and relatively few of them will make it to your TV screen. But every Olympian has an Olympic story. Sometimes they end on a medal stand. And sometimes you have to look a bit harder to find gold. Trust me. It is well worth the search. (1,119 words)

New Words spotlight▲ /sptlaIt/ n. （舞台等的）聚光灯；公众注意中心 lesser /les(r)/ ad. used to describe sth. that is not as great in size, amount or importance as sth. else 较小地；较少 地；较次要地 hype /haIp/ vt. to try to make people think sth. is good or important by talking about it a lot on television, the radio, etc. 大肆宣传 sour /saU(r)/ v. (of a relation or one’s attitude) to become unfriendly or unfavorable（使）变坏，（使）恶 化；（使）感到厌烦，（使）失望 endorse★ /Inds/ vt. (of a famous person) to say in an advertisement that they use and like a product or service; to express formal support or approval for sb. or sth. 为（商品等）代言；赞同，支持，认可 medal /medl/ n. a flat piece of metal, usu. shaped like a coin, that is given to sb. who has won a competition or who has done sth. brave 奖牌；奖章；勋章 Reebok /ribk,-bk/ 锐步（著名体育用品品牌） hysteria /hIstIrI/ n. extreme excitement that makes people cry, laugh, shout, etc. in a way that is out of control 毫无来由 的情绪激动; 歇斯底里 stadium /steIdIm/ n. （设有看台的）露天体育场 sprinter /sprInt(r)/ n. a person who runs in fast races over short distances 短跑运动员 hamstring /hQmstrIN/ n. a tendon behind one’s knee, which sometimes gets injured when one does sport 后跟腱 midway /mIdweI/ ad. between two places, and the same distance from each of them 中途

112 Different Perspectives heat /hit/ n. a part of a race or competition whose winners then compete against each other in the next part（赛跑 等的）（一个）赛次；分组赛，预赛 medic /medIk/ n. a person in the army who is trained to give medical treatment（随军急救）卫生队队员 inch /IntS/ vi. to move very slowly in a particular direction 缓慢 地移动 n. a unit for measuring length, equal to 2.54 centimetres; a very small distance 英寸 hobble /hbl/ vi. to walk with difficulty, esp. because one’s legs or feet hurt 一瘸一拐地行走 champion /tSQmpIn/ n. sb. or sth. that has won a competition, esp. in sport 冠军 accreditation the state of having official approval to do sth., esp. /kredIteISn/ n. because of having reached an acceptable standard 委托；委派 Olympian /UlImpIn/ n. a person who is taking part in, or who has taken part in, the Olympic Games, used esp. in news reports 奥运会选手 Seoul /sUl/ 首尔（韩国首都） boxer /bks(r)/ n. a person who boxes, esp. as a job 拳击运动员 sweatshirt /swetSt/ n. （尤指运动员运动前后保暖穿的）宽松无领长袖运 动衫 hood▲ /hUd/ n. a part of a coat, jacket, etc. that one can pull up to cover his head 风帽；头巾 bout▲ /baUt/ n. a wrestling or boxing match（摔跤或拳击）比赛 forfeit▲ /ffIt/ n. sth. that one has lost the right to do or have because he has broken a rule（因犯罪、疏忽、失 职等）丧失的东西 vt. to lose a right, position, possession, etc. or to have it taken away from sb. because he has broken a law or rule（因过失、疏忽、犯罪等而）丧失 boycott★ /bIkt/ n. an act of boycotting sth., or the period of time when it is boycotted（联合）抵制，拒绝参加 vt. to refuse to buy sth., use sth., or take part in sth. as a way of protesting 拒绝参加（或购买、使用） Los Angeles /lsQndZls/ 洛杉矶（美国城市） tumble★ /tmbl/ vi. to fall down quickly and suddenly, esp. with a rolling movement 跌倒，摔下 infield /Infild/ n. (AmE) the area bounded by a racetrack〈美〉椭圆 113 Unit 5

形跑道内的运动场地 thigh★ /TaI/ n. the top part of one’s leg, between the knee and the hip 股，大腿 shatter★ /SQt(r)/ v. to completely destroy sb.’s hopes, beliefs, or confidence; to break suddenly into very small pieces, or to make sth. break in this way （使）粉 碎，（使）碎裂；（使）毁坏，（使）损坏 brush /brS/ vt. to touch sb. or sth. lightly when passing them 擦 过，轻触 stumble★ /stmbl/ vi. to hit one’s foot against sth. or put one’s foot down awkwardly while he is walking or running, so that he almost falls 绊脚；绊倒 star /stA(r)/ n. （占星术中的）星宿；命运，运气 marathoner /mQrTn/ n. a person who takes parts in marathon as a runner 马拉松运动员 war-torn /wtn/ a. destroyed by war 受战争破坏的 East Timor /isttim(r)/ 东帝汶（东南亚） violence /vaIlns/ n. behaviour that is intended to hurt other people physically 暴力（行为） Sydney /sIdnI/ 悉尼（澳大利亚港市） prayer /pre(r)/ n. the act or ceremony in which sb. prays 祷告，祈祷 inform /Infm/ vt. to formally or officially tell sb. about sth. or give them information 通知，告知 arena★ /rin/ n. a building with a large flat central area surrounded by seats, where sports or entertainments take place （四周设有座位、供竞技、表演等用的）场地 track and field sports such as running and jumping 田径运动 sailor /seIl(r)/ n. a person who works on a ship 水手，海员 rescuer★ /reskju/ n. a person who comes to save sb. or sth. from a situation of danger or harm 营救人员 sportsmanship behaviour that is fair, honest, and polite in a game /sptsmnSIp/ n. or sports competition 运动家品格（尤指强调公平 竞赛、胜不骄败不馁等） Gr(a)eco-Roman of or relating to both Greece and Rome 希腊罗马 /grikUrUmn/ a. （式）的 beefy /bifI/ a. (of a person) big, strong, and often quite fat 粗壮 的，结实的 Wyoming /waIUmIN/ 怀俄明州（美国州名） dairy /derI/ n. dairy farm, a place on a farm where milk is kept and butter and cheese are made 乳牛场 114 Different Perspectives championship a competition to find which player, team, etc. is /tSQmpInSIp/ n. the best in a particular sport 锦标赛 Siberian /saIbIrIn/ a. 西伯利亚的 surrender /srend(r)/ n. the state of stopping fighting and admitting defeat 投降 vi. to stop fighting and admit defeat 投降 icon★ /aIkn/ n. a person famous who is admired by many people and is thought to represent an important idea 偶 像；崇拜对象 snapshot★ /snQpSt/ n. a photograph taken quickly and often not very skillfully 快照 keyhole /kihUl/ n. the hole in a lock that one puts the key in 锁眼，钥 匙孔 South Korean /saUTkrIn/ 韩国的，韩国人的 controversial causing a lot of disagreement, because many /kntrvSl/ a. people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed 引起争论的，有争议的 referee★ /refri/ n a person who makes sure that the rules of a sport such as football are followed（足球等体育运动 的）裁判 melee /meleI/ n. a large noisy uncontrolled crowd in which people are moving in different directions and sometimes fighting with each other 混战，大打出手 Soviet /sUvIt/ a. 苏联的；苏联人的 gymnast /dZImnQst/ n. a person who is good at gymnastics and competes against other people in gymnastic competitions 体 操运动员 bronze★ /brnz/ a. made of bronze 青铜制的 Nigerian /naIdZIrIn/ a. 尼日利亚的；尼日利亚人的 hurdle▲ /hdl/ n. a race in which the runners have to jump over hurdles 跨栏赛跑 en route /Nrut/ on the way〈法〉在途中 fiancé /fInseI/ n. the man whom a woman is going to marry 未婚夫 tapestry /tQpIstrI/ n. sth. that is made up of many different people and things（像花毯或挂毯图案般）丰富多彩（或构思 复杂）的画面

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Expressions heart and soul the most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience 核心，实质，精髓 look to to pay attention to or depend on 注意；期待 wave off to wave goodbye to sb. as one leaves 挥手告别 tape up to wrap a leg, arm or other part of the body in a bandage 用绷带包扎（伤口等） throw a punch to try to hit sb. with one’s hand in a fight 出拳击打 due to because of (sth.) 由于，因为 burst into to suddenly begin to make a sound, esp. to start singing, crying, or laughing突然…起来 drop to one’s knees to move so that one is kneeling（祈祷、恳求、屈 服等时）跪下 veer off to change direction 偏离航向 pit… against… to test sb.’s strength, ability, power, etc. in a competition or fight against sb. or sth. else 使相 斗，使竞争 hold off to prevent sb. who is trying to attack or defeat one from succeeding 阻止，抵挡住 feel like to have or acknowledge a physical or emotional condition that is considered comparable to sth. else 感觉好似 turn out to stop the flow of electricity to a light by pressing a switch, pulling a string, etc. 关掉，旋熄

Notes

1. Author: Mitch Albom（米奇·阿尔博姆，1958—）is an American best-selling author, journalist, screenwriter, dramatist, radio and television broadcaster and musician. He achieved national recognition for writing sports columns in the earlier part of his career. He is also the author of the best-sellers Tuesdays With Morrie (1997) and For One More Day (2006). 2. Dream Team: The 1992 United States men’s Olympic basketball team is nicknamed the “Dream Team” because it was made up of active NBA players and considered the greatest team assembled（集合）in any sport. 3. Then the two of them, the father supporting the son, inched their way to the finish line:

116 Different Perspectives

The phrase “the father supporting the son” is an example of independent genitive（独 立主格结构）. It is made up of two parts: the noun or pronoun phrase and the non- finite verb phrase（非谓语动词词组）or the adjective/adverb/preposition phrase. The former serves the logical subject of the latter. In this example, “the father” is the logical subject of the participle phrase “supporting the son”. This structure often functions as the adverbial（状语）of the whole sentence. In Para. 10, “a sweatshirt hood over his head” is another example of independent genitive. It is made up of a noun phrase “a sweatshirt hood” and a prepositional phrase “over his head”. 4. The crowd rose for the slow-hobbling men and roared as loudly as it would for any champion: The verb “roar” is omitted in the subordinate clause to avoid repetition. The subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）is used in “as it would for any champion” because it is a possible situation, not a real situation. 5. A forfeit was declared: In wrestling or boxing when an athlete fails to show up for a bout, the match is abandoned and the opponent is automatically declared the winner. 6. How about runner Mary Decker Slaney, who missed the 1976 Games due to injury, the 1980 Games due to boycott: The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow, the first Soviet city ever to host the Olympics. United States boycotted the Moscow Games possibly due to ideological（意识形态的）differences. 7. from war-torn East Timor: East Timor was an overseas province of Portugal from 1914 until 1975 and was occupied by Indonesia in 1976. Then fighting broke out between Timorese guerrillas（游击队）and the Indonesian troops. It voted for independence in 1999 and achieved full independence in 2002. 8. Greco-Roman wrestling: （只可攻击身体上部的）古典式摔跤 9. held Karelin off for what felt like forever: held Karelin off for a long time as if forever 10. there was the picture of South Korean boxer Byun Jong-Il, sitting alone in an empty ring after they turned the lights out: At the 1988 Seoul Olympics Byun Jong-Il protested against a decision by refusing to leave the ring（拳击场）after losing the game. He sat by himself in the ring for over an hour. Eventually, match officials turned the lights out and left him in darkness. 11. that led to bottles and chairs being thrown, and to Korean boxing officials attacking a referee in a melee: The gerund phrases（动名词短语）following a preposition can have its own logical subject in the object case（宾格）. Here “the bottles and chairs” serves as the logical subject of “being thrown” and “Korean boxing officials” as the logical subject of “attacking a referee in a melee”. 12. It is well worth the search: This sentence is derived from the structure “It is well worth doing sth.” which is used to say that someone should do something because they will gain something from it.

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Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud paragraphs 1-2. Afterwards, practice them on your own several times. If you want to find the best stories at the Olympics, look in the corners, away from the spotlight. For me, in covering the Olympics over the last 24 years, the lesser-lit places have been where the most memorable moments took place. Sure, TV always hypes the favorites. We are already being bombarded with big-name expectations in Beijing, such as swimming star Michael Phelps or basketball’s Kobe Bryant. But, personally, I soured on big-name stuff back in Barcelona in 1992, after the Dream Team’s Michael Jordan, who earned millions endorsing Nike, refused to get on the medal stand if he had to wear a Reebok sweat suit.

Understanding the Text 1. Overview In this essay the author describes his favorite Olympic moments to prove that the “heart and soul” of the Olympic Games is often better displayed by the losers than the winners. Reread the essay carefully, and then complete the following “gist” by filling in the blanks with appropriate words either from the text or of your own. The first blank has been filled in as an example for your reference. The Heart of the Games: My Favorite Olympic Moments Name Nationality Host City Event Story Michael the U.S. Barcelona basketball He refused to get on the medal Jordan stand if he had to wear a Reebok sweat suit because he endorsed Nike. Derek Barcelona He and, Redmond race supported by his father, still to the finish line.

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Anthony the U.S. Seoul boxing His Olympics were over Hembrick before he because his coach had read the schedule and they missed the first bout. Mary the U.S. Los Angeles 3,000-meter Her Olympic dream was Decker Seoul race because Slaney she missed the 1976 and 1980 Games injury and , and lost in the 1984 and 1988 Games. Aguida East Timor Sydney Despite being far behind the Amaral winner she was so grateful to have made that she her knees in prayer after running into the stadium. Lawrence Seoul He was in place Lemieux when he spotted two sailors who had been the water. He and saved them. Rulon the U.S. Sydney Greco- In the gold-medal match Gardner Roman he was a wrestling Russian legend Karelin. He the first point and Karelin until the Russian dropped his hands . Byun South Korea Seoul boxing He was sitting alone in an Jong-Il empty ring after the lights were because of a(n) decision.

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Dmitri the Soviet Seoul He won a(n) after Bilozerchev Union he had been severely injured in an accident and the doctor never expected him to walk again. Glory Sydney hurdles She won a(n) just Alozie a few weeks after losing her fiancé in the same city.

2. Interpretation The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 We are already being bombarded with big-name expectations in Beijing... (Para. 2) AAAAs we know, the famous athletes are expecting a lot of the Beijing Games… BBB As expected, people are confused about the names of athletes competing in Beijing… CCCThe media are continuously giving excessive coverage of those famous athletes who will appear in the Beijing Games… 222 … I soured on big-name stuff back in Barcelona in 1992… (Para. 2) AAA… I found the best sports moment I had ever covered in 1992 in Barcelona… BBB … I started to feel tired of reporting the famous athletes from 1992 in Barcelona… CCC… I failed to remember the names of the athletes I reported in Barcelona in 1992… 333 … Jim Redmond was asked how he made it onto the track. (Para. 8) AAA… Jim Redmond was asked how he managed to get onto the track. BBB … Jim Redmond was asked how he made the decision to get onto the track. CCC… Jim Redmond was asked how he felt running onto the track. 444 Yet defeat, sadly, was the star of her Olympic story. (Para.11) AAAHer Olympic story started from defeat. BBB It seemed to be her fate to be defeated in the Olympic Games. CCCShe was defeated in the Olympic Games only. 555 He was pitted, in the gold-medal match, against a Russian legend

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named Aleksandr Karelin… (Para. 15) AAAHe had little chance to defeat the Russian legend named Aleksandr Karelin in the gold-medal match… BBB He had never fought with the Russian legend named Aleksandr Karelin before in a gold-medal match… CCCHe was competing against a Russian legend named Aleksandr Karelin in the gold-medal match… 666 Gardner… held Karelin off for what felt like forever. (Para. 15) AAAGardner… held Karelin and made him unable to fight back for a long time. BBB Gardner... felt like holding Karelin forever. CCCGardner… wanted Karelin to hold him forever.

3. Discussion

Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 In this essay, the author says that the most memorable moments of the Olympic Games often take place in the lesser-lit places. Do you agree with him? Why or why not? 222 The author says that he lost interest in reporting the sports stars after the Dream Team’s Michael Jordan refused to get on the medal stand wearing a Reebok sweat suit in Barcelona. Make comments on this incident. 333 Of all the Olympic moments the author describes in the essay, which one impresses you most? Give your reasons. 444 Of all the Olympic Games you have watched so far, what is your favorite Olympic moment? Give your reasons.

4. Appreciating gems of the language Antithesis You have already learned antithesis（对偶）in Unit 4 of Book 2. It is a common rhetorical device involving a seeming contradiction（对立）of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. Parallelism（平行性）of expression serves to emphasize opposition of ideas. Read aloud the following examples from Text A and try to feel the effect of antithesis.

For me, in covering the Olympics over the last 24 years, the lesser-lit places have been where the most memorable moments took place.

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The crowd rose for the slow-hobbling men and roared as loudly as it would for any champion. It cost him any chance of winning. But it gave new meaning to Olympic sportsmanship.

Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary. inform forfeit stumble midway shatter boycott controversial violence medal hobble hype endorse surrender sour prayer

111 The American president Jimmy Carter called for a(n) of the Moscow Games, saying that the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan（阿富汗） violated the principles of the Olympics. 222 The American boxer missed the first match because nobody him about the change in the schedule. 333 The company paid $2 million to the world champion to its new sports shoes. 444 Despite fierce competition she managed to win the first gold of the championships. 555 The recent outbreak of racial in this country has left many lives killed and many homes burned. 666 The terrible experience of getting lost in the jungle made me on adventure for the rest of my life. 777 Supported by his father, the runner who pulled a hamstring in the race to the finish line. 888 His of the match following drug-testing came as a shock to his fans who were expecting to see him playing. 999 In the race a runner and almost fell, but she was able to regain her balance. 1111 Our team scored the first point through the first half and won the game finally. 1111 Feeling lost and confused, I knelt down in and asked God to show me the true path of life. 1111 The athlete chased and attacked the referee after losing the match

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because of a(n) decision. 1111 Surrounded by the enemy, the young man would rather die than raise his hands in . 1111 Reebok pays some famous athletes tens of millions of dollars a year to its image. 1111 His leg was in 40 places in a drunk-driving incident and doctors predicted that he was never able to walk again.

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary. tape up due to hold off drop to one’s knees feel like throw a punch wave off look to pit sb. against turn out veer off burst into

111 It has been a year since her daughter died, but to her it still yesterday. 222 She looked back and saw her mother her from the kitchen door. 333 If the disease can not be cured by any treatment, people will alternative therapies such as herbal medicines and acupuncture（针灸）. 444 He’d just injured himself playing football and his arm . 555 Jeff became so mad at Mike that he at him and knocked him unconscious. 666 His failure in this match was nothing else than his own carelessness. 777 Suddenly at the airport lights and the police started to open fire in darkness. 888 He rushed towards me trying to knock me off my feat but I responded quickly and him with my arms. 999 He had never finished higher than fifth in a world championship but in the gold-medal match he the three-time Olympic champion. 1111 When he saw two sailors thrown into the water by the rough winds and waves, he course to save them. 1111 Having been defeated in the game, the young athlete looked so sad and tired that he and buried his face in the chest of his coach. 1111 She tears the moment she was told that she didn’t get the accreditation for the Olympic Games.

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3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: Although he got his ankle injured in the race, he still moved slowly to the finish line. (inch v.) → Although he got his ankle injured in the race, he still inched his way to the finish line.

111 So far relatively few women have succeeded in getting to the top in the business world. (make) So far relatively few women have to the top in the business world. 222 Today we are given too much advice on what to eat and what to avoid. (bombard) Today we advice on what to eat and what to avoid. 333 Scott came to rescue when he saw a boy who had been thrown into the water by the rough winds and waves. (spot vt.) Scott came to rescue when he a boy who had been thrown into the water by the rough winds and waves. 444 The scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine because of this great discovery. (lead) This great discovery the Nobel Prize for medicine. 555 The most memorable moments in the Olympic Games often take place in places which do not catch much spotlight. (light vt.) The most memorable moments in the Olympic Games often take place in places. 666 A momentary inattention in the game made him lose the chance of winning an Olympic gold medal. (cost vt.) A momentary inattention in the game the chance of winning an Olympic gold medal.

Structure ellipsis（省略）

Ellipsis is a rhetorical device. It refers to the artful omission of a word (or words) implied by a previous clause. For instance, an author might write, “The American soldiers killed eight civilians, and the French five.” The writer of the sentence has left out the words “killed” and “soldiers” after French, and the word “civilians” after “five”. However, all these words are implied by the previous clause, so a reader has no trouble following the author’s thought. Here are some examples from Text A:

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Dream over, again. (= Her Olympic dream was over, again.) One of our greatest female distance runners ever. (= She is one of our great female distance runners ever.) The crowd rose for the slow-hobbling men and roared as loudly as it would for any champion. (= The crowd rose for the slow-hobbling men and roared as loudly as it would roar for any champion.)

Rewrite the following sentences by omitting the unnecessary words. 111 Where would Galileo be without the telescope? Where would Archimedes be without the lever? Having the right tools is important.

222 The first time the bell is rung the infants produce a “startle reaction.” The next time the bell is rung, the infants do not react as strongly as the first time the bell is rung.

333 Space symbolizes hope; place symbolizes achievement and stability.

444 Once they were in the United States, these people and their knowledge, abilities, physical characteristics, and culture were often thrown together, just as metals might be thrown together in a metallurgist’s melting pot.

555 Rarely, by the way, have non-English-speaking immigrants learned English very well. Their children — the first generation Americans — have learned English very well, but it is almost impossible for adults to learn a new language as well as the children.

666 Actors exaggerate their body movements much more than they would exaggerate their body movements if they were in a private conversation.

125 Unit 5

Word Building -ship

The suffix –ship can be added to a noun to form an abstract noun that refers to “1) a particular position or job, 2) the state of having sth., 3) a particular art or skill, or 4) all the people in a particular group.” Here is an example from Text A:

But it gave new meaning to Olympic sportsmanship.

More examples:

I have been in partnership with her for five years. The magazine has a readership of 9,000. He was offered a professorship.

sportsman+ ship → sportsmanship (the particular skill of a sportsman) partner + ship → partnership (the state of being a partner) reader + ship → readership ( all the readers) professor + ship → professorship (the position of being a professor)

In Column A there are some nouns. Write down their corresponding noun forms with the suffix -ship in Column B. A B owner citizen relation leader member friend

Complete each of the following sentences with a word from Column B. 111 Women were granted the vote and given equal for the first time in the 1950 Constitution（宪法）. 222 We didn’t see each other much during that time but our remained strong. 333 There is a direct between the demand for a particular product and its price.

126 Different Perspectives

444 The two countries have a dispute over the of the island which may hold rich undersea oil deposits. 555 Many of his supporters turned away from the candidate（候选人） because he was not showing strong . 666 If you want to join the club, you can apply for its right now.

-ee

The suffix –ee can be added to a verb to form a noun that refers to “a person to whom the stated action is done” or “a person who acts in a stated way.” Here is an example from Text A:

… Korean boxing officials attacking areferee in a melee.

More examples: . The company has over 200 employees. He is a devotee of old Hollywood movies.

refer + ee → referee (a person who is referred to) employ + ee → employee (a person who is employed) devote + ee → devotee (a person who is devoted to sth. or sb.)

In Column A there are some verbs. Write down their corresponding noun forms in Column B. A B train refuge examine escape address absent Complete each of the following sentences with a word from Column B. 111 In an oral test, a(n) is expected to speak fluently on various topics. 222 As a(n) you’ll be paid only half of the usual salary, but it’s excellent preparation for your future career. 333 Almost all the students took part in the ceremony. The only was Sally Maxim. 127 Unit 5

444 The war drove these people out of their homeland and they became in lands where they weren’t welcome. 555 Years ago, Owen dreamed of writing a message at his desk and having it immediately transmitted to any on Earth. 666 The was recaptured after five days on the run.

Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. Life Lessons Arthur Frommer

1 To a hundred countries and over millions of miles, I’ve traveled for some 40 years, and now I am a changed person because of it. On every trip to everywhere, just being in unfamiliar surroundings, among new and different people, alters one’s consciousness（观念）and creates new beliefs.

We Are All Alike 2 I am in the dark, dirty hut of a Masai（马塞部落）family in eastern Africa. Through an interpreter（译员）, the woman of the house tells me that she hopes to learn to read. And why? So that she can study a handbook on raising children. I am sitting cross-legged（盘着腿地）on a tatami（榻榻米） mat in the apartment of a young Japanese couple. Their daughter, they tell me, is complaining about the harshness （严厉）of her first-grade teacher. I am aboard a houseboat （居住船）on the Nile. The owner is talking with enthusiasm about a recent film. 3 Travel has taught me that despite differences in dress and language and condition, all the world’s people are essentially 1 111 渴望 alike. We have the same urges and concerns; we yearn for the same things. And those who patronize （以屈尊俯就的 态度对待）others or regard them as funny or backward are foolish indeed; they have not learned the lessons of travel.

We All Think Ourselves Virtuous（道德高尚的） 4 At the bar of an Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹）cafe I am

128 Different Perspectives talking with a Dutch friend. Last night, he tells me, a nationwide telethon （马拉松式电视广播节目） — a lengthy TV program — raised the equivalent of 80 million dollars for cancer research. “Only in Holland（荷兰）,” he says, “would there be such an outpouring（倒出）.” We all consider ourselves the best; we all believe in the superiority （优越性） of our own country and culture. How many times have you heard politicians proclaim this or that nation to be the finest on earth? Travel rids you of2 that smug（自鸣得意 2. 使…摆脱 的）chauvinism（沙文主义）; it exposes you to the finest in every land and makes you distinctly uneasy when you later return home and hear people proclaiming their own nation to be better than others.

We Are Responsible for One Another 5 It is the early 1980s. Dancing down a broad boulevard （林荫大道）in Zagreb (萨格勒布) is a succession of laughing, gaily（欢乐地）clad（给…穿衣）groups gathered there for a festival of Yugoslavia’s（南斯拉夫）national folk dances. From the curb（路缘）, I watch Muslims and Christians, Bosnians（波斯尼亚人）, Croatians（克罗地亚人）, and Serbs（塞尔维亚人） celebrating in complete harmony3. 3. （与 …）协 调 一 Now, years later, and because of travel, I remember them as 致 ，（ 与 … ） 和 distinct human presences, not as abstractions（抽象概念） 睦融洽 — mere concepts; I get almost physically ill when I read of the violence among them. Travel makes it impossible to ignore the sufferings of others simply because they are far away; it erases distance and transforms you into a more sensitive citizen of the world, the only kind of person who can contribute to peace.

There Is No Single Solution for Human Problems 6 I am walking the streets of Hong Kong, past signs for herbal medicines（中草药）and acupuncturists（针灸医生）, and all around are millions of people perfectly content 4 with these approaches to personal health so different from 4. 对…满意的 our own. I am lying in a copper bathtub（浴缸） filled with naturally carbonated water5 in a bathing establishment in 5. 苏打水 the Belgian（比利时的）city of Spa（斯帕）. And although my mind tells me that, scientifically speaking, water cures 129 Unit 5

are rubbish, I feel something happening to my body and suspect that the 300 million Europeans who embrace such remedies may not be as wrong headed（执迷不悟的）as our own medical establishment would have us believe. I go to countries like Holland, where people by law may not 6 6. 使…吃惊的是 be fired from their jobs, and to my astonishment meet wealthy conservatives who staunchly（坚定地）defend this prohibition（禁令）. Travel reveals a whole range of unusual practices that may succeed in differing contexts; it suggests newer approaches for your own society and keeps you receptive（愿接受的） to novel proposals and experiments in every field. Travel Keeps Us Young 7 I sit on that airplane, eating awful food, breathing stale air, feeling jet-lagged（具有时差症症状的）and achy （疼痛的）, and tell myself that travel is deeply fatiguing and unnatural（反自然的）. And yet when I emerge in an unfamiliar airport and city, I feel challenged and alive. There is still language to attempt, a new history to absorb, another culture to encounter. And though some of it may dismay（使 失望）rather than enchant（使陶醉）, it is never uninteresting （无趣的）; your mind is constantly awhirl（旋转的） with ideas and impressions. And even when you believe you have exhausted the store of new destinations and cultures, you discover that you can enjoy them on a deeper level. I’m currently studying Italian so that I can better enjoy a country I’ve visited a hundred times.

Travel Teaches Us Humility（谦逊）, the Best Human Trait 8 In the course of a long trip, I arrive at last at an English- speaking country say, Australia — and grab for a local newspaper. Wonder of wonders, there’s not a single story in it about my own U.S.A. Shocking and impudent（放肆的）, these “foreigners” dare to prefer their own concerns and 7 7. 近在手边 matters closer to hand . We learn, through travel, that the world does not revolve around us alone, that we no longer rule the Earth, that not everyone worships our lifestyle or 130 Different Perspectives envies us. That kind of discovery makes us different from those puffed-up（趾高气扬的）, closed-minded boosters （积极的支持者）and braggarts（自夸者）who sometimes dominate our public discourse（演讲）. You become a quieter American and, in my opinion8, a smarter and more 8. 据我看来 productive one.

9 Travel, for many, is merely a form of recreation. But travel is now becoming recognized as education. Certainly, it has a compelling（有强烈吸引力的）effect, often greater than that of any other activity, even extensive reading. It has changed my life, and I believe that you, too, may want to 9 reflect on how it has altered your own consciousness. 9. 思 考 ，反 省 10 Ours is the first generation in human history to travel to other continents as easily as we once took a trolley （有轨电车）to the next town. Dare we hope that access to a larger world will result in10 more understanding, 10. 导致 in human beings more tolerant（宽容的）and peaceful? (982 words)

New Words alter /lt(r)/ v. to change, or to make sb. or sth. change 改变， 改动 alike /laIk/ a. very similar〈一般作表语〉同样的；相像的 handbook /hQndbUk/ n. a short book that gives information or instructions about sth. 手册，便览 mat /mQt/ n. a small piece of thick rough material which covers part of a floor 地席；草席 aboard /bd/ prep. on or onto a ship, plane, or train 在（船、飞机、 车）上 lengthy /leNkTI/ a. continuing for a long time, often too long 长的； 过长的 politician /plItISn/ n. a person who works in politics, esp. an elected member of the government 政治家；政客 proclaim /prUkleIm/ vt. to say publicly or officially that sth. important is true or exists 赞扬，称颂；宣告，宣布 distinctly /dIstINktlI/ ad. very clearly 无疑地，确实地；清楚地，清晰地

131 Unit 5 succession /skseSn/ n. a number of people or things of the same kind following, coming or happening one after the other （前后相接的）一系列，一连串 festival /festvl/ n. an occasion when there are performances of many films, plays, pieces of music, etc. usu. happening in the same place every year（常指定期举行的音 乐、戏剧等）活动节期 harmony /hAmnI/ n. the quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole 和睦；融洽 distinct /dIstINkt/ a. (of sth.) clearly being seen, heard, smelled, etc. 清 楚的，清晰的 suffering /sfrIN/ n. serious physical or mental pain 痛苦，苦难 copper /kp(r)/ n. 铜 suspect /sspekt/ vt. to think or believe sth. to be true or probable 推测； 认为；料想 European /jUrpin/ a. 欧洲的；欧洲人的 n. 欧洲人 remedy /remIdI/ n. a medicine to cure an illness or pain that is not very serious 治疗；治疗法 conservative a person who does not like changes in politics, /knsvtIv/ n. ideas, or fashion 保守者，因循守旧者 a. not liking changes or new ideas 保守的，守旧的； 传统的 differ /dIf(r)/ vi. to be different from sth. in some way 相异，有 区别 novel /nvl/ a. not like anything known before, and unusual or interesting 新奇的，不寻常的 stale /steIl/ a. (of air) not fresh or pleasant（空气等）污浊的 fatigue /ftig/ vt. to make sb. extremely tired 使疲劳 n. very great tiredness 疲劳，劳累 emerge /ImdZ/ vi. to appear or come out from somewhere 浮现；出 来；出现 impression /ImpreSn/ n. the opinion or feeling one has about sb. or sth. because of the way they seem 印象，感想 worship /wSIp/ vt. to love, respect and admire sb. or sth. very much, often without noticing their bad qualities 崇拜； 敬重 dominate /dmIneIt/ vt. to control sb. or sth. or to have more importance than other people or things 支配，统治，控制 productive /prUdktIv/ a. producing or achieving a lot 多产的；富饶的；富 132 Different Perspectives

有成效的 extensive /IkstensIv/ a. containing or dealing with a lot of information and details 广泛的；全面的 access /Qkses/ n. the right to enter a place, use sth., see sb. etc. 接近 （或进入）的机会；接近（或进入）权

Expressions in harmony (with) when people are peaceful and agree with each other, or when things seem right or suitable together（与…）协调一致，（与…）和睦融洽

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions and statements. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 The author mentions the Masai family, the Japanese couple and the owner of a houseboat on the Nile to show that . (Para. 2) AAApeople in different parts of the world are different in dress and language and condition BBB there are smart and foolish people anywhere in the world CCCpeople around the world have the same urges and concerns DDDpeople in some parts of the world are more funny or backward than people elsewhere 222 The author’s Dutch friend says, “Only in Holland would there be such an outpouring.” The word “outpouring” most probably refers to . (Para. 4) AAAthe cancer research BBB the lengthy TV program CCCthe love for friends DDDthe money raised for cancer research 333 From the talk with his Dutch friend the author concludes that . (Para. 4) AAApeople all believe in the superiority of their own country and culture BBB he has been exposed to the finest in Holland

133 Unit 5

CCCthe Dutch people have got rid of that smug chauvinism DDDAmerica is a better nation than Holland 444 Why does the author get almost physically ill when he reads of the violence among different ethnic groups in Yugoslavia? (Para.5) AAABecause he is very sensitive to violence. BBB Because he has done a lot to maintain peace in Yugoslavia. CCCBecause he has some concepts about the sufferings of people far away. DDDBecause he has seen them celebrate in complete harmony years ago. 555 What does the author feel about water cure? (Para. 6) AAAIt brings definite changes to the body. BBB It has no scientific value and may even harm one’s health. CCCIt makes 300 million Europeans wrong-headed. DDDIt may not be so useless as the American doctors have told him. 666 In which country or region does law forbid employers to fire people from their jobs? (Para. 6) AAAIn Belgium. B) In Holland. C) In Hong Kong. D) In Australia. 777 What does the author feel when he emerges in an unfamiliar airport and city? (Para. 7) AAAHe feels challenged and alive. BBB He feels jet-lagged and achy. CCCHe feels both dismayed and enchanted. DDDHe feels his mind constantly awhirl with ideas and impressions. 888 What makes the author surprised when he arrives at, say, Australia at the end of a long trip? (Para. 8) AAAThre is not a single story about the United States in the local newspaper. BBB The local residents speak English in a different way from the Americans. CCCThere is only one local newspaper. DDDThe local residents are not friendly to Americans. 999 What has the author discovered through travel? AAAEverywhere in the world the public discourse is dominated by people proud of their country. BBB People of other countries worship the American lifestyle or even envy American people. CCCAmericans do not rule the world and that the world does not revolve around them alone. DDDA person can be smarter and more productive if he becomes quieter. 134 Different Perspectives

1111 Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions that the author draws about travel? AAAAccess to a large world will make people more tolerant and peaceful. BBB Travel often compels people to read extensively. CCCPeople have realized that apart from a form of recreation travel is also a way of education. DDDTraveling to other continents now is as easy as taking a trolley to the next town before.

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 The author says “we are all alike.” What does he mean? Do you agree with him? Give your reasons. 222 Why does the author say that “travel teaches us humility”? Make some comments. 333 The author says that travel “alter one’s consciousness and creates new beliefs.” How much do you think travel has changed your life? 444 Of all the places you’ve travelled to, what is your favorite destination? Give your reasons.

Part IV Writing Personal statement The personal statement is your opportunity to tell universities and colleges about your suitability for the course(s) that you hope to study. You need to demonstrate your enthusiasm and commitment, and above all, ensure that you stand out from the crowd. The essay is also the only opportunity for the readers of your application to get a feel for you as a person as well as for you as a student. In general a typical personal statement consists of the following three parts: ● An introductory paragraph that provides your essay’s controlling theme. Your introduction is where you establish the tone of your personal statement and define its theme. It’s important that you avoid meaningless words and get right to the point. Be sure that your language is clear and specific. Most importantly, be sure too that the

135 Unit 5

introductory paragraph captures the main idea of your essay. ● Two or more body paragraphs that develop your theme through examples and detailed experiences that build upon each other. The first body paragraph is the place to start building your support for your theme. Here you will begin with the smallest component of your theme and, in following paragraphs, work toward the most significant. Or you can organize chronologically（按时间顺序地）. Try both methods and see which one is most persuasive for your particular theme. ● A conclusion that widens the focus and wraps up your essay without summarizing or repeating what has already been written. Your conclusion is your chance to extend your essay’s scope and to demonstrate the significance of your experience in a larger context. But it is not a repeat or summary of ideas presented elsewhere in the essay or application. Instead, it should reaffirm the validity of your essay’s theme. Sometimes, to highlight the main idea of each part, you can group several related paragraphs together under one subtitle as the author of the sample did.

Sample: My Personal Statement A Long-Cherished Hope Of all the famous scientists and inventors I know about, I admire Thomas Edison most, for, in my view, it is his diverse inventions that have paved the way to the modern life we live today. I wish I could be an inventor, too. But I know I can’t — I don’t think I am that creative, — not with an inborn talent, I mean. Nevertheless, I still hope I could be an engineer — an inventive engineer. I was interested in science subjects in primary and secondary school. And then, in August 2007, when I was admitted to Food Science College of Shanghai Ocean University, I knew I was provided with a wonderful opportunity to pursue my long-cherished dream of being a mechanical engineer.

College Accomplishments Over the past four years, I have been working hard on my BS degree, with a major in Construction Environment and Equipment Engineering (CEEE). Apart from some optional courses, I have completed courses in Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, and Heat Transfer — all required for my major. I have excelled both in academic study and course work. I graduate with

136 Different Perspectives honors in May, 2011, ranked the first in the Dean’s list. I have been awarded various scholarships and prizes throughout all semesters at college. People say, “Knowledge is power.” In my view, knowledge can be power only when it is applied. In order actually to apply theory into practice, I worked as a lab assistant under the direction of Professor Yu Kezhi in the CEEE Department. The project I got involved in was a major academic discipline project assigned by the Municipal Education Commission. My responsibility was predicting the velocity field and temperature field in a vertical display cabinet by CFD software (FLUENT). After three months’ hard work, I succeeded in learning how to simulate the velocity and temperature field through a FLUENT model. And a resultant paper entitled Energy Saving Strategies in a Vertical Display Cabinet with Central Air Flux was published in China’s Energy Conservation Technology journal (Issue 2, 2010). I was one of the co-writers. Apart from this, I also teamed up with some graduate students in our school to enter a design-contest — to design a central air conditioning system for a five-star hotel. We know our proposal had to be creative but feasible. Then there came suggestions, ideas, followed by lots of disputes. On-the-spot visits are made and much literature referred to. And eventually we came up with our proposed central air conditioning design — utilizing ground source- coldness in combination with heat pump based heating system. The design featured in energy consumption reducing; it was well received by the panel and consequently awarded a special prize.

Volunteering at Shanghai Expo 2010 From May through October I worked as a volunteer at Expo 2010 Shanghai, providing services for Chinese Eco-home Pavilion. I was in charge of testing temperature, humidity, air flow velocity and CO2 concentration on each floor using humidity recorder, hot wire anemometer and carbon dioxide apparatus. I carefully compared the data to eliminate human errors. During the Expo, as if lost in a Wonderland, I was exposed to so many amazing technologies around the world — that made me exceedingly excited and fascinated.

Still a Long Way to Go Through experiments in the lab, I have consolidated what I have learned, and at the same time, I have found myself not as knowledgeable as I thought. I have come to be aware of the vast gap between what I know and what I need to know. But one thing is certain that I have taken to computational fluid dynamics. Working as a volunteer in Expo 2010 has broadened the horizon of my 137 Unit 5 mind. I have grown much more concerned with energy conservation. The 21st century will certainly be an era in which great efforts would be made to find new sources of energy. So if I should be admitted to your college to further my study of mechanical engineering, I would devote all my life to working in solving the worldwide energy shortage problem in my future life. Yes, I dream of being an inventive engineer though I was not gifted. But I also know: “Genius is made up of 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.” To be creative, in the final analysis, is choosing from numerous possibilities a set-up goal and then working patiently and consistently toward it.

Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

I can accept defeat but could not accept to give up. — Michael Jordan

I’ll do whatever it takes to win games, whether it’s sitting on a bench waving a towel, handing a cup of water to a teammate, or hitting the game-winning shot. — Kobe Bryant The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well. — Bishop Ethelbert Talbot The use of travelling is to regulate imagination by reality, and instead of thinking how things may be, to see them as they are. — Samuel Johnson 2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) You are going to watch a PPT presentation and read each question. Try to answer the question and justify your response. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

susceptible /sseptbl/ a. 易动感情的 in the face 面对

138 Different Perspectives

2) View a video clip about the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and then complete the tasks that follow. Before you begin, first glance at the words and expressions below. You can see the clip as many times as you like.

footprint /fUtprInt/ n. 脚印，足迹 Forbidden City 紫禁城 leap /lip/ n. 跳跃，飞跃 urgency /dZnsI/ n. 紧迫 razor /reIz(r)/ n. 剃须刀 populous /ppjUls/ a. 人口稠密的 front-page /frntpeIdZ/ a. （新闻等）头版的 transformation /trQnsfmeISn/ n. 变化 anew /nju/ ad. 再一次；重新 relentlessly /rIlentlIslI/ ad. 不屈不挠地 submit to 顺从 uncompromising /nkmprmaIzIN/ a. 不妥协的；坚定的 mastery /mAstrI/ n. 熟练 repetitive /rIpettIv/ a. 重复的 motion /mUSn/ n. 动作 flop /flp/ vi. 扑动；摇荡 beam /bim/ n. 横梁 daredevil /dedevl/ n. 鲁莽大胆的人 dynasty /daInstI/ n. 朝代 scintillating /sIntIleItIN/ a. 闪烁的 prospect /prspekt/ n. 预期

Task 1: Fill in the blanks with the words you have heard from the video clip. The footprints in their history 5,000 years, but for the world’s greatest wall builders, makers of a forbidden city, what happens tonight is not merely a small step, but . China is welcoming the world. Who will they be, when this is over? The clock of their lives has been beating with . They have pushed themselves to be , for this summer, to be here, now, and nowhere else. Beijing, the first ever Olympics for the world’s , 1.3 billion who of the 21st century, a China both outside time and every which way in a bewildering . They have made themselves anew, relentlessly, , so they might, on these days, . They’ve an uncompromising search for mastery, repetitive motion, technique polished toward , fall, fail, get up. It’s not the triumph, but the struggle. It’s 139 Unit 5 not the triumph, but the struggle. It’s not the triumph, but the struggle. Not the triumph, but the struggle. Why did they start? Why do they ? I , because I want to run faster than any man has ever run. Flopping on a beam, I like the daredevil proud of it. You know, to get the chance to try to , I couldn’t write a better story. Are we about to see the ever? A dynasty confirmed? A victory ? They have pushed themselves to be , for the scintillating of enduring accomplishments, to leave these games as the greatest Olympic champion of all time. They have made themselves anew, for this summer, for Beijing, for this, NOW!

Task 2: Make a short speech according to the following guidelines. As you just saw in the video clip, there are a lot of expectations of the big- name athletes in Beijing. Who is your favorite athlete? What about him or her do you like best? Prepare a two-minute speech to talk about your favorite athlete.

3. Fun time

Listen to the theme song of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games and fill in the blanks in the lyrics.

Hand in Hand See the fire in the sky We feel the of our hearts together This is our time to above We know the is here to live forever For all time Hand in hand we All the land We can make this world a place in which to live Hand in hand we can Start to Breaking down the that come between us for all time A li la

Everytime we give it all We feel the eternally inside us Lift our up to the sky 140 Different Perspectives

The morning calm helps us to live in For all time Hand in hand we All the land We can make this world a place in which to live Hand in hand we can Start to Breaking down the that come between us for all time A li la

Hand in hand we All the land We can make this world a place in which to live Hand in hand we can Start to Breaking down the that come between us for all time Hand in hand

141 Unit 6 Unit 6 Music in Space

Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

characterize /kQrktraIz/ vt. 以…为特征 exert /Igzt/ vt. 发挥 urbanization /bnaIzeISn/ n. 城市化 decentralize /disentrlaIz/ vt. 分散 reverse /rIvs/ vt. 使逆转 global village 地球村 disc /dIsk/ n. 磁盘 out of the question 不可能的 accommodate /kmdeIt/ vt. 容纳

Part II Text A Back Down to Earth Rick Hampson 111 不 足 ，短 缺 A U. S. irony: Demand for tall buildings is in short supply1.

1 In this, the nation that invented the skyscraper, the tallest 2. 在建造中 private building under construction2 is a pipsqueak — just 142 Music in Space

30 stories. 2 But overseas, the sky is the limit. 3 In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the twin Petronas Towers are rising to the heavens — they will be the world’s tallest buildings, the first time that title has passed overseas. 4 It probably will stay there. Ten years ago, the world’s 10 tallest buildings were in three U. S. cities; as recently as 1993 there were a half dozen proposals to build the next world champ here. 5 But none was ever built, and today only 10 buildings over 20 stories are going up in the entire nation. By the turn of the century, six of the world’s 10 tallest are expected to be in Southeast Asia. 6 Has the American skyline topped out3? Is the signal 3. 达 到 顶 点（ 或 achievement of America architecture drifting toward its 顶 峰） twilight? 7 “The skyscraper is an artifact of an era when technology was frail and transportation inefficient, and people had to be together to do their jobs,” says David Birch, president of Cognetics, a Massachusetts marketing and economic research firm. “The need for new ones now is nil. There is no logical reason to ever build another Empire State Building.” 8 Last year, in fact, Bethlehem Steel closed the mill that made steel for the Empire State 65 years ago, citing the decline in high-rise construction. 9 Now, America has so much vacant high-rise urban office space there probably will be no need for more at least until the turn of the century. 10 About 43 percent of all U. S. office space was built in the last decade, as developers scrambled to house the exploding demand. Boston, for example, increased its space from 21 million to 45 million square feet. 11 But after the stock market crash of 1987, the economy slowed down. The national downtown office vacancy rate is 4 16.7 percent — about 2.5 times higher than the real estate 4. 不动产 industry considers healthy. In some big cities the rate is over 30 percent. 12 In Seattle, neither the city’s first skyscraper (the Smith Tower, 1914) nor its last (the AT&T Gateway Tower, 1990) 5. 支付债务的利 are generating enough rent to service their debt5. 息 143 Unit 6

13 The 62-story Gateway, which cost $200 million, was on sale earlier this year for half that price. The building has never been more than half occupied, and the original investors lost their entire investment. 14 Three years ago the German media conglomerate 6 6. 抢 购（廉 价 货） Bertelsmann snapped up a new, never-been-occupied mid- Manhattan office tower for $119 million — a third of what it cost its bankrupt builder. 15 Meanwhile, fundamental changes in the way we work are reducing the future demand for office in the clouds.

Corporate America is getting leaner. 16 An increasingly competitive world economy forces companies to cut costs, the biggest of which are office workers and the space they occupy. U.S. companies eliminated more than a half million positions last year alone; there are fewer jobs in Manhattan now than 10 years ago. 17 By one estimate, Fortune 500 layoffs have made 250 million square feet of office space available for sublease, the equivalent of 250 Chrysler Buildings.

The office is getting more suburban. 18 Suburbs are popular places for office buildings because they are where most workers are, and where most criminals are not. 19 Sometime in the late 1980s or early 1990s, the suburbs passed the cities in office space. Today, the suburban share is 60 percent and rising. 20 Because suburban land is relatively cheap, there is no reason for skyscraping construction, an endeavor in which everything from the pipes to the construction loan costs more. 21 Suburban office buildings rarely go above six stories — the height of most city office buildings before the perfection of the electric elevator and the steel frame over 100 years ago.

A high-tech economy produces low-rise buildings. 7. 产 生 ，引 起 22 If the elevator and the steel frame gave birth to7 the skyscraper, the computer may kill it. The information 144 Music in Space

8 superhighway will allow more companies to leave the city 8. 信息高速公路 and generally decentralize, just as the interstate highways did after World War II. 23 Digital information (the type processed by computers) serves as a solvent that decomposes building types. 24 Telecommuting — working from home via phone, fax and PC — used to be the employee’s dream. But because it saves central office space, employers also are enthralled. In 1993, for the first time, involuntary telecommuters outnumbered voluntary ones. 25 Similarly, telecommunications advances allow clerical tasks once performed near a trading desk or sales department to be done anywhere, from Dublin, New Hampshire, to Dublin, Ireland. 26 And companies that stay downtown are using less space there. Telephone operators are being replaced by voice mail, automatic dialing and voice recognition systems. Bulky file cabinets and bookcases are being replaced by three-inch square flat discs. Even desks are getting smaller. 27 Skyscrapers, in fact, have never made sense9, at least 9. 合 乎 情 理 ，使 明 not as real estate propositions. F. W. Woolworth built his 智 Manhattan headquarters an extra 100 feet high in 1913 purely to steal the Metropolitan Life Tower’s title as world’s tallest. 28 Today, however, there are no plans for a Wal-Mart Tower. A corporate spokesman happily compares the retailer’s two-story home office in Bentonville, Arkansas, to “a big high school.”

29 Microsoft’s headquarters in suburban Redmond, Washington, doesn’t clear the tree tops. Why should it? The new corporate status symbol is far more functional — the electronic communications network. 30 Even those who take a more traditional view of real estate admit things have changed. Most corporations are not trying to define themselves with buildings. 31 Signature towers by famous architects (AT&T by Philip Johnson, IBM by Edward L. Barnes) have been abandoned by the companies that built them. IBM needs half the office space it once did, and last fall AT&T held a “Telecommuting 145 Unit 6

Day” to promote the practice among its employees. 32 Sears has moved its headquarters from Chicago, where it built the world’s tallest building in 1974, to a low-rise suburban campus. Last year it finally unloaded its tower: it was almost half empty and had lost more than half its value. It also had a new nickname: “The world’s tallest real estate problem.” 33 This is not to say the skyline is falling. Some workers will always need a place to go to work, and some companies will always want the newest offices, the best views and other advantages. 34 Cesar Pelli, the nation’s foremost high-rise architect (and creator of both the Wachovia building and the Petronas Towers), predicts a revival once the office space glut dissipates. 35 “Very tall buildings touch us intimately, in deep chords of our psyche,” he says, sitting forward in his office chair. “It’s a very old human urge, to point toward heaven.” But Pelli himself is not sitting on the upper floor of a Third Avenue high-rise. He is in a brick building across from the Yale campus in New Haven — on the second floor. (1,147 words)

New Words skyscraper▲ a very tall modern city building 摩天楼 /skaIskreIp(r)/ n. pipsqueak /pIpskwik/ n. a person considered to be insignificant, esp. because they are small or young 小人物，无足轻重 的东西 overseas /Uvsiz/ ad. to or in a foreign country that is across the sea 在 （或向）海外，在（或向）国外 a. coming from, existing in, or happening in a foreign country that is across the sea 在海外的，在国外的 Kuala Lumpur 吉隆坡（马来西亚首都） /kwAllUmpU(r)/ Malaysia /mleIzI/ 马来西亚（东南亚国家） twin /twIn/ a. used to describe two similar things that are a pair

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两个非常相像（或密切相关）的人（或物）的；成 对的，成双的 n. one of two children born at the same time to the same mother 孪生儿之一，双胞胎之一 champ /tSQmp/ n. a champion 冠军，得胜者 Southeast Asia 东南亚 skyline★ /skaIlaIn/ n. the shape made by hills or buildings against the sky（建筑物、高山等在天空映衬下的）空中轮 廓线 architecture /AkItektS(r)/ n. the style and design of a building or buildings; the art and practice of planning and designing buildings 建筑；建筑学 artifact (artefact)★ an object such as a tool, weapon, etc. that was /AtIfQkt/ n. made in the past and is historically important（代 表特定文化或技术发展阶段的）手工艺品；〈喻〉 （时代等的）典型产物 inefficient /InIfISnt/ a. not using time, money, energy, etc. in the best way 无效率的；无效果的 nil★ /nIl/ a. non-existent 没有的，零的 n. nothing 无，零 logical /ldZIkl/ a. seeming reasonable and sensible 符合逻辑的 cite /saIt/ vt. to mention sth. as an example, esp. one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation 提出，举出 high-rise /haIraIz/ a. (of a building) tall and with many levels（建筑物） 高层的；高耸的 n. a tall building 高层建筑 vacant /veIknt/ a. (of a place) not occupied, empty; (of a position or employment) not filled 空着的；未使用的，未被占 用的；（职位、工作等）空缺的 developer /dIvelp(r)/ n. a person or company that makes money by buying land and then building houses, factories, etc. on it 房地产投资开发公司；房地产投资开发者 scramble★ /skrQmbl/ v. to try to do sth. difficult very quickly; to struggle or compete with other people to get or reach sth.; to climb up, down, or over sth. quickly and with difficulty, using the hands to help 仓促行动；（乱 糟糟地）争夺，抢夺；爬，攀登 explode /IksplUd/ v. to suddenly increase greatly in number, amount, or degree; to burst, or to make sth. burst, into small 147 Unit 6

pieces, usu. with a loud noise and in a way that causes damage 激增，迅速扩大；爆炸，爆破 Boston /bstn/ 波士顿（美国城市） vacancy★ /veIknsI/ n. a space or place which is available to be used; a job that is available for sb. to do（待租的）空房； 空地；空缺；空职 real estate property in the form of land or houses 不动产，房 地产 rent /rent/ n. the money that sb. pays regularly to use a room, house, etc. that belongs to sb. else 租金 v. to regularly pay money to live in a house or room that belongs to sb. else, or to use sth. that belongs to sb. else 租借，租用 investment /Investmnt/ n. the use of money to get a profit or to make a business activity successful, or the money that is used 投资；投资额 conglomerate a large business organization consisting of several /knglmrt/ n. different companies that have joined together 联合 大企业 Manhattan /mQnhQtn/ 曼哈顿区（美国纽约市行政区名） bankrupt /bQNkrpt/ a. (of a person or organization) declared in law as unable to pay their debts 破产的 lean /lin/ a. (of an organization or company) using only as much money and as many people as it needs so that nothing is wasted 精干的 competitive /kmpettIv/ a. relating to competition; determined or trying very hard to be more successful than other people or businesses 竞争（或比赛）的；好竞争的 eliminate /IlImIneIt/ vt. to completely get rid of sth. that is unnecessary or unwanted 排除，消除 sublease /sblis/ n. a lease from one leasee to another（房屋、土地等 的）转租，分租 suburban /sbbn/ a. related to a suburb, or in a suburb 郊区的，近郊的 criminal /krImInl/ n. a person who is involved in illegal activities or has been proved guilty of a crime 罪犯 a. relating to crime 犯罪（性质）的，犯法的 skyscraping of or like a skyscraper, very high 高耸入云的 /skaIskreIpIN/ a. endeavo(u)r★ an attempt to do sth. new or difficult努力，尽力 /Indev(r)/ n. 148 Music in Space

v. to try very hard（为达到某一目的而）努力，尽力 perfection /pfekSn/ n. the state of being perfect 完美，完善 high-tech /haItek/ a. using high technology 高技术的 low-rise /lUraIz/ a. (of a building) not having many storeys（建筑物） 低层的，层数少的 superhighway a very large road on which people can drive fast /sjuphaIweI/ n. for long distances 超级（高速）公路 information superhighway the Internet and other computer networks that allow people to share information 信息高速公路 decentralize (decentralise)★ to move parts of a government, organization, etc. /disentrlaIz/ v. from a central place to several different smaller ones 分散，下放（权力） interstate /IntsteIt/ a. involving different states, esp. in the US 州际的 digital /dIdZItl/ a. using a system in which information is recorded or sent out electronically in the form of numbers, usu. ones and zeros 数字的 solvent▲ /slvnt/ n. a chemical that is used to dissolve another substance 溶剂 decompose /dikmpUz/ v. to divide into smaller parts, or to make sth. do this 分解 telecommute to work from home, making use of the Internet, /telIkmjut/ vi. email, and the telephone（通过计算机网络、传真 机、电话等设备在家里）远距离工作 fax /fQks/ n. a machine used for sending and receiving faxes 传 真机 PC abbr. personal computer 个人电脑 enthral(l) /InTrl/ vt. to make sb. very interested and excited, so that they listen or watch sth. very carefully 迷住，吸 引住 involuntary /InvlntrI/ a. happening or done without being intended 非自愿 的；非出本意的 telecommuter a person who works at home using a computer /telIkmjut/ n. connected to a company’s main office（通过计算 机网络、传真机、电话等设备在家里）远距离工作 的人 outnumber to be more in number than another group 比…多， /aUtnmb(r)/ vt. 在数量上超过 telecommunications the sending and receiving of messages by /telIkmjunIkeISnz/ n. telephone, radio, television, etc. 电信，远距离通信 clerical /klerIkl/ a. relating to office work, esp. work such as keeping 149 Unit 6

records or accounts 职员（工作）的；文书（工 作）的 Dublin /dblIn/ 都柏林（爱尔兰首都）；都柏林（美国新罕布什尔 州城市） New Hampshire /hQmpS(r)/ 新罕布什尔州（美国州名） Ireland /aIlnd/ 爱尔兰（欧洲国家） replace /rIpleIs/ vt. to take the place of sth., or to put sth. or sb. in the place of sth. or sb. else 代替，取代 bulky /blkI/ a. too big and taking up too much space 体积大的， 庞大的 cabinet /kQbInIt/ n. a piece of furniture with doors and shelves or drawers, used for storing or showing things 储藏 橱；陈列柜 bookcase /bUkkeIs/ n. a piece of furniture with shelves to hold books 书 架；书橱 disc (disk) /dIsk/ n. a computer disc 磁盘 proposition★ a statement that consists of a carefully considered /prpzISn/ n. opinion or judgment 提案 headquarters the main building or offices used by a large /hedkwtz/ n. company or organization（企业、团体、机关等 的）总部 metropolitan ★ relating or belonging to a very large city 大都市 /metrplItn/ a. 的，大都会的 spokesman /spUksmn/ n. a man who has been chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or government 发言人 retailer★ /riteIl(r)/ n. a person or business that sells goods to customers in a shop 零售商 functional /fNkSnl/ a. having a practical application, or serving a useful purpose 有功能的；在起作用的 unload /nlUd/ v. to get rid of sth. unwanted, esp. by selling a large quantity of it; to remove goods from (a vehicle, ship, container, etc.) 倾销，卖掉；从…卸货（或其 他东西） nickname★ /nIkneIm/ n. a familiar or humorous name given to a person or thing instead of or as well as the real name 绰号， 诨名 foremost★ /fmUst/ a. the best or most important 首要的；最佳的，杰 出的 creator /krieIt(r)/ n. a person who made or invented a particular thing 创造者

150 Music in Space revival /rIvaIvl/ n. a renewal of interest in sth. that results in its becoming popular once more 复兴；重新流行 glut /glt/ n. a supply of sth., esp. a product or crop, that is more than is needed 过量；供过于求 psyche /psaIkI/ n. the human spirit or soul 心灵，精神 New Haven /heIvn/ 纽黑文（美国城市）

Expressions in short supply less than is needed 不足，短缺 under construction being built 在建造中 top out (of a price, a rate or an amount) to reach its highest point and stop rising 达到顶点（或顶峰） service a debt to pay the interest on a debt 支付债务的利息 snap up to buy sth. immediately, esp. because it is very cheap 抢购（廉价货） give birth to to be the source of; (of a woman) to produce a baby from her body 产生，引起；生（孩子） make sense to have a good reason or explanation for sth. 合乎 情理，使明智

Notes

1. Author: Rick Hampson /rIkhQmpsn/（里克·汉普森）is an American writer. 2. the twin Petronas Towers: 双峰塔 3. Cognetics /kgnetIks/: 康纳特公司 4. Empire State Building: 帝国大厦（位于美国纽约市的一幢摩天大楼，建于1930 年，曾为世界第一高楼） 5. Bethlehem /beTlIhem/ Steel: 伯利恒钢铁公司 6. the stock market crash of 1987: On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (道琼斯工业平均指数) lost almost 22% in a single day, marking the beginning of a global stock market decline. 7. about 2.5 times higher than the real estate industry considers healthy: This is a relative clause introduced by “than”. As the antecedent（先行词）of the relative clause involves a comparative structure, we should use “than” as the relative pronoun to introduce the relative clause. It serves either as the subject or the object of the relative clause. Here “than” serves as the object of relative clause and refers to the “vacancy

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rate” in the main clause. 8. Smith Tower: 史密斯塔 9. AT&T Gateway Tower: 西雅图市政府大厦 10. Bertelsmann：贝塔斯曼（德国出版集团） 11. a new, never-been-occupied mid-Manhattan office tower: a new mid-Manhattan office tower that had never been occupied. 12. Fortune 500: the 500 largest companies in the U.S., which are named in a yearly list in Fortune magazine 13. Chrysler /kraIsl/ Building: 克莱斯勒大楼 14. Metropolitan Life Tower: 大都会人寿保险公司大楼 15. Wal-Mart: 沃尔玛 (超市) 16. AT&T: 美国电话电报公司 17. Sears /sIz/: 西尔斯公司 18. Wachovia Building: 美联银行大楼 19. Third Avenue：（曼哈顿区的）第三大街

Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud paragraphs 23-27. Afterwards, practice them on your own several times. If the elevator and the steel frame gave birth to the skyscraper, the computer may kill it. The information superhighway will allow more companies to leave the city and generally decentralize, just as the interstate highways did after World War II. Digital information serves as a solvent that decomposes building types. Telecommuting — working from home via phone, fax and PC — used to be the employee’s dream. But because it saves central office space, employers also are enthralled. In 1993, for the first time, involuntary telecommuters outnumbered voluntary ones. Similarly, telecommunications advances allow clerical tasks once performed near a trading desk or sales department to be done anywhere, from Dublin, New Hampshire, to Dublin, Ireland. And companies that stay downtown are using less space there. Telephone operators are being replaced by voice mail, automatic dialing and voice recognition systems. Bulky file cabinets and bookcases are being replaced by three-inch square flat discs. Even desks are getting smaller.

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Understanding the Text 1. Overview In this essay the author gives evidence for the decline in high-rise construction in the United States, explores the reasons for the reduction in the demand of tall buildings, and predicts the possible future of high- rises as the architecture of city’s buildings. Reread the essay carefully, and then complete the following “gist” by filling in the blanks with appropriate words either from the text or of your own. The first blank has been filled in as an example for your reference. Back Down to Earth The Decline in High-rise Construction in the United States 111 The tallest buildings under construction in the United States today are no more than 30 stories high. 222 The title as the world’s tallest building has passed for the first time. 333 Ten years ago, the world’s 10 tallest buildings were in the United States. However, by the of the century, six of the world’s 10 tallest are expected to be in Southeast Asia. 444 Last year Bethlehem Steel the mill that made steel for the Empire State Building 65 years ago. 555 Office space was in the last decade as developers to house the exploding demand. However, the economy down after the stock market crash of 1987, thus leaving a lot of office place. 666 Some tall buildings are on because they are not fully and therefore can’t generate enough rent to service their .

Reasons for the Shrinking Demand for Tall Buildings 111 Corporate America is getting leaner as companies positions, thus making more office space for sublease. 222 Office buildings are moving to the because they provide more desirable working environments. As the land is cheap, there is no reason to build skyscrapers, which is an expensive in every aspect. 333 High-tech economy gives to low-rise buildings. Telecommunications advances allow companies to leave the city and and there are major changes in the people work: employees to work from home and clerical tasks to be performed

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.

Uncertainty of the Future Development of the High Rise Architecture 111 Skyscrapers have never made at least not as real estate propositions. 222 Companies have no plan to build towers for their home offices because they are not trying to themselves with buildings. 333 Signature towers by famous architects have been by the companies that built them. 444 However, Cesar Pelli, the nation’s high-rise architect, predicts a(n) of tall buildings because to toward heaven is a very old human urge.

2. Interpretation The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 But overseas, the sky is the limit. (Para. 2) AAAThe sky limits the height of tall buildings overseas. BBB Overseas, buildings can be constructed as high as they prefer. CCCIt is impossible to build a tower that can reach the sky. 222 It probably will stay there. (Para. 4) AAAThe title as the world’s tallest building will probably stay outside the United States. BBB The twin Petronas Towers will probably stay as an architectural triumph in Asia. CCCThe twin Petronas Towers will remain the tallest building in the world. 333 Has the American skyline topped out? (Para. 6) AAAHave the American buildings still remained the tallest in the world? BBB Has the American sky become lower than before? CCCHas the American high-rise architecture passed its most flourishing time? 444 … fundamental changes in the way we work are reducing the future demand for office in the clouds. (Para. 15) AAA… fundamental changes in the way we work will demand the construction of office buildings that could rise to the clouds. BBB … what kind of office buildings will meet people’s demand in the future is not known yet because the way we work has changed

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fundamentally. CCC… major changes in the way people work are leading to a slump in domestic demand for high-rise buildings. 555 Corporate America is getting leaner. (Subheading 1) AAAAmerica is cutting down on the space occupied by large companies. BBB U.S. companies are being downsized to cut labor and space cost. CCCU.S. companies are trying to get rid of their vacant high-rise urban space. 666 … involuntary telecommuters outnumbered voluntary ones. (Para. 24) AAA… there are more employees who want to work from home than those who are asked to work from home. BBB … there are more employees who are asked to work from home than those who want to work from home. CCC… there are more employees who work from home than those who work in the office. 777 Skyscrapers, in fact, have never made sense, at least not as real estate propositions. (Para. 27) AAASkyscrapers have never been a good idea from the point of view of real estate business. BBB Skyscrapers have never made people interested in real estate. CCCThe building of skyscrapers is not proposed by people in real estate. 888 “Very tall buildings touch us intimately, in deep chords of our psyche… It’s a very old human urge, to point toward heaven.” (Para. 35) AAA“Deep down, we are amazed at high rises as an architectural marvel.” BBB “Skyscrapers are irresistibly appealing to our innermost feelings, evoking in us the innate urge to stretch ourselves out for the blue sky.” CCC“High-rise buildings are always thought of as a vivid expression of our long-cherished hope to soar higher and higher in the sky.”

3. Discussion

Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 With the advancement of telecommunications technology, the dream of telecommuting has come true. The company AT&T held a “Telecommuting Day” to promote the practice among its employees. If you were an office worker, would you like to work from home via phone, fax and PC or work in the office? Give your reasons. 222 In the United States today the tallest buildings under construction are no more than 30 stories high, while overseas, skyscrapers are springing up

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one after another. What makes the differences? 333 The author says that “skyscrapers, in fact, have never made sense, at least not as real estate propositions.” However, Cesar Pelli says that “very tall buildings touch us intimately, in deep chords of our psyche.” How do you understand the two different points of view? Do you prefer to work in a low-rise or a high-rise? Give your reasons. 444 The author says that “fundamental changes in the way we work are reducing the future demand for office in the clouds”. However, Cesar Pelli predicts “a revival (of tall buildings) once the office space glut dissipates.” What do you think of the “fate” of the skyscrapers in the future? Give your reasons.

4. Appreciating gems of the language Rhetorical question You have already learned something about the “rhetorical question” in Unit 2 of Book 1. A rhetorical question is a question asked only for effect without the expectation of an answer. The answer may be obvious or immediately provided by the questioner. It is a device used by the speaker to assert or deny something. Read aloud the following examples from Text A and try to feel the effect of rhetorical questions.

Has the American skyline topped out? Is the signal achievement of America architecture drifting toward its twilight?

Interestingly, the two rhetorical questions above make up a paragraph, serving as a transition in this article. What follows is not a direct answer but an explanation of why the skyscraper sprang up and what role it played in modern society: “The skyscraper is an artifact of an era when technology was frail and transportation inefficient, and people had to be together to do their jobs.” (which implies that this era is gone and skyscrapers are no longer something we cannot go without.) Here are some additional examples of rhetorical questions:

“How about going out for dinner tonight?” “Why not?” (= OK.) Who cares when you slept? (= Nobody cares when you slept.) Who doesn’t know the result? (= Everybody knows the result.) Didn’t I tell you he would give up? (= You know I told you he would give up.)

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Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

twin inefficient overseas logical cite vacant explode rent scramble bankrupt investment lean competitive eliminate criminal endeavor decentralize involuntary replace artifact proposition functional unload foremost

111 The firm has been dismissing experienced staff and them with younger people on lower salaries. 222 Most people accept the that we have a duty to protect endangered animals. 333 An electronic communications network is more than a tall building as the status symbol of the computer company. 444 The dealers are hundreds of cheap videos on the British market. 555 Having designed the world’s tallest building, Cesar Pelli is regarded as the nation’s architect. 666 The museum’s collection includes dating back to prehistoric times. 777 Our workers were very so we had to wait another month before moving into our new house. 888 All of them believed that they could make a lot of money in a short period of time if they worked . 999 The government is trying to solve the problems of poverty and unemployment. 1111 As everyone is to buy Christmas gifts, the queues to pay up and the queues for a parking lot seem endlessly long too. 1111 The business went after investing an enormous amount of money on a product that failed to sell. 1111 The workers were expected to work overtime as the company was getting by cutting 10 percent of the jobs. 1111 The new law will ensure that habitual receive tougher punishments than first-time offenders. 1111 Skyscraping construction is an expensive in which 157 Unit 6

everything from the pipes to the construction loan costs more. 1111 We our company last year and opened several regional offices. 1111 As suburban land is relatively cheap, there is no reason to build another skyscraper. 1111 The closing of the steel mill the decline in high-rise construction. 1111 If you’re looking for somewhere to live in, I think there’s a(n) apartment in my building. 1111 In ten years’ time, your will be worth four times what it is now. 2222 In such a fiercely environment, it’s inevitable that some companies will go out of business. 2222 The spokesman said that the company was planning to more jobs or cut wages in the near future. 2222 The struggling automaker may cut its workforce by as much as 12% and some employees have been told about the proposed layoffs during a meeting last week. 2222 Demand for this new type of computer in 2009 as consumer interests grew and prices dropped. 2222 If my landlord raises the again, I’ll have to look for somewhere smaller.

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

in short supply give birth to top out snap up make sense on sale slow down

111 The perfection of the electric elevator and the steel frame over 100 years ago skyscrapers. 222 Maybe he failed and got punished, but it to him because he had tried and learned a lesson. 333 The economy of the country has after the stock market crash last year. 444 Yellow cars are because everyone likes them and buys them. 555 I saw a car advertised at a bargain price in the local paper but it had already been when I phoned the seller.

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666 As the building couldn’t generate enough rent to service its debt, it was earlier this year for half the price. 777 When this sculpture was sold for $979,000 earlier this year, many investors predicted the market had and prices would drop within months.

3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: Ford announced that it had increased production of its new range of sports cars as the demand was growing. (house v.) → Ford announced that it had increased production to house the growing demand for its new range of sports cars.

111 The fire destroyed the 44-story luxury hotel that was being built and killed five people. (construction) The fire destroyed the 44-story luxury hotel and killed five people. 222 As the city has so much vacant office space there is no need for new buildings now. (nil) As the city has so much vacant office space for new buildings now . 333 The twenty-first century has brought a historic change in the United States. There are more Hispanics（西班牙裔美国人）than blacks now and they have become the nation’s largest ethnic minority group. (outnumber) The twenty-first century has brought a historic change in the United States. Hispanics now as the nation’s largest ethnic minority group. 444 After the stock market crash of 1987, the economy did not grow as fast as before. (slow v. ) After the stock market crash of 1987, the economy . 555 Ten thousand people a year die of the disease — that’s the same as the population of this town. (equivalent. n.) Ten thousand people a year die of the disease — that’s the population of this town. 666 Although she is only twenty-five, people think that she is like the greatest dancer of all time. (compare ) Still only twenty-five, she the greatest dancer of all time. 777 The country is getting out of the economic crisis and consumer demand for luxury cars will increase again. (revival)

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The country is getting out of the economic crisis and there will be consumer demand for luxury cars. 888 The whole family work hard day after day to pay the interest of a debt owed to the businessman. (service vt.) The whole family work hard day after day to owed to the businessman.

Structure there be no… for / to do / in doing

Such nouns as “reason”, “need”, “chance”, “way”, “point”, “use”, “sense”, etc. can be used in the structure “there be no… for / to do / in doing.” Here are some examples from Text A:

There is no logical reason to ever build another Empire State Building. Now, America has so much vacant high-rise urban office space there probably will be no need for more at least until the turn of the century. Because suburban land is relatively cheap, there is no reason for skyscraping construction, an endeavor in which everything from the pipes to the construction loan costs more.

Complete the following statements by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. 111 （没有必要在郊区建造摩天大楼）as the land is relatively cheap there. 222 （我们丝毫没有理由不相信）that a brighter future for the world is on the horizon. 333 （给公司写信是没有用的）— they haven’t even returned my calls. 444 （我再把门刷一遍是毫无意义的）if we’re going to replace it later. 555 I didn’t know what career I wanted to do because I thought （我没有机会追逐梦想）. 666 Stress is a natural part of everyday life and （它是无法逃避的）.

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Word Building de-

The prefix de- can be added to a noun or a verb to change the meaning of the word to the opposite. Here are examples from Text A:

Digital information serves as a solvent that decomposes building types. Information superhighway will allow more companies to leave the city and generally decentralize, just as the interstate highways did after World War II.

More examples:

The scientist says today’s society has been dehumanized by technology. A large amount of money is needed to decontaminate the heavily polluted river.

de + compose → decompose (separate sth. into small pieces) de + centralize → decentralize (move the control of an organization from a single place to several smaller ones) de + humanize → dehumanize ( make people lose their special human qualities) de + contaminate → decontaminate (remove dangerous substances from sth.)

In Column A there are some nouns and verbs. Write down their corresponding noun or verb forms with the prefix de- in Column B. A B stabilize merit activate code industrialization motivate

Complete each of the following sentences with a word from Column B. 111 We need to consider the merits and of the plan before

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making the final decision. 222 the paintings is not difficult once you know what the component parts symbolize. 333 All the nuclear weapons facilities in this country have been by technicians from the United Nations. 444 She was by being told she had little chance of being promoted. 555 The armed forces often set fire to public buildings in an effort to the government. 666 is a process of social and economic change caused by the reduction of industrial activity in a country or region.

Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light William S. Ellis

1 Glass, in one form or another, has long been in noble 1 1. 为…提供杰出 service to humans. As one of the most widely used of 的服务 manufactured materials, and certainly the most versatile（有 多种用途的）, it can be as imposing（巨大的）as a telescope mirror the width of a tennis court or as small and simple as a marble（弹子）rolling across dirt. The uses of this adaptable （适应性强的）material have been broadened dramatically 2 2. 光学纤维 by new technologies: glass fibre optics — more than eight million miles — carrying telephone and television signals across nations; glass ceramics（陶瓷）serving as the nose 3 3. 鼻锥体 cones of missiles and as crowns （人造冠）for teeth; tiny glass beads（小珠子）raking（扫射）radiation doses inside the body to specific organs; even a new type of glass 4 5 4. 核废料 fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that 5. 去 掉 ，清 除 unwanted（不需要的）material. 2 On the horizon6 （光学的） 6. （事 情）即 将 来 are optical computers. These could store programs and process information by means of7 临的 light — pulses from tiny lasers — rather than electrons. And 7. 用 ，依 靠 the pulses would travel over glass fibres, not copper wire.

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These machines could function hundreds of times faster than today’s electronic computers and hold vastly more information. Today fibre optics are used to obtain a clearer image of smaller and smaller objects than ever before — even bacterial（细菌的）viruses. A new generation of optical instruments is emerging that can provide detailed imaging of the inner workings（运转）of cells. It is the surge in fibre 8. 纤维光学的 8 9 optic use and in liquid crystal displays that has set the 9. 液晶显示 U.S. glass industry (a 16 billion dollar business employing some 150,000 workers) to building new plants to meet demand. 3 But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons10. The use of glass as 10. 开阔眼界 art, a tradition going back at least to Roman times, is also booming. Nearly everywhere, it seems, men and women are blowing glass and creating works of art. “I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975,” Dale Chihuly said, smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell（一段时间）, he has become one of the most financially successful artists of the 20th century. He now has a new commission — a glass sculpture（雕塑品）for the headquarters building of a pizza （比萨饼）company — for which his fee is half a million dollars. 4 But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern（超现代的）. Consider the simple light bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for the average worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon 11. 带式玻璃成型 11 machine by Corning（康宁公司）in the 1920s lighted a 机 12 nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that 12. 不足为奇 the machine has been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags（下陷）through the holes and into waiting moulds（模子）. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of13 66,000 an 13. 以…的速率 14 hour, as compared with 1,200 a day produced by a team 14. 与…相比 of four glassblowers（吹玻璃的人）.

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5 The secret of the versatility（多功能）of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid, and thus like a 15. 以随意而杂乱 solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered 15 16 的方式 fashion, characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms in the raw materials are disturbed from 16. 有…特点的 their normal position in the molecular（分子的）structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline（结晶 的）arrangements the glass cools. This looseness（疏松） in molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous “formability” which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need. 6 Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and building designers test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the future, the ‘dynamic skin’,” he said. “Think of glass that 17 17. 对…做出反应 has been treated to react to electric currents going through it, glass that will change from clear to opaque（不透明的） 18 18. 只 要 按 一下 按 at the push of a button , that gives you instant curtains. 钮 Think of how the tall buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colours as the glass in them is made to change colours instantly.” Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfilment. (768 words)

New Words dirt /dt/ n. any substance that makes things dirty, such as mud or dust 灰尘；泥土 fibre (fiber)faIb / (r)/ n. a long thin piece of a natural or artificial substance, similar to a thread or hair in shape 纤维 missile /mIsaIl/ n. a weapon that can fly over long distances and that explodes when it hits the thing it has been aimed at 导弹 radiation /reIdIeISn/ n. a form of energy that comes esp. from nuclear reactions, which in large amounts is very harmful

164 Music in Space

to living things 辐射；放射 organ /gn/ n. a part of the body, such as the heart or lungs, that has a particular purpose 器官 fashion /fQSn/ vt. to shape or make sth., using one’s hands or only a few tools 制作 nuclear /njuklI(r)/ a. 核能的 pulse /pls/ n. 脉冲；脉搏 laser /leIz/ n. 激光器 electron /Ilektrn/ n. 电子 virus /vaIrs/ n. a very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses 病毒 surge /sdZ/ n. a sudden and great increase 激增 commerce /kms/ n. the buying and selling of goods and services 商 业；贸易 widen /waIdn/ v. to become larger in degree or range, or to make sth. do this 扩大…的范围，增加…的程度 boom /bum/ vi. (of business, trade, or a particular area) to increase or become successful and produce a lot of money very quickly 繁荣，迅速发展 invention /InvenSn/ n. the act of inventing sth.; a useful machine, tool, instrument, etc. that has been invented 发明；发明 物 plunge /plndZ/ vi. (of a price, rate, etc.) to decrease suddenly by a large amount 猛跌，骤降 mechanical /mIkQnIkl/ a. using power from an engine or machine to do a particular kind of work 机械方面的 rigid /rIdZId/ a. stiff and not moving or bending; (of a method or system) very strict and difficult to change; (of a person) unwilling to change his ideas or behaviour 具刚性的；坚硬的；严格死板的；严厉而不通融的 disturb /dIstb/ v. to move sth. or change its position; to interrupt sb. so that they cannot continue what they are doing 搞乱；打扰 arrangement a group of things that are put in a particular /reIndZmnt/ n. position, or the process of doing this 排列方式 tremendous /trImends/ a. very great in amount or level, or extremely good 巨大的，极大的 technician /teknISn/ n. a person whose job is to check equipment or machines and make sure that they are working properly 技术员 165 Unit 6 tailor /teIl(r)/ vt. to make sth. so that it is exactly right for sb.’s particular needs or for a particular purpose 针对特 定目的（或对象）作修改，使适应特定需要 dynamic /daInQmIk/ a. continuously moving or changing 不断变化的 current /krnt/ n. a flow of electricity电流

Expressions dispose of to get rid of sth., esp. sth. that is difficult to get rid of 去掉，清除 on the horizon to seem likely to happen in the future（事情）即将 来临的 by means of using a particular method or system 用，依靠

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions and statements. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 Which of the following is not made from glass according to the passage? (Para. 1) A) Telescope mirrors. B) Tennis courts. C) Marbles running across dirt. D) Crowns for teeth. 222 Which of the following is NOT true about the added uses of glass brought by new technologies? (Para. 1) AAAGlass fibre optics can carry telephone and television signals across nations. BBB Glass ceramics can serve as the nose cones of missiles. CCCTiny glass beads can dispose of radiation inside the body. DDDNuclear waste can be made into glass. 333 All the following statements are true of optical computers except that . (Para. 2) AAAthey can store programs and process information by means of light BBB they use copper wire to pass on pulses from tiny lasers CCCthey can function hundreds of times faster than electronic computers DDDthey can hold vastly more information than electronic computers

166 Music in Space

444 Today fibre optics are used to . (Para. 2) AAAobserve the inner workings of cells BBB create smaller and smaller objects CCCmake liquid crystal displays DDDAll the above. 555 Which of the following is true about the art of glass? (Para. 3) AAAIt started even before the Roman times. BBB It started to boom before 1975. CCCIt has been flourishing for the last 18 years. DDDObjects of glass are not worth a lot of money. 666 Why is the ribbon machine one of the greatest mechanical achievements of all time? (Para. 4) AAABecause it made the first light bulb. BBB Because it was invented by Corning. CCCBecause it was simple and easy to operate. DDDBecause it greatly reduced the price of a light bulb. 777 Which of the following is not one of the necessary parts of the ribbon machine? (Para. 4) AAAGlassblowers. BBB Compressed air. CCCMoulds of light bulb envelopes. DDDA moving belt of steel with holes on it. 888 Which of the following is true about the interior structure of glass? (Para. 5) AAAIt is rigid and has the structure of a solid. BBB Its atoms are arranged in the way of a liquid. CCCIts atoms are in crystalline arrangements. DDDIts atoms will go back to their normal positions in the molecular structure when glass cools. 999 What does the word “formability” most likely mean? (Para. 5) AAAIt can be melted when heated. BBB It can be manufactured easily. CCCIt can be cut into small pieces or put together. DDDIt can be shaped in any way. 1111 Which of the following new types of glass has been produced? (Para. 6) AAAGlass that can change colors instantly. BBB Glass that can change from clear to opaque instantly. CCCGlass that can be made into soft curtains. DDDGlass that can produce musical sounds. 1111 What did the architect Mike Davies imagine when he said “Glass is the 167 Unit 6

great building material of the future”? (Para. 6) AAABuildings made of glass. BBB Glass that can conduct electrical currents. CCCGlass that can change shapes automatically. DDDGlass that can change colors or change from clear to opaque instantly.

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 The author says that glass is “one of the most widely used of manufactured materials, and certainly the most versatile.” It can be made into either an imposing telescope mirror or a small and simple marble rolling across dirt. Do you know any new uses of glass brought by new technologies? 222 Why does glass have the tremendous “formability” so that technicians can make it into whatever they like? 333 How can glass be used as instant curtains for buildings as the London architect Mike Davies has imagined? Do you agree with Mike Davies that “glass is the great building material of the future”? Do you know any application of glass in architecture? 444 The author says that the ribbon machine is “one of the great mechanical achievements of all time” because it “lighted a nation.” Which invention do you think is also one of the greatest achievements of all time? Give your reasons.

Part IV Writing Memos A memorandum or memo is a document typically used for communication within a company. It is generally short, focuses on a single topic, is clearly directed to its audience, and to a noticeable degree, follows conventions and formulas in form and content. Because you generally send memos to co- workers and colleagues, you do not have to include a formal salutation or closing remark. Generally memos are written to state a policy or procedure you want the reader or co-worker to follow, to provide the audience with desired information, to report to a supervisor about field work or a business venture or to transmit internal documents. Memos are part of your

168 Music in Space interpersonal communication abilities, so try to use an informal and friendly tone. The following format works well for most memos. TO: (the reader’s name and job title if possible) FROM: (your name and job title if possible) DATE: (complete and current date) SUBJECT: (what the memo is about)

Introduction: A lead-in overview stating why you’re writing and what you’re writing about Discussion: Detailed development explaining exactly what you want to say using highlighting techniques Conclusion: A summary stating what’s next, when this will occur, and why the date is important

The first four lines make up the heading. It provides information about who will receive the memo, who is sending the memo, the date, and the memo’s subject. This information may be bolded or highlighted in some way. e.g. To: Marvin Mapes, General Manager From: Joan Leutens, Product Development Manager Date: 15 March, 2005 Subject: Producing the Annoy-No-More Call Screening Machine

As readers are busy, you should get to the point in the introduction section. Usually you can write one or two clear introductory sentences that tell your readers what you are writing about and why you are writing. e.g. In the third of our series of quality control meetings this quarter, I’d like to get together again to determine if improvements have been made. This example invites the reader to a meeting, thereby communicating what the writer’s intentions are. It also tells the reader that the meeting is one of a series of meetings, thus communicating why the meeting is being called.

The discussion section allows you to develop your content specifically. Since very few readers read every line of your memo, you should avoid writing long paragraphs. Instead, try to make your text more reader-friendly by applying highlighting techniques like listing, headings or graphics. Note the difference between the following examples: the first is reader-unfriendly and the second is reader-friendly.

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e.g. 1 This year began with an increase, as we sold 4.5 million units in January compared to 3.7 for January 2002. In February we continued to improve with 4.6, compared with 3.6 for the same time in 2002. March was not quite so good, as we sold 4.3 against the March 2002 figure of 3.9. April was about the same with 4.2, compared to 3.8 for April 2002. e.g. 2 Comparative Quarterly Sales (in Millions) 2002 2003 Increase/Decrease Jan. 3.7 4.5 0.8+ Feb. 3.6 4.6 1.0+ Mar. 3.9 4.3 0.4+ Apr. 3.8 4.2 0.4+

The first group of data is hard to follow because of its complexity. You can’t see the relationship between figures and years clearly. On the other hand, the table in the second example is clear and concise.

Conclude your memo with a complimentary close or a directive close. A complimentary close motivates your readers and leaves them happy. e.g. If our quarterly sales continue to improve at this rate, we will double our sales expectations by 2003. Congratulations! A directive close tells your readers exactly what you want them to do next or what your plans are. e.g. Next Wednesday (12/22/03), Mr. Jones will provide each of you a timetable of events and a summary of accomplishments.

Sample Memo To: Marvin Mapes, General Manager From: Joan Leutens, Product Development Manager Date: January 19, 2003 Subject: Producing the Annoy-No-More Call Screening Machine

Our product development staff has designed a new phone answering machine. This breakthrough product screens calls and, by voice activation, routes the calls to an appropriate message. This message gives a busy signal when the person doesn’t want to be bothered.

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We have researched this product fully and believe it would benefit our company for the following reasons:

1. The product has a relatively simple design that occupies no more space than a regular phone. 2. The cost for manufacturing is low compared to the retail value. The unit costs approximately $100 to produce and retails for $999.99.

We would like to begin mass production around April 1, 2003. Our facility could handle the production with the addition of 10 technicians and engineers to aid in production. We hope you give this product consideration and endorse it fully. Thanks.

Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

Architecture is music in space, as it were a frozen music. — Friedrich Schelling A truly great book should be read in youth, again in maturity and once more in old age, as a fine building should be seen by morning light, at noon and by moonlight. — Robertson Davies Architecture is the art of how to waste space. — Philip Johnson No person who is not a great sculptor or painter can be an architect. If he is not a sculptor or painter, he can only be a builder. — John Ruskin

2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) You are going to watch a video clip, and listen carefully for the missing parts of the commercial message below. After that, have a discussion on the following questions, and be critical. A new space is . Relax and . And is simply refreshing.

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a. How do you feel about the commercial message in terms of wording? b. How is the space presented in the video? c. What do you feel about a space in the Age of Information?

2) View a video clip about skyscrapers, and then complete the tasks that follow. Before you begin, first glance at the words and expressions below. You can see the clip as many times as you like.

ongoing /ngUIN/ a. 进行中的，不间断的 Sears Tower 西尔斯塔 World Trade Center (纽约)世界贸易中心 collectively /klektIvlI/ ad. 集体地；共同地 ego /igU/ n. 自我 position /pzISn/ vt. 确定…的位置

Task 1: Complete the answers to the questions. a. What is the single purpose of building skyscrapers? To . b. What is the right place to build skyscrapers? Places where and are high. c. What do skyscrapers symbolize over the last hundred years? They have become symbols of and . d. Why did people build the tallest buildings one after another? They are the products of to build . e. What do skyscrapers have according to the architect? They have a power to engage people’s and they are the buildings that people can be . f. What drives the construction of tall buildings according to the structural engineer? It is really and the need for a society to sort of in the world as having a(n) .

Task 2: Make a short speech according to the following guidelines. As you just saw in the video clip, skyscrapers are buildings that people can be proud of collectively. Of all the buildings you’ve seen, ancient or modern, which one impresses you most? And what is it that makes it so impressive? Prepare a two-minute speech to talk about it.

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3. Fun time

Listen to the song “Cities” by The Moody Blues and fill in the blanks in the lyrics.

Cities , the city’s sun Taxis like run, and I see with yellow lines Grey walls and big bold signs with Up above, all around In the sky, on the ground This is what, I have found Cities, cities

Here the don’t grow Here the river’s just a People who move below Buildings with smells and noise and darkness Up above, all In the sky, on the This is what, I have found Cities, cities

Not for me No, no I don’t you It’s not the to be No, no I won’t believe you

Here the flowers don’t grow Here the river’s just a sewer People who move below with smells and noise and darkness Up above, all around In the sky, on the ground This is what, I have Cities, cities, cities

173 Unit 7 Unit 7 Coming from Within

Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

hesitance /hezItns/ n. 犹豫 walk of life 行业 ；身份；…类的人 contingent /kntIndZnt/ a. 视…而定的 specific /spIsIfIk/ a. 具体的 come up with 想出

Part II Text A The Progress Paradox Gregg Easterbrook If Life Is Good, Why Do the Old Days Look Better?

1 Suppose your great-great-grandparents, who lived four generations ago, materialized in America of the present day. Surely they would first be struck by the clamor of 21st- century living. Yet as your ancestors learned more about how we live, they would be dazzled. Over-indulgence now plagues not just the well-off but the poor. College is the

174 Coming from Within common destination for the young, not just a place for the wealthy. Many other aspects of day-to-day life would amaze our recent ancestors: medical progress that in a century has increased the average life span from 41 years to 77; the end of backbreaking physical toil for most wage earners; the advent of instantaneous global communication and same- day travel to distant cities; home ownership for the majority, with air conditioning and flat-screen TVs for the masses. 2 Yet how many of us feel positive about our moment, or believe that life is getting better? It is common to hear Americans say, “My parents had it better than I do.” Today Americans tell pollsters that the country is going downhill1; 1. 走下坡路 2 that they feel unbearably stressed out ; that their children 2. 焦虑紧张 face a declining future. The percentage of Americans who describe themselves as “happy” has not budged since the 1950s, though the typical person’s real income has more than doubled. Far from3 feeling better about their lives, 3. 远非 many are feeling worse. Such gloominess may seem strange in a country of ever higher living standards and personal freedom. Since discontented views are indisputably common, there must be reasons why they are held. Here are a few theories: 3 THE REVOLUTION OF SATISFIED EXPECTA- TIONS Research conducted by Daniel Kahneman of Princeton University shows that most people judge their well-being not by where they stand but rather on whether they think their circumstances and income will improve in coming years. For example, in the 1950s, when most American families lived in small houses, owned one car, and few if any family members attended college, people were in good spirits4 because they expected soon to earn 4. 处于…的精神 and possess more. Now huge numbers of families live 状态 in spacious houses, own at least two cars, and send most children to college. But because so many now have so much, it’s hard to expect that the coming years will bring significantly more. The expectation that each new year will be notably better than the last, once deeply ingrained in the American psyche, is fading. 4 CATALOG-INDUCED ANXIETY Today anyone can peruse the specifics of millionairehood. Television 175 Unit 7

obsessively documents the lavish lives of the wealthy and glamorous. This creates, for some, a condition that might be called catalog-induced anxiety. People can see, in agonizing 5 5. 详细地 detail , all the expensive things they will never possess. This may make what a typical person possesses seem insufficient, even if the person is one of the tens of millions of Americans living, by the standards of history, in unprecedented comfort and freedom. 5 COLLAPSE ANXIETY Deep-seated in the minds of many is a fear that the West cannot sustain its current elevated living standards and liberty. We fear the economy 6 6. 用完 will collapse, or natural resources will run out . We fear that the West’s military bulwark will be neutralized by some genetically engineered bio-horror; that terrorism or environmental calamity will overwhelm societies based on openness and plenty. Some amount of never-ending anxiety 7 7. 保持警觉 may be rational, keeping us on guard . Perhaps anxiety is even hard-wired into us by evolution, as the most fretful of our ancestors were the ones who survived and passed 8 8. 将…传下去 their attitudes down to us. Collapse anxiety is essential to understanding why Americans do not seem more pleased with the bounty that most of us enjoy — and this anxiety was in our minds well before Sept. 11, 2001, when the physical collapse of the twin towers made tangible an inner fear. 6 ABUNDANCE DENIAL It seems almost a matter of human nature that most people reject the idea that they are prosperous. Surveys show the majority of Americans think only the very rich are well-off; that no matter how much they make, most Americans believe twice as much income is required to “live well.” One reason Americans deny they are well-off is that this connotes being the beneficiary of favoritism: since through history so much affluence was obtained via inheritance, a rigged system, or various forms of quasi-larceny. Today most people obtain what they possess fairly. Yet Americans seem programmed to deny that 9 9. 减损 they are well-off, which only detracts from our ability to appreciate what’s going well in our lives. 7 THE UNSETTLED CHARACTER OF PROGRESS We’d like to think progress causes problems to be solved in a 176 Coming from Within final sense, and sometimes that happens. Polio, for example, 10 is a solved problem, thanks to vaccines. The supply of 10. 由 于 ；多 亏 11 coal, an issue that once kept Winston Churchill awake 11. 让…难以入睡 12 at night, is a solved problem. But often as not , problems 12. 往 往 ，多 半 exist in a chain of cause-and-effect: For each one solved, a new one crops up13. Wireless phones solve the problem of 13. 意外地出现 easy communication but also mean you can’t escape office calls and must move about14 in dread of lunatics who speed 14. 左右移动 in their cars while yakking into cell phones. Use of coal, plentiful and cheap, may contribute to global warming. The sense that new problems always arise to replace the old makes many people reluctant to believe life is really getting better. 8 THE CHOICE PENALTY During the postwar era, Western life has undergone a transition from people being so constrained by social forces that they felt trapped, to the current situation of millions having so many options that choice itself becomes overwhelming. Whom to marry, where to live, what to do — most people now make these choices on their own and freely, but then suffer an endless self-doubt that did not exist in eras when most people’s choices were made for them. The choice penalty may be particularly hard on women, who once had relatively little control over15 the 15. 对…几乎无法 paths of their lives, and now in most cases16 have complete 控制 choice: so much so that choice itself becomes a cause of 16. 在大多数情况 anxiety. 下 9 FROM MATERIAL WANT TO MEANING WANT Ever larger numbers of people enjoy reasonable standards of living, but may feel an inner pang on the question of whether their lives have purpose. Predicting a transition from “material want” to “meaning want” is not to say that people will cease caring about material things; it is a prediction that millions will expect both pleasant living standards and a broad sense that their lives have purpose. This is a conundrum as the sense of meaning is much more difficult to acquire than material possessions. 10 THE VIRTUE OF GRATITUDE Psychological research suggests at least one important item of advice regarding the progress paradox: we should be more grateful. This matters not as a point of moralizing but as an issue of 177 Unit 7

self-interest. Gratitude research is beginning to suggest that feelings of thankfulness have tremendous positive value in helping people cope with daily problems, especially stress, and to achieve a positive sense of the self. People who describe themselves as feeling grateful tend to have higher vitality and more optimism, suffer less stress, and experience fewer episodes of clinical depression than the population as 17 17. 作为一个整体 a whole . 11 Modern American life proves that money cannot buy happiness. This is not necessarily cause for pessimism about what the country’s future may hold. In recent decades, life has become better in numerous areas where problems were supposedly unsolvable — pollution, crime and 18 18. 举三个例子 discrimination, to name three . We have the power to address other supposedly unsolvable problems too — among them global warming and global poverty. But the ever better life that seems likely for our children may not make us any happier unless we change ourselves, as happiness comes 19 19. 来自内部 only from within . (1,286 words)

New Words clamour /klQm(r)/ n. a very loud noise made by a lot of people or things, for example when a lot of people are shouting 喧闹声 dazzle★ /dQzl/ v. to blind someone with too much light or brilliance; to impress someone a lot, for example with beauty, intelligence, or skill 使目眩，使眼花缭乱；使惊 奇；使赞叹不已 indulgence /IndldZns/ n. sth. special that someone does for pleasure, not because they need to 沉溺 plague★ /pleIg/ v. to cause a lot of problems for someone or sth. for a long period of time 烦扰 span /spQn/ n. the amount of time that sth. lasts 一段时间（尤指 人的一生） backbreaking physically very hard and tiring 使人劳累之极的 /bQkbreIkIN/ a. toil▲ /tIl/ n. difficult and tiring work, esp. physical work劳作

178 Coming from Within earner /n/ n. someone who earns money by working 挣钱人 advent▲ /Qdvnt/ n. the coming or arrival, esp. of sth. extremely important 出现，到来 instantaneous★ immediate 立刻的 /InstnteInjs/ a. ownership /UnSIp/ n. legal possession of sth., usu. sth. big and valuable 所有权 pollster /pUlst(r)/ n. a person or organization that prepares a poll 民意 调查人 downhill /daUnhIl/ ad. towards the bottom of a hill or slope 向山下 unbearably /nberblI/ ad. extremely annoyingly 难以忍受地 percentage /psentIdZ/ n. an amount or rate that is equal to a particular part of a total that you have divided by 100 百分比 budge /bdZ/ v. to move, or to move sth., esp. sth. that is very heavy or is stuck 移动 typical /tIpIkl/ a. like most people or things of the same type 典型的 gloominess★ /glumInIs/ n. sad and hopeless feeling 低落的情绪 discontented not satisfied with sth.不满的 /dIskntentId/ a. indisputably in a way that is impossible to question or argue /IndIspjutblI/ ad. about 无可争议地 spacious★ /speISs/ a. having a lot of space inside 宽敞的 ingrain /IngreIn/ v. to fix deeply or indelibly, as in the mind 使根深 蒂固 catalog(ue) /kQtlg/ n. a list of all the things 目录 peruse /pruz/ v. to read 阅读 millionairehood the state of being a millionaire 百万富翁的身份地位 /mIljnehUd/ n. obsessively /bsesIvlI/ ad. in a compulsive manner, uncontrollably 过分地 lavish▲ /lQvIS/ a. too generous or extravagant 浪费的，滥花的 glamorous /glQmrs/ a. attractive and interesting in an exciting and unusual manner 富有魅力的 agonizing /QgnaIzIN/ a. causing extreme pain and suffering 令人痛苦的 unprecedented never having happened or existed before 史无前例的 /npresIdentId/ a. elevate★ /elIveIt/ v. to improve the status or importance of sb. or sth. 提高 liberty /lIbtI/ n. the freedom to think or behave in the way that you want and not be controlled by a government or by other people 自由 179 Unit 7 bulwark /bUlwk/ n. sb. or sth. that protects or defends sth. such as a belief, idea, or way of life 堡垒，壁垒 neutralize /njutrlaIz/ v. to stop sth. from having an effect 使无效；抵消 bio-horror an intense fear caused by the existence or the /baIUhr(r)/ n. possibility of using biochemical weapons 生化 恐怖 terrorism /terrIzm/ n. the use of violence to achieve political aims 恐怖 主义 environmental relating to the natural world and the effect that /InvaIrnmentl/ a. human activity has on it 环境的 calamity▲ /klQmtI/ n. an event that causes serious damage, or causes a lot of people to suffer, for example a flood or fire 灾难 openness /UpnnIs/ n. a tendency to accept new ideas, methods, or changes 开放 rational /rQSnl/ a. based on sensible practical reasons rather than emotions 理性的 evolution /ivluSn/ n. the way in which sth. gradually changes and develops 演进；发展 fretful /fretSUl/ a. worried and unhappy, esp. because of being nervous or tired 苦恼的；烦躁的 bounty▲ /baUntI/ n. the good things that sth. provides 慷慨，大方 tangible▲ /tQndZbl/ a. able to be touched 可触摸的 abundance★ /bndns/ n. a very large quantity of sth. 富裕 prosperous /prsprs/ a. rich and successful 富足的；成功的 deny /dInaI/ v. to refuse to admit 拒不承认 connote /knUt/ v. to suggest or imply in addition to literal meaning 意味着 beneficiary /benIfISIrI/ n. one that receives a benefit受益人 favouritism /feIvrItIzm/ n. the state of being held in special favor 偏爱，偏袒 inheritance /InherItns/ n. sth. inherited or to be inherited 继承 rig★ /rIg/ v. to manipulate dishonestly for personal gain（用欺 骗等不正当手段）操纵 quasi /kweIzaI/ a. having a likeness to sth. 准的，类似的 quasi-larceny resemblance to the unlawful taking and removing /kwzIlAsnI/ n. of another’s personal property with the intent of permanently depriving the owner; nearly a theft 准 盗窃罪 detract /dItrQkt/ v. to reduce the value, importance or quality of sth. 减损

180 Coming from Within unsettled /nsetld/ a. not dealt with successfully; disturbed 未解决的； 不安的 polio /pUlIU/ n. 小儿麻痹症 vaccine /vQksin/ n. 疫苗 wireless /waIlIs/ a. not using wires, but using electronic signals 无 线的 dread★ /dred/ n. fear of sth. bad that might happen or that is going to happen 畏惧，恐惧 lunatic /ljuntIk/ n. someone who behaves in an extreme or dangerous way 疯子 yak /jQk/ v. to talk a lot, usu. about nothing important 喋喋 不休 plentiful /plentIfUl/ a. present or available in large quantities 充足的 penalty /penltI/ n. punishment for breaking a rule or law 惩罚 postwar /pUstw(r)/ a. happening or existing in the period of time immediately after a war, esp. the Second World War（尤指二战）战后的 transition★ /trQnsIZn/ n. the process of changing from one situation, form, or state to another 过渡时期 constrain★ /knstreIn/ v. to limit someone’s freedom to do what they want; to force someone to do sth. that they do not want to do 强迫 pang▲ /pQN/ n. a very strong, sudden, and unpleasant pain or emotion 剧痛 conundrum /knndrm/ n. a difficult problem that seems to have no solution 复杂难题 acquire /kwaI(r)/ v. to get sth. for example by buying it or receiving it 获得 virtue /vtju/ n. a good quality or habit that a person has, esp. a moral one such as honesty or loyalty 美德 moralize /mrlaIz/ v. to tell people how they should behave, because you believe that your own opinion of right and wrong is the correct one 说教 thankfulness a mental state of being grateful for sth., or pleased /TQNkfUlnIs/ n. that sth. unpleasant is no longer happening or did not happen 感激 vitality /vaItQltI/ n. energy, enthusiasm 生机，活力 clinical /klInIkl/ a. relating to, or connected with a clinic, involving or based on direct observation of the patient 临床的 depression /dIpreSn/ n. a feeling of being extremely unhappy 抑郁症 181 Unit 7 pessimism /pesImIzm/ n. the attitude of someone who thinks that the worst thing will happen in every situation 悲观; 悲观主义 supposedly /spUzIdlI/ ad. as some people believe or say, although you may not agree with this 据称；大概 unsolvable /nslvbl/ a. not easily solved 不易解决的 pollution /pljuSn/ n. the process of damaging the air, water, or land with chemicals or other substances 污染 crime /kraIm/ n. an illegal activity or action 犯罪

Expressions go downhill to get worse 走下坡路，变坏 stress sb. out to subject to or undergo extreme stress, as from working too much 使焦虑紧张 far from (doing) used for saying that the real situation is the opposite of what you mention 远非 in… spirits in a… mood or with a… attitude 处于…的精神 状态 in detail including many facts or aspects of a situation 详 细地 run out to use all of sth. and not have any left 用完 on guard vigilant（保持）警觉 pass sth. down to give knowledge or teach skills to children or to younger people 将…传下去 detract from to make… seem less good, attractive, or important 减损 thanks to used for saying that someone or sth. is responsible for sth. good that happened 多亏 keep sb. awake to keep sb. unable to fall asleep 让…难以入睡 as often as not on most occasions or in most situations 往往， 多半 crop up to happen suddenly or unexpectedly 意外地出现 move about 左右移动 have control over to have the power to make decisions about sth. and decide what should happen 对…可以控制 in (many) cases under (many) circumstances 在（很多）情况下 as a whole considering all the parts of sth. as one unit 作为一 个整体

182 Coming from Within to name three used after mentioning three people or things as examples of a larger group 举三个例子 from within used when saying what happens in a group or organization 来自内部

Notes

111 Author: Gregg Easterbrook（格雷格·伊斯特布鲁克，1953—）is an American writer, lecturer, and a senior editor of The New Republic. 222 Daniel Kahneman:（丹尼尔·卡尼曼，1934—）an Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel laureate, notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision- making, behavioral economics and hedonic psychology 333 Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）: a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. 444 Winston Churchill（温斯顿·丘吉尔，1874—1965）: British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He served as prime minister twice (1940 –1945 and 1951–1955). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first person to be recognized as an honorary citizen of the United States. 555 material want: shortage of material things 物质匮乏 666 meaning want: lack of purpose in life 人生意义缺失 777 clinical depression: a depression so severe as to be considered abnormal, either because of no obvious environmental causes, or because the reaction to unfortunate life circumstances is more intense or prolonged than would generally be expected

Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud paragraph 1. Afterwards, practice it on your own several times. Suppose your great-great-grandparents, who lived four generations ago, materialized in America of the present day. Surely they would first be struck

183 Unit 7 by the clamor of 21st-century living. Yet as your ancestors learned more about how we live, they would be dazzled. Over-indulgence now plagues not just the well-off but the poor. College is the common destination for the young, not just a place for the wealthy. Many other aspects of day-to-day life would amaze our recent ancestors: medical progress that in a century has increased the average life span from 41 years to 77; the end of backbreaking physical toil for most wage earners; the advent of instantaneous global communication and same-day travel to distant cities; home ownership for the majority, with air conditioning and flat-screen TVs for the masses.

Understanding the Text 1. Overview This text is an exclusive excerpt from Gregg Easterbrook’s book The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse. The author begins with an interesting supposition: “How life gets better while the old days look better.” In an attempt to answer the question, he provides us with a few theories that might explain the reasons for the “negative” feeling among the people today. Then in the end of the text, the author asserts that money cannot buy happiness. Now read carefully the text and complete the following outline of the text by filling in the blanks with appropriate words. 111 What is a “Progress Paradox”? By definition, a paradox is a situation involving two facts or features that seem to contradict each other. Then, for our text, the two opposite features of the “Progress Paradox” are: A. Compared with the past, there have been remarkable advancements in , , and today. B. People feel . 222 Theories about, or reasons for, people’s discontentment are: A. the revolution of satisfied expectations, which reveals that people’s expectations over the years and it’s unlikely for them to expect so much now as they ; B. catalog-induced anxiety, meaning the anxiety among people in general who can see the way live but can never afford it; C. collapse anxiety, i.e., a fear that the West will collapse and people will no longer enjoy their current ; D. abundance denial, a fact that most Americans don’t think they are ; E. the unsettled character of progress, suggesting people’s worries

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about the chains of problems that may ; F1 the choice penalty, which is caused by ; G. from material want to meaning want, indicating the transition from material want only to in the Western society; H. the virtue of gratitude, without which people will not achieve of the self. 333 Concluding remarks: The author concludes that money cannot because, he believes, the materially better life we are living cannot make us happier unless we .

2. Interpretation The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 … materialized in America of the present day. (Para. 1) AAA… suddenly appeared in today’s America. BBB … pursued material comfort in America today. CCC… laid a material foundation for America today. 222 The percentage of Americans who describe themselves as “happy” has not budged since the 1950s… (Para. 2) AAAAmericans who describe themselves as “happy” now are considerably much more numerous than the 1950s. BBB Americans have learned to budget since the 1950s and therefore describe themselves as “happy”. CCCThe happiness rate among American people has not risen since the 1950s. 333 … most people judge their well-being not by where they stand but rather on whether they think their circumstances and income will improve in coming years. (Para. 3) AAA... most people judge their happiness not by what they have or how they are but on their possibly pleasant prospect in the coming years. BBB … most people will feel rich if they have more things now and will feel richer if they can have more in the future. CCC… most people don’t feel satisfied with their present social status because they think they will have a better life in the future. 444 The expectation that each new year will be notably better than the last, once deeply ingrained in the American psyche, is fading. (Para. 3)

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AAAAmerican people expect as they did before that their life will become considerably better year after year. BBB Americans once had a deeply rooted belief that life would improve with every passing year, but this sort of optimism is gradually disappearing. CCCMost Americans used to take it for granted that each year should be much better than the last, but now they have to face up to the disappointing reality. 555 … the West’s military bulwark will be neutralized by some genetically engineered bio-horror. (Para. 5) AAA… the military power of the West will be nothing in front of some genetically engineered bio-horror. BBB … although the West is militarily strong, we cannot take a neutral attitude to the threat caused by genetically produced biological weapons. CCC… the West’s military defensive power will be offset by the biological weapons that are genetically produced. 666 Perhaps anxiety is even hard-wired into us by evolution… (Para. 5) AAAAs a result of evolution, we may be even genetically programmed to be anxious. BBB It might be the case that evolution has taught us to work hard to deal with anxiety. CCCVery likely anxiety is a hard and necessary element in the human evolution. 777 … this connotes being the beneficiary of favoritism. (Para. 6) AAA… this indicates that they have received and enjoyed special favor. BBB … this will oblige them to do something to benefit those who have shown them favor. CCC… this implies that to be well-off, one must have done something beneficial for the favor. 888 But often as not, problems exist in a chain of cause-and-effect. (Para. 7) AAABut sometimes, problems will give rise to problems. BBB But very often, the solution of one problem will give rise to another. CCCBut in most cases, problems can never be really solved. 999 This is a conundrum as the sense of meaning is much more difficult to acquire than material possessions. (Para. 9) AAAThis is a puzzling and difficult problem because material wealth doesn’t mean anything. BBB This is an extremely complex issue because one must have a definite goal before pursuing his material possessions. 186 Coming from Within

CCCThis is an intricate problem because it is much more difficult to make people feel spiritually than materially satisfied. 1111 This matters not as a point of moralizing but as an issue of self-interest. (Para. 10) AAAThis is important not because it is moral to do so but because it serves our own interest. BBB This moral practice is very important for it will make people more concerned about their own interest. CCCThis is necessary in that it will make those who pursue their own interest see their moral problems. 1111 … as happiness comes only from within. (Para. 11) AAA… as happiness is achievable with your own money. BBB … because happiness is, after all, the sense of inner contentment. CCC… since happiness comes only when one has enough material comfort.

3. Discussion

Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 Do you think that our life has tremendously improved in the past few decades? Illustrate your viewpoint. 222 How do you like the author’s suggestion that we should learn to be grateful to feel happy?

4. Language gem for appreciation Nominalization English writers often employ nominal ways of wording in expressing their ideas either for the sake of enhancing formality of their discourses or for the purpose of making their discourses more cohesive. This way of expression is called nominalization (refer to Unit 5, Book 1). In Text A, we can find quite a number of cases of nominalization. Read the sentences below and try to appreciate the value of nominations in their contexts.

… medical progress that in a century has increased the average life span from 41 years to 77; the end of backbreaking physical toil for most wage earners; the advent of instantaneous global communication and same-day travel to distant cities; home ownership for the majority, with air conditioning and flat-screen TVs for the masses. Far from feeling better about their lives, many are feeling worse. Such

187 Unit 7 gloominess may seem strange in a country of ever higher living standards and personal freedom. This may make what a typical person possesses seem insufficient, even if the person is one of the tens of millions of Americans living, by the standards of history, in unprecedented comfort and freedom.

Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

dread pang deny budge rational glamorous favouritism unprecedented neutralize calamity rig prosperous inheritance abundance ingrain tangible

111 She had never been to Ireland and said that she had never read anything about that country, and yet she was able to supply a(n) of detail about the way of life in that place at an earlier time. 222 The growing indebtedness of the USA is regarded as unacceptable because it is draining savings away from other, less economies. 333 Anyone who does wrong will be repaid for his wrong, and there is no . 444 In France there is 40% tax for children to pay on the estates of their parents. 555 Investors who believe that the market is are likely to withhold their investment. 666 My father spoke of his growing of getting old. 777 As she stared ahead, her mind went back to that first meeting with Robert, and a of regret shot through her. 888 The danger lies in not recognizing it, or in attempting to it to ourselves. 999 Their mother had screwed up the tube of toothpaste so tightly that the lid wouldn’t . 1111 Distrust was deeply in her; she dared not believe in good fortune. 1111 Such jobs enjoy a higher status and may be considered more popular and

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than others. 1111 Armies of unheard-of size, fighting on a scale never before known, generated an demand for military information. 1111 Social awareness enables them to create opportunities and opposition more skillfully. 1111 The miners must have been fearful of the possible consequences of this . 1111 If they are , they should sit down to find solutions to their disagreement rather than resort to force. 1111 Those rewards probably attract most of us into the workforce in the first place.

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

detract from as a whole as often as not crop up thanks to on guard far from in detail go downhill run out pass down have control over

111 “If this country doesn’t stop arguing about the past, re-fighting the battles of previous generations, we will continue to ,” he said. 222 Any sleep that you have in the sofa will night-time sleep and reduce the strength of the bed as the sole stimulus for sleep. 333 This new taxation law has placed an excessive burden on industry, and on the people of the country . 444 Leeming was on the second floor, a police officer outside his room. 555 the economic miracle, we’ve sold our house after two years of trying. 666 We are in touch with you because your name in reports concerning the disappearance of the murdered man’s wife. 777 The sun shines on the saint and the sinner alike, and , the wicked seem to flourish and prosper. 888 If you want to be remembered, you create something you can to the young. 999 Over the next ten weeks, the research assistant meets with her supervisor for one hour a week, to go through the program . 1111 suggesting that the two sides were moving towards a new

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spirit of cooperation, the diplomats said they were a long way from calling for a ceasefire. 1111 My research post had been extended by my supervisor, but in 1986 the funding . 1111 The improvement of quality is possible only if we strict the processes that convert raw materials to products of value.

3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: You can enrich your relationships with others only when you possess self-respect and a clear conscience. (basis) → Self-respect and a clear conscience are the basis for enriching your relationships with others.

111 Hank suddenly and silently appeared at the kitchen door with some books under his arm. (materialize) Hank , some school books under his arm. 222 The blond Australian has never had such bad luck over the years. (plague) The blond Australian by the worst possible luck over the years. 333 Though they had to work extremely hard, the pay was outrageously low. (backbreaking) , but the pay was outrageously low. 444 We had high hopes this morning after the Red Cross said that he was fine and cheerful. (spirits) Our hopes were high this morning after the Red Cross said . 555 All her brothers and sisters are rather lazy, but she is very much different from them and hardworking, ready to do the housework for her parents. (notably) All her siblings are rather lazy, but , ready to do the housework for her parents. 666 As people are becoming more concerned about the environment, renewable energy projects have received the support that they have never got before. (unprecedented) As people are becoming more concerned about the environment, . 777 As you would expect, children who are highly active and energetic can

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respond quickly. (vitality) As you would expect, means they respond quickly. 888 Mr. Weber has been so far questioned for 200 hours and is not admitting anything. (undergo) Mrs. Weber has so far , and is admitting nothing. 999 I think that your last argument is unlikely to seem immediately convincing to an English audience. They are known to be rational. (supposedly) I think that your last argument is unlikely to seem immediately convincing to . 1111 As motor traffic began, the New Bridge was built in 1928. (advent) the New Bridge was built in 1928.

Structure Appositive clause

An appositive clause is a subordinate clause that has the same kind of function as a noun that goes before it. An appositive clause involves a simple connection: that connects a clause without being a part of the subordinate clause. The following are two examples from the text:

It seems almost a matter of human nature that most people reject the idea that they are prosperous. Deep-seated in the minds of many is a fear that the West cannot sustain its current elevated living standards and liberty. The expectation that each new year will be notably better than the last, once deeply ingrained in the American psyche, is fading.

Combine the following pairs of sentences by making one an appositive clause of the other. 111 My belief lies behind my career. English grammar is fascinating. . 222 The news is not welcomed. John is going to visit Cambodia. . 333 The suggestion impressed the manager. The hotel should be converted into an office-block. .

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444 Students can become independent learners. This belief is common among teachers. . 555 We must work together as a team. The idea guides our department’s work. . 666 Women are entitled to the same type of education as men. The practice was once strongly opposed by people. .

Word Building -ty

You can add the suffix -ty to an adjective to form an abstract noun, denoting the state, degree or feature of something. Most often, such adjectives change their forms so as to accommodate this suffixation. Here is an example from the Text:

This creates, for some, a condition that might be called catalog- induced anxiety.

anxious + ty → anxiety (the state of being anxiety)

Change the adjectives below into nouns by adding the suffix –ty to them and complete the following sentences with their noun forms.

poor cruel liberal anxious penal plentiful

111 We must be fully aware that there are some people in our country who are still struggling under the line. 222 As the famous saying goes, “Give me , or give me death.” 333 Throughout the history of human civilization, no one has ever seen human nature at such a peak of and barbarity（野蛮）. 444 Many people think that the man who drank under the influence of alcohol and caused three people to die should be given death . 555 My parents have moved to Glasgow, where there is of work

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and my father and mother are both very happy. 666 Perhaps the most frightening of all the symptoms of stress and that a person may experience is the panic attack.

Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. How to Get Lucky Richard Wiseman

1 For centuries, people have recognized the power of luck and have done whatever they could to try seizing it. Take knocking on wood, thought to date back to pagan（异教徒） 1 rituals（宗教等的仪式）aimed at eliciting（引出）help from 1. 旨在 powerful tree gods. We still do it today, though few, if any, of us worship tree gods. So why do we pass this and other superstitions（迷信）down from generation to generation? The answer lies in the power of luck.

Live a Charmed Life 2 To investigate scientifically why some people are consistently lucky and others aren’t, I advertised in national periodicals（期刊）for volunteers of both varieties. Four 2 hundred men and women from all walks of life — ages 18 2. 各行各业 to 84 — responded. 3 Over a ten-year period, I interviewed these volunteers, asked them to complete diaries, personality questionnaires （问卷）and IQ tests, and invited them to my laboratory for experiments. Lucky people, I found, get that way via some basic principles — seizing chance opportunities; creating self-fulfilling prophecies（预言）through positive expectations; and adopting a resilient（有弹性的）attitude that turns bad luck around3. 3. 扭转坏运气

Open Your Mind 4 Consider chance opportunities: Lucky people regularly have them; unlucky people don’t. To determine why, I gave lucky and unlucky people a newspaper, and asked them

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4 4. 平均地 to tell me how many photos were inside. On average , unlucky people spent about two minutes on this exercise; lucky people spent seconds. Why? Because on the paper’s second page — in big type — was the message “Stop counting: There are 43 photographs in this newspaper.” Lucky people tended to spot the message. Unlucky ones didn’t. I put a second one halfway through the paper: “Stop counting, tell the experimenter you have seen this and win $250.” Again, the unlucky people missed it. The lesson: Unlucky people miss chance opportunities because they’re too busy looking for something else. Lucky people see what is there rather than just what they’re looking for. 5 This is only part of the story. Many of my lucky participants tried hard to add variety to（使多样化）their lives. Before making important decisions, one altered his route to work. Another described a way of meeting people. He noticed that at parties he usually talked to the same type of person. To change this, he thought of a color and then spoke only to guests wearing that color — women in red, say, or men in black. 6 Does this technique work? Well, imagine living in the center of an apple orchard. Each day you must collect a basket of apples. At first, it won’t matter where you look. The entire orchard will have apples. Gradually, it becomes harder to find apples in places you’ve visited before. If you go to new parts of the orchard each time, the odds of finding apples will increase dramatically. It is exactly the same with luck.

Relish（享受）the Upside（积极的一面） 7 Another important principle revolved around the way in which lucky and unlucky people deal with misfortune（厄 运）. Imagine representing your country in the Olympics. You compete, do well, and win a bronze medal. Now imagine a second Olympics. This time you do even better and win a silver medal. How happy do you think you’d feel? Most of us think we’d be happier after winning the silver medal.

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8 But research suggests athletes who win bronze medals are actually happier. This is because silver medalists（奖 牌获得者）think that if they’d performed slightly better, 5 they might have won a gold medal. In contrast , bronze 5. 对比之下 medalists focus on how if they’d performed slightly worse, they wouldn’t have won anything. Psychologists call this ability to imagine what might have happened, rather than what actually happened, “counter-factual（反事实的）” thinking. 9 To find out if lucky people use counter-factual thinking to ease the impact of misfortune, I asked my subjects to imagine being in a bank. Suddenly, an armed robber enters and fires a shot that hits them in the arms. Unlucky people tended to say this would be their bad luck to be in the bank during the robbery. Lucky people said it could have been worse: “You could have been shot in the head.” This kind of thinking makes people feel better about themselves, keeps expectations high, and increases the likelihood of continuing to live a lucky life.

Learn to Be Lucky 10 Finally, I created a series of experiments examining whether thought and behavior can enhance good fortune. First came one-on-one meetings, during which participants completed questionnaires that measured their luck and their satisfaction with six key areas of their lives. I then outlined the main principles of luck, and described techniques designed to help participants react like lucky people. For instance, they were taught how to be more open to6 6. 对…敞开的 opportunities around them, how to break routines, and how to deal with bad luck by imagining things being worse. They were asked to carry out specific exercises for a month and then report back to me. 11 The results were dramatic: 80 percent were happier and more satisfied with their lives — and luckier. One unlucky subject said that after adjusting her attitude — expecting good fortune, not dwelling on the negative — her bad luck had vanished. One day, she went shopping and found a dress she liked. But she didn’t buy it, and when she returned to the store in a week, it was gone. Instead of slinking（扭捏招 195 Unit 7

摇地走路）away disappointed, she looked around and found a better dress — for less. Events like this made her a much happier person. 12 Her experience shows how thoughts and behavior affect the good and bad fortune we encounter. It proves that the most elusive（难以捉摸的）of holy grails（圣杯）— an effective way of taking advantage of the power of luck — is available to us all. (945 words)

New Words charm /tSAm/ v. to use magic to influence or control sb. or sth.（用 魔法）使具有神力 consistently always, invariably 一贯地 /knsIstntlI/ ad. unlucky /nlkI/ a. not lucky, having bad luck 不幸的 represent /reprIzent/ v. to speak or act officially for another person, group, or organization 代表 slightly /slaItlI/ ad. only a little 稍微地 robber /rb(r)/ n. someone who takes money or property illegally, often by using threats or violence 抢劫犯 robbery /rbrI/ n. the crime of taking money or property illegally, often by using threats or violence 抢劫 likelihood /laIklIhUd/ n. the chance that sth. might happen 可能（性） outline /aUtlaIn/ v. to give the main ideas of a plan or a piece of writing without giving all the details 概括 vanish /vQnIS/ v. to disappear in a sudden and mysterious way 消 失；消灭 holy /hUlI/ a. important in a religion, or used in worship 神的； 供神用的

Expressions aim at to direct an action towards 旨在 turn sth. around to reverse the previously poor performance of an organization and make it successful 转变；转好 on average used for talking about what is usually true,

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although it may not be true in every individual situation 平均地 in contrast used when you are comparing two things or people and saying that the second one is very different from the first对比之下 be open to to be willing to consider many different possibilities 对…敞开的

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 Which of the following is true of the expression “knocking on wood”? (Para. 1) AAAPagans did it to elicit help from the powerful tree god. BBB Many of us do it today with the same desire for good luck. CCCPeople did that to express their thanks for their good luck. DDDPagans recognized the power of wood in bringing them good luck. 222 What does it mean “to live a charmed life”? (Subtitle 1) AAATo live a life that makes other people puzzled. BBB To live a life that is extremely lucky and fortunate. CCCTo make oneself extremely charming to other people. DDDTo enjoy oneself so much that other people feel jealous. 333 Which of the following is NOT a principle of lucky people? (Para. 3) AAATaking a flexible attitude. BBB Jumping to good opportunities. CCCHolding positive attitudes to life. DDDFulfilling their own desires. 444 Why did the lucky people in the experiment only spend seconds to find the answer? (Para. 4) AAATheir response was much faster than that of unlucky people. BBB They spotted the message that revealed the answer. CCCThey just counted the pictures rather than read the whole newspaper. DDDThey had been told the answer before the experiment. 555 The word “relish” is closest in meaning to . (Subtitle 3) AAAenjoy B) give up C) polish D) seize

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666 According to psychologists, why are bronze medalists happier than silver medalists? (Para. 8) AAABecause they have already won gold medals. BBB Because they think themselves lucky enough to win a medal. CCCBecause they think that they have done well enough. DDDBecause they will have a chance to compete in the next Olympic Games. 777 At the end of this article, the woman’s shopping experience is cited to illustrate the point that . (Para. 12) AAAthe experiment the author desired was the most effective BBB we shouldn’t buy what we like the first time we see it CCCwith good attitude, we can all become lucky people DDDgood luck and bad luck actually exist side by side

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 Why, in the author’s view, are some people luckier than others? 222 How do you think we can learn to be lucky?

Part IV Writing Email Thanks to the information technology, email (namely electronic mail) has become the most prevalent and also the fastest and cheapest way of communication for people who can enjoy easy access to the Internet. Thus how to write email messages appropriately deserves our attention. Here are 6 steps for you to follow: 1. Enter the email address. On the line of “To: ”, write the email address of the person you want to write to. Below this, you will find “Cc:(carbon copy)”, which means that if you put an e-mail address in the carbon copy line, your message is copied to that address with it visible, but if in the blind line where you can see “Bcc: (blind carbon copy)”, the addresses copied to are not visible to the recipient. 2. Give the message a subject/title on the Subject line. E-mail messages without a subject may not be opened because of a fear of viruses. Keep the subject short and clear but avoid such headings as: “Good News”, “Hello”,

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“Message from Mary”, because such headings are common in messages containing viruses. Short but specific headings are needed, such as “Delayed Shipment.” 3. Compose your message. Start the message with a greeting in a socially appropriate form. For example, if the receiver is senior to you, or if you are in doubt, it would be safer (particularly in the first communication) to use the person’s surname/family name together with a title, like Dear Mr. Smithson. The other contents of the message are no different from those of ordinary letters. 4. Deal with your attachment(s) properly. Sometimes, the email message alone is not enough. You may want to attach an already existing file or even files. When this happens, you need to, for one thing, make sure you refer, in the main message, to any attachments you are adding and of course make extra sure that you remember to include the attachment(s). For another, make sure the file name describes the content, and is not too general. 5. End the message in a polite way. Common endings are: “Yours sincerely, Best regards, Best wishes, Regards.” If you did not put a comma after the greeting at the beginning of the message, then do not put a comma after the ending either, e.g. “Best wishes”. 6. Include your name at the end of the message. It is most annoying to receive an email which does not include the name of the sender. Here is a good example to end an email: “Kind regards Jennifer Ranford Human Resources Manager”

Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up any new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

Life is a tragedy for those who feel, and a comedy for those who think. — La Bruyere Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity. — Seneca I’m a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work, the more I have of it. — Thomas Jefferson

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Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed. — Mahatma Gandhi Everyone chases after happiness, not noticing that happiness is right at their heels. — Bertolt Brecht

2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) Take a close look at the diagram of happiness index and make a short presentation on it, especially about the Chinese. The useful language below may be helpful to your presentation.

Index of Happiness, 1995-2005: Happy Life Years

a. As illustrated/evidenced by the diagram, … b. From the diagram, we can see that… c. The diagram suggests/implies that… d. This phenomenon/decrease can be ascribed to… e. This can be explained in terms of… f. The point is simply that…

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2) View a clip of TV program that discusses what contributes to our happiness and then complete the tasks that follow. Before you begin, first glance at the words and expressions below. You can view the clip as many times as you like.

acknowledgement /knlIdZmnt/ n. 答谢的表示 optimistic /ptImIstIk/ a. 乐观的 skeptic /skeptIk/ n. 怀疑（论）者 cynic /sInIk/ n. 冷嘲热讽的人 downward /daUnwd/ a. 向下的 giddy /gIdI/ a. 荒唐可笑的 ridiculous /rIdIkjUls/ a. 荒谬的 incorporate /InkpreIt/ v. 使并入 brag /brQg/ v. 吹牛 Stroganoff /strgnf/ n. 俄式炒牛肉丝

Task 1: Complete the following statements according to what you have learnt from the video clip. 111 The first thing that makes people happier is . The experiment the chairwoman mentions found that people wrote letters of gratitude to people who did for them and they reported being happier for weeks and months at a time and they didn’t even have to . 222 The second thing is . But it is not easy to be optimistic because of war, the economy and so many . 333 The third thing is . 444 is number four. For example, if you are good at making people laugh, that into your daily routine. Those people in the experiment reported feeling happier. 555 The fifth thing to do is to of kindness. Harry Smith helps to for somebody who needed a connection. It is a work and it is one of those things that if it works out, it could be great for everybody.

Task 2: Make a short speech according to the following guidelines. In this unit, you have learned the paradox of our times. In your opinion, what are the factors that can really contribute to our happiness in our era? If possible, illustrate your points with specific examples.

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3. Fun time

Listen to the song “Let the Happiness In” and fill in the blanks in the lyrics.

Let the Happiness In I’m waiting on the empty docks Watching come in I’m waiting for the agony to stop Oh, let the in I’m watching as the gulls all settle down Upon the vessels The faded whites of their wedding gowns The songs of hopeless The cold December Sun A that blisters The hands of a working man

I’m waiting on the empty docks Watching the ships I’m waiting for the agony to stop Oh, let the happiness in Oh, let the happiness in Oh, let the happiness in Listen to against the rocks I don't know where they’ve been I’m waiting for to open up And let the happiness in Oh, let the happiness in Oh, let the happiness in ’Cause it’s coming

Let the happiness in Oh, let the happiness in ’Cause it’s coming Coming on, Oh, let the happiness in ’Cause it’s coming, coming home Oh, let the happiness in.

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Part I Video Starter To begin, we’ll watch a video clip and try to grasp its message. Getting to know the words and expressions in the box below first may be helpful.

common ground 共同点 onus /Uns/ n. 责任 ；义务 uncertainty /nstntI/ n. 不确定（性） adaptable /dQptbl/ a. 能适应的 versatile /vstaIl/ a. 多才多艺的 flexible fleksbl/ / a. 灵活的 frustration /frstreISn/ n. 挫折 adversity /dvstI/ n. 困难，不幸 indignity /IndIgntI/ n. 有损尊严的言行 dignity /dIgntI/ n. 尊严

Part II Text A Blueprint for a “Learning Society” Anthony Brock

1 If an international commission which has reported to UNESCO is right, education throughout the world is likely to change out of recognition in the next generation.

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1 1. 首先 2 To begin with , education will start much earlier as the importance of preschool education is more widely recognized; then it will never end, for the signs are that the concept of lifelong education, already an ideal, is about to become a practical reality. Examinations, the bane of every student’s existence, may wither away, for they will be 2. 以… 的 速 度（或 meaningless to people who are learning at their own pace2. 节 奏） 3 Above all, spirit and aims will change: the emphasis will be on learning, not teaching, and education’s products will 3 3. 在…方面 not be measured in terms of so much knowledge dispensed but of completely developed human beings. 4 The International Commission on the Development of 4 4. 得出这些结论 Education which arrived at these conclusions was called 5 5. 要求 on to make proposals that would help governments work out strategies to meet their own educational situations. 5 The Commission drew on educational experience throughout the world. The composition of the commission — which included members from France, Syria, the People’s Republic of Congo, Russia, Chile, Iran and the United States — makes the fact that they were able to reach wide 6 6. 达成共识 agreement remarkable and compelling. 6 For the ordinary reader, two things are perhaps particularly striking in the Commission’s report: its understanding — and even acceptance — of the reasons for youth’s rebellion against present-day education; its belief that lifelong education is not just a theory but already a fact 7 7. 考虑 which educational systems should take account of . 7 Striking, too, is the Commission’s analysis of what education has been and is now: in other words, its diagnosis 8. 以委员会的观 of what is wrong with it. In the Commission’s view8, man 点来看 is a learning animal. Learning is both natural and necessary to him, but the systems he has set up have all had a tendency to set out to be a system and to end up as a straitjacket. 8 Why? Because the tradition they were established to 9 9. 把…传给 pass on became a dead weight, because school became an institution instead of an approach to life, because there was too much emphasis on the written words, too much subject- division, too much authoritarianism — in a word, too much school and not enough learning.

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9 The present situation is paradoxical. There has never been so much demand for education (the total number of school-age children in the world increased by 20 percent); and there has never been so much dissatisfaction with, and rejection of, education by the young. Never before has so much education been provided, but never has society so widely rejected the product of institutionalized education, as the increased rate of educated unemployed in many countries goes to show. 10 What is to be done about the situation? The Commission does not lay down10 ground rules for the educational 10. 制定 systems but it does suggest guidelines, and from its considerations of the possible strategies to be adopted a number of11 watchwords for educational reform emerge. 11. 一些 Among these are democracy, flexibility and continuity. 11 The move towards democracy in schooling has several causes, including the general demand for qualified labor 12 to meet the demand of stepped-up technology. In 12. 加紧步伐的 some countries ideology is behind the move, in others, the consequences of decolonization. In some cases the spur is even the fear of social unrest. But the report points out that there is a wide gap between a decision of principle to provide universal education and the democratization of the systems, for, as they are currently structured, inequality is 13. 使成为…的一 built into13 them. 部分 12 Nutrition, family background and factors like housing all 14 play a role in success at school. Throughout the world, the 14. 发挥作用 disparities between social classes are strikingly reflected in university enrollments. 13 Merely multiplying schools is not the answer. What is needed is not equal treatment for everybody, but provision for each individual of a suitable education at a suitable pace for his particular needs. 14 Real solutions to the problems of inequality can only be found in a sweeping reorganization on the lines of permanent, lifelong education, for “once education becomes continual, ideas as to what constitutes success and failure will change. An individual who fails at a given age and level in the course of his educational career will have other opportunities. He will no longer be delegated for life to15 15. 被终身打入 205 Unit 8

the ghetto of his own failure. 15 “Human beings, consciously or not, keep on learning and training themselves throughout their lives, above all through the influence of their environment.” 16 Recognition of this should bring revolutionary consequences: not the extension of school by evening classes but the integration of child and adult education; not the occasional use of television to supply the lacks of schooling but whole-hearted employment of media which already teach as much and more as lessons. Education “first helps the child to live his own life as he deserves to do, but its essential mission is to prepare the future adult for various forms of autonomy and self-learning.” 17 Flexibility is obviously necessary if lifelong education is to work. As the divisions between subjects are eroded by advance in knowledge, curricula will have to change to meet specific need — grownups who want to turn to, say, radio engineering will not necessarily have the time to plow 16 16. 奋力前进 through the whole syllabus of heat and light before they come to sound. 18 In any case, says the report, flexibility is required by modern conditions. “At the rate technology is advancing, many people during the course of their working life will hold several jobs or frequently change their place of work… 17. 适用于 Education rarely equips the individual for adapting to17 change, to the unknown. The world has not yet widely accepted the principle of a general poly-technical education at secondary level — an education which would guarantee professional mobility and lead to lifelong education.” Yet such an education has given positive results where it has been tried. 19 Consideration of new techniques occupies a substantial portion of the report. For the first time since the textbook, the exercise book and the blackboard were invented, the “hardware” of the teaching trade has been substantially increased by a wide range of audiovisual aids, closed-circuit TV and computers. 20 The focus of all the innovations of the last ten years is significantly the same: on self-education, on learning, not teaching. 206 Living to Learn

21 The Commission believes that the school “will be less 18 and less in a position to claim the educational functions 18. 有权做 in society as its special prerogative.” All sectors — public administration, industry, communications, transport — must take part in promoting education. In the Commission’s view, the trend must be towards the “learning society.” (1,095 words)

New Words blueprint▲ /bluprInt/ n. a detailed plan for doing sth. new, or sth. that is a model for how sth. should be done 蓝图 bane /beIn/ n. sth. that annoys sb. very much or causes them a lot of problems 灾星，祸根 existence /IgzIstns/ n. the way that sb. lives his life, esp. when his life is difficult存在 meaningless /minINlIs/ a. without any clear purpose or importance 没有意义的 dispense▲ /dIspens/ v. to provide sth. such as a service, esp. officially 分 配；分发 Syria /sIrI/ n. 叙利亚（西南亚国家） Congo /kngU/ n. 刚果（非洲中西部国家） Chile /tSIlI/ n. 智利（南美洲西南部国家） rebellion★ /rIbeljn/ n. opposition to sb. in authority or to accepted ways of doing things 反叛；反抗 tendency /tendnsI/ n. a strong chance that sth. will happen in a particular way 趋势，趋向 straitjacket /streItdZQkIt/ n. sth. that limits sb.’s freedom to do sth. 紧身衣 authoritarianism the belief that people with power should control /TrIterInIzm/ n. what other people can do, or a situation in which this happens 独裁主义 paradoxical strange because of being the opposite of what you /pQrdksIkl/ a. expect 似非而是的 dissatisfaction the annoyed feeling that you get when sth. is not /dIssQtIsfQkSn/ n. as good as you expected it to be 不满意 rejection /rIdZekSn/ n. a refusal to accept, approve, or support sth. 拒绝 institutionalize to give sth. a formal or official structure使制度化 /InstItjuSnlaIz/ v. guideline /gaIdlaIn/ n. 〈常用复数形式〉official instructions or advice

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about how to do sth. 指导方针 consideration careful thought before making a decision or /knsIdreISn/ n. judgment about sth. 考虑 watchword /wtSwd/ n. a word or phrase that expresses sb.’s attitude or intention 口号，标语 reform /rIfm/ n. a change that is intended to correct a situation that is wrong or unfair, or make a system work more effectively 改革 democracy /dImkrsI/ n. a system of government in which people vote in elections to choose the people who will govern them 民主 continuity▲ a situation in which sth. happens or exists for a /kntInjuItI/ n. long time without stopping or changing 连续（性） schooling /skulIN/ n. the education that you get at school 学校教育 qualify /kwlIfaI/ v. to have the right qualities or be in the right situation to be considered as sth. or to receive or do sth.（使）胜任，（使）有资格 ideology▲ /aIdIldZI/ n. a system of ideas and principles on which a political or economic theory is based 意识形态 decolonization the process by which a colony becomes /diklnaIzeISn/ n. independent from the country that used to control it 去殖民化 spur /sp(r)/ n. sth. that encourages sb. to do sth. 刺激，激励 unrest /nrest/ n. angry or violent behaviour by people who are protesting against sth. 动乱，骚乱 universal /junIvsl/ a. involving or affecting everyone in the world 普 遍的 democratization the process through which a political system /dImkrtaIzeISn/ n. becomes democratic 民主化 inequality /InIkwltI/ n. a situation in which people are not equal because some groups have more opportunities, power, money, etc. than others 不平等 nutrition★ /njutrISn/ n. food considered as sth. that keeps you healthy 营养 disparity /dIspQrtI/ n. a difference between things 不等；差异 strikingly /straIkINlI/ ad. in a way that attracts people’s interest or attention because of some unusual feature 引人注目地 enrollment★ /InrUlmnt/ n. the process of enrolling at a school or other institution 登记；入学 multiply /mltIplaI/ v. to increase by a large amount（使）增加 208 Living to Learn provision /prUvIZn/ n. the act of providing sth. that sb. needs 供应 constitute /knstItjut/ vt. if sth. constitutes sth. else, it is considered to be that thing 构成，形成 delegate /delIgeIt/ v. to give part of your work, duties, or responsibilities to sb. who is junior to you 把…委托给 extension /IkstenSn/ n. extra time that you are given to finish a piece of work, esp. at college or university 伸展，放宽的 期限 employment /ImplImnt/ n. the use of sth. for a particular purpose 使用 mission /mISn/ n. an important piece of work that a person or group of people has to do for a government or large organization, esp. one that involves travel 使命， 天职 autonomy★ /tnmI/ n. the power to make your own decisions 自治 curriculum /krIkjUlm/ n. the subjects that students study at a particular school or college 课程 grownup /grUnp/ n. an adult, used mainly by children or when speaking to children 成人 syllabus /sIlbs/ n. a list of the main subjects in a course of study 大纲 poly-technical about a college for people who want to study /plIteknIkl/ a. scientific or technical subjects, esp. in order to train for a practical job 工艺培训的 secondary /sekndrI/ a. relating to the education of children between the ages of 11 and 16 or 18（教育、学校等）中等的 substantial /sbstQnSl/ a. large in amount or degree 可观的 portion /pSn/ n. a part of an amount or total 一部分 hardware /hAdwe(r)/ n. computer equipment 硬件 substantially by a large amount or degree 可观地 /sbstQnSlI/ ad. audiovisual using both recorded sounds and images 利用视听 /dIUvIzjUl/ a. 的；视听教学的 prerogative /prIrgtIv/ n. a right that a particular person or group has 特权 sector /sekt(r)/ n. a part of a country’s economic or business activity 部门 administration the activities involved in managing a business, /dmInIstreISn/ n. organization, or institution 管理 transport /trQnspt/ n. the business of moving people or things from one place to another, usu. using buses or trains 运输 trend /trend/ n. a gradual change or development that produces a particular result 趋势，趋向 209 Unit 8

Expressions to begin with used for introducing the first thing in a list of things you are going to say 首先 at a… pace at a… speed 以…的速度（或节奏） in terms of used for saying which aspects of sth. you are considering or including 在…方面 arrive at a conclusion 得出结论 call on to ask 要求 reach (an) agreement 达成共识 take account of to consider sth. when you are trying to make a decision 考虑 in sb.’s view in sb.’s opinion 在…看来 pass on to give sb. sth. that sb. else has given you 把… 传给 lay down to state officially what sb. must do or how he must do it 制定 step up to increase sth. 提高，加快 build sth. into to make sth. part of a plan, system, calculation, etc. 使成为…的一部分 play a role to be involved in sth., esp. in a way that is important 发挥作用 plow through to finish sth. that takes a long time and is difficult or boring 奋力前进 adapt to to change your ideas or behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation 适用于 be in a position to do to have the right to do 有权做

Notes

111 UNESCO /juneskU/: the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, an international organization that provides support in education, science, and culture, esp. for poorer countries 联合国教科文组织 222 In some countries ideology is behind the move, in others, the consequences of decolonization: In some countries, ideology is the cause for the democratic movement, but in other countries, the democratic movement resulted from their decolonization.

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Exercises

Reading Aloud

Read aloud paragraphs 2-3. Afterwards, practice them on your own several times. To begin with, education will start much earlier as the importance of preschool education is more widely recognized; then it will never end, for the signs are that the concept of lifelong education, already an ideal, is about to become a practical reality. Examinations, the bane of every student’s existence, may wither away, for they will be meaningless to people who are learning at their own pace. Above all, spirit and aims will change: the emphasis will be on learning, not teaching, and education’s products will not be measured in terms of so much knowledge dispensed but of completely developed human beings.

Understanding the Text 1. Overview This text is basically a summary of a report and the proposals by the International Commission on the Development of Education to UNESCO. On the whole, the text consists of four parts: 1. the conclusions made by the commission; 2. the commission’s analysis and diagnosis of our education today; 3. the suggested guidelines; 4. the future development of education. Now read carefully the text and complete the following outline of the text by filling in the blanks with appropriate words. 111 The conclusions made by the commission: AAAEducation will start and it will , for the signs are that the concept of lifelong education is about to become a practical reality. BBB Examinations, the of every student’s existence, may , for they will be meaningless to people who are learning . CCCThe spirit and aims will change: the emphasis will be , not teaching, and education’s products will not be measured in terms of so much but of completely developed human beings. 222 Problems with the current education: AAAYoung people are present-day education. BBB The education systems have all had a tendency to set out to be a system and to end up as a . 211 Unit 8

CCCThere has never been so much , and rejection of, education by the young. Never before has so much education been provided, but never has society so widely rejected the product of . 333 The suggested guidelines: AAADemocracy: This doesn’t mean for everybody, but provision for each individual of a suitable education for his particular needs and this entails a sweeping reorganization on the lines of permanent, . BBB Flexibility: As the divisions between subjects are eroded by , curricula will have to change to meet specific need. It is also required by — many people during the course of their working life will hold several jobs or frequently change their place of work. CCCContinuity: This doesn’t mean of school by evening classes but of child and adult education; Education first helps the child to live his own life as he deserves to do, but its essential mission is to prepare the future adult for various forms of . 444 The future development of education: AAAA wide range of new teaching facilities will be used. BBB Self-education and learning will be of education. CCCAll sectors of our society must take part in . There will be a “learning society” in the future.

2. Interpretation The following sentences are taken from the text. For each of them, some possible interpretations are provided. Choose the most appropriate one. 111 Examinations, the bane of every student’s existence… (Para. 2) AAAExaminations, the major task for every student… BBB Examinations, the misery for each student’s school life… CCCExaminations, the goal every student pursues… 222 … education’s products will not be measured in terms of so much knowledge dispensed but of completely developed human beings. (Para. 3) AAA… schooling will not be judged by how much knowledge it has imparted to their students but by whether their students have

212 Living to Learn

developed into all-round people. BBB … with regard to schooling, to instill new ideas will be more important than to impart knowledge or skills. CCC… for schooling, the most important criterion will not be how knowledgeable but how well-behaved students are. 333 … man is a learning animal… the systems he has set up have all had a tendency to set out to be a system and to end up as a straitjacket. (Para. 7) AAA… man is eager to learn… all the systems have been intended to be helpful but turned out to be seriously restrictive for his learning efforts. BBB … man is born to learn… the systems were established to serve as a system but in the end didn’t work well. CCC… man should live to learn… all the systems established are good in the beginning but later produce very bad results. 444 … the tradition they were established to pass on became a dead weight. (Para. 8) AAA… the tradition they were set up to pass on became too heavy. BBB … the tradition schools were supposed to pass on became an oppressive burden. CCC… the tradition that schools should impart to their students were useless. 555 … school became an institution instead of an approach to life… (Para. 8) AAA… school became an ivory tower where students had no experience of dealing with practical problems… BBB … school became a bureaucratic system rather than a way to teach people how to deal with life… CCC… school paid attention to disciplines and knowledge rather than teaching students how to solve real problems of daily life… 666 … there was… too much authoritarianism. (Para. 8) AAA… the students are expected to read too many authors. BBB … the students are forced to challenge authorities. CCC… the students are supposed to show unquestioning obedience. 777 In some cases the spur is even the fear of social unrest. (Para. 11) AAAIn some countries, governments keep ideology lagging behind the move for fear it may cause social disorder. BBB In case that democracy causes social unrest, ideology is firmly in the hands of the governments. CCCIn some circumstances, even the fear of social disturbances becomes the driving force behind the move towards democracy in schooling. 888 … inequality is built into them. (Para. 11) 213 Unit 8

AAA… inequality is consistent with social systems. BBB … inequality is an inherent part of educational systems. CCC… unfairness is indispensable to present schooling systems. 999 He will no longer be delegated for life to the ghetto of his own failure. (Para. 14) AAAHe will no longer have to bear the responsibility for his own failure. BBB He will be denied any chance in his life as a result of his failure. CCCHe won’t have to suffer from his own failure throughout his life. 1111 As the divisions between subjects are eroded by advance in knowledge… (Para. 17) AAAAs borders between disciplines are less clearly defined with development of knowledge… BBB When scholars of different disciplines have less communication owing to advance in knowledge… CCCSince the advance in knowledge leads to growing disagreement among scientists in different fields of studies… 1111 … the school “will be less and less in a position to claim the educational functions in society as its special prerogative…” (Para. 21) AAA… the school “will be denied its special right to function as educational institutions in society…” BBB … the school “will have to fight for its privileged position to fulfill the educational functions in society…” CCC… the school “will be losing ground in claiming its privilege of functioning as the only and sole educational institution in society…”

3. Discussion

Discuss the following theme-related questions. 111 How do you understand a “learning society”? 222 Why do you think young people are rather rebellious against the present- day education? 333 Do you find the present situation of education in China paradoxical? Give your reasons.

4. Appreciating gems of the language Inversion for the cohesive effect In English, sentences can be inverted for a number of reasons, one of which is to make the inverted sentence semantically or grammatically more cohesive with the preceding sentence or paragraph. Read the following

214 Living to Learn sentences in their contexts and you will appreciate the cohesive effect of their inverted structures.

Among these are democracy, flexibility and continuity. Striking, too, is the Commission’s analysis of what education has been and is now: in other words, its diagnosis of what is wrong with it. There has never been so much demand for education (the total number of school-age children in the world increased by 20 percent); and there has never been so much dissatisfaction with, and rejection of, education by the young. Never before has so much education been provided, but never has society so widely rejected the product of institutionalized education, as the increased rate of educated unemployed in many countries goes to show.

Learning the Language

New Words and Phrases to Learn 1. Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

blueprint delegate disparity dissatisfaction ideology mission rebellion rejection watchword spur straitjacket strikingly substantial trend universal unrest

111 Do you have the courage to show your weaknesses and face the possibility of ? 222 Growth is once again the as the country looks for another period of expansion in higher education. 333 The world’s governments will meet in Rome this December for the first global food conference for nearly 20 years, and hopefully it will produce the nutritional for the next century. 444 When he followed Jamel to Oxford he immediately joined the Communist Party, more as an act of than anything else. 555 Much of the rest of his life was dedicated to opposing British financial policy and the monetary in which it placed British industry. 666 When a service is free it is difficult for consumers to express . 777 Some words seem to be neutral but are actually charged with . 888 The for development in tests usually came from a pressing

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practical need. 999 The was sparked off by the arrest of a local policeman on charges of corruption. 1111 The exchange of food and drink through dinner parties, coffee mornings, pub evenings, etc., is a means of establishing and maintaining social relations. 1111 There is now an apparent between the number graduating from medical schools and the number of career posts becoming available each year. 1111 The girls were tall and slim, and quite beautiful. 1111 Seek to ensure that management systems do not allow risk issues to be ignored or to levels which have no control. 1111 As indicated in its statement, the University is determined to nurture excellence in all subjects. 1111 The aircraft began spinning to the right and crashed on the roadway, receiving damage. 1111 The government believes this commercial will boost business confidence, and thus investment and jobs.

2. Fill in the blanks with phrases chosen from the box. Change the form where necessary.

adapt to build into call on in terms of lay down pass on plow through step up take account of to begin with

111 The official report of the Games described the scores only points. 222 I asked for names and addresses so that I might details to the police. 333 The Foreign Secretary is urging local firms to their efforts to sell their products abroad. 444 Although tigers have been able to different climates and landscapes, they have not been able to live alongside people. 555 Import duties, freight charges, local taxes, agency commission, were all the selling price. 666 The United Nations also the guerrillas in El Salvador to cease hostilities and to begin peace talks. 777 This figure does not how much money college students could earn or what they do with their money if it was available to them. 216 Living to Learn

888 Under such circumstances, it is impossible to any hard and fast rules. 999 All that students need do is to the 600 pages and write a report. 1111 — Tom, how can I be a successful student in my college years? — , you should learn to budget your own time.

3. Rewrite each sentence with the word in brackets, keeping the same meaning. A part of the new sentence has been written for you. Model: The archaeologists find some signs showing that an ancient civilization once existed in that area. (trace) → The archaeologists find some traces of an ancient civilization in that area.

111 Market forces would lead “bad” schools simply to decline and disappear, or compel them to become “good” if they were to stay open. (wither away) Market forces would lead “bad” schools simply , or compel them to become “good” if they were to stay open. 222 The failure of the country’s authorities to ensure justice is the cause of this social unrest. (dispense) The failure of the country’s authorities to is the cause of this social unrest. 333 He couldn’t produce any reason that made us believe why he wasn’t at home at that time. (compelling) He couldn’t produce why he wasn’t at home at that time. 444 Obviously she was lacking in confidence and thus failed in the job interview. (striking) Her caused her to fail in the job interview. 555 China has made reforms in every aspect and these reforms have improved our life quality substantially. (sweeping) China has made which have improved our life quality substantially. 666 Every college student in China was assigned a job when they graduated before 1996. (guarantee) College students in China upon graduation before 1996.

217 Unit 8

Structure Adverbial clause of reason introduced by “for”

In English, adverbial clauses of reason can be introduced by “for”, which is much more formal than “because” and even regarded as old- fashioned by some people. The adverbial clause of reason introduced by “for” always follows the main clause and they are separated by a comma(,).Here are two examples from Text A:

To begin with, education will start much earlier as the importance of preschool education is more widely recognized; then it will never end, for the signs are that the concept of lifelong education, already an ideal, is about to become a practical reality. Examinations, the bane of every student’s existence, may wither away, for they will be meaningless to people who are learning at their own pace.

Complete the following sentences according to the translations, using for as a conjunction. 111 I’m not particular about seats on the airplane, .（我 对飞机上的座位无所谓，飞行的时候我通常睡觉。） 222 Mary didn’t tell Tom anything, .（玛 丽没有告诉汤姆任何事情，因为他们最近彼此相处不好。） 333 He will always be rich, .（他总是很 富有，因为他生活中有爱。） 444 Robbie was glad to find the shade, . （罗比很高兴找到阴凉，今天肯定是夏季最热的一天了。） 555 I’ll go to London this summer to visit my sister, .（今年夏天我去伦敦看望姐姐，我渴望见到她。） 666 Some college students have to apply for loans from bank, .（一些大学生只得向银行申请贷款，因为高等教 育现在不再是免费的了。）

218 Living to Learn

Word Building -ance

The suffix -ance can be added to a verb to form a noun, denoting an action or a state. Here is an example from Text A:

For the ordinary reader, two things are perhaps particularly striking in the Commission’s report: its understanding — and even acceptance — of the reasons for youth’s rebellion against present-day education; its belief that lifelong education is not just a theory but already a fact which educational systems should take account of.

Now add the noun suffix –ance to the verbs in Column A and put the derived nouns in Column B. Complete the following sentences with a word from Column B. A B perform rely endure govern accept tolerate 111 Transparency is seen as fundamentally important to ensuring good corporate .

222 We have to have a far greater of difference and a far greater respect for differences of view. 333 Nurses should encourage their elderly clients to take up sports and activities that develop skill and coordination, rather than strength, speed and . 444 In my opinion, it is wrong to place total on guidebook descriptions. 555 It was found that student ratings of lecturer were entirely unrelated to self-ratings by the same staff. 666 Several people felt that this figure could determine their or rejection of the whole scheme.

219 Unit 8

-ion

The suffix -ion can be added to a verb to form a noun, denoting an action or a state. Here are two examples from Text A:

For the ordinary reader, two things are perhaps particularly striking in the Commission’s report: its understanding — and even acceptance — of the reasons for youth’s rebellion against present-day education. … there has never been so much dissatisfaction with, and rejection of, education by the young.

Now add the noun suffix -ion to the verbs in Column A and put the derived nouns in Column B. Complete the following sentences with a word from Column B. A B educate generate integrate rebel reject situate solve 111 As the famous saying goes, the roots of are bitter, but its fruit is sweet. 222 If we continue to cause damage to our environment, we are threatening the survival of our future . 333 This news represented the first acknowledgment by the government that a was taking place in that remote area of the country. 444 Total of behaviorist theory is no more reasonable than total acceptance. 555 The to this problem is to find some way of compressing the data that you want to upload. 666 The of visually handicapped pupils into neighborhood schools can be effected in different ways. 777 It has been acknowledged that the current housing plays a vital role in the recession.

220 Living to Learn

Part III Text B Read the following article a bit faster than you usually do. When you have finished, do the exercises that follow. 7 New Skills Every Worker Needs Rick Newman

1 You’re an expert at something? Hey, congratulations. Now, go become an expert at something else. 1 2 Most Americans striving to find or keep a job know 1. 竭力做 the sensation: It’s getting harder to get ahead, and the demands keep intensifying（强化）. Everybody knows how the recession destroyed wealth and derailed（使离开正常轨 道）careers, leaving millions in a hole they’re trying to dig out of2. Now we’re beginning to see some of the longer- 2. 挖出 term changes in the way Americans live and work. Some are distressing, but there’s also plenty of hope for people who are industrious（勤劳的） and willing to do what’s necessary to succeed. And despite a damaged economy, good jobs are emerging for people with the right qualifications. 3 The catch is that success these days requires new skills and a degree of toughness that a lot of Americans lack. A recent survey of big companies found that the majority plan to hire over the next two years. But not like before. Like many individuals, firms fear that they’re failing to keep up with3 technology and falling behind4 in a ruthlessly（无情 3. 跟上 地）competitive marketplace. Only 15 percent of firms in 4. 落后于 the survey, for instance, felt that their workers have cutting- edge skills. That means they’re interested in hiring talented workers who are able to give them an edge5. 5. 让某人有优势 4 Specific needs vary by company and industry, of course, but some key commonalities（共同之处）apply to many firms. Here are some of the attributes that workers will need to thrive in an austere（严峻的）economy.

Agility（机敏） 5 When the recession hit, a lot of companies discovered that their workforce（劳动力）was poorly configured（配 置）for a sharp downturn（下降趋势）. Many big firms

221 Unit 8

didn’t know enough about their workers’ skills to move people where they were needed, for example, so they ended up cutting staff by arbitrary percentages or axing（砍掉） whole departments. Then they realized that they had fired people they needed, along with others they could do without. Now, as companies rebuild, they intend to fix that problem. That means there will be fewer full-time hires and more temporary workers, even among managers and professionals. Companies will hire people for particular projects, for example, and maybe even offer some of the same benefits that full-time staffers（职员）get. But they’ll also retain the ability to quickly downsize without the trauma（创伤）and expense of a mass layoff. And they’ll move people around more frequently, to best match workers’ abilities with the company’s needs. 6 Workers will have to get used to less predictable work, more turnover（工作变动）, and careers that could entail several different jobs and even different disciplines. Those who adjust to project-related work without a single, long- term employer could turn out to be appealing（有吸引力的） hires — and they might learn to enjoy the breaks between jobs. But those who complain about turbulence（动荡）and 6 6. 坚持 insist on a stable, predictable career path could find that nobody’s listening — or offering them a job.

Skill Combos（结合体） 7 If you’re good at one thing — but only one thing — 7 7. 错过（或忽略） companies might pass you by . In the recent survey, for 某人 example, companies said that sales, customer service, and finance were their most important functional areas. But lots of people have that kind of experience, and many of them are unemployed. The way to differentiate（使…不同 于）yourself — and land that job that 150 people applied for — is to develop and highlight two or three different skill sets, such as IT and strategic planning, or sales and logistics（物流）. That will make you more valuable to an employer, especially if they need to shuffle（改组）workers around. A 2009 study by consulting firm McKinsey found that the highest earners with the best overall prospects have a combination of valuable skills. That’s especially true in 222 Living to Learn global companies that need technical experts who are also good at managing the complexities of international supply chains or a dispersed（使分散）staff. The more things you’re good at, the more reasons you give a company to hire you.

Tacit（不明言的）Skills 8 Companies increasingly value intangible（无形的） qualities that are hard to put on a resume, like informed intuition（直觉）, judgment under pressure, ease with clients, and problem-solving abilities. These “tacit” or “cognitive” skills tend to come with experience, but they also accrue to8 people who seek additional responsibility, volunteer 8. 自然积累而成 9 for tough assignments, and are willing to take risks. The 9. 自愿 McKinsey study, for instance, found “an increasing demand for tasks that require human skills complemented（补充） by technology.” To build these kinds of skills, work with colleagues who seem to have them and volunteer for projects that will force you to learn new things.

A Broad Vision 10 9 You might be missing out on a good job simply 10. 失去…的机会 because you’re looking in the wrong field. Most people tend to look for work in the industry they’re most familiar with11, 11. 对…熟悉 but with sharp downsizing in industries like construction, real estate, retail, and manufacturing, that can be self- defeating. Cathy Farley of McKinsey recommends focusing on your skills — not your job or title — and exploring whether you can apply them in a different field. Companies might even value the perspective of somebody who comes from a different discipline, but it’s up to you to suggest the fit and explain why it might work.

Analytics 10 Whatever your field, chances are12 there are new data- 12. 有可能 gathering tools to help assess performance and identify opportunities. The explosion of computer programs and other tools for measuring sales, Web traffic, return on investment, and consumer behavior leaves little in business unexamined — including your own performance. In the past, analytics was often the job of data geeks（极客） 223 Unit 8

13 13. 钻研 poring over spreadsheets（空白数据程序）. But it’s becoming everybody’s job, and the more you know about your own performance or that of your division, the more likely you’ll be able to improve it. Training involves the use of spreadsheets and various computer applications, offered through many companies, community colleges, and training centers. Or teach yourself.

Curiosity 11 It’s not something you’d put on a resume, but an inquisitive（好问的）mind can help inoculate（给…接种） you against the vicissitudes（变化多端）of a chronically tough job market. “Your greatest defense against what’s happening is to be interested in a wide variety of things and be intrigued by things,” says business guru（精神领袖）Tom Peters, author of The Little Big Things and 14 other books. Curiosity, he says, “will lead you instinctively to talk to 14 14. 更加偏离惯常 people you wouldn’t ordinarily talk to, to go farther afield 或预期轨迹的 than you might think you should.” That’s the way to find opportunity, especially when many conventional paths to advancement have narrowed or closed.

Self-Reliance（依靠自己） 12 It’s becoming apparent that the big institutions that many Americans have relied on for the last 50 years — corporate America, banks, the government — won’t be as supportive in the future. Those who adjust and become more entrepreneurial（倡导的）will be the winners. That means developing more technical skills instead of relying on others, making lots of backup（备用的）plans, and building a big cushion in case something goes wrong. “Don’t get too 15 15. 依赖 dependent on having total continuous employment,” advises Peters. That way, if you end up out of work for a while, it might seem like more of a blessing than a curse. And you’ll know what to do next. (1,177 words)

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New Words recession /rIseSn/ n. a period when trade and industry are not successful and there is a lot of unemployment 萧条，衰退 qualification an ability or quality that you need in order to do a /kwlIfIkeISn/ n. particular job or activity 资格 toughness /tfnIs/ n. an ability to withstand great strain without tearing or breaking; the character of being strong and resilient 坚韧 attribute /trIbjut/ n. a quality or characteristic inherent in or ascribed to sb. or sth. 特性 arbitrary /AbItrrI/ a. determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle 任意的 professional /prUfeSnl/ n. a person following a profession, esp. a learned profession 专业人员 retain /rIteIn/ vt. to keep or hold in a particular place, condition, or position 保留；保持 stable /steIbl/ a. not subject to sudden or extreme change or fluctuation 稳定的 strategic /strtidZIk/ a. important or essential in relation to a plan of action 对全局有重要意义的，关键的 prospect /prspekt/ n. sth. expected; a possibility 前景 assess /ses/ vt. to determine the value, significance, or extent of; to appraise 评价 explosion /IksplUZn/ n. a sudden, great increase 激增 consumer /knsjum(r)/ n. one that consumes, esp. one that acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing 消 费者 unexamined /nIgzQmInd/ a. not examined 未经检查的 conventional conforming to established practice or accepted /knvenSnl/ a. standards; traditional 常规的 cushion /kUSn/ n. sth. resilient used as a rest, support, or shock absorber 垫子；坐垫 curse /ks/ n. an appeal or prayer for evil or misfortune to befall sb. or sth. 诅咒

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Expressions strive to do to try hard to do sth. 竭力做 dig out of to dig about in order to get sb. or sth. out of sth. else 挖出 keep up with to continue to learn about sth. or find out about sth., so that you know the latest things that are happening 跟上 fall behind to make less progress or be less successful than other people who are doing a similar job or activity 落后于 give sb. an edge to give sb. an advantage that makes him more successful than other people 让某人有优势 insist on to demand sth. 坚持 pass sb. by to miss sb.; to overlook someone 错过（或忽略） 某人 volunteer for to submit oneself for some task without being asked 自愿 miss out on to lose a chance for 失去…的机会 be familiar with if you are familiar with sth., you know about it because you have learnt about it or experienced it before 对…熟悉 chances are (that) it is likely that 有可能 be dependent on if you are dependent on sb. or sth., you need them in order to live or succeed 依赖

Exercises

Comprehension Check

Complete the following statements by either making the best choice or filling in the blank with words from the text or of your own. You may turn back to the text if you wish to. 111 “Leaving millions in a hole they’re trying to dig out of” means . (Para. 2) AAAkeeping millions of people in trouble though they try hard to get out of it BBB helping many people dig out some treasures from underground 226 Living to Learn

CCCleaving millions of people behind the development of the new era DDDinvolving many people in the construction of new buildings 222 From the context, we may figure out that the word “catch” most probably means . (Para. 3) AAAsomething caught by the workers BBB a hidden difficulty CCCskills and toughness DDDan obvious problem 333 The adjective “cutting-edge” is closest in meaning to . (Para. 3) AAAas sharp as a knife BBB outdated CCCthe newest or most advanced DDDundergoing an experimental stage 444 The expression “give sb. an edge” means . (Para. 3) AAAto cut sb. and hurt him BBB to give sb. a high salary CCCto cause trouble to sb. DDDto give sb. an advantage over other people or things 555 What kind of people will companies like to hire in the future? AAAThose who adjust to project-related work. BBB Those who take a lot of breaks when they work. CCCThose who insist on a stable, predictable career. DDDThose who are particularly strong in one discipline. 666 “Functional areas” refers to . (Para. 7) AAAgrouping of activities on the basis of their need in accomplishing one or more tasks BBB areas in a business where people can take a break CCCsome areas that perform a variety of functions DDDthe offices that belong to the executive personnel in a business 777 Cathy Farley believes that what counts in the job market is . (Para. 9) AAAone’s education B) one’s title C) one’s skills D) one’s social status 888 The phrase “data geeks” suggests that their job in the past was . (Para. 10) AAAdifficult B) well-paid C) unusual D) important 999 In the sentence “… an inquisitive mind can help inoculate you against the vicissitudes of a chronically tough job market”, the word “inoculate” 227 Unit 8

can best be replaced by . (Para. 11) A) “enrich” B) “protect” C) “fascinate” D) “challenge” 1111 People can become winners by all of the following except . AAAacquiring more technical skills BBB making a lot of backup plans CCChaving the entrepreneurial spirits DDDrelying on others

In-depth Discussion

An in-depth consideration and discussion of the following theme- related questions will help you understand the text better. 111 Do you agree with the author’s statement that “And despite a damaged economy, good jobs are emerging for people with the right qualifications”? Give your reasons. 222 How do you like the idea of doing project-related work without a single, long-term employer in the future?

Part IV Writing Announcement, notice and poster Announcement, notice and poster are three commonly used means of communication that aim to inform the public of a forthcoming event. Their common features are brevity and clarity, including such information about when, where, what, who and how. Announcement is generally in spoken form. It starts with a salute, like “Boys and girls” or “Ladies and gentlemen”, followed by “May I have your attention, please?” or “I have an announcement to make”. Since announcement is made orally, the language employed is colloquial and easy to follow. Here is an example:

Boys and girls, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Student Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, August 15, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 p.m. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchanging of gifts. Everybody may

228 Living to Learn bring a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes. Don’t forget: 7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. There is sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome.

Notice is in written form. There are various types of notices like function or event notice, lost or found notice, tour or camp notice, school club notice. Notice must have a catchy or attention raising headline or caption. The content must be appropriate. It contains the facts like place, date of publication and authority of publication of the notice. The notice must answer questions like what, when, where, and for whom it was made. It’s also good to add contact information in case people have additional questions. Communication of messages must be carried through a style of clarity and brevity. Below is an example of notice:

Students’ Union (authority of publication)

NOTICE An English evening is to be held in the School Hall on Saturday, June 16, at 7:30 p.m. The program includes songs, story-telling, cross-talk and short plays. All the students and teachers are warmly welcome. June 10, 2005 (date of publication)

Poster is also in printed form. The purpose of a poster is giving a notice, invitation and advertisement to all. A suitable title is a must and it can be a slogan or a catchy expression. A poster need not have many details and only important words have to be highlighted. Posters typically need to get right to the heart of the matter. Because viewers take only a few minutes to decide whether to study your poster in detail, you need to catch their attention and present the most important information. Letters of different shapes and sizes can be used and bigger ones in the middle are preferred. Successful posters should be well-organized and visually-pleasing and they may include pictures, graphics as well as texts. So remember to consider how these work together and then format your poster accordingly. Take a look at the flower shop poster below:

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Part V Additional Theme-Related Activities 1. Famous quotes to appreciate

Study the following quotes. First look up any new words and then share with a partner your understanding of each of them.

Learning is not a product of schooling but the lifelong attempt to acquire it. — Albert Einstein An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. — Benjamin Franklin Learning is not achieved by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence. — Abigail Adams Be observing constantly. Stay open-minded. Be eager to learn and improve. — John Wooden Formal education will earn you a living, self-education will earn you a fortune. — John Patterson

2. Viewing comprehension and oral practice 1) You are going to watch a PPT presentation and try to get the message. After that, deliver it on your own before launching a discussion on the following questions.

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a. What is the message you have learned from the presentation? b. What is said about hard work, knowledge, love, luck, money or leadership? c. Why is it that our attitude towards life and work makes our life 100%? d. Is it worthwhile part of your lifelong learning process?

2) View a video clip from the film The Pursuit of Happyness and then complete the tasks that follow. Before you begin, first glance at the words and expressions below. You can view the clip as many times as you like.

earnestness /nIstnIs/ n. 诚挚 Polk Station 波尔克警察局 gizmo /gIzmU/ n. 机械装置；小玩意儿

Task 1: Complete the answers to the questions according to what you have learnt from the video clip. 111 Why was Chris Gardner dressed that way when he came to the interview? He came directly from the Polk Station. He was arrested for and before that he was . 222 Why does Jay say that Chris is pretty determined? Because Chris has been waiting outside the front of the building with for over a month. 333 How did Chris perform in his previous learning experience? He was the first in his small town class of and also the first in of 20 in the Navy. 444 What type of person is Chris in his own words? He says, “I am the type of person, if you ask me a question and I don’t know the answer, I’m gonna to tell you that . But I bet you what? I know how to find the answer and .”

Task 2: Make a short speech according to the following guidelines. In this unit, you have learned the value of lifelong learning and how to meet the demands of our future society. What is your understanding of lifelong learning? Why should we keep on learning throughout our life? How can we best prepare ourselves for a changing and more challenging future?

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3. Fun time

Read the following two jokes and enjoy them.

Joke 1 A mother mouse and a baby mouse are walking along, when all of a sudden, a cat attacks them. The mother mouse goes, “BARK!” and the cat runs away. “See?” says the mother mouse to her baby. “Now do you see why it’s important to learn a foreign language?”

Joke 2 While crossing the US-Mexican border on his bicycle, the man was stopped by a guard who pointed to two sacks the man had on his shoulders. “What’s in the bags?”, asked the guard. “Sand,” said the cyclist. “Get them off — we’ll take a look,” said the guard. The Cyclist did as he was told, emptied the bags, and proving they contained nothing but sand, reloaded the bags, put them on his shoulders and continued across the border. Two weeks later, the same thing happened. Again the guard demanded to see the two bags, which again contained nothing but sand. This went on every week for six months, until one day the cyclist with the sand bags failed to appear. A few days later, the guard happened to meet the cyclist downtown. “Say friend, you sure had us crazy”, said the guard. “We knew you were smuggling something across the border. I won’t say a word — but what is it you were smuggling?” “Bicycles!”

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