Revista Museu Maritimo Ilhavo.Pdf
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
aργος COMUNIDADES PISCATÓRIAS 005 055 Editorial A Comunidade Piscatória de Câmara de Lobos (Região Autónoma da Madeira): Fatores de 007 Vulnerabilidade e Resiliência Fishing and the Development of Human Daniella Chícharo, Maria do Céu Viegas, Societies: a View from the Classical World Fantina Tedim Annalisa Marzano 063 015 Nazaré: a evolução de uma comunidade Entrevista a António Duarte Pinho piscatória Álvaro Garrido José Maria Trindade PESCAS 073 Comunidades piscatórias: estratégias de 021 adaptação a mudanças ambientais, de Para uma história institucional das pescas governança e de mercado portuguesas no século XX Cristina Pita Álvaro Garrido 081 033 Fuzeta – um núcleo urbano piscatório singular Stock Ibérico da sardinha: da biologia à gestão Mafalda Pacheco das pescas Susana Garrido e Laura Wise PATRIMÓNIOS MARÍTIMOS 039 Quotas de pesca na UE – o processo, 093 transparência e dois casos portugueses A construção naval tradicional de Sesimbra, Ana Matias e Gonçalo Carvalho uma herança secular: O caso da Aiola, alguns contributos para o seu estudo 047 Andreia Conceição Breve historia da pesca industrial en Galiza Jesus Giraldez Rivero 101 A técnica da construção naval em madeira de Vila do Conde como Património Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade Ivone Teixeira 107 Artes de pesca artesanais em Portugal Miguel Carneiro e Rogélia Martins MUSEU MARÍTIMO DE ÍLHAVO EXPERIÊNCIA MUSEOLÓGICA INTERNACIONAL 125 153 As espécies que sustentam a economia de pesca Museum Nord portuguesa no Atlântico Norte João Bastião DOSSIER VISUAL 135 Memórias de naufrágios de bacalhoeiros 165 durante o período da Ditadura Nacional (1926 Atlântico 1933) e do Estado Novo (1933‑1974) Helder Luís José Azuaje ‑Fidalgo 145 A vocação marinhista e a paixão pela Ria de Aveiro em Cândido Teles Catarina Dias argos Revista do Museu Marítimo de Ílhavo outubro 2020 08 Editorial As pescas e os pescadores são e devem ser um Este número da Argos, organizado por um tema central no projeto cultural dos museus marí‑ museu cujas coleções se relacionam maioritaria‑ timos. Tema em desuso na sociedade atual, as mente com as pescas e com a pesca do bacalhau pescas, as comunidades humanas que dependem em especial, percorre os múltiplos sentidos e dessa atividade e da cadeia de valor a montante abordagens que o tema das pescas tem e pode ter e a jusante, são uma presença ausente na política para os museus e no plano das práticas patrimo‑ marítima europeia e, de algum modo, nas políticas niais. Num momento em que os museus marítimos culturais e de património. Em Portugal, o declínio começam a assumir outros desafios de projecto, dos indicadores socioeconómicos das pescas, a em particular o desafio da “Literacia do Oceano”, quebra do seu peso na atividade económica e a reelaborar a problemática patrimonial das pescas reduzida expressão que os empregos diretos nas e cruzar abordagens globais, nacionais e locais é pescas marítimas hoje detêm na população ativa um bom apelo. do país, tudo isso contribui para um processo de desvalorização que implica invisibilidade. Em Neste número devemos destacar, com sentido Portugal como noutros países, em especial na de homenagem, a entrevista realizada por Álvaro União Europeia, um certo encantamento com a Garrido, anterior Diretor e Consultor do Museu “nova economia do mar” e com as possibilidades e fundador da Argos, a António Duarte Pinho, económicas de exploração de uma plataforma que entretanto faleceu. Duarte Pinho foi um continental em expansão explicam o processo dos principais decisores públicos do setor das de deslocação das políticas do mar da coluna de pescas em Portugal nos últimos quarenta anos. água (pescas, marinha mercante e comércio marí‑ Desempenhou vários cargos na estrutura de timo) para o solo e subsolo oceânicos. administração pública das pescas e como repre‑ sentante de Portugal junto da União Europeia. Era No campo da cultura e das práticas de patri‑ um militante do setor, que lutou como poucos mónio, os museus do mar, em geral, continuam contra o seu declínio e pela dignidade social das a prestar uma expressiva atenção às pescas e à empresas e dos pescadores. Em 2019 publicou sua cultura material e imaterial. Essa centralidade um livro precioso, O Consumo de Pescado e decorre das coleções que os museus acumularam, a Internacionalização do Setor das Pescas em por um lado, e do peso que sobre eles impende Portugal. Uma abordagem estatística integrada do no sentido de continuarem a fazer o trabalho de setor em Portugal (Editorial Minerva). tecelões da memória, de uma certa memória da comunidade que, nos seus imaginários, continua muito ligada aos mundos da pesca e das respe‑ tivas vivências. 5 Fishing and the Development Annalisa Marzano* of Human Societies: a View from the Classical World *University of Reading Fishing is not a topic that normally features fishing for periods pre ‑dating the development prominently when discussing the early stages of of agriculture and urban societies is a reminder human evolution, nor does one readily think of that fishing featured in the life of humans from fish as part of the diet of hominids. Yet, evidence the very early stages.4 Although on the whole fish dating to c.140,000 years ago discovered in caves and molluscs — both marine and freshwater — in South Africa indicates that early humans were did not have a primary role in the diet of ancient eating fish and shellfish. Fishing in shallow waters peoples, in specific locations characterized by does not necessarily requires tools and, just like bountiful fisheries fishing and the product thereof some animals are able to capture fish, it has been did make an important contribution to the local posited that early hominids engaged in fishing.1 diet and the economy. Looking at the Greek and The earliest evidence for purpose ‑made fishing Roman worlds, we can see that in some cases the tools, however, dates to ‘only’ between 16,000 exploitation of specific fishing grounds dictated and 23,000 years ago. Excavations in the Jerimalai the location and growth of settlements. For some Cave on East Timor, an island to the north ‑west communities, fishing could be the main economic of Australia, uncovered the earliest known activity and access to fisheries could even be the fishhooks. These hooks, about 2.5 cm long, were object of bitter legal disputes. manufactured from seashells and are thought to have been used to fish for shallow ‑water fish, such as grouper and snapper.2 This same cave has yielded evidence for systematic pelagic fishing Fishing in the Greek and Roman Worlds dating to much earlier, to c.42,000 years ago. Ancient Greece and Rome were pre‑modern It was not just medium ‑sized fishes that were agrarian societies, and so land, which produced targeted by humans during prehistory, but also food and raw materials, occupied a central role in large migratory pelagic fish. In the Mediterranean, their development. Nevertheless, fishing activity fishing for large fishes such as tuna, alongside was ubiquitous in the classical Mediterranean and hunting of large terrestrial mammals, is suggested was practised on different levels: from the small by the cave art of the Late Glacial period, such as fisherman striving to support his family, to the the paintings of the ‘Grotta di Cala dei Genovesi’ subsistence farmer occasionally supplementing on the island of Levanzo, off the western coast his diet by fishing, and the fishermen organized in of Sicily, which have been dated to the Upper business partnerships who worked in collaboration Palaeolithic.3 Consumption of both dolphins with the fish ‑salting establishments or the and tunas is attested by fishbones found in the fishmongers. In the context of the Mediterranean layers dating to between the Mesolithic and regions, the sea, the rivers, and the many coastal Neolithic investigated at the Uzzo Cave in the lagoons that characterized the ancient landscape north ‑western part of Sicily and the Franchthi were all important fisheries. Cave on the northern side of Koiladha Bay in southwestern Argolid in Greece. At this last Both in the case of the societal organization of site, around 9,000 years ago a shift can be Greek city ‑states and of the Roman state, political observed in the composition of marine catches: organization and social standing were ultimately tuna bones, including those belonging to large based on landed wealth. specimens weighting more than 50 kg, become prevalent over other species. This datum suggests This situation meant that fishermen and fish organized fishing efforts targeting schools of occupied an ambiguous place in society. Fishing migratory pelagic fish and the manufacture of was a very humble occupation in antiquity, as it suitable fishing implements; in other words, it was in modern times. The fishermen — as in the suggests the existence of fishing techniques case of other people who had to work for a living targeting specific types of fisheries. These — had a relatively low social status, and fishing examples of pre ‑historic attestations of marine was thus seen as a vile occupation, which, unlike hunting, did not require courage or physical 1 E.g., see Stewart 1994. 2 O’Connor, Ono, and Clark 2011. 4 See also Morales Muñiz 2010 for an overview of fishing in 3 Di Maida et al. 2018. prehistoric times. 7 prowess, just cunning. The philosopher Plato seafood according to geographic location are as thought that, whereas hunting improved the soul, much a display of the author’s knowledge as they fishing induced laziness because one just needed are a guide for gourmands. These attestations are to wait for the fish to be trapped in nets and wicker indicative of culinary tastes and of their changes traps,5 a view picked up by later Greek authors over time, even though only of the tastes of the who presented fishing as an activity unworthy of wealthy rather than of the ordinary people.