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53 WSCHODNI ROCZNIK HUMANISTYCZNY TOM XIII 2016 Wioletta Pawlikowska-Butterwick (Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences) Property and Personal Relations in the Jurydyka of the Vilna Cathedral Chapter in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century (with Particular Reference to the Scandalous and Suspicious Misdeeds of Canon Isaac Fechtinus)* Słowa kluczowe: Wilno, kapituła wileńska, jurydyka, duchowieństwo, epoka wczesnonowożytna Keywords: Vilnius, Vilna Cathedral Chapter, jurydyka, clergy, early-modern history The term jurydyka is usually defined as ‘a settlement of urban character, whether organized within the defensive walls of a proper town, or beyond them, on land belong- ing to the said town, or on other suburban land, excepted from the municipal jurisdic- tion, possessing its own authorities and courts, subjected to the authority of the land- owner or the king, but not possessing the rights of a town.’1 The jurydyki of Vilna were not consolidated enclaves – we can rather speak of greater or lesser plots and properties which were sometimes connected. Some of them belonged to ecclesiastical corporations such as the Vilna Cathedral Chapter or bishopric. The chapter exercised jurisdiction both over the jurydyka and its estates located beyond the city limits. The scholarly litera- ture on jurydyki in early modern Vilna is limited in extent and uneven in quality. Some scholars have established their existence, some have attempted to describe them gener- * This paper is part of a research project Church and Commonwealth, 1569-1795, funded by the Mateusz B. Grabowski Foundation. Earlier versions on this paper were presented to the international conference Micro- histories: Social and Cultural Relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1387-1795) (at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies on 20 March 2015) and to the seminar at the Faculty of History of the University of Warsaw (on 7 December 2010) as ‘Potyczki, starcia i boje w środowisku szesnastowiecznych duchownych wileńskich. Przepisy i praktyka’ (Skirmishes, Conflicts and Fights in the Circle of Sixteenth-Century Vilnan Clergymen: Regulations and Practice). Given the reliance on ecclesiastical sources, it is appropriate to use the Latin form of the city’s name rather than Vilnius or Wilno when referring to the period covered by this article. I also use the Latin forms of clergymen’s Christian names. 1 Piotr Borowik, Jurydyki miasta Grodna w XV-XVIII wieku, Supraśl 2005, p. 23; Janusz Frykowski, Przypadki i formy przestępstw okazjonalnych mieszczan tyszowieckich w latach 1608-1807, „Historia i Świat”, 2 (2013), p. 51. 54 Wioletta Pawlikowska-Butterwick ally and some have even tried to locate them on the plan of the city.2 Vladas Drėma’s ti- tanic work on Vilnan properties now runs to thirteen volumes.3 Maria Łowmiańska used the plan of the city’s fortifications drawn up in 1648 by Friedrich Getkant, as well as other sources, to create the plan of mid-seventeenth-century Vilna,4 which, adapted and refined by later scholars5 including David Frick, continues to function as the principal basis for work on the city’s topography.6 Legal questions connected with the functioning of the Vilnan jurydyki have been signalled by Vasil Drużčyc,7 Juozas Jurginis,8 Juliusz Bardach.9 The extent of the jury- dyka of the Vilna Cathedral Chapter was estimated by Jerzy Ochmański, according to whom in 1569 the capitular jurydyka comprised 21 hearths and brought in an income of 80 Lithuanian schocks (kopy) and 30 grosze.10 At this time the average number of persons per hearth in the larger towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania could exceed eight persons.11 However, Ochmański’s calculations on the size of the chapter’s jurydyka are incomplete, and we do not know the basis on which he arrived at his result. We can only suppose that he may have counted only those houses occupied by burghers, and not those inhabited by canons and prelates, or the houses belonging to St Mary Magda- lene hospital. My own calculations indicate that in 1569 the burghers alone brought the chapter an income of 92 schocks and 30 grosze. 2 Jerzy Ochmański, Powstanie i rozwój latyfundium biskupstwa wileńskiego (1387-1550). Ze studiów nad roz- wojem wielkiej własności na Litwie i Białorusi w średniowieczu, Poznań 1963, p. 17. Józef Maroszek, Ulice Wilna w XIV-XVIII wieku, „Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej”, 47 (1999), 1-2, pp. 163-185. Mindaugas Paknys, Wilno roku 1636 według ‘Rewizji gospód’, „Lituano-Slavica Posnaniensia. Studia Historica”, 12 (2007), pp. 103ff; Mindaugas Paknys, Vilniaus miestas ir miestiečiai 1636 m.: Namai, gyventojai, svečiai, Vilnius 2006. 3 Vilniaus namai archyvų fonduose, 13 vols, ed. Vladas Drėma, Vilnius 1995-2007. 4 Maria Łowmiańska, Wilno przed najazdem moskiewskim 1655 roku, Wilno 1929, 2nd edn [in:] Dwa doktoraty z Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie, Poznań 2005. 5 Maroszek, Ulice Wilna, p. 183. 6 David Frick, The Bells of Vilnius: Keeping Time in a City of Many Calendars, [in:] Making Contact: Maps, Iden- tity, and Travel, ed. Glenn Burger, Lesley B. Cormack, Jonathan Hart and Natalia Pylypiuk, Edmonton 2003, p. 26; David Frick, According to the Confession in Which I Die: Taking the Measure of Allegiances in Seventeenth-Century Wilno, “Central Europe”, 8 (2010), no. 2, p. 109; David Frick, Kith, Kin, and Neighbors: Communities and Confessions in Seventeenth-Century Wilno, Ithaca, NY 2013, p. x. 7 Васіль Дружчыц, Магістрат у беларускіх местах з майдэборскім правам у XV—XVII сталецьцях, Менск 1929, reprinted in „Arche”, 7 (2009), pp. 241-337. 8 Juozas Jurginis, Reakcinis bažnytinių jurisdikcijų vaidmuo Vilniaus istorijoje, „Lietuvos TSR mokslų Akademi- jos Lietuvos istorijos instituto darbai”, Vilnius 1951, pp. 88-152. 9 Juliusz Bardach, O dawnej i niedawnej Litwie, Poznań 1988, p. 107. It is impossible to agree with the author when he states that the jurydyka of the Vilna chapter was only established towards the end of the sixteenth century. 10 Jerzy Ochmański, Biskupstwo wileńskie w średniowieczu. Ustrój i uposażenie, Poznań 1972, p. 108. It is in- teresting that the Vilna chapter achieved the same income from its houses in 1573. Kościół zamkowy, czyli katedra wileńska w jej dziejowym, liturgicznym, architektonicznym i ekonomicznym rozwoju, ed. Jan Kurczewski, vol. 2: Źródła historyczne na podstawie aktów kapitulnych i dokumentów historycznych, Wilno 1910, p. 332. 11 Józef Morzy, Kryzys demograficzny na Litwie i Białorusi w II połowie XVII wieku, Poznań 1965, pp. 129-132; Stanisław Alexandrowicz, Zaludnienie miasteczek Litwy i Białorusi w XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII wieku, [in:] Stani- sław Alexandrowicz, Studia z dziejów miasteczek Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, Toruń 2011, pp. 133-134. Property and Personal Relations in the Jurydyka of the Vilna Cathedral Chapter 55 Map of Vilna, the end of the sixteenth century. Vilna Litvaniae metropolis. G. Braun and F. Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum III, the first Latin edition of volume III was published in 1581 Fuller information is contained in the Rejestr poborowy of 1602.12 This is a fiscal source, created by the chapter in response to the extraordinary tax levied by the Vilnan Convocation (a meeting of the Lithuanian Estates retaining some of the characteristics of the former Lithuanian parliament) in order to finance the war with Sweden over Livonia.13 According to this source the jurydyka of the chapter within and just outside the city comprehended plots containing sixty-four buildings.14 It is noteworthy that the buildings in which members of the chapter lived were usually described as ‘tenements’ (kamienice). The exception was the house (dom) of the archdeacon. This might indicate that there was a significant architectural or constructed difference between them.15 Or it might not. At one point the Rejestr refers to the kamienica of the Cathedral Provost 12 It is preserved in the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius [hereafter Wróblewski Library], sign. F43-490. Published for the first time in the Appendix to this article. 13 On the reasons for the voting of taxes in the sixteenth century see Krzysztof Boroda, Kmieć, łan czy profit?Co było podstawą poboru łanowego w XV i XVI wieku? [in:] Człowiek wobec miar i czasu w przeszłości, ed. Piotr Guzowski and Marzena Liedke, Kraków 2007, p. 154. 14 The Rejestr twice notes ‘half-houses’ (pół domy). 15 A kamienica is usually defined as a brick- or stone-built house of at least two storeys in a filled-in town- scape. See Maria Sołtysiak, Na styku dwóch epok: architektura gdyńskich kamienic okresu międzywojennego, Gdynia 2003, p. 16. 56 Wioletta Pawlikowska-Butterwick Reverend Matthias Kłodziński († before 5 October 161616), and later on to ‘Reverend Kłodziński’s house (dom)’.17 So it would seem that the scribe used the terms interchange- ably. In the light of the Rejestr the chapter’s property was found on sites on Castle Street, Skop Street, the street ‘leading to the Bernardine Fathers’ (Bernardine Street), the street ‘leading to the royal mill’, the street ‘to the river Wilenka’,18 and the street ‘beyond the Bernardine bridge’ (Transfluvial Street). The chapter’s jurydyka also encompassed the Church,19 as well as the hospital of St Job and St Mary Magdalene20 (later just St Mary Magdalene) and the buildings belonging to it along Castle Street, Skop Street and ‘beyond the St Mary Magdalene gate’. Besides these properties, the chapter exercised jurisdiction over ‘the hospital buildings in Antokol’, that is, in the suburb of Antokol (now the district of Antakalnis within the city of Vilnius). By this is probably meant the houses of the hospital next to the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. One of the houses mentioned in the register, located in Antokol, was noted as ‘under the jurisdiction’ (znajdujący się pod jurysdykcją) of the custodian of the cathedral, Prelate Eustachius Wołłowicz († 9 January 163021).22 It is worth nothing that scholars date the founding of the hospital variously.

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