O Candomble Da Bahia

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O Candomble Da Bahia ., O CANDOMBLE DA BAHIA (Rito Nagô) Exemplar 0364 * Obra executada nas oficina, da São Paulo Editora S. A. - Síio Paulo, Brasil BRASILIANA VOLUME 313 ++++++++++ ++++++++ ++++ ++++++++++ ++++ +++++-+ ++++ ++++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ROGER BASTIDE ~ tANil~MBU DA BAHIA (Rit.o Nagô) Tradução de MARIA ISAURA PEREIRA DE QUEIROZ ( Do Departamento de Sociologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de S!lo Paulo) COMPANHIA EDITORA NACIONAL SÃO PAULO < FAC. ED }:.AÇÃp ~LIOTEC_~_) ----· -- Do original francês Le Candomblé de Bahia (Rite Nagô) ~958 por Co. - PARIS, HAIA Copyright, 1958, btj MouToN & Co., PuBLISilERS 1961 Direitos para a língua portugu~sa adquiridos pela COMPANHIA EDITORA NACIONAL Rua dos Gusll\.Ões, 639 - São Paulo, que se reserva a 17ropriedade desta tradução Impresso nos Estados Unidos do Brasil Printed in the United States of Brazil SUMÁRIO Introdução . , , ____ . 1 I - APRESENTAÇÃO DO CANDOMBLÉ . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 1 . O sacrifício . 20 2. A oferenda . 21 3. O padê de Exú . 22 4 . O chamado dos deuses . 23 5. As danças preliminares . 25 6. A dança dos deuses . 30 7. Ritos de saída e de comunhão . 31 II - O ESPAÇO E o TEMPO SAGRADOS . • . • . • 78 III - A EsmUTURA no MUNDO . ....... 134 1. Os babalaô . 139 2. O babalosaim . 153 3 . A sociedade dos Egun ........................ 167 4. Os quatro compartimentos do cosmos . 181 IV - Exú .. ...... , • ....... 208 V - A ESTRUTURA DO. f:XTASE . • . _ . • . • . • • 245 VI - o HOMEM, REFLEXO DOS DEUSES 289 Conclusões Metafísica e sociologia . 326 Ensaio de uma epistemologia africana ( yoruba) . 333 Epistemologia africana e sociq_logía do conhecimento . 348 Glossário . 353 Bibliografia . 359 ( .,._ _FAC. _,_ _ Eous:MX-6-_ _....,-_--_..,,r-_-----a,suoTECA--J ) --- INTRODUÇÃO CoNSIDERADO instrumento indispensável para a econo­ mia de uma grande propriedade agrícola, o negro afri­ cano, enquanto escravo, só interessou ao brasileiro branco como mão-de-obra. Todavia, no fim do século XIX, extin­ guia-se o trabalho servil. Urgia, pois, integrar o negro na comunidade nacional e, para tal, era preciso primeiro conhecê-lo. Os primeiros estudos sôbre as sobrevivências religiosas africanas, datados de 1896, saíram sob a forma de artigos na Revista Brasileira; eram da pena de um jovem médico baiano, Nina Rodrig~~ A partir dessa época e até sua morte, em @6, dedicou-se inteiramente o grande pesquisador à descrição e análise de tais sobre­ vivências, publicando também em francês L' Animisme Fétichiste des N egres Bahians ( 1900). Depois de sua morte, Homero Pires recolheu os diversos artigos dis­ persos em numerosas publicações, formando um volume sob o título de Os Africanos no Brasil. Ambos os livros se ressentem, sem dúvida, da época em que foram escri­ tos e preconceitos raciais deformam-lhes as melhores páginas. Nina Ro.g_~~ ,a~_reditava na inferiorida_d_e_ d~' negro ece!!l~ i_~_Cª.EªC:I<;l~du-2.ra se int~rar na civHi;­ _?:a~o o_cidenta_L Como médico legista e psiquiatra, não viu mais que simples manifestações de histeria nos tran­ ses místicos e nas crises de possessão que caracterizam o culto público dos africanos brasileiros. Por outro lado, sua própria interpretação etnográfica da religião é cons­ truída segundo os quadros de referência da ciência de 8 - O CANDOMBLÉ DA BAHIA seu tempo: no fim do século XIX, o positivismo se implantara no Brasil, onde, como se sabe, desempenha­ ria um papel político de primeira plana; daí o título do primeiro de seus livros - "o animismo fetichista". Ape­ sar de tôdas estas falhas, as obras de Nina Rodrigues, ainda açora, não deixam de ser talvez as melhores publi­ cadas sobre o assunto, primeiro porque seus informan­ tes pertenciam ao candomblé mais tradicional, mais pura­ mente africano de sua época, o candomblé do Gantois; depois, porque suas descrições do culto, das hierarquias sacerdotais, das representações coletivas do grupo negro, são fiéis e sempre válidas. São sem dúvida fivros incom­ pletos mas, naquilo que descrevem, livros seguros. Um pouco mais tarde, de 1916 a 1922, Manuel Que­ rino, homem de côr, escreveu também certo número de estudos sôbre o negro da Bahia. Seu ponto de vista era inteiramente oposto ao de Nina Rodrigues, cujos trabalhos, além do mais, não parece ter conhecido. Que­ ria antes de tudo mostrar a importância da contribuição africana à civilização do Brasil e exaltar o valor desta contribuição. Acusam-no às vêzes de completa falta de cultura etnológica. Mas a tez lhe permitia conhecer o que os negros escondiam de Nina Rodrigues; seu amor pelos irmãos de côr fornecia-lhe, por outro lado, possi­ bilidade de compreender melhor certos aspectos de um culto em que os brancos procuravam antes de mais nada o que havia de pitoresco, buscando sensações exóticas; eis porque sua contribuição, parece-me, não deve ser negligenciada. Em todo o caso, é superior à do P.e Etienne Inácio Brazil, no trabalho "Le Fétichisme des Negres du Brésil", publicado primeiramente em fran­ cês, na revista Anthropos, em 1908, e em português um ano depois. O P.e Brazil nada acrescenta de novo às publicações de Nina Rodrigues, que segue muito de per­ to, à parte alguns erros de grafia; não parece ter tido INTRODUÇÃO - 9 contatos muito íntimos com os fiéis dos candomblés, pois de outra forma não teria transformado a religião dêles numa espécie de idolatria. Para fazer trabalho etnográ­ fico, não basta descrever os ritos ou citar os nomes das divindades; é preciso também compreender o significado dos mitos ou dos ritos. Qualquer êrro de :esicologia pode corromper gravemente o valor dos fatos descritos, e foi o que aconteceu ao P.e Brazil. Daí a importância da obra de Arthur Ramos. 1!:ste último considerou-se continuador de Nina Rodrigues e, a partir de 1932, começou a publicar uma série de arti­ gos e de livros sôbre as sobrevivências africanas no Bra­ sil. Se nos detivermos apenas no material recolhido, não trazem êles talvez muitos elementos novos sôbre os can­ domblés da Bahia, em comparação com os que já tinham sido divulgados. Seu mérito está antes de mais nada no método. Arthur Ramos desprendeu-se de todo e qual­ guer preconêeifci; quer de raça, quer de re1igg~-º~ Ensi­ nou aos africanistas brasileiros· o vàlor da- objetividade científica. Também trouxe sem dúvida uma7nterpreta­ ção, efetuada através de teorias :esicanalíticas; mas teve o grande cuidado de separar radicalmente a descrição dos fatos da interpretação que dêles dá em seguida, à parte. Conseguiu também a~pertar em muitos jovens o interêsse por tais pesquisas e, pelo menos durante o período que vai de 1933 a 1940, pôs em moda o estudo das sobrevivências africanas na civilização brasileira; mos­ trou a necessidade de não separá-lo nem das descober­ tas feitas pelos etnógrafos, tanto na Mrica quanto nou­ tras partes da América, nem das teorias gerais da antro­ pologia cultural norte-americana. Seus discípulos, à fren­ te dos quais colocamos Édison Carneiro, foram levados a continuar o trabalho, efetuando novas pesquisas de campo, e trouxeram mais dados que completam a imagem da vida nos candomblés. 10 - O CANDQMBLÉ DA BAIDA Entretanto, Melville J. Herskovits, executando o pla­ no de sua pesquisa geral sôbre os africanos do Novo Mundo, chegava ao Brasil em 1942, fixando-se na Bahia. Embora não tenha publicado ainda senão parte do mate­ rial então recolhido, tal viagem foi de importância capi­ tal para o problema que nos ocupa. Com efeito, reco­ -locava êle a vida religiosa no conjunto da vida social ou da vida cotidiana do negro brasileiro. E a interpre­ tava a um tempo através de sua teoria da aculturação, e de uma concepção funcionalista da cultura. A reno­ vação da concepção africanista que trazia fixou-se na obra de Octávio da Costa Eduardo, que estudou os negros do Maranhão, e na do Dr. René Ribeiro, cujo trabalho é sôbre os Xangô do Recife1. Não negamos o interêsse de todos êstes ·estudos. Nossa tese principal2 foi consagrada ao problema elas transformações, das interpretações e das metamodoses ( 1) Já citamos as publicações feitas em francês por NINA RonmGUEs e pelo Pe. BRAZIL. Também nesta llngua, acrescentemos às obras prece­ dentes a do cineasta CLotrZoT, Le Cheval des Dieu:r (Paris, 1951), e o álbum Dleux d'Afrlque (Paris, 1954), de PIERRE VERGER, composto de fotografias comentadas. Embora o livro de Clouzot não seja o de um etnógrafo. não contém erros muito grandes; pode até ser útil, fazendo-nos assistir à vida de alguns candomblés e, sob êste ponto de vista, ocupa em nossa literatura lugar análogo ao livro de RUTH LANDEs, The City of Women (New York, 1947). Infelizmente, Clouzot nada compreendeu da mentalidade do negro baiano e apresenta uma noção engraçada de "segrêdo", que o faz desviar para falsas pistas, impedindo-o de ver o que M de mais importante no culto. A leitura do livro revela todo o mal que a litera­ tura, e uma literatura sádica, pode trazer à pesquisa cientifica: Pierre Verger, ao contrário, é o homem que melhor conhece atualmente os can­ domblé~, pois não só é membro como ocupa nêles posição oficinl; sem dúvida, por isso mesmo está, por sua vez, ligado pela lei do segrêdo e nunca poderá contar tudo o que sabe; mas esperamos muito de seus conhe­ cimentos, e particularmente a obra que está agora preparando. A publi­ cação, que acreditamos próxima, não nos fêz abandonar nosso trabalho, pois o livro de Pierre Verger se dirige a outro aspecto diferente do que estudamos nestas páginas: a comparaçlio entre a Ãfrica e a Bahia, a fim de ressaltar a fidelidade africana do negro baiano. Queremos aqui agra­ decer-lhe o auxllio amistoso que nunca deixou de · trazer ao nosso próprio trabalho. ( 2) A tese principal do A., que defendeu na Universidade de Paris para obter o grau de "doctorat d'.t.tat", foi consagrada ao estudo das interpenetrações de civilizações e 11 segunda tese, a "pequena tese", é esta ora traduzida, sôbre o candomblé baiano de rito nagô.
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