Rodolfo Henrique Silva Smiljanic Elementos Leves

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rodolfo Henrique Silva Smiljanic Elementos Leves Universidade de S˜ao Paulo Instituto de Astronomia, Geof´ısica e Ciˆencias Atmosf´ericas Departamento de Astronomia Rodolfo Henrique Silva Smiljanic Elementos Leves: Tra¸cadores da Mistura Convectiva e da Forma¸c˜ao da Gal´axia. Tese de Doutorado S˜ao Paulo - Novembro de 2008 Elementos Leves: Tra¸cadores da Mistura Convectiva e da Forma¸c˜ao da Gal´axia. Rodolfo Henrique Silva Smiljanic Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Astro- nomia do Instituto de Astronomia, Geof´ısica e Ciˆencias Atmosf´ericas da Universidade de S˜ao Paulo como parte dos requisitos para a obten¸c˜ao do t´ıtulo de Doutor em Ciˆencias. Sub-´area de Concentra¸c˜ao: Astrof´ısica Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Beatriz Barbuy S˜ao Paulo - Novembro de 2008 i Ao vencedor as Batatas! Quincas Borba (Em ”Quincas Borba”de Machado de Assis) ii iii AGRADECIMENTOS Meus agradecimentos v˜ao a todos que contribuiram para que esta tese se tornasse realidade, alguns mesmo sem saber. Agrade¸co: `aminha fam´ılia, por todo o suporte, amor e confian¸ca, a todos os meus amigos, estejam no Rio, em S˜ao Paulo, em Goiˆania, em Munique ou sabe-se l´aonde nesse mund˜ao sem porteira, por sua valiosa amizade, `aminha orientadora, Dra. Beatriz Barbuy, pela orienta¸c˜ao, pelos anos de acompanhamento e por todas as oportunidades que me ofereceu, ao Dr. Luca Pasquini pela oportunidade de trabalharmos juntos e pela co-orienta¸c˜ao durante a estadia no ESO, ao Dr. Pierre North por disponibilizar os dados FEROS e EMMI usados nesta tese, `aDra. Francesca Primas por ceder a lista de linhas usada no c´alculo das abundˆancias de Be e pela ajuda na an´alise dos espectros, `aFAPESP pela imprescind´ıvel bolsa de doutorado (04/13667-4), `aCAPES pela bolsa PDEE de doutorado sandu´ıche (1521/06-3), a todos os colaboradores, pelas diversas discuss˜oes e trocas de e-mails que ajudaram a expandir o meu entendimento da ciˆencia que fazemos, ao ESO e seu pessoal por todo o suporte e pela agrad´avel estadia, ao IAG e em especial ao Departamento de Astronomia por suas instala¸c˜oes e pessoal durante todos estes anos. iv v RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um amplo estudo observacional da abundˆancia de elementos leves (Z ≤ 8) em estrelas de tipo tardio. As caracter´ısticas destes elementos permitem, entre outras aplica¸c˜oes, o estudo dos processos de forma¸c˜ao da Gal´axia e dos processos de mistura convectiva relacionados `af´ısica da estrutura e da evolu¸c˜ao estelar. As abundˆancias destes elementos foram determinadas a partir de espectros de alta resolu¸c˜ao e alto sinal ru´ıdo em uma an´alise usando modelos de atmosferas e s´ıntese espectral. Abundˆancias de Be e Li foram determinadas em estrelas an˜as do halo e do disco espesso da Gal´axia com o objetivo de investigar o uso do Be como cosmocronˆometro e como diferenciador de popula¸c˜oes estelares. Esta ´ea maior amostra de estrelas pobres em metais onde o Be j´afoi estudado. Usando o Be como escala de tempo, encontrou-se que as estrelas do halo local n˜ao formam uma popula¸c˜ao homogˆenea onde uma ´unica rela¸c˜ao idade metalicidade possa ser definida. Parte das estrelas tem cinem´atica peculiar indicando uma poss´ıvel origem em um evento de acres¸c˜ao de um sistema externo `aGal´axia. Para as estrelas do disco espesso, encontrou-se evidˆencia de que a taxa de forma¸c˜ao estelar nas regi˜oes internas do disco foi maior do que nas regi˜oes externas. A concentra¸c˜ao de estrelas com baixa abundˆancia de Be nas regi˜oes internas sugere uma forma¸c˜ao de dentro para fora do disco espesso. Os resultados mostram que o Be pode ser usado como cronˆometro por ser independente dos detalhes locais da forma¸c˜ao estelar. Abundˆancias de Be foram determinadas em estrelas an˜as, sub-gigantes e gigantes do aglomerado aberto IC 4651. Esta ´ea primeira vez que a- bundˆancias de Be s˜ao determinadas ao longo da sequˆencia evolutiva de um aglomerado. Os resultados indicam que estrelas com temperatura abaixo e acima do Li-dip n˜ao sofrem deple¸c˜ao de Be. J´aas estrelas do Li-dip al´em de depletadas em Li s˜ao deficientes em Be. Os resultados est˜ao em acordo com o esperado por modelos que incluem efeitos da mistura induzida por rota¸c˜ao. As estrelas mais evolu´ıdas da parte superior do turn-off e do ramo vi das sub-gigantes mostram uma dispers˜ao da abundˆancia de Be, que est´a depletada antes do esperado pela primeira dragagem. Novamente, encontra- se um acordo com o esperado por modelos incluindo a mistura induzida por rota¸c˜ao. Abundˆancias de C, N, O, Na e a raz˜ao 12C/13C foram determinadas de ma- neira homogˆenea para 31 estrelas gigantes de 10 outros aglomerados abertos. Um grupo de estrelas do RGB com massa menor que 2.4 M⊙ tˆem raz˜ao [N/C] menor que estrelas mais evolu´ıdas no mesmo intervalo de massa. Este resul- tado sugere uma diferen¸ca real entre as abundˆancias de gigantes vermelhas e gigantes do clump ou do in´ıcio do AGB, em desacordo com modelos padr˜ao mas em acordo com modelos incluindo efeitos da convec¸c˜ao thermohaline. A abundˆancia de oxigˆenio das estrelas mostra uma correla¸c˜ao com [N/C] e uma diminui¸c˜ao acentuada em fun¸c˜ao da massa. Estas observa¸c˜ao sugerem uma mistura mais eficiente do que a esperada pelos modelos. A abundˆancia m´edia de Na da amostra ´esolar, o que n˜ao confirma resultados de sobre-abundˆancia encontrados em outros trabalhos da literatura. Um poss´ıvel aumento da or- dem de 0.10 dex no intervalo de massa de 1.8 a 3.2 M⊙ foi encontrado, em acordo qualitativo com o esperado por modelos. Algumas estrelas de massa intermedi´aria com baixa raz˜ao 12C/13C foram identificadas. Tal resultado jamais foi adequadamente encontrado e discutido anteriormente. Como es- tas estrelas n˜ao passam pelo “bump”, o evento extra de mistura respons´avel pela baixa raz˜ao 12C/13C deve acontecer durante ou ap´os a fase de queima de He. Palavras-chave: Aglomerados abertos; Estrelas: abundˆancias; Estrelas: atmosferas; Estrelas: interiores; Estrelas: evolu¸c˜ao; Estrelas: tipo tardio; Gal´axia: disco espesso; Gal´axia: halo vii ABSTRACT This work presents the results of a large observational abundance analy- sis of light elements (Z ≤ 8) in late type stars. The characteristics of these elements allow, among other possibilities, the investigation of the Galaxy for- mation and the mixing processes related to the physics of the stellar structure and evolution. The abundances were derived using high resolution and high signal to noise spectra in a model atmosphere analysis with spectrum synthe- sis. Abundances of Be and Li were derived in halo and thick disk metal poor dwarfs with the aim of investigating the use of Be as cosmochronometer and as a discriminator of stellar populations. This is the largest sample of metal poor stars where Be abundances were determined. Using Be as a time scale, the halo was found to be a non-uniform population where a single age metallicity relation can not be defined. Part of the halo stars share peculiar kinematics pointing towards an origin in the accretion of a system external to the Galaxy. Evidence for a higher star formation rate in the inner parts of the thick disk was found. All stars with low Be arer in the inner regions suggesting an inside-out thick disk formation. These results show that Be can be used as a chronometer since it is independent of the local details of the star formation. Abundances of Be were determined in dwarf, sub-giants, and giant stars of the open cluster IC 4651. This is the first time Be abundances are derived for stars along the whole evolutionary sequence of an open cluster. The abundances show that stars with lower and higher temperature than the Li-dip do not deplete Be. On the other hand, the Li depleted stars of the Li-dip are also Be deficient. These results agree with the expected from models including the effects of rotation induced mixing. More evolved stars of the upper turn-off and of the sub-giant branch show a real dispersion of Be abundances, which are depleted before the onset of the first dredge-up. These results are again in agreement with the expected from models including rotation induced mixing. viii Abundances of C, N, O, Na and the 12C/13C ratio were homogeneously determined in a sample of 31 giants of another 10 open clusters. A group of stars with smaller masses than 2.4 M⊙ show a smaller [N/C] ratio than more evolved stars in the same mass range. This suggest a real difference between red giants and more evolved clump or early-AGB stars, in disagreement with standard models but in agreement with models including the effects of ther- mohaline convection. The stellar oxygen abundances show a correlation with [N/C] and a decrease as a function of mass. These observations suggest a more efficient mixing than expected by standard models. The mean Na abun- dance of the sample is solar, in disagreement with previous claims of sodium overabundances in giants of open clusters. A possible increase of 0.10 dex in the mass interval of 1.8 a 3.2 M⊙ is seen, in qualitative agreement with stan- dard models.
Recommended publications
  • Habitability on Local, Galactic and Cosmological Scales
    Habitability on local, Galactic and cosmological scales Luigi Secco1 • Marco Fecchio1 • Francesco Marzari1 Abstract The aim of this paper is to underline con- detectable studying our site. The Climatic Astronom- ditions necessary for the emergence and development ical Theory is introduced in sect.5 in order to define of life. They are placed at local planetary scale, at the circumsolar habitable zone (HZ) (sect.6) while the Galactic scale and within the cosmological evolution, translation from Solar to extra-Solar systems leads to a as pointed out by the Anthropic Cosmological Princi- generalized circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ) defined ple. We will consider the circumstellar habitable zone in sect.7 with some exemplifications to the Gliese-667C (CHZ) for planetary systems and a Galactic Habitable and the TRAPPIST-1 systems; some general remarks Zone (GHZ) including also a set of strong cosmologi- follow (sect.8). A first conclusion related to CHZ is cal constraints to allow life (cosmological habitability done moving toward GHZ and COSH (sect.9). The (COSH)). Some requirements are specific of a single conditions for the development of life are indeed only scale and its related physical phenomena, while others partially connected to the local scale in which a planet are due to the conspired effects occurring at more than is located. A strong interplay between different scales one scale. The scenario emerging from this analysis is exists and each single contribution to life from individ- that all the habitability conditions here detailed must ual scales is difficult to be isolated. However we will at least be met.
    [Show full text]
  • THE KINEMATICS and AGES of STARS in GLIESE's CATALOGUE 1. Introduction This Contribution Gives Some Results on the Kinematics An
    THE KINEMATICS AND AGES OF STARS IN GLIESE'S CATALOGUE R. WIELEN Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg, F.R.G. 1. Introduction This contribution gives some results on the kinematics and ages of stars near the Sun. These results are mainly based on the catalogue of nearby stars compiled by Gliese (1957, 1969 and minor recent modifications). Table I shows the number of objects under consideration. While the old catalogue (1957) contained only stars with distances r up to 20 pc, the new edition (1969) includes many stars with slightly larger distances. In Table I, a 'system' is either a single star or a binary or a multiple system. The number of systems with known space velocities nearer than 20 pc has increased by about 30% from 1957 to 1969. The first edition of Gliese's catalogue (1957) has been analyzed in detail by Gliese (1956) and von Hoerner (1960). TABLE I Gliese's Catalogue of Nearby Stars Number Edition 1969 1957 All j-s=20pc r<20 pc Stars 1890 1277 1095 Systems 1529 1036 916 Systems with known space velocity 1131 770 598 Although Gliese's catalogue is the most complete collection of stars within 20 pc, this sample of stars is severely biased by selection effects and is not fully representative for all the nearby stars. Only the stars brighter than M„~ +7 are almost completely known within 20 pc. For the fainter stars, the following selection effects occur: (a) The southern sky is deficient in detected faint nearby stars; (b) Since most of the faint nearby stars are found by their high proper motions, the sample is deficient in stars with small tangential components of their space velocities (measured with respect to the Sun); (c) Due to incomplete detection, the apparent space density of faint stars decreases rapidly with increasing distance r, and this effect becomes stronger with increasing M„.
    [Show full text]
  • Taking the Measure of the Universe: Precision Astrometry with SIM
    Accepted for publication in PASP, January 2008 issue A Preprint typeset using LTEX style emulateapj v. 08/22/09 TAKING THE MEASURE OF THE UNIVERSE: PRECISION ASTROMETRY WITH SIM PLANETQUEST Stephen C. Unwin1, Michael Shao2, Angelle M. Tanner2, Ronald J. Allen3, Charles A. Beichman4, David Boboltz5, Joseph H. Catanzarite2, Brian C. Chaboyer6, David R. Ciardi4, Stephen J. Edberg2, Alan L. Fey5, Debra A. Fischer7, Christopher R. Gelino8, Andrew P. Gould9, Carl Grillmair8, Todd J. Henry10, Kathryn V. Johnston11,12, Kenneth J. Johnston5, Dayton L. Jones2, Shrinivas R. Kulkarni4, Nicholas M. Law4, Steven R. Majewski13, Valeri V. Makarov2, Geoffrey W. Marcy14, David L. Meier2, Rob P. Olling15, Xiaopei Pan2, Richard J. Patterson13, Jo Eliza Pitesky2, Andreas Quirrenbach16, Stuart B. Shaklan2, Edward J. Shaya15, Louis E. Strigari17, John A. Tomsick18,19, Ann E. Wehrle20, and Guy Worthey21 Accepted for publication in PASP, January 2008 issue ABSTRACT Precision astrometry at microarcsecond accuracy has application to a wide range of astrophysical problems. This paper is a study of the science questions that can be addressed using an instrument with flexible scheduling that delivers parallaxes at about 4 microarcsec (µas) on targets as faint as V = 20, and differential accuracy of 0.6 µas on bright targets. The science topics are drawn primarily from the Team Key Projects, selected in 2000, for the Space Interferometry Mission PlanetQuest (SIM PlanetQuest). We use the capabilities of this mission to illustrate the importance of the next level of astrometric precision in modern astrophysics. SIM PlanetQuest is currently in the detailed design phase, having completed in 2005 all of the enabling technologies needed for the flight instrument.
    [Show full text]
  • Esocast Episode 6: Lightest Exoplanet Found 00:00 [Visual Starts]
    ESOcast Episode 6: Lightest exoplanet found 00:00 [Visual starts] [Narrator] A: Artist’s impression of Gliese 581e 1. The holy grail of current exoplanet research is the detection of a rocky, Earth-like planet in the ‘habitable zone,’ region around the host star with the right conditions for water to be liquid on their surface. The latest result from the European Southern Observatory comes closer than ever to attaining these goals. 00:25 ESOcast intro This is the ESOcast! Cutting-edge science and life behind the scenes of ESO, the European Southern Observatory. Exploring the Universe’s ultimate frontier with our host Dr. J, a.k.a. Dr. Joe Liske. 00:42 [Dr. J] 2. Hello and welcome to another episode of the ESOcast. This time we have some very exciting A: Artist’s impression of Gliese 581e news for you, it’s another major ESO discovery. We’d like to tell you about the discovery of the B: Artist’s impression of Gliese 581d smallest, or rather lightest, and possibly most Earth- like planet so far discovered outside of our own Solar System. We’d also like to report on yet another planet within the same system that has now been shown to lie within the habitable zone of its parent star, meaning that it could host liquid water and possibly even life. 01:13 [Narrator] 3. Gliese 581 is a seemingly inconspicuous red C: Zoom-in on Gliese 581e dwarf star located 20.5 light-years away in the constellation Libra, or “the Scales”. It is among the 100 closest stars to us and weighs only one third the mass of the Sun.
    [Show full text]
  • QUALIFIER EXAM SOLUTIONS 1. Cosmology (Early Universe, CMB, Large-Scale Structure)
    Draft version June 20, 2012 Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 5/2/11 QUALIFIER EXAM SOLUTIONS Chenchong Zhu (Dated: June 20, 2012) Contents 1. Cosmology (Early Universe, CMB, Large-Scale Structure) 7 1.1. A Very Brief Primer on Cosmology 7 1.1.1. The FLRW Universe 7 1.1.2. The Fluid and Acceleration Equations 7 1.1.3. Equations of State 8 1.1.4. History of Expansion 8 1.1.5. Distance and Size Measurements 8 1.2. Question 1 9 1.2.1. Couldn't photons have decoupled from baryons before recombination? 10 1.2.2. What is the last scattering surface? 11 1.3. Question 2 11 1.4. Question 3 12 1.4.1. How do baryon and photon density perturbations grow? 13 1.4.2. How does an individual density perturbation grow? 14 1.4.3. What is violent relaxation? 14 1.4.4. What are top-down and bottom-up growth? 15 1.4.5. How can the power spectrum be observed? 15 1.4.6. How can the power spectrum constrain cosmological parameters? 15 1.4.7. How can we determine the dark matter mass function from perturbation analysis? 15 1.5. Question 4 16 1.5.1. What is Olbers's Paradox? 16 1.5.2. Are there Big Bang-less cosmologies? 16 1.6. Question 5 16 1.7. Question 6 17 1.7.1. How can we possibly see galaxies that are moving away from us at superluminal speeds? 18 1.7.2. Why can't we explain the Hubble flow through the physical motion of galaxies through space? 19 1.7.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomy 2009 Index
    Astronomy Magazine 2009 Index Subject Index 1RXS J160929.1-210524 (star), 1:24 4C 60.07 (galaxy pair), 2:24 6dFGS (Six Degree Field Galaxy Survey), 8:18 21-centimeter (neutral hydrogen) tomography, 12:10 93 Minerva (asteroid), 12:18 2008 TC3 (asteroid), 1:24 2009 FH (asteroid), 7:19 A Abell 21 (Medusa Nebula), 3:70 Abell 1656 (Coma galaxy cluster), 3:8–9, 6:16 Allen Telescope Array (ATA) radio telescope, 12:10 ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array), 4:21, 9:19 Alpha (α) Canis Majoris (Sirius) (star), 2:68, 10:77 Alpha (α) Orionis (star). See Betelgeuse (Alpha [α] Orionis) (star) Alpha Centauri (star), 2:78 amateur astronomy, 10:18, 11:48–53, 12:19, 56 Andromeda Galaxy (M31) merging with Milky Way, 3:51 midpoint between Milky Way Galaxy and, 1:62–63 ultraviolet images of, 12:22 Antarctic Neumayer Station III, 6:19 Anthe (moon of Saturn), 1:21 Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), 4:24 APEX (Atacama Pathfinder Experiment) radio telescope, 3:19 Apollo missions, 8:19 AR11005 (sunspot group), 11:79 Arches Cluster, 10:22 Ares launch system, 1:37, 3:19, 9:19 Ariane 5 rocket, 4:21 Arianespace SA, 4:21 Armstrong, Neil A., 2:20 Arp 147 (galaxy pair), 2:20 Arp 194 (galaxy group), 8:21 art, cosmology-inspired, 5:10 ASPERA (Astroparticle European Research Area), 1:26 asteroids. See also names of specific asteroids binary, 1:32–33 close approach to Earth, 6:22, 7:19 collision with Jupiter, 11:20 collisions with Earth, 1:24 composition of, 10:55 discovery of, 5:21 effect of environment on surface of, 8:22 measuring distant, 6:23 moons orbiting,
    [Show full text]
  • Exomoon Habitability and Tidal Evolution in Low-Mass Star Systems
    EXOMOON HABITABILITY AND TIDAL EVOLUTION IN LOW-MASS STAR SYSTEMS by Rhett R. Zollinger A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Utah December 2014 Copyright © Rhett R. Zollinger 2014 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Rhett R. Zollinger has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Benjamin C. Bromley Chair 07/08/2014 Date Approved John C. Armstrong Member 07/08/2014 Date Approved Bonnie K. Baxter Member 07/08/2014 Date Approved Jordan M. Gerton Member 07/08/2014 Date Approved Anil C. Seth Member 07/08/2014 Date Approved and by Carleton DeTar Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School o f _____________Physics and Astronomy and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Current technology and theoretical methods are allowing for the detection of sub-Earth sized extrasolar planets. In addition, the detection of massive moons orbiting extrasolar planets (“exomoons”) has become feasible and searches are currently underway. Several extrasolar planets have now been discovered in the habitable zone (HZ) of their parent star. This naturally leads to questions about the habitability of moons around planets in the HZ. Red dwarf stars present interesting targets for habitable planet detection. Compared to the Sun, red dwarfs are smaller, fainter, lower mass, and much more numerous. Due to their low luminosities, the HZ is much closer to the star than for Sun-like stars.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Rotation Arund the Axis on the Stars, Galaxy and Rotation of Universe* Weitter Duckss1
    Effects of Rotation Arund the Axis on the Stars, Galaxy and Rotation of Universe* Weitter Duckss1 1Independent Researcher, Zadar, Croatia *Project: https://www.svemir-ipaksevrti.com/Universe-and-rotation.html; (https://www.svemir-ipaksevrti.com/) Abstract: The article analyzes the blueshift of the objects, through realized measurements of galaxies, mergers and collisions of galaxies and clusters of galaxies and measurements of different galactic speeds, where the closer galaxies move faster than the significantly more distant ones. The clusters of galaxies are analyzed through their non-zero value rotations and gravitational connection of objects inside a cluster, supercluster or a group of galaxies. The constant growth of objects and systems is visible through the constant influx of space material to Earth and other objects inside our system, through percussive craters, scattered around the system, collisions and mergers of objects, galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Atom and its formation, joining into pairs, growth and disintegration are analyzed through atoms of the same values of structure, different aggregate states and contiguous atoms of different aggregate states. The disintegration of complex atoms is followed with the temperature increase above the boiling point of atoms and compounds. The effects of rotation around an axis are analyzed from the small objects through stars, galaxies, superclusters and to the rotation of Universe. The objects' speeds of rotation and their effects are analyzed through the formation and appearance of a system (the formation of orbits, the asteroid belt, gas disk, the appearance of galaxies), its influence on temperature, surface gravity, the force of a magnetic field, the size of a radius.
    [Show full text]
  • Beryllium Abundances and Star Formation in the Halo and in the Thick Disk,
    A&A 499, 103–119 (2009) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200810592 & c ESO 2009 Astrophysics Beryllium abundances and star formation in the halo and in the thick disk, R. Smiljanic1,2, L. Pasquini2,P.Bonifacio3,4,,D.Galli5,R.G.Gratton6, S. Randich5,andB.Wolff2 1 Universidade de São Paulo, IAG, Dpt. de Astronomia, Rua do Matão 1226, São Paulo-SP 05508-090, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 2 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany 3 GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France 4 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy 5 INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy 6 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy Received 14 July 2008 / Accepted 26 January 2009 ABSTRACT Context. Beryllium is a pure product of cosmic ray spallation. This implies a relatively simple evolution in time of the beryllium abundance and suggests its use as a time-like observable. Aims. Our goal is to derive abundances of Be in a sample of 90 stars, the largest sample of halo and thick disk stars analyzed to date. We study the evolution of Be in the early Galaxy and its dependence on kinematic and orbital parameters, and investigate its use as a cosmochronometer. Abundances of Be, Fe, and α-elements of 73 stars are employed to study the formation of the halo and the thick disk of the Galaxy. Methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfa in the News ~ Week Ending 1 February 2009
    Wolbach Library: CfA in the News ~ Week ending 1 February 2009 1. Extrasolar planet 'rediscovered' in 10-year-old Hubble data, Ivan Semeniuk, New Scientist, v 201, n 2693, p 9, Saturday, January 31, 2009 2. Wall Divides East And West Sides Of Cosmic Metropolis, Staff Writers, UPI Space Daily, Tuesday, January 27, 2009 3. Night sky watching -- Students benefit from view inside planetarium, Barbara Bradley, [email protected], Memphis Commercial Appeal (TN), Final ed, p B1, Tuesday, January 27, 2009 4. Watching the night skies, Geoffrey Saunders, Townsville Bulletin (Australia), 1 - ed, p 32, Tuesday, January 27, 2009 5. Planet Hunter Nets Prize For Young Astronomers, Staff Writers, UPI Space Daily, Monday, January 26, 2009 6. American Astronomical Society Announces 2009 Prizes, Staff Writers, UPI Space Daily, Monday, January 26, 2009 7. Students help NASA in search for killer asteroids., Nathaniel West Mattoon Journal-Gazette & (Charleston) Times-Courier, Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL), p 15, Sunday, January 25, 2009 Record - 1 DIALOG(R) Extrasolar planet 'rediscovered' in 10-year-old Hubble data, Ivan Semeniuk, New Scientist, v 201, n 2693, p 9, Saturday, January 31, 2009 Text: THE first direct image of three extrasolar planets orbiting their host star was hailed as a milestone when it was unveiled late last year. Now it turns out that the Hubble Space Telescope had captured an image of one of them 10 years ago, but astronomers failed to spot it. This raises hope that more planets lie buried in Hubble's vast archive. In 1998, Hubble studied the star HR 8799 in the infrared, as part of a search for planets around young and relatively nearby stars.
    [Show full text]
  • Stars, Galaxies, and Beyond, 2012
    Stars, Galaxies, and Beyond Summary of notes and materials related to University of Washington astronomy courses: ASTR 322 The Contents of Our Galaxy (Winter 2012, Professor Paula Szkody=PXS) & ASTR 323 Extragalactic Astronomy And Cosmology (Spring 2012, Professor Željko Ivezić=ZXI). Summary by Michael C. McGoodwin=MCM. Content last updated 6/29/2012 Rotated image of the Whirlpool Galaxy M51 (NGC 5194)1 from Hubble Space Telescope HST, with Companion Galaxy NGC 5195 (upper left), located in constellation Canes Venatici, January 2005. Galaxy is at 9.6 Megaparsec (Mpc)= 31.3x106 ly, width 9.6 arcmin, area ~27 square kiloparsecs (kpc2) 1 NGC = New General Catalog, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_General_Catalogue 2 http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/12/image/a/ Page 1 of 249 Astrophysics_ASTR322_323_MCM_2012.docx 29 Jun 2012 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Useful Symbols, Abbreviations and Web Links .................................................................................................................. 4 Basic Physical Quantities for the Sun and the Earth ........................................................................................................ 6 Basic Astronomical Terms, Concepts, and Tools (Chapter 1) ............................................................................................. 9 Distance Measures ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stellar Parameters and Metallicities of Stars Hosting Jovian and Neptunian Mass Planets: a Possible Dependence of Planetary Mass on Metallicity∗
    The Astrophysical Journal, 720:1290–1302, 2010 September 10 doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/2/1290 C 2010. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. STELLAR PARAMETERS AND METALLICITIES OF STARS HOSTING JOVIAN AND NEPTUNIAN MASS PLANETS: A POSSIBLE DEPENDENCE OF PLANETARY MASS ON METALLICITY∗ L. Ghezzi1, K. Cunha1,2,3,V.V.Smith2,F.X.deAraujo´ 1,4, S. C. Schuler2, and R. de la Reza1 1 Observatorio´ Nacional, Rua General Jose´ Cristino, 77, 20921-400, Sao˜ Cristov´ ao,˜ Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; [email protected] 2 National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA 3 Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85121, USA Received 2010 May 12; accepted 2010 July 15; published 2010 August 19 ABSTRACT The metal content of planet-hosting stars is an important ingredient that may affect the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Accurate stellar abundances require the determinations of reliable physical parameters, namely, the effective temperature, surface gravity, microturbulent velocity, and metallicity. This work presents the homogeneous derivation of such parameters for a large sample of stars hosting planets (N = 117), as well as a control sample of disk stars not known to harbor giant, closely orbiting planets (N = 145). Stellar parameters and iron abundances are derived from an automated analysis technique developed for this work. As previously found in the literature, the results in this study indicate that the metallicity distribution of planet-hosting stars is more metal rich by ∼0.15 dex when compared to the control sample stars.
    [Show full text]