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Radiotelevisión De Servicio Público: Un Manual De Mejores Prácticas

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Radiotelevisión De Servicio Público: Un Manual De Mejores Prácticas RADIOTELEVISIÓN DE SERVICIO PÚBLICO: UN MANUAL DE MEJORES PRÁCTICAS Independencia editorial Universalidad Diferenciación Diversidad Información Imparcial Educación/Instrucción Conocimiento Cohesión Social Ciudadanía Responsabilidad Credibilidad Editado por Indrajit Banerjee y Kalinga Seneviratne 302.2344 O329r Oficina de la UNESCO para América Central Radiotelevisión de servicio público: un manual de mejores prácticas/ UNESCO. - 1 ed.- San José, C.R.: Oficina de la UNESCO para América Central, 2006. 286 p. : 14 X 22 cms. ISBN: 9968-9424-9-9 1. Medios de Comunicación. 2. Servicios de Información Pública. I. Título. La presente edición en español de “Public Service Broadcasting: A Best Practices Sourcebook” incluye un capítulo sobre las experiencias de radiotelevisión de servicio público en México, Venezuela, Colombia y Chile el cual no está incluído en las versiones en inglés, francés y ruso. Coordinador General del proyecto UNESCO: Vladimir Gai Coordinador de la Edición para América Latina: Alejandro Alfonzo Investigación: Venkat Iyer, Sundeep Muppidi, Claude Robinson, Andrew Taussig Coordinación de Investigación: Stephen Logan, AMIC Comentarios y notas: Evelyn S. Agato, Ariyanrathne Athugala, Sigrid Baring- horst, Joseph Borg, Guillaume Chenevière, Marc Gruber, Farol Jakubowicz, Yesudhasan Thomas Jayaprakash, Vinaya Kasajoo, Umi Khattab, Srinivasan Kumar, Cheung kwaiyeung, Tai Kee Man, Marie A. Mater, Srinivas R. Melkote, Toby Mendel, Frank Morgan, Gareth Price, Dick Rooney, Werner Rumphorst, Elizabeth Smith, Kuniko Sakata Watanabe, Guillermo Orozco Gómez, Francisco Hernández Lomeli, Antonio Pasquali, Elizabeth Safar, Ana María Marín, Valerio Fuenzalida. Traducción y Edición de la versión en español: Mario Zamorano Asistencia Técnica de la edición para América Latina: Mildret Corrales, Andrés Domínguez, Christian González Diseño, fotografías y diagramación de la edición en inglés: Julie Pudlowski Diseño y diagramación de la edición en español: Printcenter. Primera Edición en Español 2006 Copyright @ UNESCO Todos los derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de este libro puede ser reproducida en alguna forma ni por cualquier medio, sin contar con previa autorización. Sin embargo, organizaciones sin fines de lucro, podrán copiarlo libremente y distribuir partes de esta publicación, cuando no existan fines comerciales. Denegación de Responsabilidad Los títulos y la presentación del material en esta publicación no significan la expresión de opinión alguna por parte de la UNESCO con relación a la condición legal de algún país, territorio, ciudad o área, o de sus autoridades o en lo que se refiere a sus fronteras o límites. CI/COM/PSB/2005/VG1 ÍNDICE Presentación Abdul Waheed Khan, Director General Adjunto para Comunicación e Información de la UNESCO. Prólogo Indrajit Banerjee, Secretario General de AMIC. Prólogo de la edición en español Alejandro Alfonzo, Consejero de Comunicación e Información de la UNESCO para América Latina, sede San José. Opiniones y reflexiones sobre el contenido de la publicación. Capítulo 1: Definición de Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público (RSP) Capítulo 2: Experiencias y Desarrollo de la Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público en América Latina Capítulo 3: Creando el Ambiente y el Conocimiento de los Medios Capítulo 5: Aspectos Legales de la Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público Capítulo 5: Construyendo la Participación Ciudadana Capítulo 6: Regulaciones y Normas Prácticas: Promoviendo la Independencia Editorial y la Transparencia de la RSP Capítulo 7: Ajuste de las Normas en Programas de Servicio Público Capítulo 8: Repercusiones de los Recursos y el Financiamiento de la Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público Capítulo 9: La Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público en la Era Digital PRESENTACIÓN El concepto de las sociedades del conocimiento, sostenido por la UNESCO, ofrece una visión holística y amplia (cubriendo todas las actividades de la UNESCO) con una clara perspectiva orientada al desarrollo que incluye la complejidad y el dinamismo de las actuales tendencias y perspectivas. Las sociedades del conocimiento requieren una visión social capaz, que implica pluralidad, inclusión, solidaridad y participación. Basado en los principios de la libertad de expresión, acceso universal a la información y el conocimiento, promoción de la diversidad cultural y acceso equitativo a la educación de calidad, el concepto de las sociedades del conocimiento se reconoce, en forma progresiva, como esencial para alcanzar importantes objetivos de desarrollo. Para la gran mayoría de la población mundial, particularmente para aquellos que pertenecen a grupos minoritarios, la radio y la televisión siguen constituyendo el modo más accesible y amplio de la información y la comunicación. La radio continúa siendo el medio de comunicación más universal. La UNESCO está decidida a promover la radiotelevisión de servicio público (RSP) y capacitar ciudadanos con conocimiento a participar activamente en el proceso de adoptar decisiones. Resulta crucial que la RSP sirva a todas las poblaciones, reflejando las necesidades, preocupaciones y expectativas de las diversas audiencias, sin considerar su tamaño. La RSP es un elemento esencial para asegurar la pluralidad, la inclusión social y el reforzamiento de la sociedad civil. En este sentido, la misión de RSP radica en el eje central del desarrollo sostenible porque permite a la gente informada adoptar decisiones vitales para su propio desarrollo. “Los medios de comunicación públicos han conseguido la confianza ciudadana y se constituyen en reconocidos medios innovadores”, dice Susan V. Berresford, presidenta de la Fundación Ford. “Nos están permitiendo entender las nuevas realidades globales que afectan nuestra sociedad y las formas en que nuestro país afecta a los demás. Esto lo hacen bien los medios de comunicación públicos y 6 necesitan nuestro apoyo para continuar desempeñando ese rol…Una ciudadanía bien informada es vital para una buena gobernabilidad…y para una sana democracia” Este papel particular de la RSP, que provee acceso a la información y al conocimiento mediante la calidad y la variedad de contenido, resulta fundamental en el mandato constitucional de la UNESCO: promover el libre flujo de ideas e información. Por lo tanto, la UNESCO fomenta la independencia editorial de los medios públicos, permitiéndoles cumplir su papel cultural y educacional en una manera confiable. Esto requiere establecer alianzas estratégicas con los principales participantes, los que adoptan decisiones, la sociedad civil y sensibilizando a los gobiernos y a la opinión pública de la misión de la RSP. La RSP constituye uno de los mejores y más importantes instrumentos para promover la participación ciudadana democrática. Pero debemos hacer notar que el concepto y la idea de la RSP a menudo no es bien comprendido y en ocasiones incluso es malentendido. Por ello existe una imperiosa necesidad de clarificar y de mistificar toda la escala de conceptos y procedimientos relacionados con la RSP tomando en consideración las experiencias internacionales y los mejores resultados alcanzados. El propósito de la publicación: Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público: Un Manual de Mejores Prácticas es proporcionar información adecuada y disponible para ser utilizada por los profesionales de los medios de comunicación, los tomadores de decisión, estudiantes y público en general sobre conceptos de la RSP relacionados con aspectos legales, reglamentarios, presupuestarios y otros temas que son reconocidos por profesionales de la comunidad internacional. Elementos claves de la RSP como la independencia editorial, universalidad, adecuado financiamiento libre de presiones, diversidad, representatividad, información equilibrada, educación y tolerancia, cohesión social, ciudadanía, responsabilidad pública y credibilidad, son considerados en esta publicación. Deseo expresar nuestro agradecimiento al Centro de Medios de Comunicación e Información de Asia (AMIC), que en estrecha cooperación con la División de Desarrollo de la Comunicación de la UNESCO y en consulta con las principales organizaciones profesionales internacionales y regionales, medios sindicados y expertos individuales han producido un documento preliminar muy informativo. El texto básico ha sido posteriormente desarrollado mediante discusiones e intercambios vía Internet. Asimismo deseo agradecer a todas las organizaciones y eruditos por su inestimable contribución a este manual. 7 Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público: Un Manual de Mejores Prácticas Mis agradecimientos especiales para la señora Elizabeth Smith, Secretaria General de la Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, al señor Aidan White, Secretario General de la Federación Internacional de Periodistas; al señor Toby Mendel, Director Jurídico de ARTICULO 19 ; y para el señor Guillaume Chenevière, Presidente del Consejo Mundial de Radio y Televisión, quienes han apoyado esta publicación y proporcionado interesantes comentarios profesionales. Abdul Waheed Khan Director General Adjunto para Comunicación e Información UNESCO 8 PRÓLOGO La publicación de este manual sobre la Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público: Un Manual de Mejores Prácticas, es el resultado de una serie de discusiones, conferencias y seminarios efectuados en años recientes sobre el rol y el futuro de la Radiotelevisión de Servicio Público. El mayor incentivo para esta publicación emanó del Sector de la Comunicación e Información de la UNESCO, que propuso los términos de referencia para el manual. La UNESCO tiene la convicción que a pesar del gran número de investigaciones,
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