DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding Local Source Tsunami: 1820S Southland Tsunami

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding Local Source Tsunami: 1820S Southland Tsunami EQC Project 03/490 - Understanding local Client Report 2005/153 source tsunami: 1820s Southland tsunami November 2005 by Downes, G., Cochran, U., Wallace, L., Reyners, M., Berryman, K. (GNS) Walters, R., Callaghan, F., Barnes, P., Bell, R. (NIWA) EQC Project 03/490 - Understanding local source tsunami: 1820s Southland tsunami by Downes, G., Cochran, U., Wallace, L., Reyners, M., Berryman, K. (GNS) Walters, R., Callaghan, F., Barnes, P., Bell, R. (NIWA) Prepared for EQC Research Foundation Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences client report 2005/153 Project Number: 410W1034 National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research Consultancy report HAM2005-135 Project Number: EQC04201 The data presented in this Report are available to GNS and NIWA for other use from November 2005 COMMERCIAL – IN – CONFIDENCE This report has been prepared by the Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research exclusively for and under contract to EQC Research Foundation. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, all liability of the Institutes to any other party other than EQC Research Foundation in respect of the report is expressly excluded. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................V 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 TECTONIC SETTING OF THE FIORDLAND REGION ................................................................... 3 2.1 The Plate Boundary ............................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Previous Earthquakes.......................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Modern (post-1960) Earthquakes........................................................................ 5 2.2.2 Historical Earthquakes ........................................................................................ 5 2.2.3 Pre-historical Earthquakes................................................................................... 6 2.3 Previous Tsunami ............................................................................................................... 7 3.0 HISTORICAL RECORD.......................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 1820s Southland tsunami.................................................................................................... 8 3.1.1 Timing ................................................................................................................. 9 3.2 1826 Fiordland earthquakes and tsunami ......................................................................... 10 3.2.1 Uplift ................................................................................................................. 12 3.2.2 Landslides and rockfalls.................................................................................... 12 3.2.3 Tsunami and seiching........................................................................................ 13 3.2.4 Timing ............................................................................................................... 13 3.2.5 One mainshock or several large shocks?........................................................... 14 4.0 PALEOTSUNAMI RECONNAISSANCE ............................................................................................ 15 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 15 4.3 Field Observations and Discussion................................................................................... 17 4.3.1 Martins Bay ....................................................................................................... 17 4.3.2 Cascada Bay ...................................................................................................... 23 4.3.3 Goose Cove ....................................................................................................... 30 4.4 Summary........................................................................................................................... 37 5.0 EARTHQUAKE DISLOCATION AND TSUNAMI PROPAGATION MODELS........................... 38 5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Initial conditions: dislocation models ............................................................................... 39 5.2.1 Alpine Fault....................................................................................................... 39 5.2.2 Fiordland subduction zone ................................................................................ 40 5.2.3 Puysegur subduction zone................................................................................. 42 5.3 Numerical tsunami propagation model............................................................................. 44 5.3.1 Model grid and bathymetry ............................................................................... 45 5.4 Results............................................................................................................................... 46 5.4.1 Alpine Fault....................................................................................................... 47 5.4.2 Fiordland subduction zone events ..................................................................... 50 5.4.3 Puysegur subduction zone events...................................................................... 55 5.5 Summary........................................................................................................................... 60 6.0 DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................................... 61 6.1 1820s tsunami ...................................................................................................................61 6.2 1826 earthquake and tsunami ........................................................................................... 63 6.3 Earthquake shaking hazard ............................................................................................... 64 EQC Project 03/490—Understanding local tsunami: 1820s Southland Tsunami i 7.0 CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................................... 68 7.1 Historical........................................................................................................................... 68 7.2 Paleotsunami reconnaissance............................................................................................ 68 7.3 Numerical Modelling........................................................................................................ 69 8.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... 70 9.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 70 10.0 APPENDICES............................................................................................................................... 75 Appendix 1 Source Material: 1820s Southland tsunami....................................................... 75 Appendix 2 Source material: 1826 Fiordland earthquake and tsunami ................................ 81 Appendix 3 Site selection notes: Fiordland paleotsunami reconnaissance ........................... 85 Appendix 4 Model description............................................................................................. 91 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Molluscan assemblage from a pebbly, sandy silt unit 90-120 cm below river level near the mouth of Lake McKerrow. Re-collected from Wellman’s locality with identification and ecological notes by Alan Beu.......................................................................22 Table 2 Radiocarbon age results for Martins Bay samples. .................................................................23 Table 3 Radiocarbon age results for Cascada Bay samples. ..............................................................28 Table 4 Radiocarbon age results for Goose Cove samples.................................................................37 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location map showing important sites mentioned in the text. 1:250,000 topographic map courtesy of Land Information New Zealand (Crown Copyright Reserved)....................2 Figure 2 A: Tectonic setting of the South Island on the boundary between the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates. Macquarie Ridge (not labelled) lies west of the plate boundary south of 50ºS. B: Simplified tectonic setting of Fiordland illustrating three main components of the plate boundary in this region (modified from Barnes et al., 2005).................................................................................................................................................4 Figure 3 View of the Orepuki coastline looking south from Gemstone
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Using Campaign GPS Data to Model Slip Rates on the Alpine Fault
    New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics ISSN: 0028-8306 (Print) 1175-8791 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzg20 A geodetic study of the Alpine Fault through South Westland: using campaign GPS data to model slip rates on the Alpine Fault Chris J. Page, Paul H. Denys & Chris F. Pearson To cite this article: Chris J. Page, Paul H. Denys & Chris F. Pearson (2018): A geodetic study of the Alpine Fault through South Westland: using campaign GPS data to model slip rates on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.2018.1494006 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2018.1494006 View supplementary material Published online: 09 Aug 2018. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzg20 NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2018.1494006 RESEARCH ARTICLE A geodetic study of the Alpine Fault through South Westland: using campaign GPS data to model slip rates on the Alpine Fault Chris J. Page, Paul H. Denys and Chris F. Pearson School of Surveying, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Although the Alpine Fault has been studied extensively, there have been few geodetic studies Received 11 December 2017 in South Westland. We include a series of new geodetic measurements from sites across the Accepted 25 June 2018 Haast Pass and preliminary results from a recently established network, the Cascade array KEYWORDS that extends from the Arawhata River to Lake McKerrow, a region that previously had few Alpine Fault; slip rates; South geodetic measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Subduction Initiation May Depend on a Tectonic Plate's History 22 June 2021, by David Shultz
    Subduction initiation may depend on a tectonic plate's history 22 June 2021, by David Shultz geological history makes it an ideal location to study how subduction starts. The team's seismic structural analysis showed that subduction zone initiation begins along existing weaknesses in Earth's crust and relies on differences in lithospheric density. The conditions necessary for the subduction zone's formation began about 45 million years ago, when the Australian and Pacific plates started to pull apart from each other. During that period, extensional forces led to seafloor spreading and the creation of new high-density oceanic lithosphere in the south. However, in the north, the thick and buoyant continental crust of Zealandia was merely stretched and slightly thinned. Over the next several million years, the plates rotated, and strike- The Puysegur Trench follows the natural curvature of slip deformation moved the high-density oceanic New Zealand’s South Island, extending southwest from lithosphere from the south to the north, where it the island’s southern tip. Credit: NASA slammed into low-density continental lithosphere, allowing subduction to begin. Subduction zones are cornerstone components of The researchers contend that the differences in plate tectonics, with one plate sliding beneath lithospheric density combined with existing another back into Earth's mantle. But the very weaknesses along the strike-slip boundary from the beginning of this process—subduction previous tectonic phases facilitated subduction initiation—remains somewhat mysterious to initiation. The team concludes that strike-slip might scientists because most of the geological record of be a key driver of subduction zone initiation subduction is buried and overwritten by the because of its ability to efficiently bring together extreme forces at play.
    [Show full text]
  • Reform Movements 1820S-1850S Reform Movements
    Reform Movements 1820s-1850s Reform Movements • A series of movements from the 1820s to the 1850s that tried to make a positive change in society. Abolition • abolition – the movement to end slavery • Abolitionists worked in the North to convince others that slavery was wrong. Famous Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison – published abolitionist newspaper The Liberator • Grimke sisters – daughters of a plantation owner who turned against slavery; lectured against slavery Former Slaves • Frederick Douglass and Sojurner Truth • Both used their experience as slaves to convince other to end slavery Underground Railroad • a series of above ground escape routes from the South to the North • abolitionists would help runaway slaves escape hiding them and smuggling them into the North • Anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 slaves traveled the underground railroad from 1830 to 1860. Harriet Tubman • most famous “conductor” of the underground railroad • She was an escaped slave returned to the South 19 times to help slaves escape. • $40,000 was offered for capture. Women Reformers • Many women abolitionists realized they were fighting for rights they themselves did not possess. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – an abolitionist who also fought for more rights for women • Susan B. Anthony – emerged as leader of the women’s rights movement Women’s Rights • In the 1800s, women could not vote, sit on juries, or hold public office. • Married women had the fewest rights since all property was managed by the husband. Seneca Falls Convention • A convention in 1848 that called for rights for women • Declaration of Sentiments (based on the Dec. of Ind.) listed complaints and demanded rights Seneca Falls Convention • Every resolution passed the convention with a unanimous vote, except suffrage.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonic Setting Seismic Hazard Epicentral Region
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY MAP U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared in cooperation with the M8.0 Samoa Islands Region Earthquake of 29 September 2009 Global Seismographic Network M a r s Epicentral Region h a M A R S H A L L l I S TL A eN DcS tonic Setting l 174° 176° 178° 180° 178° 176° 174° 172° 170° 168° 166° C e n t r a l 160° 170° I 180° 170° 160° 150° s l a P a c i f i c K M e l a n e s i a n n L NORTH a d B a s i n i p B a s i n s n Chris tmas Island i H e BISMARCK n C g I R N s PLATE a l B R I TA i G E I s E W N T R 0° m a 0° N E R N e i n P A C I F I C 10° 10° C a H l T d b r s a e r C P L A T E n t E g I D n e i s A o Z l M e a t u r SOUTH n R r a c d E K I R I B A T I s F s K g o BISMARCK l a p a PLATE P A C I F I C G a Solomon Islands P L A T E S O L O M O N T U V A L U V I T Y I S L A N D S A Z TR FUTUNA PLATE 12° 12° S EN O U C BALMORAL C 10° T H H o 10° S O REEF o WOODLARK L Santa k O M Cruz PLATE I PLATE O N T RE N C H Sam sl Is lands oa I NIUAFO'OU a N s n C o r a l S e a S A M O A lan d SOLOMON SEA O ds PLATE s T U B a s i n R A M E R I C A N (N A PLATE T M H .
    [Show full text]
  • Mylonitization Temperatures and Geothermal Gradient from Ti-In
    Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-12 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Discussion started: 7 March 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Constraints on Alpine Fault (New Zealand) Mylonitization Temperatures and Geothermal Gradient from Ti-in-quartz Thermobarometry Steven Kidder1, Virginia Toy2, Dave Prior2, Tim Little3, Colin MacRae 4 5 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, City College New York, New York, 10031, USA 2Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 3School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 4CSIRO Mineral Resources, Microbeam Laboratory, Private Bag 10, 3169 Clayton South, Victoria, Australia Correspondence to: Steven B. Kidder ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. We constrain the thermal state of the central Alpine Fault using approximately 750 Ti-in-quartz SIMS analyses from a suite of variably deformed mylonites. Ti-in-quartz concentrations span more than an order of magnitude from 0.24 to ~5 ppm, suggesting recrystallization of quartz over a 300° range in temperature. Most Ti-in-quartz concentrations in mylonites, protomylonites, and the Alpine Schist protolith are between 2 and 4 ppm and do not vary as a function of grain size or bulk rock composition. Analyses of 30 large, inferred-remnant quartz grains (>250 µm), as well as late, cross-cutting, chlorite-bearing 15 quartz veins also reveal restricted Ti concentrations of 2-4 ppm. These results indicate that the vast majority of Alpine Fault mylonitization occurred within a restricted zone of pressure-temperature conditions where 2-4 ppm Ti-in-quartz concentrations are stable.
    [Show full text]
  • Geophysical Structure of the Southern Alps Orogen, South Island, New Zealand
    Regional Geophysics chapter 15/04/2007 1 GEOPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN ALPS OROGEN, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND. F J Davey1, D Eberhart-Phillips2, M D Kohler3, S Bannister1, G Caldwell1, S Henrys1, M Scherwath4, T Stern5, and H van Avendonk6 1GNS Science, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, [email protected] 2GNS Science, Dunedin, New Zealand 3Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA 4Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany 5School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 6Institute of Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA ABSTRACT The central part of the South Island of New Zealand is a product of the transpressive continental collision of the Pacific and Australian plates during the past 5 million years, prior to which the plate boundary was largely transcurrent for over 10 My. Subduction occurs at the north (west dipping) and south (east dipping) of South Island. The deformation is largely accommodated by the ramping up of the Pacific plate over the Australian plate and near-symmetric mantle shortening. The initial asymmetric crustal deformation may be the result of an initial difference in lithospheric strength or an inherited suture resulting from earlier plate motions. Delamination of the Pacific plate occurs resulting in the uplift and exposure of mid- crustal rocks at the plate boundary fault (Alpine fault) to form a foreland mountain chain. In addition, an asymmetric crustal root (additional 8 - 17 km) is formed, with an underlying mantle downwarp. The crustal root, which thickens southwards, comprises the delaminated lower crust and a thickened overlying middle crust.
    [Show full text]
  • SEASAT Geoid Anomalies and the Macquarie Ridge Complex Larry Ruff *
    Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 38 (1985) 59-69 59 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands SEASAT geoid anomalies and the Macquarie Ridge complex Larry Ruff * Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (U.S.A.) Anny Cazenave CNES-GRGS, 18Ave. Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31055 (France) (Received August 10, 1984; revision accepted September 5, 1984) Ruff, L. and Cazenave, A., 1985. SEASAT geoid anomalies and the Macquarie Ridge complex. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 38: 59-69. The seismically active Macquarie Ridge complex forms the Pacific-India plate boundary between New Zealand and the Pacific-Antarctic spreading center. The Late Cenozoic deformation of New Zealand and focal mechanisms of recent large earthquakes in the Macquarie Ridge complex appear consistent with the current plate tectonic models. These models predict a combination of strike-slip and convergent motion in the northern Macquarie Ridge, and strike-slip motion in the southern part. The Hjort trench is the southernmost expression of the Macquarie Ridge complex. Regional considerations of the magnetic lineations imply that some oceanic crust may have been consumed at the Hjort trench. Although this arcuate trench seems inconsistent with the predicted strike-slip setting, a deep trough also occurs in the Romanche fracture zone. Geoid anomalies observed over spreading ridges, subduction zones, and fracture zones are different. Therefore, geoid anomalies may be diagnostic of plate boundary type. We use SEASAT data to examine the Maequarie Ridge complex and find that the geoid anomalies for the northern Hjort trench region are different from the geoid anomalies for the Romanche trough.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Fishes a Field Guide to Common Species Caught by Bottom, Midwater, and Surface Fishing Cover Photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola Lalandi), Malcolm Francis
    New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing Cover photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola lalandi), Malcolm Francis. Top left – Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), Malcolm Francis. Centre – Catch of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Neil Bagley (NIWA). Bottom left – Jack mackerel (Trachurus sp.), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), NIWA. New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No: 208 Prepared for Fisheries New Zealand by P. J. McMillan M. P. Francis G. D. James L. J. Paul P. Marriott E. J. Mackay B. A. Wood D. W. Stevens L. H. Griggs S. J. Baird C. D. Roberts‡ A. L. Stewart‡ C. D. Struthers‡ J. E. Robbins NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241 ‡ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6011Wellington ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-1-98-859425-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-98-859426-2 (online) 2019 Disclaimer While every effort was made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, Fisheries New Zealand does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/ A higher resolution (larger) PDF of this guide is also available by application to: [email protected] Citation: McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; James, G.D.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.; Mackay, E.; Wood, B.A.; Stevens, D.W.; Griggs, L.H.; Baird, S.J.; Roberts, C.D.; Stewart, A.L.; Struthers, C.D.; Robbins, J.E.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ECONOMY of CANADA in the NINETEENTH CENTURY Marvin Mcinnis
    2 THE ECONOMY OF CANADA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY marvin mcinnis FOUNDATIONS OF THE NINETEENTH- CENTURY CANADIAN ECONOMY For the economy of Canada it can be said that the nineteenth century came to an end in the mid-1890s. There is wide agreement among observers that a fundamental break occurred at about that time and that in the years thereafter Canadian economic development, industrialization, population growth, and territorial expansion quickened markedly. This has led economic historians to put a special emphasis on the particularly rapid economic expansion that occurred in the years after about 1896. That emphasis has been deceptive and has generated a perception that little of consequence was happening before 1896. W. W. Rostow was only reflecting a reasonable reading of what had been written about Canadian economic history when he declared the “take-off” in Canada to have occurred in the years between 1896 and 1913. That was undoubtedly a period of rapid growth and great transformation in the Canadian economy and is best considered as part of the twentieth-century experience. The break is usually thought to have occurred in the mid-1890s, but the most indicative data concerning the end of this period are drawn from the 1891 decennial census. By the time of the next census in 1901, major changes had begun to occur. It fits the available evidence best, then, to think of an early 1890s end to the nineteenth century. Some guidance to our reconsideration of Canadian economic devel- opment prior to the big discontinuity of the 1890s may be given by a brief review of what had been accomplished by the early years of that decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints on Alpine Fault (New Zealand) Mylonitization Temperatures and the Geothermal Gradient from Ti-In-Quartz Thermobarometry
    Solid Earth, 9, 1123–1139, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1123-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Constraints on Alpine Fault (New Zealand) mylonitization temperatures and the geothermal gradient from Ti-in-quartz thermobarometry Steven B. Kidder1, Virginia G. Toy2, David J. Prior2, Timothy A. Little3, Ashfaq Khan1, and Colin MacRae4 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, City College New York, New York, 10031, USA 2Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 3School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 4CSIRO Mineral Resources, Microbeam Laboratory, Private Bag 10, 3169 Clayton South, Victoria, Australia Correspondence: Steven B. Kidder ([email protected]) Received: 22 February 2018 – Discussion started: 7 March 2018 Revised: 28 August 2018 – Accepted: 3 September 2018 – Published: 25 September 2018 Abstract. We constrain the thermal state of the central when more fault-proximal parts of the fault were deforming Alpine Fault using approximately 750 Ti-in-quartz sec- exclusively by brittle processes. ondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) analyses from a suite of variably deformed mylonites. Ti-in-quartz concentrations span more than 1 order of magnitude from 0.24 to ∼ 5 ppm, suggesting recrystallization of quartz over a 300 ◦C range in 1 Introduction temperature. Most Ti-in-quartz concentrations in mylonites, protomylonites, and the Alpine Schist protolith are between The Alpine Fault is the major structure of the Pacific– 2 and 4 ppm and do not vary as a function of grain size Australian plate boundary through New Zealand’s South Is- or bulk rock composition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Mass Democracy: 1820-1840
    AP U.S. History: Unit 4.2 Student Edition The Rise of Mass Democracy: 1820-1840 I. The "New Democracy" Use Space Below for Notes A. By the 1820s, politicians made an increased effort to appeal to the voting masses. 1. Most high offices were still held by wealthy citizens. 2. Change in emphasis: a. Jeffersonian democracy: the people should be governed as little as possible; gov’t for the people b. Jacksonian democracy: government should be done directly by the people. This idea underlay Jackson’s spoils system in the 1830s. B. The New Democracy was based on universal white manhood suffrage rather than property qualifications: the common man now became more influential. 1. Between 1812 and 1821, 6 new western states granted universal manhood suffrage 2. Between 1810 and 1821, 4 eastern states significantly reduced voting requirements. However, by 1860 only New England still allowed African Americans to vote in the North. 3. South was last region to grant universal white manhood suffrage. 4. New voters demanded politicians that would represent common peoples' interests. 5. Frederick Jackson Turner: "The Significance of the Frontier on American History" (1893) Thesis: Existence of cheap unsettled land in the West created a frontier society that shaped the American character—more democratic and egalitarian. C. Rise of workingmen’s parties 1. Laborers in the east formed organizations that demanded free education for their children, a 10-hr work day, and an end to debtor’s prisons. 2. Some groups became violent (especially during Panic of 1837) II. Causes of the New Democracy A.
    [Show full text]
  • Beneath the Reflections
    Beneath the Reflections A user’s guide to the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area Acknowledgements This guide was prepared by the Fiordland Marine Guardians, the Ministry for the Environment, the Ministry for Primary Industries (formerly the Ministry of Fisheries and MAF Biosecurity New Zealand), the Department of Conservation, and Environment Southland. This guide would not have been possible without the assistance of a great many people who provided information, advice and photos. To each and everyone one of you we offer our sincere gratitude. We formally acknowledge Fiordland Cinema for the scenes from the film Ata Whenua and Land Information New Zealand for supplying navigational charts for generating anchorage maps. Cover photo kindly provided by Destination Fiordland. Credit: J. Vale Disclaimer While reasonable endeavours have been made to ensure this information is accurate and up to date, the New Zealand Government makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, correctness, completeness or use of any information that is available or referred to in this publication. The contents of this guide should not be construed as authoritative in any way and may be subject to change without notice. Those using the guide should seek specific and up to date information from an authoritative source in relation to: fishing, navigation, moorings, anchorages and radio communications in and around the fiords. Each page in this guide must be read in conjunction with this disclaimer and any other disclaimer that forms part of it. Those who ignore this disclaimer do so at their own risk.
    [Show full text]