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African Music Revision.Pdf AQA GCSE MUSIC – S T R A N D 3 – WORLD MUSIC REVISION GUIDE SUB - S T R A N D 2 – MUSIC OF AFRICA BACKGROUND HISTORY AND ORIGINS RHYTHM AND METRE AND Africa is vast continent with many different regions and nations, each with its own traditions and identity. Much African Music is TEXTURE TRADITIONAL and has been handed down from father to son – THE ORAL TRADITION – where music is passed on verbally and In African music, REPETITION is used to organise the music. Often a being ‘learned’ rather than written down. African Music is rarely performed as a “classical concert”, rather, everyone joins in by repeating pattern (OSTINATO) is used as a basis for IMPROVISATION. singing, dancing, playing an instrument or clapping. African music unites people regardless of ability and is a part of everyday life. Whereas “Western Music” is often played with the same rhythm Music is important to Africans especially at Social Gatherings as well as being a way of communicating emotions and feelings. throughout the piece, African music is often played with a number of African music is often combined with other art forms such as movement, dance, mime, speech, story-telling and costumes such as rhythms at the same time, often based on rhythmic cycles of varying masks or body painting. Music is used on a number of occasions such as birthdays, weddings, funerals and harvest. lengths. The MASTER DRUMMER can ACCENT certain beats within a Performances of African music are normally long and can last for several hours. Shouting and cheering from the audience are an rhythm cycle and different rhythmic cycles with different accents can be integral part of the performance. played together; this creates POLYPHONY (many individual parts African music has been a major influence on the development of popular music contributing rhythms, structures, melodic features interweaving) and POLYRHYTHMS (the simultaneous sounding of two or and the use of improvisation to such styles as blues and jazz, brought over to America by slaves. more individual rhythms – sometimes in different metres) In West Africa, drum ensembles have 3-5 players each with a distinctive AFRICAN VOCAL MUSIC method of striking their drum and playing interlocking patterns, this Many Africans believe that music serves as a link to the spirit world, creates a THICK musical TEXTURE. Sometimes two or more rhythms therefore, singing is a vital part of everyday life and heard at religious might not “fit well together” – the tension created is called a CROSS- ceremonies, rituals and celebrations. The basic form of African Vocal RHYTHM. SYNCOPATION is often used where emphasis is given on Music is CHORAL SINGING known as CALL AND RESPONSE where notes or beats that are normally called “weak” or “off” beats. MUSIC one singer (SOLOIST) or small group of singers sings a line and the whole group (CHORUS) makes a reply (often a fixed REFRAIN) – like a OF “musical conversation” – in alternation with the “lead singer”. The soloist AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Other percussion instruments such as clappers, maracas, scrapers, often IMPROVISES. African singers often “shout words” (VOCABLES) gongs and xylophones (called BALAFONS) produce their sound by AFRICA and male and female singers enjoy using their highest VOCAL vibration and are known as IDIOPHONES. REGISTER known as FALSETTO. African singing can be accompanied Stringed instruments (CHORDOPHONES) such as bows, lyres, zithers, by instruments (see below) but can also be unaccompanied (A harps and the KORA are popular as well as some woodwind instruments CAPPELLA). Most African melodies are based on a “limited number of (AEROPHONES) such as whistles, flutes, reed pipes, trumpets and pitches” - four, five, six or seven note SCALES and are normally short horns. and simple, often expanded by REPETITION and IMPROVISATION. Harmony is often created by singing in thirds, fourths or fifths. UNISON and PARALLEL OCTAVE harmony and textures are also common. The best known examples of African Choral Singing come from the group LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO. AFRICAN DRUMMING African instruments are often made from plants and animal products such as hide and bone. African musicians are very fond of PERCUSSION instruments and use a wide variety of drums (called MEMBRANOPHONES) Drums are traditionally used as an accompaniment to singing, dancing, working and communicating between villages. Drummers are typically the most respected members of their community. The most famous is the TALKING DRUM, called so because the PITCH can be altered by tightning or loosening a cord around the body of the drum and the changes have been likened to the sound of the human voice. Talking Drums are usually played with sticks. The DJEMBE is a skin-covered had drum shaped like a large goblet made out of single tree trunk hollowed out. The skin is made from goatskin and rope is used to tighten the skin to tune the drum to the appropriate PITCH. The DJEMBE is played with the hands and can produce three different TONES – the BASS TONE (hitting the centre of the main drum skin with a flat hand), the SLAP TONE (hitting the edge of the drum with fingers slightly open) and the TONE (hitting the edge of the drum with fingers held together). Drummers often DAMPEN the sound by resting one hand or stick on the skin while playing with the other. Sometimes they strike the wooden part of the drum to create a different sound or change the pitch by tightening or loosening the skin. Different types of drums mean different things and are often used as a form of communication. A MASTER DRUMMER often leads giving signals to the rest of the group to change rhythms or sections of the piece and can also control the TEMPO. He often IMPROVISES highly complicated rhythms and can indicate the ending of a piece of music. Other drums include the DUNDUN, DONNO and KAGAN and the KIDI STUDENT NAME: WWW.MUSICALCONTEXTS. CO.UK AQA GCSE MUSIC – S T R A N D 3 – WORLD MUSIC REVISION GUIDE SUB - S T R A N D 2 – MUSIC OF AFRICA BACKGROUND HISTORY AND ORIGINS RHYTHM AND METRE AND Describe where and how traditional African Music is played, performed and heard? TEXTURE What are the main musical features of African Music? What other art forms often accompany African Music? What is Polyphony/Polyphonic Texture? How is African Music learned? What is a Polyrhythm/Polyrhythmic Texture? How has African Music influenced Popular Music? What is an Accented beat? AFRICAN VOCAL MUSIC Why is singing important to Africans and where is vocal music performed and heard? What is a Cross-Rhythm? What is Syncopation? MUSIC Describe the musical features of African Choral Singing OF AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS What are Idiophones? (give some examples) AFRICA What are Chordophones? (give some examples) What are Aerophones? (give some examples) What are Vocables? Name the African musical instruments in the box below and state whether they are an Idiophone, Chordophone or Aerophone. How do African singers “harmonise” with each other? Name a popular African Choral Singing group. AFRICAN DRUMMING What are Membranophones? Name the different types of African Drum in the box to the right. Describe the role of African Drummers. Describe the Talking Drum in terms of how it’s played and sound production Describe the Djembe in terms of how it’s played and sound production Describe the role of the Master Drummer. Name some other types of African Drums STUDENT NAME: WWW.MUSICALCONTEXTS. CO.UK AQA GCSE MUSIC – S T R A N D 3 – WORLD MUSIC REVISION GUIDE SUB - S T R A N D 2 – MUSIC OF AFRICA Keyword Meaning Understood Signatures (tick) (staff, student, parent) A Cappella Accent Additive Rhythm Aerophones Balafon Bass Sound Call and Response Choral Singing Chordophones Chorus (group) Cross-Rhythm Cyclic Rhythm Dampen(ing) Djembe Falsetto STUDENT NAME: WWW.MUSICALCONTEXTS. CO.UK AQA GCSE MUSIC – S T R A N D 3 – WORLD MUSIC REVISION GUIDE SUB - S T R A N D 2 – MUSIC OF AFRICA Keyword Meaning Understood Signatures (tick) (staff, student, parent) Harmony Idiophone Improvisation Kora Ladysmith Black Mambazo Master Drummer Membranophones Ostinato Parallel Octaves Percussion Pitch Polyphony/Polyphonic Texture Polyrhythm/Polyrhythmic Texture Pulse Refrain STUDENT NAME: WWW.MUSICALCONTEXTS. CO.UK AQA GCSE MUSIC – S T R A N D 3 – WORLD MUSIC REVISION GUIDE SUB - S T R A N D 2 – MUSIC OF AFRICA Keyword Meaning Understood Signatures (tick) (staff, student, parent) Repetition Rhythm Slap Sound Soloist Syncopation Talking Drum Tempo Texture The Oral Tradition Timbre/Tone Tone Sound (on drum) Unison Vocables Vocal Register STUDENT NAME: WWW.MUSICALCONTEXTS. CO.UK .
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