Book VIII Photography
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
b bb bb b bbbbon.com bbbb Basic Photography in 180 Days Book VIII - Photography Editor: Ramon F. aeroramon.com Contents 1 Day 1 1 1.1 History of photography ........................................ 1 1.1.1 Etymology .......................................... 2 1.1.2 Technological background .................................. 2 1.1.3 Development of chemical photography ............................ 3 1.1.4 Development of digital photography ............................. 12 1.1.5 See also ............................................ 12 1.1.6 Notes ............................................. 13 1.1.7 References .......................................... 13 1.1.8 Further reading ........................................ 14 1.1.9 External links ......................................... 14 2 Day 2 22 2.1 Photography .............................................. 22 2.1.1 Etymology .......................................... 22 2.1.2 History ............................................ 22 2.1.3 Evolution of the camera .................................... 32 2.1.4 Technical aspects ....................................... 34 2.1.5 Other photographic techniques ................................ 38 2.1.6 Modes of production ..................................... 39 2.1.7 Social and cultural implications ................................ 44 2.1.8 Law .............................................. 45 2.1.9 See also ............................................ 45 2.1.10 References .......................................... 45 2.1.11 Further reading ........................................ 47 2.1.12 External links ......................................... 48 3 Day 3 51 3.1 Science of photography ........................................ 51 3.1.1 Law of Reciprocity ...................................... 51 3.1.2 Lenses ............................................ 52 3.1.3 Motion blur .......................................... 52 3.1.4 Focus ............................................. 54 i ii CONTENTS 3.1.5 Aberration .......................................... 54 3.1.6 Film grain resolution ..................................... 55 3.1.7 Diffraction limit ....................................... 55 3.1.8 Contribution to noise (grain) ................................. 56 3.1.9 See also ............................................ 57 3.1.10 References .......................................... 57 4 Day 4 58 4.1 Shutter speed ............................................. 58 4.1.1 Introduction .......................................... 58 4.1.2 Creative utility in photography ................................ 61 4.1.3 Cinematographic shutter formula ............................... 65 4.1.4 See also ............................................ 66 4.1.5 References .......................................... 66 5 Day 5 67 5.1 Exposure (photography) ........................................ 67 5.1.1 Definitions .......................................... 68 5.1.2 Optimum exposure ...................................... 69 5.1.3 Exposure settings ....................................... 70 5.1.4 Exposure control ....................................... 72 5.1.5 Reciprocity .......................................... 73 5.1.6 Determining exposure ..................................... 73 5.1.7 Latitude ............................................ 75 5.1.8 See also ............................................ 77 5.1.9 Notes ............................................. 77 5.1.10 References .......................................... 78 5.1.11 External links ......................................... 78 6 Day 6 79 6.1 Exposure compensation ........................................ 79 6.1.1 Exposure compensation on still cameras ........................... 79 6.1.2 Adjustment for lighting distribution .............................. 80 6.1.3 Exposure compensation using the Zone System ........................ 81 6.1.4 See also ............................................ 81 6.1.5 Notes ............................................. 81 6.1.6 References .......................................... 82 7 Day 7 83 7.1 Film speed ............................................... 83 7.1.1 Film speed measurement systems ............................... 83 7.1.2 Reciprocity .......................................... 91 7.1.3 Film sensitivity and grain ................................... 91 CONTENTS iii 7.1.4 Digital camera ISO speed and exposure index ........................ 92 7.1.5 See also ............................................ 96 7.1.6 References .......................................... 96 7.1.7 External links ......................................... 102 8 Day 8 103 8.1 35 mm equivalent focal length ..................................... 103 8.1.1 Calculation .......................................... 103 8.1.2 Depth of field equivalent ................................... 103 8.1.3 Conversions .......................................... 104 8.1.4 References .......................................... 104 8.1.5 External links ......................................... 105 9 Day 9 106 9.1 Timeline of photography technology ................................. 106 9.1.1 Timeline ........................................... 106 9.1.2 See also ............................................ 113 9.1.3 Notes ............................................. 114 9.1.4 External links ......................................... 114 10 Day 10 115 10.1 Photograph .............................................. 115 10.1.1 History ............................................ 115 10.1.2 Types of photographs ..................................... 118 10.1.3 Preservation .......................................... 119 10.1.4 Myths and beliefs ....................................... 120 10.1.5 See also ............................................ 120 10.1.6 References .......................................... 120 10.1.7 External links ......................................... 120 10.2 Conservation and restoration of photographs ............................. 121 10.2.1 Overview of Photographs and Photographic Processes .................... 121 10.2.2 Types and Causes of Deterioration .............................. 123 10.2.3 Preservation Strategies .................................... 125 10.2.4 Conservation Treatments ................................... 127 10.2.5 Professional Organizations .................................. 128 10.2.6 Education and Training .................................... 129 10.2.7 See also ............................................ 130 10.2.8 Notes ............................................. 130 10.2.9 Further reading ........................................ 133 10.2.10 External links ......................................... 133 10.3 Outline of photography ........................................ 133 10.3.1 Forms of photography .................................... 134 iv CONTENTS 10.3.2 Camera and photography equipment ............................. 136 10.3.3 Photographic processing ................................... 136 10.3.4 Photographic techniques ................................... 136 10.3.5 History of photography .................................... 138 10.3.6 General photography concepts ................................ 138 10.3.7 Lists ............................................. 138 10.3.8 See also ............................................ 138 10.3.9 External links ......................................... 139 11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 140 11.1 Text .................................................. 140 11.2 Images ................................................. 144 11.3 Content license ............................................. 149 Chapter 1 Day 1 1.1 History of photography The earliest surviving camera photograph, 1826 or 1827, known as View from the Window at Le Gras The history of photography has roots in remote antiquity with the discovery of the principle of the camera obscura (a dark room) and the observation that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light. As far as is known, nobody thought of bringing these two phenomena together to capture camera images in permanent form until around 1800, when Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented although unsuccessful attempt. In the mid- 1820s, Nicéphore Niépce succeeded, but several days of exposure in the camera were required and the earliest results were very crude. Niépce’s associate Louis Daguerre went on to develop the daguerreotype process, the first publicly announced photographic process, which required only minutes of exposure in the camera and produced clear, finely detailed results. It was commercially introduced in 1839, a date generally accepted as the birth year of practical photography.[1][2] The metal-based daguerreotype process soon had some competition from the paper-based calotype negative and salt print processes invented by William Henry Fox Talbot. Subsequent innovations reduced the required camera 1 2 CHAPTER 1. DAY 1 exposure time from minutes to seconds and eventually to a small fraction of a second; introduced new photographic media which were more economical, sensitive or convenient, including roll films for casual use by amateurs; and made it possible to take pictures in natural color as well as in black-and-white. The commercial introduction of computer-based electronic digital cameras in the 1990s soon revolutionized photog- raphy. During the first decade of the 21st century, traditional film-based photochemical methods were increasingly