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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template ASSESSMENT OF CANDIDATE MARINE SPECIES TO DIVERSIFY ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION IN FLORIDA: EVALUATIONS OF SPAWNING, HYPOSALINE TOLERANCE AND SELECT LARVAL PRODUCTION FACTORS By CARTER S. CYR A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Carter S. Cyr To my grandfather, Gilbert Cyr ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my parents, Scott and Phyllis, and sister, Danielle, for immeasurable material and moral support over the years. I want to thank Grace Thurston for her patience and compassion. I thank Colin Beron, John Downey, Isaac Lee, Michael Quinn and Charles Stanley for their friendship. I would like to thank my advisor Cortney Ohs for his patience, guidance and commitment to my development. I thank my committee members Matthew DiMaggio and Craig Watson for all of their efforts. Thank you to Isaac Lee, Wesley Freitas, Jason Broach, John Marcellus, Andrew Palau, Audrey Beany and Bryan Danson. Also, thank you to Dynasty Marine for their help in our research. I thank Judy St. Leger, Rising Tide Conservation, and Sea World Busch Gardens Conservation Fund for funding my position and, finally, the University of Florida for accommodating me. Go Gators. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 13 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 17 Marine ornamentals: The Role of Aquaculture in the Aquarium Trade ................... 17 Species Diversification in Marine Ornamental Aquaculture .................................... 18 Carangidae ............................................................................................................. 19 Salinity .................................................................................................................... 21 Reproduction .......................................................................................................... 22 Gametogenesis and Embryology ..................................................................... 22 Embryology and Mating Strategy ..................................................................... 23 Larval Culture ......................................................................................................... 23 Copepods ............................................................................................................... 24 Chaetodontidae ...................................................................................................... 25 2 EARLY LIFE STAGE CULTURE OF Trachinotus goodei AND Gnathanodon speciosus ................................................................................................................ 26 Foreword ................................................................................................................. 26 Methods .................................................................................................................. 28 Live Feeds Cultures ......................................................................................... 28 Experiment I. Larval Culture of Trachinotus goodei .......................................... 29 Evaluation: Growth and Morphometric Dynamics of T. goodei from Embryo to Juvenile Stage ........................................................................................... 33 Experiment II, Effects of Copepod (Parvocalanus crassirostris) Supplementation on Larval Growth and Survival in Gnathonodon speciosus. ..................................................................................................... 34 Experiment III, The Effect of Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Post-Larval Trachinotus goodei ..................................................................... 36 Results .................................................................................................................... 38 Experiment I. Larval Culture of Trachinotus goodei .......................................... 38 Evaluation: Growth and Morphometric Dynamics of T. goodei from Embryo to Juvenile Stage ........................................................................................... 39 5 Experiment II, Effects of Copepod (Parvocalanus crassirostris) Supplementation on Larval Growth and Survival in Gnathonodon speciosus. ..................................................................................................... 43 Experiment III, The Effect of Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Post-Larval Trachinotus goodei ..................................................................... 43 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 53 3 OSMOREGULATORY RESPONSE OF T. goodei TO HYPOSALINITY................. 56 Foreword ................................................................................................................. 56 Methods .................................................................................................................. 58 Experiment IV.I, Acute Natural Sea Water Salinity Tolerance at a Temperature Gradient ................................................................................... 59 Experiment IV.II, Acute Natural Sea Water Salinity Tolerance without a Temperature Gradient ................................................................................... 60 Experiment V, Acute NaCl Water Salinity Tolerance ........................................ 61 Experiment VI, Stepwise Acclimation to 3 g/L Sea Water ................................ 62 Results .................................................................................................................... 63 Experiment IV.I, Acute Natural Sea Water Salinity Tolerance at a Temperature Gradient ................................................................................... 63 Experiment V, Acute NaCl Water Salinity Tolerance ........................................ 64 Experiment VI, Stepwise Acclimation to 3 g/L Sea Water ................................ 65 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 73 4 SPAWNING, INCUBATION AND LARVAL CULTURE OF Paracanthurus hepatus AND Chaetodon speciosus ....................................................................... 76 Foreword ................................................................................................................. 76 Methods .................................................................................................................. 79 Broodstock Acquisition and Maintenance ......................................................... 79 Spawning and Fecundity .................................................................................. 80 Experiment VII, Hatching Success in P. hepatus ............................................. 81 Experiment VIII, Effect of Salinity on Hatch Success in P. hepatus .................. 82 Experiment IX, Temporal Variation in Hatch Success of P. hepatus at Various Temperatures ................................................................................... 83 Experiment X, Hatching Success in Chaetodon sedentarius............................ 84 Experiment XI, Effect of Aeration on Hatching Success in Chaetodon sedentarius .................................................................................................... 84 Larval Culture of Chaetodon sedentarius ......................................................... 85 Results .................................................................................................................... 87 Spawning and Fecundity .................................................................................. 87 Experiments VII and X Hatch Success in Paracanthurus hepatus and Chaetodon sedentarius ................................................................................. 89 Experiment VIII, Effect of Salinity on Hatch Success in Paracanthurus hepatus ......................................................................................................... 89 Experiment IX, Temporal Variation in Hatch Success of P. hepatus at Various Temperatures ................................................................................... 90 6 Larval Culture of Chaetodon sedentarius ......................................................... 91 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 102 5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 107 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 109 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 126 7 LIST OF TABLES Table
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