Juan Ginés De Sepúlveda

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Juan Ginés De Sepúlveda Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – Centro de Artes e Comunicação – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Gênese do Pensamento Imperial . JUAN PABLO MARTÍN RODRIGUES Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Letras Recife, 2010 1 2 Rodrigues, Juan Pablo Martín Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: Gênese do pensamento imperial / Juan Pablo Martín Rodrigues. – Recife : O Autor, 2010. 229 folhas. Tese (doutorado) – Univers idade Federal de Pernambuco. CAC. Teoria da Literatura, 2010. Inclui bibliografia . 1. Literatura hispano -americana . 2. Modernidade - Colonialismo. 3. Imperialismo. 4. Ética. I.Título. 821.134.2 CDU (2.ed.) UFPE 86 0.9 CDD (2 2.ed.) CA C20 10 -36 3 A Miguel Espar, Alfredo Cordiviola e Lucila Nogueira, mentores e co-autores intelectuais da minha vida no Brasil. Ao CNPQ e CAPES do Governo Brasileiro. A todos os professores e professoras do CURSO DE LETRAS da UFPE e UFRPE. 4 Só a ANTROPOFAGIA nos une. Socialmente. Economicamente. Filosoficamente. Única lei do mundo. Expressão mascarada de todos os individualismos, de todos os coletivismos. De todas as religiões. De todos os tratados de paz. Tupi or not Tupi that is the question . Contra todas as catequeses. E contra a mãe dos Gracos. Só me interessa o que não é meu. Lei do homem. Lei do antropófago. Oswald de Andrade , Manifesto Antropófago . 5 SUMÁRIO. V RESUMO VI RESUMEN VII ABSTRACT VIII I SEPÚLVEDA: O HUMANISMO E A MODERNIDADE. 10 1.1 Um Humanista a Serviço de uma idéia Imperial moderna. 10 Humanismo e interdisciplinaridade. 10 A Modernidade sem máscaras: um programa coerente de imperialismo secular e cristão. 17 1.2 Esboço biobibliográfico de Sepúlveda. 20 II DO IMPÉRIO SALVACIONISTA OU CIVILIZADOR. 28 2.1 A República Cristã e Carlos V. 28 O Império Renascentista de Carlos V. 28 Frei Antonio de Guevara: a consciência do Imperador. 39 A corte erasmista de Carlos V. 47 2.2 Bases do Pensamento de Sepúlveda . 61 O Império de Carlos V na Itália de Sepúlveda. 61 Sepúlveda, Discípulo de Pietro Pomponazzi. 71 Sepúlveda e a ética aristotélico naturalista. 80 Aristocratismo naturalista e o domínio dos melhores. 98 A ética dos melhores: a virtú em Sepúlveda. 105 A ética do dinheiro em Sepúlveda. 115 6 III A CONTROVÉRSIA AMERICANA DE SEPÚLVEDA. 122 3.1. A Guerra Justa 122 Santo Agostinho, o agostinismo político e Sepúlveda. 122 O Pensamento de Santo Agostinho sobre o Estado. 128 Santo Agostinho, Sepúlveda e a Objeção de Consciência. 135 Causas Justas de Guerra e Santo Agostinho. 138 O Agostinismo Político. 143 Sepúlveda é um Agostinista Político? 146 As Bulas papais de Alexandre VI. 154 Santo Agostinho e a Servidão Natural. 158 3.2 Ius Gentium et Naturalis em Sepúlveda e Vitória . 162 Direito Natural e physis em Sepúlveda. 162 A Filosofia do Direito de Francisco de Vitoria. 174 3.3 Aristóteles e o domínio dos melhores . 195 Escravidão natural e legal na Idade Moderna e Sepúlveda 195 Logos Helenístico e Barbárie em Sepúlveda 202 IV Bibliografia 216 7 RESUMO Ginés de Sepúlveda é um cronista real do século XVI e preceptor do príncipe Felipe II, que se aproxima de uma moderna razão de Estado a qual ele deve servir e para a qual foi formado conforme a sua profissão e status de humanista. Objetiva-se com esse trabalho demonstrar que Sepúlveda apresenta uma proposta civilizatória hegemônica que antecipa de alguma forma o pensamento imperial moderno e, para tal, desenvolve o título de civilização como justificativa do sistema colonial (hoje pós-colonial). Com base nas posições teóricas de Dussel (2006), Mignolo (2003) e Wallerstein (2007), também pretende-se evidenciar que o referido cronista real consegue construir um aparelho ideológico com elementos medievais (agostinismo político) e renascentistas (estoicismo e aristotelismo naturalista) justificador das novas necessidades estatais de expansionismo imperial europeu do ponto de vista ético-filosófico, antecipando, de certo modo, a segunda modernidade, o Iluminismo. Neste trabalho, analisaram-se as principais obras de Sepúlveda: Democrates Alter e Primus , De Monarquia , a Apologia das Justas Causas da Guerra contra os Índios , a Exortação a Carlos V para que faça a guerra aos turcos e as crônicas reais, especialmente De Orbe Novo , nas quais pode-se observar que, na visão de Sepúlveda, a religião, por meio da evangelização, cumpre com os seus fins justificativos, mas sempre servindo a uma ideia abrangente de princípio civilizatório. Ainda se destaca que o autor subsume os princípios cristãos na ética estóica, baseado numa compreensão do mundo sublunar como isento de intervenção divina no cotidiano, seguindo a Pietro Pomponazzi. Palavras-chave: colonialidade/modernidade, imperialismo, princípio civilizatório, ética. 8 RESUMEN Ginés de Sepúlveda es un cronista real del siglo XVI y preceptor del príncipe Felipe II, que se acerca a una moderna razón de Estada a la que debe seguir para la cual fue preparado según su profesión y estatus de humanista. Se pretende con este trabajo demostrar que Sepúlveda presenta una propuesta civilizatoria hegemónica que anticipa de alguna manera el pensamiento imperial moderno, para lo que desarrolla el título de civilización como justificación del sistema colonial (hoy postcolonial). Basado en las posturas teóricas de Dussel (2006), Mignolo (2003) y Wallerstein (2007), se pretende destacar asimismo que el referido cronista real consigue construir un aparato ideológico con elementos medievales (agustinismo político) y renacentistas (estoicismo y aristotelismo naturalista) justificador de las nuevas necesidades estatales de expansionismo imperial europeo desde el punto de vista ético-filosófico, anticipando de cierto modo la segunda modernidad, la ilustración. En este trabajo, se analizaron las principales obras de Sepúlveda: Democrates Alter y Primus , De Monarquia , la Apología de las Justas Causas de la Guerra contra los Indios, la Exhortación a Carlos V para que haga la guerra a los turcos y las crónicas reales, especialmente De Orbe Novo , en las que se puede observar que , bajo el punto de vista de Sepúlveda, la religión, por medio de la evangelización cumple sus fines justificativos, pero siempre al servicio de una idea que abarca el principio civilizatorio. Además se destaca que el autor subsume los principios cristianos en la ética estoica, basado en una comprensión del mundo sublunar como exento de intervención divina en lo cotidiano, siguiendo a Pietro Pomponazzi. Palabras clave: colonialidad/ modernidad, imperialismo, principio civilizatorio, ética. 9 ABSTRACT Gines de Sepulveda is a royal chronicler of the sixteenth century and tutor to Prince Philip II, who is close to a modern reason of state for which he should serve and for which he was formed according to their profession and status of humanist. Our intention is to demonstrate that Sepúlveda`s proposal of one hegemonic civilization somehow anticipates the modern imperial thinking and, for that, it develops the concept of civilization as a justification of the colonial system (today's post-colonial). Based on the theoretical positions of Dussel (2006), Mignolo (2003) and Wallerstein (2007), we also intend to emphasize that the author can build an ideological apparatus with medieval (Augustinian political) and Renaissance elements (naturalist Aristotelianism and Stoicism) justifying the new requirements of the European imperial expansionism from an ethical-philosophical point of view, and anticipating to some extent the second modernity, the Enlightenment. In this thesis, the principal works of Sepulveda are analysed: Democrates Alter and Primus, From Monarchy, the Apology of the Just Cause of War against the Indians, the exhortation to Charles V to make war with the Turks and chronicles, especially De Orbe Novo , in which one can observe that, for Sepulveda, religion, through evangelization, fulfills its purpose, always serving to a comprehensive idea of the principle of civilization. We also point out that the author subsumes the Christian principles in Stoic ethics, based on an understanding of the sublunary world free from divine intervention in daily life, according to Pietro Pomponazzi. Keywords: coloniality/ modernity, imperialism, civilization principle, ethics. 10 I SEPÚLVEDA: O HUMANISMO E A MODERNIDADE 1.1.UM HUMANISTA A SERVIÇO DE UMA IDÉIA IMPERIAL MODERNA Humanismo e interdisciplinaridade Nascido na Espanha, formado em direito pela Universidade de Burgos, ocidental europeu, branco, masculino, heterossexual e pertencente à classe média, a decisão de estudar a obra de Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda foi tomada no intuito de achar respostas e o que acontece é que talvez ainda surgissem mais perguntas, especialmente depois de ter lido a crítica que Castro Gómez faz da epistéme moderna quando afirma que ela: parte da presunção de que o conhecimento não pode ser concebido como um representação das propriedades do objeto. O conhecimento também depende das condições formais situadas na estrutura cognitiva de um sujeito transcendental, o sujeito cognoscitivo. Castro Gómez aproveita a descoberta de Foucault sobre o paradoxo da epistemologia moderna, de acordo com o qual o sujeito conhecedor é parte da produção do conhecimento, mas, como sujeito transcendental, não pode ser representado da mesma maneira que o é o objeto de conhecimento. (...) O conhecimento (...) se baseou na projeção em um sujeito cognoscitivo transcendental de um sujeito empírico ocidental europeu, que é branco, masculino, heterossexual
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