Ingenieros Y Torres De Marfil Engineers and Ivory Towers

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Ingenieros Y Torres De Marfil Engineers and Ivory Towers IIINNNGGGEEENNNIIIEEERRROOOSSS YYY TTTOOORRRRRREEESSS DDDEEE MMMAAARRRFFFIIILLL EEENNNGGGIIINNNEEEEEERRRSSS AAANNNDDD IIIVVVOOORRRYYY TTTOOOWWWEEERRRSSS METIRE UT SCIAS INTEMAC Copyright © by McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc, New York, 1952 (English Translation) Copyright © 1971, (edición en idioma español) McGRAW HILL DE MEXICO, S. A. DE C.V. Atlacomulco, 499-501. Naucalpan de Juárez, Edo. de México Copyright © 1997, INTEMAC Todos los derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser reproducida o distribuida de ninguna manera ni por ningún medio, ni almacenada en base de datos o sistema de recuperación, sin el previo permiso escrito del editor. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: EXENTO Depósito Legal: M-972-1998 INFOPRINT, S.A. Esta edición, fuera de comercio, de “INGENIEROS Y TORRES DE MARFIL”, consta de 1.200 ejemplares numerados y ha sido realizada por el INSTITUTO TÉCNICO DE MATERIALES DE CONSTRUCCIONES (INTEMAC) en la Navidad de 1997. This edition of "ENGINEERS AND IVORY TOWERS" which is not for sale, consists of 1.200 numbered copies, and was published by the TECHNICAL INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS (INTEMAC) at Christmas 1997. [[[tttÜÜÜwwwççç VVVÜÜÜÉÉÉáááááá Ejemplar n.º DDDKKKKKKHHH@@@DDDLLLHHHLLL PRÓLOGO Los edificios espléndidos y los costosos laboratorios nunca podrán hacer una gran universidad; los grandes profesores sí. H. Cross Hardy Cross es una figura excepcional dentro de la Ingeniería Civil de todos los tiempos y muy particular del siglo XX. Algunas de sus aportaciones a la teoría y a la práctica del Cálculo de Estructuras han alcanzado una difusión que sólo puede compa- rarse a la de los trabajos de Navier, Ritter, Coulomb o Mohr. Nace en Nansemon (Virginia), el 10 de febrero de 1885, y en sus primeros estudios recibe una sólida formación no sólo en física y matemáticas, sino muy especialmente en filosofía y literatura, lo cual marcaría definitivamente su trayectoria humanista a lo largo de su vida y en particular de su actitud profesional. Alternó a lo largo de su carrera el ejercicio profesional y la enseñanza de la Ingeniería Civil. Sus convicciones sobre el tema de la enseñanza eran claras y firmes y en el libro que sigue las expone con vigor: "Quien va a ejercer como profesor de ingeniería necesita haber sido entrenado fun- damentalmente para ser un ingeniero y las conexiones con la profesión, fuera de las torres de marfil de la enseñanza, son absolutamente esenciales". Fue profesor en varias universidades y en particular, en los años más fecundos de su carrera, de 1921 a 1937, en la Universidad de Illinois. A partir de esa fecha fue profesor en la Universidad de Yale, falleciendo en 1957. Sus aportaciones a la Ingeniería Civil han sido muchas, pero de ellas tres son, a mi juicio, especialmente destacables: - El universalmente conocido como "Método de Cross" para el cálculo de esfuer- zos de estructuras hiperestáticas. (Proceedings de la American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 56, No. 5 (May, 1930) and Vol. 58, No. 5 (May, If32)). - El método para el cálculo de redes de distribución de agua. (University of Illinois. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 286. 1936). - "La analogía de la columna", probablemente uno de los más bellos desarrollosdel cálculo estructural. (University of Illinois, Engineering Experimental Station Bulletin. 215, 1930). 5 Aparte su producción intelectual, fue un maestro de calidad difícil de igualar, según todos los que le conocieron. Uno de sus discípulos más queridos -y más brillantes- fue Newmark, que recordaba hace años como Cross, exageraba en clase su sordera -que era notoria- para obligar a los alumnos a contestar a sus preguntas en voz más alta de la nor- mal, y en particular contaba como fue su examen final con Cross. Éste le hizo una pre- gunta a la que Newmark fue totalmente incapaz de contestar. Al cabo de un silencio prolongado, Newmark le dijo: "Lo siento. No lo sé". Cross, actor inigualable como todos los grandes profesores, le dijo: "Esa es la contestación correcta. Y no se preocupe, porque nadie sabe más que usted sobre esta cuestión". El libro que sigue "Ingenieros y Torres de Marfil" es, en gran medida, la exposición de los puntos de vista de Cross sobre el ejercicio de la ingeniería civil y de su enseñanza. Personalmente lo leí por primera vez en la edición de McGraw-Hill de Méjico, de 1971. El Profesor Mete Sozen, de la Universidad de Purdue, gran figura de la Ingeniería y buen conocedor de nuestra colección de Navidad, me animaba en una carta en 1995 a incluirlo en nuestra colección. El Prof. Sozen no sabía que yo conocía el libro, y me ani- maba a editarlo diciéndome que ". es un libro que lo podía haber escrito Torroja". Hoy hacemos caso a su sugerencia con especial satisfacción, porque, por razones que no conocemos, la obra no fue reeditada y es hoy muy difícil de encontrar. La versión inglesa corresponde a la edición norteamericana de McGraw-Hill de 1952 y la española a la de McGraw-Hill de Méjico, en 1971. Agradecemos a ambas Editoriales su permiso para esta edición. Hemos mantenido el prólogo de la edición inglesa de Robert C. Goodpasture, com- pilador de los diferentes textos de Cross. La traducción española, realmente excelente, de la edición de 1971, fue realizada por el Ingeniero mejicano Fernando Fossas, cuyo prólogo hemos querido respetar en la edición en español. Me gustaría agradecer muy especialmente a Dña. Marisa Marco, directora del Servicio de Documentación y de la Biblioteca del Colegio Nacional de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, su valiosa colaboración en la localización de la edición inglesa de la obra. He de agradecer, por último al Departamento de Documentación de INTEMAC y especialmente a su Jefe, Ana M. Calavera, su trabajo de coordinación y edición, que ha sido especialmente complejo en este caso. Madrid, Navidad de 1997 José Calavera 6 PROLOGUE Splendid buildings and costly laboratories will never make a great university; great professors will. H. Cross Hardy Cross is one of the exceptional figures in Civil Engineering of all times and in particular of the Twentieth Century. Some of his contributions to the theory and practice of structural engineering have reached a renown that can only be compared to works by authors such as Coulomb, Navier, Ritter or Mohr. Born in Nansemond County, Virginia, U.S.A., on 10 February 1885, he acquired a sound education not only in physics and mathematics in his early studies, but especially in literature and philosophy; that part of his education left a humanistic mark on him that would distinguish him throughout his life and in particular in his professional career. All his life he alternated his professional practice with teaching Civil Engineering. He had clear and very firm convictions about education, which he sets forth quite powerfully in this book: "Whoever intends to teach engineering needs to have been trained primarily as an engineer, and connections with the profession, quite outside education's ivory towers, are absolutely essential." He sat as professor in several universities and in particular, in the most productive years of his career, from 1921 to 1937, he taught at the University of Illinois. He made any number of contributions to Civil Engineering, but three of his achie- vements are, in my mind, particularly outstanding: - The method universally known as the "Cross Method" for calculating moments in hyperstatic structures. (Proceedings. American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 56, No. 5 (May 1930) an Vol. 58, No. 5 (May 1932)). - A method for engineering water pipe networks. (University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 286, 1936). - "The analogy of the column", probably one of the most elegantly developed analyses in structural engineering. (University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 215, 1930). 7 Aside from his intellectual production, according to all who knew him, his mastery as a teacher was beyond compare. One of his most beloved - and most brilliant - disciples was Newmark, who remembered years ago how Cross would overplay his deafness -which was legendary - in class, to force his students to answer his questions a bit louder than normal; in particular Newmark was fond of recalling his final exam with Cross: asked a question that he was absolutely unable to answer, Newmark, after a long silence, finally said, "I'm sorry. I don't know." Cross, like all great teachers a talented actor, replied, "That's the right answer. And don't worry, because no one knows any more than you do about that question." The ok hereunder, "Engineers and Ivory Towers" is largely a discussion of Cross' points of view about civil engineering and how to teach it. Personally, I read the 1971 McGraw-Hill edition published in Mexico City. Professor Mete Sozen of the University of Purdue, an outstanding figure in Engineering who is well acquainted with our Christmas series, encouraged me in a letter in 1995 to include this book in the collection. Prof. Sozen, who was unaware that I was familiar with the book, urged me to publish it saying that "...it is a book that Torroja could have written." Heeding his suggestion today is a source of particular satisfaction because, for some unknown reason, no further editions of the book were ever published and today it is very difficult to find. The English text hereunder coincides with the version published by McGraw-Hill in 1952 and the Spanish text the McGraw-Hill with version released in Mexico City in 1971. We wish to thank both publishers for their permission for this edition. We have decided to include the foreword to the original English edition authored by Robert C.
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