Proposal for Development of Dry Coking/Coal
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Chemical and Physical Structural Studies on Two Inertinite-Rich Lump
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON TWO INERTINITE-RICH LUMP COALS. Nandi Malumbazo A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philoso- phy in the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, 2011 DECLARATION I, Nandi Malumbazo, declare that the thesis entitled: “CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON TWO INER- TINITE-RICH LUMP COALS” is my own work and that all sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and ac- knowledged by means of references. Signature: ……………………………………………………………….. Date:………………………………………………………………………… Page i ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Two Highveld inertinite-rich lump coals were utilized as feed coal samples in order to study their physical, chemical structural and petrographic variations during heat treat- ment in a packed-bed reactor unit combustor. The two feed lump coals were selected as it is claimed that Coal B converts at a slower rate in a commercial coal conversion process when compared to Coal A. The reason for this requires detailed investigation. Chemical structural variations were determined by proximate and coal char CO2 reactiv- ity analysis. Physical structural variations were determined by FTIR, BET adsorption methods, XRD and 13C Solid state NMR analysis. Carbon particle type analysis was con- ducted to determine the petrographic constituents of the reactor generated samples, their maceral associations (microlithotype), and char morphology. This analysis was undertaken with the intention of tracking the carbon conversion and char formation and consumption behaviour of the two coal samples within the reactor. Proximate analysis revealed that Coal A released 10 % more of its volatile matter through the reactor compared to Coal B. -
Process Technologies and Projects for Biolpg
energies Review Process Technologies and Projects for BioLPG Eric Johnson Atlantic Consulting, 8136 Gattikon, Switzerland; [email protected]; Tel.: +41-44-772-1079 Received: 8 December 2018; Accepted: 9 January 2019; Published: 15 January 2019 Abstract: Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)—currently consumed at some 300 million tonnes per year—consists of propane, butane, or a mixture of the two. Most of the world’s LPG is fossil, but recently, BioLPG has been commercialized as well. This paper reviews all possible synthesis routes to BioLPG: conventional chemical processes, biological processes, advanced chemical processes, and other. Processes are described, and projects are documented as of early 2018. The paper was compiled through an extensive literature review and a series of interviews with participants and stakeholders. Only one process is already commercial: hydrotreatment of bio-oils. Another, fermentation of sugars, has reached demonstration scale. The process with the largest potential for volume is gaseous conversion and synthesis of two feedstocks, cellulosics or organic wastes. In most cases, BioLPG is produced as a byproduct, i.e., a minor output of a multi-product process. BioLPG’s proportion of output varies according to detailed process design: for example, the advanced chemical processes can produce BioLPG at anywhere from 0–10% of output. All these processes and projects will be of interest to researchers, developers and LPG producers/marketers. Keywords: Liquified petroleum gas (LPG); BioLPG; biofuels; process technologies; alternative fuels 1. Introduction Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is a major fuel for heating and transport, with a current global market of around 300 million tonnes per year. -
Gasification of Woody Biomasses and Forestry Residues
fermentation Article Gasification of Woody Biomasses and Forestry Residues: Simulation, Performance Analysis, and Environmental Impact Sahar Safarian 1,*, Seyed Mohammad Ebrahimi Saryazdi 2, Runar Unnthorsson 1 and Christiaan Richter 1 1 Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, University of Iceland, Hjardarhagi 6, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; [email protected] (R.U.); [email protected] (C.R.) 2 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Sharif University of Technologies, Tehran P.O. Box 14597-77611, Iran; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Wood and forestry residues are usually processed as wastes, but they can be recovered to produce electrical and thermal energy through processes of thermochemical conversion of gasification. This study proposes an equilibrium simulation model developed by ASPEN Plus to investigate the performance of 28 woody biomass and forestry residues’ (WB&FR) gasification in a downdraft gasifier linked with a power generation unit. The case study assesses power generation in Iceland from one ton of each feedstock. The results for the WB&FR alternatives show that the net power generated from one ton of input feedstock to the system is in intervals of 0 to 400 kW/ton, that more that 50% of the systems are located in the range of 100 to 200 kW/ton, and that, among them, the gasification system derived by tamarack bark significantly outranks all other systems by producing 363 kW/ton. Moreover, the environmental impact of these systems is assessed based on the impact categories of global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), and eutrophication (EP) potentials and Citation: Safarian, S.; Ebrahimi normalizes the environmental impact. -
Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes
Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes Final report NNFCC project 09/008 A project funded by DECC, project managed by NNFCC and conducted by E4Tech June 2009 Review of technology for the gasification of biomass and wastes E4tech, June 2009 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Approach ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Introduction to gasification and fuel production ...................................................................... 1 1.4 Introduction to gasifier types .................................................................................................... 3 2 Syngas conversion to liquid fuels .................................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ......................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Methanol synthesis ................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Mixed alcohols synthesis ......................................................................................................... -
Renewable Propane
Renewable propane Pathways to the prize Eric Johnson Western Propane Gas Association 4 November 2020 A bit of background Headed to Carbon Neutral: 2/3rds of World Economy By 2050 By 2045+ By 2060 By 2050 Facing decarbonisation: you’re not alone! Refiners Gas suppliers Oil majors A new supply chain for refiners Some go completely bio, others partially Today’s r-propane: from vegetable/animal oils/fats Neste’s HVO plant in Rotterdam HVO biopropane (r-propane) capacity in the USA PROJECT OPERATOR kilotonnes Million gal /year /year EXISTING BP Cherry Point BP ? Diamond Green Louisiana Valero: Diamond Green Diesel 10 5.2 Kern Bakersfield Kern ? Marathon N Dakota Tesoro, Marathon (was Andeavor) 2 1 REG Geismar Renewable Energy 1.3 0.7 World Energy California AltAir Fuels, World Energy 7 3.6 PLANNED Diamond Green Texas Valero: Diamond Green Diesel, Darling 90 46.9 HollyFrontier Artesia/Navajo HollyFrontier, Haldor-Topsoe 25 13 Marathon ? Next Renewables Oregon Next Renewable Fuels 80 41.7 Phillips 66 ? Biggest trend: co-processing • Conventional refinery • Modified hydrotreater • Infrastructure exists already Fossil petroleum BP, Kern, Marathon, PREEM, ENI and others…… But there is not enough HVO to meet longer-term demand. LPG production Bio-oil potential What about the NGL industry? Many pathways to renewables…. The seven candidate pathways Gasification-syngas, from biomass Gasification-syngas, from waste Plus ammonia, Pyrolysis from DME, biomass hydrogen etc Glycerine-to-propane Biogas oligomerisation Power-to-X Alcohol to jet/LPG Gasification to syngas, from biomass Cellulose Criterium Finding Process Blast biomass (cellulose/lignin) into CO and H2 (syngas). -
Process Intensification with Integrated Water-Gas-Shift Membrane Reactor Reactor Concept (Left)
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM Process Intensification with Integrated Water-Gas-Shift Membrane Reactor Reactor concept (left). Flow diagram (middle): Hydrogen (H2) permeates the membrane where nitrogen (N2) sweeps the gas to Hydrogen-Selective Membranes for High- produce a high-pressure H2/N2 gas stream. Membrane diagram Pressure Hydrogen Separation (right): The H2-selective membrane allows the continuous removal of the H2 produced in the water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction. This allows for the near-complete conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) This project will develop hydrogen-selective membranes for an innovative water-gas-shift reactor that improves gas separation to carbon dioxide (CO2) and for the separation of H2 from CO2. efficiency, enabling reduced energy use and greenhouse gas Image Courtesy of General Electric Company, Western Research Institute, emissions. and Idaho National Laboratory. Benefits for Our Industry and Our Nation Introduction The development of an integrated WGS-MR for hydrogen The goal of process intensification is to reduce the equipment purification and carbon capture will result in fuel flexibility footprint, energy consumption, and environmental impact of as well as environmental, energy, and economic benefits. manufacturing processes. Commercialization of this technology has the potential to achieve the following: One candidate for process intensification is gasification, a common method by which hydrocarbon feedstocks such as coal, • A reduction in energy use during the separation process by biomass, and organic waste are reacted with a controlled amount replacing a conventional WGS reactor and CO2 removal system of oxygen and steam to produce synthesis gas (syngas), which with a WGS-MR and downsized CO2 removal unit is composed primarily of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO). -
The Future of Gasification
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS The Future of Gasification By DeLome Fair coal gasification projects in the U.S. then slowed significantly, President and Chief Executive Officer, with the exception of a few that were far enough along in Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc. development to avoid being cancelled. However, during this time period and on into the early 2010s, China continued to build a large number of coal-to-chemicals projects, beginning first with ammonia, and then moving on to methanol, olefins, asification technology has experienced periods of both and a variety of other products. China’s use of coal gasification high and low growth, driven by energy and chemical technology today is by far the largest of any country. China markets and geopolitical forces, since introduced into G rapidly grew its use of coal gasification technology to feed its commercial-scale operation several decades ago. The first industrialization-driven demand for chemicals. However, as large-scale commercial application of coal gasification was China’s GDP growth has slowed, the world’s largest and most in South Africa in 1955 for the production of coal-to-liquids. consistent market for coal gasification technology has begun During the 1970s development of coal gasification was pro- to slow new builds. pelled in the U.S. by the energy crisis, which created a political climate for the country to be less reliant on foreign oil by converting domestic coal into alternative energy options. Further growth of commercial-scale coal gasification began in “Market forces in high-growth the early 1980s in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and China in the coal-to-chemicals market. -
Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production Through Synergistic Methane
Research Article Cite This: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX pubs.acs.org/journal/ascecg Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production through Synergistic Methane- Activated Catalytic Biomass Gasification † † † ‡ † Amoolya Lalsare, Yuxin Wang, Qingyuan Li, Ali Sivri, Roman J. Vukmanovich, ‡ † Cosmin E. Dumitrescu, and Jianli Hu*, † ‡ Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: The abundance of natural gas and biomass in the U.S. was the motivation to investigate the effect of adding methane to catalytic nonoxidative high-temperature biomass gasification. The catalyst used in this study was Fe− Mo/ZSM-5. Methane concentration was varied from 5 to 15 vol %, and the reaction was performed at 850 and 950 °C. While biomass gasification without methane on the same catalysts produced ∼60 mol % methane in the total gas yield, methane addition had a strong effect on the biomass gasification, with more than 80 mol % hydrogen in the product gas. This indicates that the reverse steam methane reformation (SMR) reaction is favored in the absence of additional methane in the gas feed as the formation of H2 and CO shifts the equilibrium to the left. Results showed that 5 mol % additional methane in the feed gas allowed for SMR due to formation of steam adsorbates from oxygen in the functional groups of aromatic lignin being liberated on the oxophilic transition metals like Mo and Fe. This oxygen was then available for the SMR reaction with methane to form H2, CO, and CO2. -
Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuels Production Based on Gasification Ryan M
Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuels Production Based on Gasification Ryan M. Swanson, Justinus A. Satrio, and Robert C. Brown Iowa State University Alexandru Platon ConocoPhillips Company David D. Hsu National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-46587 November 2010 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuels Production Based on Gasification Ryan M. Swanson, Justinus A. Satrio, and Robert C. Brown Iowa State University Alexandru Platon ConocoPhillips Company David D. Hsu National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. BB07.7510 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 1617 Cole Boulevard NREL/TP-6A20-46587 Golden, Colorado 80401 November 2010 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Anaerobic Digestion, Gasification, and Pyrolysis - Lee G.A
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MINIMIZATION – Anaerobic Digestion, Gasification, and Pyrolysis - Lee G.A. Potts, Duncan J. Martin ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, GASIFICATION, AND PYROLYSIS Lee G.A. Potts Biwater Treatment, Lancashire, UK Duncan J. Martin University of Nottingham, UK Keywords: anaerobic, biogas, char, combustible, digestate, digestion, gasification, methane, municipal solid waste, pyrolysis Contents 1. Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste to Gaseous Fuels 2. Anaerobic Digestion 2.1. Background 2.2. Principles 2.3. Conditions 2.3.1. Moisture Content 2.3.2. Temperature 2.3.3. pH 2.3.4. Waste Composition 2.3.5. Gas Phase Composition 2.3.6. Retention Time 2.3.7. Seeding 2.3.8. Nutrients 2.3.9. Inhibitors 2.3.10. Mixing 2.4. Feedstock Preparation 2.4.1. Waste Collection and Separation 2.4.2. Feedstock Preparation 2.5. Processes 2.5.1. Dry Batch Digestion 2.5.2. Dry Continuous Digestion 2.5.3. Wet Continuous Digestion 2.5.4. Wet Multistage Digestion 2.6. ProductsUNESCO – EOLSS 2.6.1. Biogas 2.6.2. Digestate SAMPLE CHAPTERS 2.7. Conclusions 3. Pyrolysis and Gasification 3.1. Background 3.2. Pyrolysis 3.2.1. Processes 3.2.2. Gas Products 3.2.3. Liquid Products 3.2.4. Solid Products 3.3. Gasification ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MINIMIZATION – Anaerobic Digestion, Gasification, and Pyrolysis - Lee G.A. Potts, Duncan J. Martin 3.3.1. Processes 3.3.2. Products 3.4. Combined Processes 3.5. Conclusions Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Incinerators for municipal solid waste can be used for electricity generation or space heating. -
Syngas Composition: Gasification of Wood Pellet with Water Steam
energies Article Syngas Composition: Gasification of Wood Pellet with Water Steam through a Reactor with Continuous Biomass Feed System Jerzy Chojnacki 1,* , Jan Najser 2, Krzysztof Rokosz 1 , Vaclav Peer 2, Jan Kielar 2 and Bogusława Berner 1 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Raclawicka Str.15-17, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland; [email protected] (K.R.); [email protected] (B.B.) 2 ENET Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; [email protected] (J.N.); [email protected] (V.P.); [email protected] (J.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-94-3478-359 Received: 15 July 2020; Accepted: 22 August 2020; Published: 25 August 2020 Abstract: Investigations were performed in relation to the thermal gasification of wood granulate using steam in an allothermal reactor with electric heaters. They studied the impact of the temperature inside the reactor and the steam flow rate on the percentage shares of H2, CH4, CO, and CO2 in synthesis gas and on the calorific value of syngas. The tests were conducted at temperatures inside the reactor equal to 750, 800, and 850 C and with a steam flow rate equal to 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 kg h 1. ◦ · − The intensity of gasified biomass was 20 kg h 1. A significant impact of the temperature on the · − percentages of all the components of synthesis gas and a significant impact of the steam flow rate on the content of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in syngas were found. -
High Calorific Value Coal Turkish and Global Outlook
High calorific value coal Turkish and global outlook October 2014 2 Executive Summary Despite the fact that coal has notorious perception due to its impacts on the environment, it’s not possible to neglect its share in the global energy supply. Especially, in emerging markets with ever growing energy demand, cost and eligibility advantages bring coal into prominence. When a coal consumption analysis is conducted, it is evident that electricity and heat generation sector maintained its leadership with more than 3.8 billion tonnes in 2012. This situation can be seen in Turkey as well. Installed capacity of imported coal PPs in Turkish Uygar Yörük electricity market has passed 3.9 GW by the end Energy & Resources Industry Leader of the 2013. On account of increasing Turkish Partner electricity demand and economic advantages of imported coal, it wouldn’t be wrong to expect that imported coal PPs will show significant growth. In the first seven months of On the other side, all locations available to 2014, additional installed capacity of 950 MW imported coal power plants are already held connected to the grid. After the natural gas by investors and some of these projects will be investment boom in 2011, Turkish electricity naturally driven out of the competition. market has a new tendency to imported coal power plants. When global coal market is analysed, trends like China’s growing coal demand, shale gas Uncertainties related to natural gas power plants impact on coal prices and carbon policies and unexpected delays in lignite projects lead can be defined as major indicators that have investors to hard coal as a relatively more eligible determining role on coal pricing.