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The Acquisition and Interpretation of Spatial Adpositions in English

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The Acquisition and Interpretation of Spatial Adpositions in English The Language Of Space: The Acquisition And Interpretation of Spatial Adpositions In English Francesco-Alessio Ursini M.Phil. Linguistics Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, Australia This thesis is presented for the degree of Ph.D. in Cognitive Science June, 2011 Contents Summary iv Acknowledgements vi 1 General Introduction: Scope and Goal(s) of This Thesis 1 I Adpositions, Space and The Language-Vision Interface 12 2 Adpositions, Space and the Language-Vision Interface: a Model-Theoretic Ap- proach 13 2.1 Introduction: what We talk about, when We talk about Space . 13 2.2 The Relation between Spatial Vision and Language . 16 2.2.1 Basic Notions of Space . 16 2.2.2 Previous Literature . 19 2.3 The Nature of Spatial Vision and Language, and a Formal Analysis . 23 2.3.1 Classical and Modern Varieties of Object Recognition . 23 2.3.2 A Logic of Vision, Part I: Static Vision . 29 2.3.3 Theories of Dynamic Vision . 36 2.3.4 A Logic of Vision, Part II: a Model of Visual Logical Space . 41 2.3.5 A Logic of Language: Discourse Representation Theory and Space . 46 i 2.4 A Theory of the Vision-Language Interface, and beyond . 54 2.4.1 The Vision-Language Interface: a Formal Approach . 54 2.4.2 Testing the Theory against the Data . 60 2.4.3 What is unique to Language, and why . 66 2.5 Conclusions . 77 II The Grammar Of Adpositions And Spatial Sentences 80 3 The Grammar of Adpositions and Spatial Sentences, Part I: Syntax 81 3.1 Introduction: the Problem of Ps and their Structure . 81 3.2 Previous Literature, and Basic Facts about Ps . 85 3.3 The Structure of Ps, I: a Proposal, and some Empirical Coverage . 89 3.4 The Structure of Ps: a Derivational Account, and more Empirical Coverage . 98 3.5 Conclusions . 109 4 The Grammar of Adpositions and Spatial Sentences, Part II: Semantics 111 4.1 Introduction . 111 4.2 What Ps denote, I: Previous Proposals . 115 4.3 What Ps denote, II: a Proposal for Ontological Simplicity . 119 4.4 What Ps denote, II: a Novel Proposal . 127 4.5 The Semantics of Ps: Analysis of the Data . 140 4.5.1 Locative Ps . 141 4.5.2 Directional Ps: the Facts . 150 4.5.3 “Intermediate” Ps, and other Phenomena . 156 4.5.4 Basic Facts of Clause Architecture and Sentence Interpretation . 162 4.6 Conclusions . 171 ii III The Psychological Reality of Adpositions 173 5 The Psychological Reality of Adpositions, Part I: Theoretical Preliminaries 174 5.1 Introduction . 174 5.2 DRT as a Theory of Parsing . 176 5.3 DRT as a Theory of Acquisition: Proposal and Predictions . 180 5.4 Conclusions . 190 6 The Psychological Reality of Adpositions, Part II: Experimental Data 191 6.1 Introduction . 191 6.2 Previous Literature on the Processing of Ps . 193 6.2.1 The Processing of Ps in Adult English Speakers . 194 6.2.2 The Emergence of Ps in English-Speaking Children . 198 6.2.3 The Emergence of Ps: a Proposal . 202 6.3 The Interpretation and Acquisition of Ps: the Experiments . 207 6.3.1 Experiment 1: the Adult Group . 209 6.3.2 Experiment N.2: Terence P. 214 6.3.3 Experiment N.3: Fred L. 225 6.3.4 General Discussion . 229 6.4 Conclusions . 231 7 Conclusions 233 Bibliography 240 iii SUMMARY This thesis by publication presents a study on English adpositions (e.g. to, in, at, from, in front of, through). It attempts to offer a solution to the following three outstanding problems, which are presented in each of the three parts making up the thesis, preceded by a general introduction (chapter 1) and followed by the general conclusions (chapter 7). The first part includes chapter 2, and discusses the problem of What is the relation between adpositions and the non-linguistic, visual content they represent. The second part includes chapters 3 and 4, and discusses the problem ofwhat is a proper compositional theory of the Syntax and Semantics of adpositions. The third part includes chapters 5 and 6, and discusses the problem of what is the psychological reality of this theory, regarding adults and children’s data. The following three solutions are suggested. First, the relation between adpositions and their corresponding visual information is an isomorphism: adpositions capture how we “see” possible spatio-temporal relations between objects, at a flexible level of fine-grainedness. Second, a proper compositional treatment of adpositions treats each syntactic unit (in front, of ) as offering a distinct semantic contribution, hence spelling out a restricted instance of a spatio-temporal part-of relation. Third, this compositional treatment of adpositions can also stand as a theory of on-line interpretation in adults and a theory of their acquisition in children. These three answers are couched within a single theoretical approach, that of Discourse Rep- resentation Theory, and offer a unified solution to three apparently distinct problems regarding spatial adpositions and their linguistic properties. iv DECLARATION I, Francesco-Alessio Ursini, declare that this thesis titled, “The Language Of Space: The Acquisition And Interpretation of Spatial Adpositions In English” and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that this work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University. Where I have consulted or quoted from the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed and the source always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work. I have acknowledged all main sources of help. Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. I have sought and obtained Ethics Committee approval, protocol number HE25JUL2008-D05968L&P. Some of the material appearing in this thesis has already been accepted for publication. It is adapted and presented as an integral part of the present thesis. Chapter 2 will appear in the journal Biolinguistics 5(3), pp. 500-553, with minor formatting revisions. Chapter 3 will appear in a different format in the journal Lingue & Linguaggio X(I), pp. 57-87, with various formatting and prose revisions. Chapter 4 and 6 are currently in preparation for submission. All references are collated in the “Bibliography” section. The full references for these publications are: ∙ Ursini, Francesco-Alessio. (2011a). On the Syntax and Semantics of Spanish Ser and Estar. Lingue & Linguaggio X(I), 57-87. ∙ Ursini, Francesco-Alessio. (2011b). Space and the Language-Vision Interface: a Model- Theoretic Approach. Biolinguistics 5(3), 550-553. Signed: Francesco-Alessio Ursini (Student Number: 41145755) v Acknowledgements Ph.D. theses are written for one purpose: to thank all the people that have supported the author in the long road to the thesis’ completion. I will be no exception, although I will be extremely concise in acknowledging everyone. I shall start by writing a few words in Italian, since part of my relevant audience may not be able to read the acknowledgements, if written in a Language they don’t speak that well. Un grazie veramente sentito alla mia famiglia (genitori, nonni, zii, cugini) per il supporto fi- nanziario, nel momento del bisogno. Senza di voi non ce l’avrei fatta, quindi: Grazie! Thanks to my Supervisors: Stephen Crain, Drew Khlentzos and Rosalind Thornton (“Rozz”). Their supervision has always been enlightening, especially when I had no clue on what I had to do, in order to meet my goals. I would also like to thank them for their long-term research. I think that, without the pioneering work of Stephen and Rozz, I would not have had the honor of testing whether the rigorous tenets of Logic indeed represent “real” linguistic processes. Thanks for making this science so fun to do, guys. I also think that, without Drew’s insights and suggestions about how to properly present logic-bound arguments, I would have not been able to present my arguments in a clear and concise way. Thanks for making the right suggestion at the right time, Drew. Thanks for the participants of my experiments, adults and children alike. The data presented here existed because you enjoyed my crazy stories about Tank Engines, the amnesiac Mr. Little Bears and Godzilla as a good guy. Thanks for your answers, which made me discover the joys of checking out whether my predictions were borne out or not. Thanks, of course, to Godzilla, vi Mr. Little Bears and Thomas and the other tank engines, who worked hard as my experimental props. Thanks to Gene Roddenberry for “Star Trek”, to Leiji Matsumoto for “Captain Harlock”, to Eiichiro Oda for “One Piece”, to Hideaki Anno for “the wings of Honnemaise”, and to Hayao Miyazaki for “Laputa, castle in the sky”. Without the burning desire for discovering bold new worlds, it is hard to do proper science. These works constantly acted as a memento of this fact, via some kind of peculiar process of abduction. Thanks to Hideaki Sorachi for “Gintama”: a heart-felt laugh is the best cordial for the soul. Thanks to Shinobu Yagawa for programming “Battle Garegga”, and to Tsuneki Ikeda for pro- gramming “Batsugun”. I played little during my Ph.D., but I always managed to find time for these two shmups, every once in a while. Both games constantly acted as a memento that, with- out method and practice, no result can be obtained, scientific or ludic alike; and that Rank must be manipulated wisely, for great success! Thanks to Zuntata for composing so many soundtracks, and to Philip Glass for his early works.
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