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Cas Des Sicydiinae De La Réunion

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Cas Des Sicydiinae De La Réunion .0 Phénologies, mécanismes et perturbations anthropiques des dynamiques de migration dulçaquicoles des espèces amphidromes : cas des Sicydiinae de La Réunion Thèse pour l’obtention du titre de Docteur en biologie des populations de l’Université de La Réunion, école doctorale sciences, technologies et santé par Raphaël Lagarde Thèse dirigée par Dominique Ponton et soutenue le 25 juin 2018 devant un jury composé de : - C. ALIAUME Professeure, Université de Montpellier (examinatrice) - P. BOSC Ingénieur, VALEA conseil (examinateur) - F. DAVERAT Ingénieur Divisionnaire Agriculture et Environnement, IRSTEA (rapporteur) - E. FEUNTEUN Professeur, MNHN (rapporteur) - S. JAQUEMET Professeur, Université de la Réunion (examinateur) - P. SAGNES Directeur pôle Ecohydraulique, AFB (examinateur) i Résumé Les gobies amphidromes et, en particulier, ceux de la sous famille des Sicydiinae représentent une part importante de la diversité et de l’abondance des peuplements de poissons d’eau douce des îles tropicales. Ces espèces se reproduisent dans les rivières et ont une phase larvaire marine pendant plusieurs mois avant de retourner croitre et maturer en eau douce. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’acquérir des connaissances concernant la phénologie des dynamiques de migration en eau douce de deux espèces de Sicydiinae de La Réunion, Sicyopterus lagocephalus et Cotylopus acutipinnis et les mécanismes qui peuvent en être à l’origine. Ces études montrent que la dévalaison des larves vers la mer immédiatement après leur éclosion avait principalement lieu pendant l’été austral et en début de nuit dans les zones aval. Le débit des cours d’eau et ses fluctuations saisonnières et journalières jouent un rôle prépondérant dans cette dynamique de dévalaison en termes d’abondances de larves dérivant, de temps de dévalaison jusqu’à la mer et de survie des larves. Après leur arrivée en eau douce, les juvéniles vont coloniser l’ensemble des zones des bassins versants. Les plus fortes abondances de juvéniles en migration vers les zones amont sont observées en fin d’étiage et pendant l’après- midi. Enfin, S. lagocephalus présente des performances locomotrices supérieures à celles de C. acutipinnis soutenues par des morphologies plus diverses. Ces meilleures performances, soutenues par des morphologies plus diverses, sont l’un des facteurs qui peuvent expliquer la large aire de répartition de S. lagocephalus, présent dans les océans Indien et Pacifique, par rapport à C. acutipinnis qui est endémique de l’archipel des Mascareignes. Des recommandations de gestion, permettant principalement de restaurer la continuité biologique au niveau des barrages, sont faites au regard des résultats obtenus durant cette thèse. Mots clefs : amphidromie ; Cotylopus acutipinnis ; diadromie ; disperstion ; dévalaison ; gestion ; Gobiidae ; montaison ; morphologie ; régime hydrologique ; structure peuplements ; Sicyopterus lagocephalus ii Abstract Amphidromous gobies, especially those of the Sicydiinae subfamily, represent most of the diversity and abundance of the freshwater fish assemblages in tropical islands. These species spawn in rivers, spend months in the ocean as pelagic larvae and return to freshwater to grow and reproduce. This doctoral thesis aims at describing the phenology and some mechanisms of the dynamics of migration in freshwater of two Sicydiinae species in Réunion Island: Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Cotylopus acutipinnis. These studies highlighted that larval downstream migration to the sea, immediately after hatching, occurs mainly during austral summer and a few hours after sunset in downstream reaches. Seasonal and daily fluctuations of the flow regime also greatly influence the abundances, the transport duration from spawning site to the sea and the survival of larvae during their downstream migration. After their return to the freshwater, juveniles settle in the watersheds from the estuary to the most upstream reaches. The highest abundances of juveniles migrating to upstream reaches are observed during low flow conditions at the end of the afternoon. Finally, locomotor performances are better for S. lagocephalus compared to C. acutipinnis. These better locomotor performances, supported by more diverse morphologies, are among the factors explaining the presence of S. lagocephalus from Eastern Pacific Ocean to Western Indian Ocean when C. acutipinnis is endemic to the Mascarenes Archipelago. Based on the results obtained in this doctoral thesis, management and conservation recommendations are suggested especially for the restoration of fish passage at several migration barriers such as dams and weirs. Key words : amphidromy ; Cotylopus acutipinnis ; diadromy ; dispersal ; downstream migration ; flow varitions ; Gobiidae ; management ; morphology ; upstream migration ; populations structure ; Sicyopterus lagocephalus iii Remerciements : Ce travail de thèse est le fruit de la majeure partie de mes activités de recherche réalisées durant les six années pendant lesquelles j’ai été salarié de l’ARDA/Hydro Réunion. A ce titre je tiens à apporter mes remerciements les plus chaleureux à l’ensemble des personnes compétentes qui m’ont soutenu et ont rendu ce travail possible. En particulier je remercie sincèrement Dominique Ponton pour m’avoir supporté pendant les trois années et demi durant lesquelles il a encadré ces travaux. Il a toujours été d’une patience et d’une réactivité sans faille pour répondre à toutes mes (nombreuses) sollicitations. Je remercie aussi Sébastien Jaquemet pour avoir rendu la réalisation de cette thèse possible et pour l’ensemble des conseils et commentaires pertinents qu’il a pu me donner lorsqu’il était co- encadrant de cette thèse et après. Merci aussi à Emmanuel Tessier qui a accepté que je reste salarié à l’ARDA/Hydro Réunion tout en redevenant étudiant et pour s’être tout le temps battu pour la pérennité de nos activités. La réalisation des études de cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible sans les conseils avisés des piliers de l’hydrobiologie à La Réunion que sont Pierre Valade et Henri Grondin. Leur expertise des espèces, leur connaissance du terrain et leur motivation sans limite ont été un atout précieux au déroulement de ces recherches. Je ne peux parler de recherche sans mentionner Nils Teichert qui m’a impliqué dès le début dans ses projets et m’a permis de me rendre compte que je préférais passer mes après-midis à analyser des données sur R plutôt qu’en réunion à Saint Denis. Même après son départ de La Réunion, nos échanges n’auront jamais cessé d’être fructueux. Je tiens aussi à remercier très chaleureusement les petits derniers : Guillaume Borie et Laëtitia Faivre, qui auront accepté, toujours dans la bonne humeur, de passer des nuits trop courtes sur le terrain ou supporté des pauses café, et autres boissons plus gazeuses, entières à m’entendre décrire la beauté de « mes » cabots. Merci aussi à l’ensemble des collaborateurs d’Amérique du Nord : Heiko Schoenfuss et Richard Blob aux Etats Unis et Christophe LeMoine au Canada, pour leurs apports dans le dimensionnement des protocoles de certaines études ainsi que leurs valorisations. Enfin je tire mon chapeau à la Sœur de Ginette pour avoir enduré mes sarcasmes et sautes d’humeur pendant plusieurs années sans jamais s’en plaindre. Je remercie sincèrement Françoise Daverat et Eric Feunteun pour l’évaluation constructive qu’ils ont effectué de mon travail ainsi que l’ensemble des membres du jury. iv Enfin merci aux nombreuses personnes qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ces travaux et en particulier celles qui m’auront épaulé sur le terrain et/ou au laboratoire : Aurélie Grondin, Vincent Payet, Audrey Philippe, Germain Boussarie, Ariane Reynier- Caërou, Carine Sauger… Pour cette thèse, j’ai obtenu le soutien financier de l’Agence Française pour la Biodiversité (Square Félix Nadar, 94300 Vincennes, France), de la Région Réunion (Avenue René Cassin, BP 7190, 97719 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Réunion) et de l’Union Européenne (Fonds FEDER). Le financement de certaines des études a été assuré ou complété par le Département de La Réunion (Rue de la Source, 97488 Saint Denis) et Electricité de France (Avenue de Wagram, 75382 Paris). Pour finir, les fonds de l’IRD m’ont permis de subvenir à des besoins matériels indispensables au déroulement de certaines études de cette thèse et ceux de l’Université de La Réunion ont permis de financer le déplacement d’Eric Feunteun pour assister à ma soutenance. v Table des matières Introduction générale .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Diversité des types de déplacements et des modes de locomotion chez les poissons .. 1 1.2 Définition et enjeux écologiques de la migration ................................................................... 3 1.3 Les différentes formes de diadromie .......................................................................................... 5 1.4 Répartition géographique des espèces amphidromes et variabilité de leurs stratégies de migration.................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Les dynamiques de migration en eau douce des espèces amphidromes tropicales et les enjeux de gestion associés ................................................................................................................ 11 1.6 Les deux espèces de Sicydiinae de La Réunion ..................................................................
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