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The Poetic Architecture of Belfast

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The Poetic Architecture of Belfast UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGÜÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS VIVIANE CARVALHO DA ANNUNCIAÇÃO EXILE, HOME AND CITY: THE POETIC ARCHITECTURE OF BELFAST (VERSÃO CORRIGIDA) SÃO PAULO 2012 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGÜÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS EXILE, HOME AND CITY: THE POETIC ARCHITECTURE OF BELFAST VIVIANE CARVALHO DA ANNUNCIAÇÃO (VERSÃO CORRIGIDA) TESE DE DOUTORADO APRESENTADA À FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS PARA OBTENÇÃO DO TÍTULO DE DOUTOR EM LETRAS. ORIENTADOR: PROFESSOR DR. LAURA PATRÍCIA ZUNTINI DE IZARRA SÃO PAULO 2012 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Think where man's glory most begins and ends, And say my glory was I had such friends.” (W. Butler Yeats) This thesis would not have been completed without the endless support of my parents and family. Thank you for helping me to make my dreams come true. I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Professor Laura Patrícia Zuntini de Izarra, for her kindness and patience. I thank all professors and friends from the Departamento de Letras Modernas at Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas in USP, specially Edite Menezes Pi for her advice and Beatriz Kopschitz Bastos, for her friendship. I also thank all the members of the Brazilian Association of Irish Studies, for their professionalism and companionship, particularly Professor Munira Hamud Mutran for initiating the study of Irish literature in Brazil. I thank CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for granting me the sandwich scholarship, which enabled me to study at Queen’s University Belfast and live in Northern Ireland. I would like to thank Professor Edward Larrissy, from Queen’s University Belfast, who provided me with an excellent environment for doing my research during the school year of 2009-2010. I also would like to thank Professor Ciaran Carson, director of the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry, for accepting me in the weekly meetings of the “Writers’ Group” and all the professors and friends from the School of English, particularly Sinéad Morrissey, Fran Brearton, David Dwan, Eamonn Hughes, Ian Sansom, Paul Maddern, Emily DeDakis and Richard Irvine. I would like to express my appreciation for my friend Elton Furlanetto’s work, for reading my thesis and giving me valuable feedback, also my colleagues and roommates Israel Gottschalk and Aline Gottschalk. Thank you for your friendship. 3 I want to thank Ken and Dorothy Orr for their companionship in the cold winter of 2009 and for introducing me to the beautiful Glens of Antrim. I am also grateful for Michael, Mary and Richard Breslin and for their hospitality in Buncrana and being such adorable people. I would like to show my special gratitude for Norberval Cruz and Dragos Calin. Thank you for teaching me the path to inner peace and strength. And finally, I thank Lawrence Zazzo for the long hours spent reading my thesis, revising the language and playing a kind devil’s advocate. Thank you for always comforting me with love, warmth and companionship: I carry your heart within my heart. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 6 ABSTRACT IN PORTUGUESE 6 RESUMO EXPANDIDO 8 ILLUSTRATIONS 13 INTRODUCTION 20 ‘Belfast in Literature’ Commitment to the History of The Land 23 ‘Belfast in Literature’: Commitment to An Architectural Constellation 32 ‘Belfast in Literature in Belfast’: Commitment To An Impure Soil 38 CHAPTER I – PRE-TROUBLES MEMORIES 43 Exposé – Imagery: The Blueprint 43 Sir Charles Lanyon, or the Social Dys-topist 44 Shipyard, or “Banned forever from the candles of the Irish poor” 48 The Botanic Gardens, or “The dream of a Western Heaven” 71 The Linen Industry, or “The smoking chimneys over the slate roof tops” 88 CHAPTER II – TROUBLES MEMORIES 98 Exposé – Queen’s University Belfast, or the Imaginary community 98 Sir Alfred Brumwell Thomas, or “The tall kingdom at your shoulder” 103 The Crumlin Road Gaol, or “An asterisk on the map” 126 The Walls, or the Real communities 156 CHAPTER III – POST-TROUBLES MEMORIES 183 Exposé – The Albert Clock, or “history’s dent and fracture splitting the atmosphere” 183 The Ulster museum, or local curiosity 202 The North Arcade, or the walking tours 218 The Odyssey Arena, or “I have Nothing to Declare” 239 CONCLUSION 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 ANNEX – THE POEMS 267 5 ABSTRACT The present thesis is concerned with how the poetry written in Northern Ireland throughout the twentieth century reifies the city of Belfast through language, metaphor and imagery, compiling a concrete constellation of aesthetic experiments. It also examines how its poets have represented not only Belfast’s concrete and architectural landmarks, but also its historical and spatial displacements. Due to the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, through which Ulster remained a constitutive part of the British Isles, while the South started to build the foundations of what was going to become the Republic of Ireland, Northern Irish poets have built a poetic landscape that has been instead incessantly fragmented through the motifs of alienation and displacement of subjectivity. Through the analysis of the Belfast poems by the poets Louis MacNeice, John Hewitt, Padraic Fiacc, Michael Longley, Derek Mahon, Ciaran Carson, Paul Muldoon, Medbh McGuckian, Seamus Heaney, Sinéad Morrissey, Leontia Flynn, Allen Gillis and Miriam Gamble, the thesis shows the poetic architecture of Belfast points to wider sociological spaces. It is never alone, or even single, but always plural and globally referential. Through a space of confluence which brings together dissimilar discourses, the selected poems present a desire to possess Belfast artistically, a city where art, history and memories intermingle and interact in a dynamic manner. Images, styles and ideas are carried from generation to generation and create a constellation of fearful and hopeful dreams. It engages past and present in a fruitful reflection on identitarian and artistic belonging. Key-words: Modernism, Northern Irish Literature, Belfast, poetry; RESUMO A presente tese tem como objetivo compreender como a poesia escrita na Irlanda do Norte representa a cidade de Belfast durante o século vinte. A hipótese defendida pela tese é a de que o trabalho poético com a métrica, figuras de linguagem e imagens cria uma constelação de experimentos estéticos. O trabalho também compreende como os poetas recriaram não somente os pontos de referência arquitetônicos de Belfast, mas também os seus próprios deslocamentos históricos e geográficos. Devido à assinatura do tratado anglo-irlandês em 1922 através do qual o Ulster se manteve parte das Ilhas Britânicas e o sul começava a 6 construir as fundações do que seria chamada futuramente de República da Irlanda, os poetas pertencentes à Irlanda do Norte criaram uma paisagem poética que é incessantemente fragmentada por meio da alienação e do deslocamento subjetivo. A análise dos poemas de Belfast escritos por Louis MacNeice, John Hewitt, Padraic Fiacc, Michael Longley, Derek Mahon, Ciaran Carson, Paul Muldoon, Medbh McGuckian, Seamus Heaney, Sinéad Morrissey, Leontia Flynn, Allen Gillis e Miriam Gamble, demonstra que a arquitetura poética de Belfast aponta para espaços sociológicos mais abrangentes. A cidade não é retratada singularmente, mas em sua conexão com outras localidades globais. Por meio de um espaço de confluência, que agrupa discursos diversos, os poemas selecionados apresentam um desejo simbólico de possuir Belfast, uma cidade em que arte, história e memórias interagem de forma dinâmica. Imagens e estilos são passados de geração para geração, criando uma constelação de sonhos aterrorizantes e esperançosos, que engajam passado e presente em uma reflexão sobre pertencimento identitário e artístico. Palavras-chave: Modernismo, Literatura norte-irlandesa, Belfast, poesia; 7 RESUMO EXPANDIDO A presente tese tem como objetivo compreender como a poesia escrita na Irlanda do Norte representa a cidade de Belfast durante o século vinte. Minha hipótese é a de que o trabalho poético com a métrica, figuras de linguagem e imagens cria uma constelação de experimentos estéticos. A tese também tem como objetivo compreender como os poetas recriaram não somente os pontos de referência arquitetônicos de Belfast, mas também os seus próprios deslocamentos históricos e geográficos. Desde o começo do século vinte os poetas pertencentes à Irlanda do Norte criaram uma paisagem poética que, ao contrário de sólida como suas ruas e monumentos, é incessantemente fragmentada por meio da alienação social e do deslocamento subjetivo. Como paradigma, estaria a poesia de Louis MacNiece (1907 – 1963) por espelhar a angústia do exílio e da falta de pertencimento. Em “Carrickfergus” ele afirma que, por pertencer à comunidade protestante, não tem conexões com a comunidade católica, mesmo sendo solidário a uma sociedade mais igualitária. Um dos motivos pelas quais essa relação dúbia se desenvolve está no fato do poeta ser herdeiro de uma língua cuja raiz já é incerta devido à colonização. Após uma geração de poetas continuamos a presenciar um senso de não pertencimento, e inconformismo provindos dos lábios de poetas como Derek Mahon (1941) e Ciaran Carson (1948). Enquanto o primeiro emprega uma métrica disjuntiva para conceber uma poética assombrada por espectros da história, o segundo demonstra sua total dissolução subjetiva em meio à guerra civil. Nos dias de hoje, poetas como Sinéad Morrisey ainda se questionam sobre o significado de pertencimento em Belfast. Uma das teses defendidas pelo trabalho é que tal configuração artística se deve a um momento histórico específico, catalisador do que se pode chamar de uma dissociação de sensibilidade irlandesa: a assinatura do tratado anglo-irlandês em 1922 através do qual o Ulster se manteve parte das Ilhas Britânicas e o sul começava a construir as fundações do que seria chamada futuramente de República da Irlanda.
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