Environmental Impact Assessment Report (As per MoEF Notification S.O.1533 dt14th Sep 2006) For The Proposed Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Project (Modernization of Existing Municipal Dump Site) at Jawaharnagar (V), Ranga Reddy (D).Andhra Pradesh (A.P)

Submitted to Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh.

Submitted By Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Municipal Complex ,Tank bund Road, Hyderabad – 500 063 Phone:040- 23222160

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Description Page No Chapter-1 Introduction 1.0 Introduction 1.1 1.1 Back ground of the Project 1.1 1.2 Proposed Development Scheme 1.2 1.3 Background of Hyderabad City 1.2 1.4 Profile of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corp. 1.3 1.5 Existing Solid Waste Scenario in GHMC 1.4 1.6 Quantity of Solid waste Generated 1.5 1.7 Location of the Project 1.5 1.8 Project Activities 1.6 1.9 Need of the Project 1.6 1.10 Objective of the Project 1.7 1.11 Environmental Impact Assessment 1.7 1.12 Need of EIA studies 1.8 1.13 Scope of the Study 1.8 1.14 EIA Methodology 1.8 1.15 Rules for Prevention of Control of 1.9 Environmental Pollution 1.16 Site Improvement as per MSW Rules 2000 1.9 1.17 Environmental Impact of Solid waste Disposal 1.9 on Land 1.18 Study Period 1.10 Chapter-2 Project Description 2.0 Introduction 2.1 2.1 Type of project 2.1 2.2 Location details of the project area 2.1 2.3 Size of the project & Associated Activities 2.1 2.3.1 Land 2.1 2.3.2 Manpower Requirement 2.2 2.3.3 Water requirement 2.2 2.3.4 Power & Fuel requirement 2.3 2.3.5 Project Approach – Material Balance 2.3 2.4 Process Description 2.6

S. No. Description Page No 2.4.1 Machinery Requirement 2.6 2.5 Compost Plant 2.7 2.5.1 Composting Process 2.7 2.5.2 Pre – Processing System 2.9 2.5.3 Windrows Process 2.9 2.5.4 Curing System 2.10 2.5.5 Refinement System 2.10 2.5.6 Packing & Storage system 2.10 2.6 RDF Buffer Storage 2.10 2.7 Power plant 2.10 2.8 Bio methanation 2.12 2.8.1 Size Reduction 2.12 2.8.2 Feed Preparation 2.12 2.8.3 Maceration 2.12 2.8.4 High rate anaerobic digestion 2.12 2.8.5 Main parts of the digester 2.13 2.9 Processing of Construction & Demolition 2.14 waste (C&D) 2.9.1 Process Flow Methodology 2.14 2.10 Recycling Complex 2.14 2.11 Landfill 2.15 2.11.1 Landfill Volume 2.15 2.11.2 Landfill Life 2.15 2.11.3 Standard Design Requirements 2.16 2.12 Leachate Generation 2.16 Chapter-3 Description of the Environment 3.0 Preamble 3.1 3.1 Study Area & Period 3.1 3.2 Meteorological Conditions 3.1 3.2.1 Analysis of the IMD Hyderabad 3.2 Meteorological Data 3.2.2 Meteorological Scenario of the Study area 3.3 3.3 Wind Pattern 3.5 3.4 Ambient Air Quality 3.9 3.4.1 Regional Scenario 3.16

S. No. Description Page No 3.5 Water Environment 3.19 3.5.1 Analysis and Observation 3.20 3.5.2 Discussions 3.25 3.6 Noise Environment 3.27 3.6.1 Noise Levels in the Study area 3.27 3.6.2 Observations 3.33 3.7 Traffic Study 3.33 3.8 Soil Quality 3.34 3.8.1 Observations 3.40 3.9 Assessment of the Bio Diversity (Flora & 3.42 Fauna) 3.9.1 Ecology of the Study Area 3.42 3.9.2 Methodology Adopted for the Survey 3.43 3.9.3 Terrestrial Flora of the Study Area 3.43 3.9.4 Terrestrial Flora of the Core Area 3.44 3.9.5 Terrestrial Flora of the Buffer Area 3.45 3.9.6 Terrestrial Fauna of the Study Area 3.46 3.9.7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna 3.46 3.10 Land use Land cover details of the Study 3.62 Area 3.11 Socio- Economic Environment 3.66 Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts 4.1 Identification of Impacts 4.1 4.2 Methodology 4.1 4.3 Potential Impacts 4.1 4.3.1 Air Environment 4.2 4.3.2 Water Environment 4.2 4.3.3 Land Environment 4.2 4.3.4 Socio Economics 4.2 4.3.5 Indirect Impacts 4.2 4.4 Prediction of Impacts 4.2 4.4.1 Impacts during development Phase 4.3 4.4.1.1 Impacts on the Air Quality 4.3 4.4.1.2 Mitigation Measures Proposed - Air Quality 4.3 4.1.3 Impacts on Water Quality 4.4

S. No. Description Page No 4.1.4 Mitigation Measures - Water Quality 4.5 4.1.5 Impacts of Noise Levels 4.5 4.1.6 Mitigation Measures - Noise Quality 4.5 4.1.7 Impacts Due to Solid Waste Generation 4.6 4.1.8 Mitigation Measures – Solid Waste 4.6 4.1.9 Impacts on Land Use 4.7 4.1.10 Impacts on Terrestrial Environment 4.7 4.1.11 Demography and Socio Economics 4.7 4.2 Impacts During operation 4.7 4.2.1 Prediction of Impacts on the Air Environment 4.7 4.2.2 Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Emission 4.8 4.2.3 Emission from the proposed activities 4.8 4.2.4 Details of Mathematical modeling 4.8 4.2.5 Meteorological Data 4.9 4.2.6 Air Quality Predictions 4.10 4.2.7 Post Project Scenario 4.11 4.2.8 Mitigation Measures 4.18 4.2.9 Impact on water Quality 4.18 4.2.10 Strom Water Management 4.19 4.2.11 Rain water harvesting system 4.20 4.2.12 Impact of the Transportation 4.20 4.2.13 Noise Environment 4.20 4.2.14 Prediction of Impacts on Land Environment 4.20 4.2.15 Predicted impacts of the landfill 4.21 4.2.16 Impacts on community 4.21 4.2.17 Impacts on Ecology 4.21 4.2.18 Impacts on the socio-economics 4.22 Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives 5.0 Introduction 5.1 5.1 Compliance of the Site with site Selection 5.1 Criteria 5.2 Technological Aspects 5.5 5.2.1 Landfills 5.6 5.2.2 Composting 5.7 5.2.3 Biomethanation 5.9

S. No. Description Page No 5.2.4 Refuse Derived Fuel 5.9 5.2.5 Incineration 5.10 5.2.6 Pyrolysis and Gasification 5.11 5.2.7 Recycling / Reuse 5.11 Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program 6.0 Surveilance and Monitoring Plan 6.1 6.1 Scope of Environmental Monitoring 6.1 Program 6.1.1 Air Environment 6.2 6.1.2 Noise Environment 6.2 6.1.3 Water Environment 6.2 6.1.4 Land Environment 6.2 6.2 Operations Monitoring 6.4 6.3 Public Health Monitoring 6.4 6.4 Post Closure Monitoring 6.5 Chapter-7-Additional Studies 7.1 Risk Assessment and Disaster Man agent 7.1 Plan 7.1.1 Risk Analysis 7.1 7.1.2 Evaluating Hazards 7.1 7.2 Identification of Major hazard Installations 7.2 based on GOI Rules, 1989 as amended in 1994 and 2000 7.2.1 Identification of Toxic, Flammable, Explosive 7.2 Chemicals 7.2.2 Applicability of Manufacture, Storage and 7.3 Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 & subsequent amendments 7.2.3 Storage facilities of Hazardous Chemicals 7.4 7.2.4 Nature of possible hazards 7.4 7.2.5 Maximum credible Accident analysis for 7.4 Diesel Storage Area 7.3 Onsite emergency Plan 7.8 7.3.1 Elements of Planning 7.9

S. No. Description Page No 7.3.1.1 Emergency Personnel’s Responsibility during 7.9 normal office hours 7.3.1.2 Responsibilities of Emergency personnel 7.11 outside normal working hours 7.4 Infrastructure 7.12 7.5 Operational systems during Emergency 7.12 7.5.1 Communication system 7.12 7.5.2 Warning system and control 7.13 7.5.3 Mutual Aid 7.13 7.6 Declaration of Offsite Emergency 7.13 7.7 Hazard control during plant operation 7.14 7.7.1 Personnel 7.14 7.7.2 Personnel Training 7.15 7.8 Disaster Management 7.14 7.8.1 Fire & Explosion Hazards 7.15 7.8.2 Machinery Failure 7.16 7.8.3 Waste spillage control plan 7.17 7.8.4 Safety while handling electricity gadgets 7.17 7.8.5 Safety Measures During Power Failure 7.18 7.8.6 Precautionary Measure While Using Electrical 7.18 Appliances 7.8.7 Risk and Disaster Handling procedures 7.19 7.8.8 First Aid measures 7.20 7.8.9 Assembly Point 7.21 7.8.10 Fire Prevention Facilities 7.21 7.8.11 Medical Facilities 7.22 7.9 Off-site Emergency Plan 7.23 7.9.1 Planning and Off-site Emergency 7.23 7.9.2 Compilation of Geographic, Demographic, 7.24 Meteorological and seismic information 7.9.3 Elements of Off-Site Planning 7.25 7.9.4 Off-site Control Room 7.26 7.9.5 Key Personnel &Their Duties 7.27 7.9.6 Communication systems network 7.27 7.9.7 Warning system 7.28

S. No. Description Page No 7.9.8 Public information System 7.28 7.9.9 Fire fighting System 7.29 7.9.10 Mutual Aid 7.30 7.10 Services Support system 7.30 7.10.1 Health and medical 7.30 7.10.2 Transportation 7.31 7.10.3 Security and Police 7.31 7.10.4 Evacuation Including Safe Evacuation Areas 7.31 7.10.5 Relief to the Victims 7.32 7.10.6 Checklist for Capability Assessment 7.32 7.11 Testing and updating of the on-site/off-site 7.32 Emergency Plan 7.11.1 Testing of the plan 7.32 7.11.2 Types of Exercises to be performed 7.33 7.11.3 Responsibility, Frequency And Procedure for 7.33 Evaluation 7.12 Accident Reporting 7.33 Chapter-8 Project Benefits 8.1 Introduction 8.1 8.1.1 Compost Enriches soils 8.1 8.1.2 Compost Helps Cleanup(remediate) 8.2 contaminated Soil 8.1.3 Compost Used as Erosion Deterrent 8.2 8.1.4 Using Compost offers economic Benefits 8.2 8.2 Benefits of Power Plant 8.2 8.3 Benefits of recycling Process 8.3 8.3.1 Plastic Recycling Benefits 8.3 8.3.2 Paper recycling Benefits 8.3 8.4 Benefits of Bio - methanation Process 8.3 8.5 Benefits of land fill 8.3 8.6 Improvements in the physical infrastructure 8.3 8.7 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 8.4 8.8 Improvements in the social infrastructure 8.4 8.9 Employment potential 8.5 8.10 Other tangible benefits 8.5

S. No. Description Page No Chapter-9 Environmental Management Plan 9.1 Introduction 9.1 9.2 Environmental Management Plan during 9.1 construction 9.1.1 Air Quality Mitigation Measures 9.1 9.1.2 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 9.2 9.1.3 Noise Mitigation Measures 9.2 9.1.4 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures 9.3 9.1.5 Ecological Aspects 9.4 9.1.6 Site Security 9.4 9.2 Management during Operation Stage 9.4 9.2.1 Air Quality Management 9.4 9.2.2 Odour Control 9.7 9.2.3 Gas Management 9.7 9.2.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 9.8 9.2.5 Noise Mitigation Measures 9.9 9.2.6 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures 9.10 9.3 Malkaram Lake Restoration 9.10 9.3.1 Lake Quality Improvement 9.12 9.4 Post Operation of Land Fill 9.13 9.5 Management of Flora & Fauna Green Belt 9.13 development 9.6 Environmental Control during Composting 9.15 Process 9.7 Socio Economic Development Activities 9.15 under CEP. 9.7.1 Planning 9.16 9.7.2 Implementation 9.16 9.7.3 Possible areas of activities under CEP 9.18 9.7.4 Funding 9.19 9.8 Occupational Health Management 9.20 9.9 Fire Protection System 9.20 9.10 Environmental Management Cell 9.20 9.10.1 Environmental Management Cost 9.21

S. No. Description Page No Chapter-10 Summary 10.0 Introduction 10.1 10.1 Project Capacity Details 10.1 10.2 Project requirements 10.2 10.2.1 Land Details 10.2 10.2.2 Water requirement 10.3 10.2.3 Power & Fuel requirement 10.3 10.3 Baseline Environmental Status 10.3 10.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts 10.5 10.5 Analysis of Alternatives 10.5 10.6 Environmental Monitoring Plan 10.5 10.7 Risk Analysis 10.7 10.8 Project Benefits 10.7 10.9 Environmental Management Plan 10.8 10.9.1 Air Quality Management 10.8 10.9.2 Odour Control 10.9 10.9.3 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 10.9 10.9.4 Noise Mitigation Measures 10.10 10.9.5 Greenbelt 10.10 10.9.6 Socio Economic Development Activities 10.10 under Corporate Environmental Policy Chapter-11 Disclosure Of Consultants 11.0 Ramky Group 11.1 11.1 Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited 11.1 11.1.1 Consultancy Services 11.1 11.1.2 Laboratory Services 11.2 11.1.3 Training Services 11.2 11.1.4 Field Services 11.2 11.1.5 Treatment Plant Services 11.3 11.1.6 Solid Waste Management Services 11.3 11.2 EIA Coordinator and FAEs involved in Report 11.3

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Description Page No Chapter-1 Introduction 1.0 Salient features of Hyderabad City 1.2 1.2 Circle wise area & population 1.4 1.3 Total Waste Generated 1.5 1.4 Project Capacity during project life of 30 years 1.6 1.5 Sizes & Capacities of various components proposed to 1.6 handle waste 5500 TPD. Chapter-2 Project Description 2.1 Land Area Breakup 2.1 2.2 Man Power Details 2.2 2.3 Water requirement details in m3/day 2.3 2.4 Power and Fuel requirement 2.3 2.5 Different types of wastes and its quantities 2.6 2.6 Factors affecting Compost Process 2.8 2.7 Typical RDF Composition 2.10 2.8 Technical Limits for the operation of proposed power 2.11 plant 2.9 Estimation of Landfill Life 2.15 2.10 Standard Design Requirement for Sanitary landfill 2.16 2.11 Leachate generation cum/day 2.17 Chapter-3 Description of the Environment 3.1 Observed Meteorological Data 3.3 3.2 Wind pattern during March in m/s 3.6 3.3 Wind pattern during April 3.7 3.4 Wind pattern during May 3.8 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Locations 3.9 3.6 Ambient Air Quality levels in the study area 3.10 3.7 Ambient Air Quality levels in the study area 3.13 3.8 Ambient Air Quality levels in the study area 3.13 3.9 Ambient Air Quality levels in the study area 3.14 3.10 Ambient Air Quality levels in the study area <2.0km 3.14 (µg/m3) 3.11 Ambient Air Quality levels in the study area <2.0km 3.15 (µg/m3) 3.12 Ambient Air Quality levels in the study area <2.0km 3.15 (µg/m3) 3.13 Water Sampling Locations (>2.0km) 3.19 3.14 Water Sampling Locations (<2.0km) 3.20 3.15 Water Quality characteristics (Ground Water) (>2.0km) 3.23

3.16 Water Quality characteristics (Ground Water) (< 2.0km) 3.24 3.17 Analytical Results of Surface Water 3.25 3.18 Noise Monitoring Locations (>2.0km) 3.28 3.19 Noise Monitoring Locations (<2.0km) 3.28 3.20 Noise levels in the study area (>2.0km) 3.31 3.21 Noise levels in the study area (<2.0km) 3.32 3.22 Location name dummaigudam junction (Road connecting 3.33 ambedikar nagar to balji nagar ) 1.5 km SW from site 3.23 Soil Sampling Locations (>2.0km) 3.35 3.24 Soil Sampling Locations (<2.0km) 3.35 3.25 Soil Quality in the study area (>2.0km) 3.38 3.26 Soil Quality in the study area (<2.0km) 3.39 3.27 Standard soil classification – (Indian council of 3.40 agricultural research, New Delhi) 3.28 List of Trees, shrubs and Perennial Climbers found in the 3.47 study area 3.29 List of Grasses and Sedges found in the study area 3.50 3.30 List of Herbaceous plant resources found in the study 3.52 area during rainy season 3.31 List of Vertebrates other than Birds found in and around 3.57 the study area. 3.32 Avian Fauna of the Study area (Radius of 1 Km) 3.59 3.33 List of Aquatic / Semi Aquatic Macrophytes found along 3.60 the borders of the Tanks and ponds around the study area 3.34 List of Fishes either caught by the Fisherman or reported 3.61 from the Study area. 3.35 Land utilization of study area 3.62 3.36 Socio Economic details of the study area – census 2001 3.68 Chaper-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts 4.1 Emissions from utilities 4.8 4.2 Details of the DG sets 4.8 4.3 Micro-Meterologocial data Collected for the study period 4.9 averaged for a day

4.4 Post Project Scenario – Units : µg/m3 4.11 4.5 Wastewater generation 4.19 4.6 Wastewater Characteristics 4.19 Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives 5.1 Site Selection Criteria – Area to be avoided 5.1 5.2 Details of the Site 5.2 Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6.3

6.2 Budget of Implementation of Environmental Management 6.3 Plan Chapter-7 Additional Studies 7.1 Description of applicable provisions of GOI rules 1989 as 7.3 amended in 1994 and 2000 7.2 Details of chemicals and applicability of GOI rules 7.4 7.3 Hazardous chemicals at Site 7.5 7.4 Effect of Heat radiation 7.6 7.5 Heat radiation and fatality 7.7 Chapter-9 Environmental Management Plan 9.1 Wastewater generation details in m3/day 9.8 9.2 Leachate Generation Details 9.9 9.3 Analytical Results of Leachate Samples 9.12 9.4 List if plants identified for road side plantations and green 9.14 belt 9.5 Percentage of Profits towards CEP activities based size of 9.19 the plant 9.6 Funds for implementing Corporate Social Responsibilities 9.19 under CEP 9.7 Cost Breakup of the project in Crores 9.21 Chapter-10-Summary 10.1 Project Capacity during project life of 30 years 10.1 10.2 Sizes & Capacities of various components proposed to 10.2 handle waste 5500 TPD 10.3 Land Break up details 10.2 10.4 Water requirement details in m3/day 10.3 10.5 Power and Fuel requirement 10.3

10.6 Ambient Air Quality Results(µg/m3) 10.4 10.7 Summary of water analysis 10.4 10.8 Noise Levels –dB(A) 10.4 10.9 Soil Quality in Study area 10.5 10.10 Environmental Monitoring Plan 10.6 10.11 Budget of implementation of Environmental Management 10.7 Plan 10.12 Details of Chemicals and Applicability of GOI rules 10.7 10.13 Funds for implanting Corporate Social responsibilities 10.10 under CEP

LIST OF FIGURES Fig.No. Figure Description Page No Chapter- Introduction 1.1 Location map of the project 1.13 1.2 Topo Map of the Study area 1.14 1.3 Base Map of the study area 1.15 Chapter-2 Project Description 2.1 Material Balance of the Proposed Facility 2.5 2.2 Aerobic Composting 2.9 2.3 Processing of MSW through Waste to Energy 2.11 2.4 Bio Methanisation Plant Process flow diagram 2.13 Chapter-3 Baseline Environmental Status 3.1 Base Map of the study area (10 km) 3.4 3.2 Wind Rose for March 2011 3.6 3.3 Wind Rose for April 2011 3.7 3.4 Wind Rose for May 2011 3.8 3.5 Ambient air quality Monitoring stations in the study area (10km) 3.11 3.6 Ambient air quality Monitoring stations in the study area (<2.0 km) 3.12 3.7 Water Quality sampling locations (>2.0km) 3.21 3.8 Water Quality sampling locations (<2.0km) 3.22 3.9 Noise Monitoring stations in the study area (>2.0km) 3.29 3.10 Noise Monitoring stations in the study area (<2.0km) 3.30 3.11 Soil Monitoring in the study area (>2.0 km) 3.36 3.12 Soil Monitoring in the study area (<2.0 km) 3.37 3.13 Land use Map 3.63 3.14 Map showing drainage, village roads of the study area 3.64 3.15 Digital elevation map 3.65 3.16 Habitations located in 2 km radius – with population details. 3.66 Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts 4.1 Predicted Ground Level Concentration for PM 4.12 4.1.1 Predicted Ground Level concentration for PM 4.13 4.2.1 Predicted Ground Level concentration for SO2 4.15 4.3 Predicted Ground Level concentration for Nox 4.16 4.3.1 Predicted Ground Level concentration for Nox 4.17 Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives 5.1 Google map of the proposed site 5.4 Chapter-9 Environmental Management Plan 9.1 Gas Flaring System 9.8 9.2 Photographs of Malkaram Lake 9.11

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 Introduction

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) the Urban Local Body responsible for providing Civic Services to the citizens of Hyderabad is proposing to modernize the existing Municipal Dump Site under Public Private Partnership (PPP) model using financial assistance from JNNURM as per the Clean Development Plan of Hyderabad. Hyderabad city is located at l7° 20' North Latitude and 78° 03' East Longitude, in the west central part of Andhra Pradesh with an altitude of 536 m above mean sea level. The population of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation as per 2011 census is about 90.55 Lakhs and spread over an area of 638 sq.km.

1.1 Background of the project

Rapid urbanization in the last few decades has led to significant increase in municipal solid waste generation in India, especially in urban parts of the country. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has always been a great challenge to the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India. In most cities of India, Solid Waste Management (SWM) is inefficient as systems adopted are primitive, tools and equipment outdated and inadequate & manpower productivity is low. Processing and treatment of waste is limited and final disposal is in unscientific dumpsites, posing problems of soil & water contamination and air pollution. A significant portion of the population does not have access to primary waste collection service as the subject has been given low priority and only 50 to 70% of waste collected is transported for disposal.

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) has made some efforts in the last few years to improve the MSWM. However, there is still a need to make substantial improvements in the MSWM system of the Hyderabad city and make it in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 and its subsequent amendments, notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest. These rules lay down procedures for waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal and further mandated all ULBs to set up suitable waste treatment and disposal facilities.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

1.2 Proposed Development Scheme

GHMC is proposing to modernize its existing municipal dump site in accordance to MSW Rules 2000 by providing Compost Plant, RDF Plant, Bio-Methanisation, Processing of Construction & Demolition waste, Recycling Complex and landfill etc. The proposed project as per MOEF notification SO 1533 dated 14th Sep 2006 and its subsequent amendments is falling under category of 7 (i) Common Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility (CMSWMF)- Category “B” All projects .

The proposed project is located at Jawaharnagar Village, Shameerpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Andhra Pradesh. The area falls in survey number 173 Jawaharnagar (V) and the neighboring villages are Shantinagar, Malkaram, Bandlagudem, Haridaspally, and Balaji nagar.

1.3 Back Ground of Hyderabad city

Details of Hyderabad city cover the location, regional setting, and physical growth, demographic and socioeconomic profile of “Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC). The information is collected from the head office and the individual circle offices of GHMC. The salient features of GHMC are incorporated after meetings and thorough discussions with the concerned officials, stake holders and field surveys. Secondary information was collected by SENES team from earlier studies and from discussion with the officials of GHMC. The city of Hyderabad has implemented a number of reforms including e- governance and citizen friendly initiatives. Hyderabad has been the first city in the country to implement e-governance and still leads in offering a variety of services to its residents online.

Table 1.0 Salient features of Hyderabad City Area (2008) 638 sq. km ( included added area in 2007) Population (2011) 90.55 lakhs ( including population from added area) Geographical Features Altitude - 536 meter above mean sea level Latitude- 17020’ North Longitude – 78.03’ East Distance from major cities Mumbai - 711 km Delhi - 1499 km Bangalore- 562 km Chennai - 688 km Climatic features Winter Temperature: Min 12oC, Max 22oC Summer Temperature: Min 22oC,Max 40oC Rainfall: (June to September): 89 cm Best season: June to February

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Language Official Language: Telugu Other languages: Urdu, Hindi and English Airport Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at Shamshabad, which is located 25 km from the city Exports Software, Basmati Rice, Spices, Medical transcription and Oil exports. Industries Software industries, electrical fans, cooling systems, Jewels, Pharmaceuticals and Automotive Industries. Famous universities Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Osmania University, N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University. Regional significance Hyderabad is one of the India’s largest metropolises and Capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad is being located on the cross-roads of the rivers Krishna and Godavari in the Telangana. Regionally, Hyderabad lies on the convergence of National and state highways and trunk, air and rail routes. It is also recognized as the city of pearls and pearl ornament, silverware, lacquer bangles, Kalamkari paintings and artifacts.

1.4 Profile of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)

Hyderabad is the capital city of Andhra Pradesh, founded in the year 1591 by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, the fifth sultan of Qutubshahi dynasty. It is one of the fastest growing cities in Indiaand has emerged as a strong industrial, commercial, technology center. In 1950, two separate corporations were created under the Hyderabad Corporation Act 1950, one for the city of Hyderabad and another for the city of Secunderabad. These two Corporations were again merged into a single Corporation by the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955 on August 3rd 1960.

In 1956, Hyderabad became capital of Andhra Pradesh after the formation of the state. From1956 to March 2007, city had undergone many changes and finally in April 2007 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation came into existence, based on notification dated 16th April2007 Presently, the city is divided into (5) Zones (which includes North,South, Central, East and West) and 18 circles and encompasses an area of 638 sq. km. In the year 2007, 12 municipalities and 8 gram panchayats were added to the GHMC limit.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table1.2 Circle wise area & population Zone Circle No Area Population in (Sq.km) lakhs East Circle 1-Kapra 47.0 3.3 Circle 2- Uppal 19.5 2.2 Circle 3- LB Nagar 87.18 4.87 South Circle 4 34.07 Circle 5 19.21 18 Circle 6- Rajendra Nagar 52.28 2.85 Central Circle 7 29.32 Circle 8 5.0 Circle 9 17.97 Circle 10 39.0 27 West Circle 11-Serilingampally –I 98.0 Circle 12 Serilingampally –II 6.42 Circle 13-Ramachandrapuram 30.0 2.1 Circle 14 -Kukatpally 43.69 8.43 North Circle 15 -Qutbullapur 46.67 5.25 Circle 16- Alwal 26.4 3 Circle 17- Malkajgiri 18.5 4.25 Circle 18- Secunderabad 23.64 2.88 Total 637.43 90.55

1.5 Existing Solid Waste scenario in GHMC

The total number of households in GHMC is around 15,23,103 out of which only 10,76,405 (74%) are covered under door to door collection activity The percentage of households covered under door to door collection varies from 47% (in Circle 3) to 96% (in circle 17). The total number of tricycles in all the circles is around 4467.

For a total road length of 8920 km, 13,411 sanitary workers have been engaged and the average road length varies from 0.2 km to 2.8 km. The total drain length in the GHMC area is around 8772 km, out of which circle 14 has the maximum drain length of 980 km and circle 16 has a minimum length of 37 km. The total number of dumper bins in the GHMC area is 3259. Circle 5 has the highest number of bins (505). Circles 2, 11, 12, 13, 16 & 17 have considerably less number of dumper bins. Discussions with the officials revealed that a bin free system is being aimed at similar to the one in in Malkajgiri Circle, Serilingampally North and Serilingampally South circle.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

1.6 Quantity of Solid Waste generated

Based on the discussions with GHMC officials and detailed survey, the total quantity of solid waste generated in the city is estimated to be around 3800 TPD during the year 2008 and the per capita waste generation works out to be 621 g/cap/day. Presently based on the population growth and waste generation quantities by the end of year 2011 the total waste is estimated around 5500 TPD.

Table 1.3 Total Waste generated Sl. No Type of Waste Waste % Waste generated Composition (MT/day) 1 Domestic Household waste 2268 41.24 2 Commercial Establishments waste 380 6.91 3 Hotels & Restaurants 400 7.27 4 Institutional waste 145 2.64 5 Parks and Gardens 108 1.96 6 Street sweeping waste 340 6.18 7 Waste from Drains 160 2.91 8 Markets 410 7.45 9 Temples 5 0.09 10 Chicken, Mutton, Beef, Fish stalls 250 4.55 11 Cinema halls 2 0.04 12 Function halls 90 1.64 13 Hospitals 142 2.58 14 Construction and Demolition waste 800 14.55 Total 5500 100.00

1.7 Location of the Project

The proposed facility located at Jawaharnager Village, Shameerpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh (A.P). The site is around 12 km away from Secunderabad city, 4.0 km away from the ORR connecting Shamirpet to Ghatkesar. The map showing general location of the project is given as Figure 1.1 the 10 km radius topographical map around the proposed project is given as Figure 1.2 and the base map with all details related to villages are given in Figure 1.3. The project layout map showing all the proposed processing units along with ancillary support structures are given in Figure 1.4. As per MSW Rules, 2000 Schedule III, Specification for Landfill Sites, Site Selection, S.No.5 the one of the site selection criteria is “The existing landfill sites, which continue to be used for more than five years, shall be improved in accordance of the specifications given in this Schedule”.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.5 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

1.8 Project Activities

The details of the project capacity proposed at present and how it increases during its life time is given in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4 Project Capacity during Project Life of 30 Years Year Population Per capita Waste Designed generation generated TPD capacity TPD g/day 2011 8425260 648 5454 5500 2021 12456118 739 9201 9500 2031 19084757 847 16155 16500 After Modernization Designed Capacity will handle Municipal Waste – 5500 TPD In addition silt/sand collected from the lakes, mud from septic tanks, sewage sludge will be used as daily soil cover if available

The detailed sizes and capacities of various components proposed during modernization of the facility are given in Table 1.5 Table 1.5 Sizes & Capacities of various Components proposed to handle waste 5500 TPD Components Units Nos Individual Total capacity capacity Compost Plant TPD 3 680 2040 Landfill TPD 1 735 735 RDF process TPD 2 1200 1200 Bio-Methanization TPD 10 50 500 Recycling Complex TPD 1 - 600 (Plastic, Paper, Metal, Rubber, Glass, etc) Processing of Construction & Demolition waste TPD 1 800 800 Power Plant MW 2 24 48 Note: 1. Development will be in phased manner. 2. MSW expected to increase @ of 5% per annum, reach 16155 TPD by the year 2031. 3. To cater the increased capacity, individual components will be augmented proportionately

1.9 Need of the Project

Solid Waste Management is one of the essential obligatory functions of the Urban Local Bodies. This service is falling too short of the desired level of efficiency and satisfaction resulting in problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation. To meet the ever increasing demand of the Municipal Waste disposal of the GHMC an Integrated MSWM facility is proposed by modernizing the existing municipal dump site.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

To bring efficiency in urban infrastructure and municipal service delivery levels, the Government of India along with the states and the ULBs are implementing Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) for over seven years in 63 ULBs. Due to lack of serious efforts by authorities, garbage and its management has become a tenacious problem and this not with standing the fact that the largest part of municipal expenditure is allotted to it. JNNURM aims at providing reform driven financial assistance to ULBs for improving the level of urban infrastructure and municipal services. MSWM being one of the key components of municipal services is eligible for JNNURM funding.

1.10 Objective of the Project

The main objectives of the project are given under.  To improve the existing Jawaharnagar MSW dump site as the MSW rules 2000.  Construction and Development of MSWM facility for processing of MSW and its operation and maintenance for specified period.  Construction and development, operation of sanitary landfill facility for processing rejects and other inert components of MSW.  To establish the processing facilities to meet desired environmental norms and meeting MSW rules notified by MoEF, New Delhi.  Identification of associated environmental impacts and risks with the release of leachate and other fugitive emissions during MSW processing.  Identification, measurement, quantification of the environmental impacts arising out of the proposed activity and thus providing a sound mitigative plan for sustainable MSWM solutions.  Integrated Solid Waste Management approach by incorporation of more environmental and economic friendly concepts of waste separation, recovery of waste, recycle practices and treatment and disposal of MSW.

1.11 Environmental Impact Assessment

Environment Impact Assessment is a systematic analysis of all environmental impacts arising out of a developmental activity. Depending on the type and magnitude of impacts, mitigation measures are suggested to keep the overall environmental aesthetics and Socio-economics in the area with the limits.

In order to assess the likely impacts arising out of the proposed project on the surrounding environment and evaluating means of alleviating the likely negative impacts, if any, from the proposed project, GHMC had carried out the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies for various environmental components which are likely to be affected due to the project.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

1.12 Need for EIA studies Any activity aimed at development will have repercussions on the environment, both positive and negative. Environmental Impact Assessment study is a management tool, which enables the proponent in identifying the negative impacts. EIA also chalks out a road map from starting stage to the final development and operation of the project with the environmental protection as the focal issue. It lists out the measures to be undertaken by the proponent at various stages of the project development to mitigate the impacts due to the project.

An EIA is also an essential requirement in obtaining clearances from the statutory bodies like MOEF and pollution control board as is required as per the various notifications issued under the Environment Protection Act. GHMC has been entrusted with the task of carrying out environmental impact assessment study required for obtaining “Environmental Clearance” from Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India and Consent for Establishment from State Pollution Control Board.

1.13 Scope of the study  Primary data collection coupled with secondary data collection so as to establish the baseline environmental status of the study area.  Identify various existing pollution loads within the study area.  Predict incremental levels of pollutants in the study area due to the proposed MSW operations.  Evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes in the study area by using scientifically developed and widely accepted environmental impacts assessment methodologies/models.  Identification of mitigation measures and preparation of EMP outlining the measures for environment protection.  Preparation of post-project monitoring programme to meet the regulatory standards for all the pollutants.

1.14 EIA Methodology

Environmental Impact Assessment Study projects a detailed scenario of the existing environment with in 10km radius with the proposed development activity. The impact assessment study is conducted for important environmental components viz Air, Noise, Water, Land and Socio- Economics.  For depicting the existing baseline scenario  Identifying significant impacts arising due to the process operations on the above- mentioned environmental components.  Prediction and Evaluation of impacts due to the proposed project  For chalking out a detailed Environmental Management Plan to mitigate the impacts due to the implementation of the project.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

1.15 Rules for Prevention & Control of Environmental Pollution

For prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution, the Ministry of Environment and Forests have notified the following acts.  The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and its subsequent amendments  The Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and its subsequent amendments  The Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and its subsequent amendments  The Noise Pollution (Regulation and control) Rules, 2000  Indian Factories Act, 1948 (as amended by Act 20 of 1987)  Public Liability Act, 1991  Forest (Conservation) Act 1980  Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals, rules 1989 and amended 2000,  Municipal Wastes (Management & Handling Rules, 2000) and its subsequent amendments The above acts are amended by MoEF from time to time through official notifications.

1.16 Site Improvement as per MSW Rules 2000

Site selection criterion plays an important role in the initiation of any developmental activity. It provides an outlook on the type of environmental compliance and management techniques/methods to be adopted and also reduces the project costs. Overlooking environmental factors during site selection at the project inception stage will generally increase the project costs due to the increase in the compliance to environmental regulations and make the project vulnerable to opposition from the public. The existing dump site will be improved / developed as per the MSW rules 2000 rules..

1.17 Environmental Impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Land

The probable impacts when solid waste is disposed off on land in open dumps or in improperly designed landfills (e.g. in low lying areas), it causes the following impact on the environment.  Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump.  Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump & leachate flow  Bad odour, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and around the waste dump.  Generation of landfill gas (e.g. methane) within the waste dump.  Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft.  Fires within the waste dump.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.9 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump.  Epidemics through stray animals.  Acidity to surrounding soil and  Release of green house gas.

1.18 Study Period

For the preparation of EIA report for the proposed project, the data was collected for one season in 2011 in and around the study area. The micro climatic parameters were recorded using automatic weather monitoring station for the study period. Wind speed, wind direction, and relative humidity were recorded on hourly basis. Minimum & Maximum temperatures were also recorded during the study period. a. Air Environment

For the environmental impact studies, an area covering 10km radial distance surrounding the air quality proposed construction project was identified as study area (Impact Zone). Different parameters namely Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were measured using Respirable dust sampler and Carbon monoxide analyzer for identifying the baseline concentrations of ambient air quality within the study area. Measurement of air quality is carried out with reference to the following

 Determination of impact zone (through a screening model) and developing a monitoring network  Monitoring the existing status of ambient air quality within the impacted region of the proposed project site.  Monitoring the site-specific meteorological data, viz. wind speed and direction, humidity, ambient temperature and environmental lapse rate  Identification, quantification and evaluation of other potential emissions (including those of vehicular traffic) within the impact zone and estimation of cumulative of all the emissions/impacts  Prediction of changes in the ambient air quality due to point, line and areas source emissions through appropriate air quality models  Evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control devices to meet gaseous emission and ambient air quality standards  Delineation of mitigation measures at source, path ways and receptor b. Noise Environment Excessive noise levels cause adverse effects on human beings and associated environment including domestic animals, wild life, natural eco-system, and structures. Hence noise survey

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.10 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. is carried out at the project site and nearby areas. Noise levels (A-Weighted) were measured at using precision sound level. The broad assessment of noise is carried out to study.  Monitoring the present status of noise levels within the impact zone, and prediction of future noise levels resulting from the proposed project and related activities including increase in vehicular movement  Identification of impacts due to any anticipated rise in noise levels on the surrounding environment  Recommendations on mitigation measures for noise pollution c. Water Environment

Information on water resources in the study area was collected. The water a resources in the study area comprises of, groundwater, surface water sources. Water samples were collected at judiciously chosen sampling locations. The parameters of prime importance for assessing the water quality are identified and analysed under physical and chemical characterization. Following are taken into consideration for analysis of water quality.  Study of existing ground and surface water resources with respect to quantity and quality within the impact zone of the proposed project  Prediction of impacts on water resources due to the proposed water use/pumping on account of the project  Evaluation of the proposed pollution prevention and wastewater treatment system and suggestions on modification, if required  Prediction of impacts of effluent discharge on the quality of the receiving water body using appropriate mathematical/simulation models  Assessment of the feasibility of water recycling and reuse and delineation of detailed plan in this regard d. Land Environment

Information on land use pattern in the study area was also collected. Information regarding existing cropping pattern, their types and yield of the crop was collected from various sources. Soil samples were collected from the project site, not only at its immediate vicinity but also in the surrounding areas. Physico-chemical properties of the soils were determined.  Studies on soil characteristics, existing land use and topography, landscape and drainage patterns within the impact zone  Estimation of impacts of project on land use, landscape, topography, drainage and hydrology  Identification of potential utility of treated effluent in land application and subsequent impacts  Estimation and Characterization of solid wastes and delineation of management options for minimization of waste and environmentally compatible disposal.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.11 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. e. Eco-system

Information on eco-system within 10 km radius was collected from the state Agricultural and Forest departments. The important flora species native to the area is enumerated. f. Traffic Management

Traffic studies were conducted at major traffic intersections in the study area to assess the density of traffic in the existing roads and to estimate the increase the increase in the traffic after establishment of MSWM facility. g. Socio-Economic Environment

A field study was conducted within 10 km radius of the site and the surrounding impact zone. The parameters selected under socio-economic component were demographic structure of the study area, provision of basic amenities, and presence of historical or cultural sites, if any in the area. The economic benefits arising out of the project is also assessed. Relevant information was collected from selected areas and analyzed. The broad intent of the socio- economic analysis is the

 Collection of demographic and related socio-economic data  Projection of anticipated changes in the socio-economic and health due to the project and related activities including traffic congestion and delineation of measures to minimise adverse impacts  Assessment of impact on significant historical, cultural and archaeological sites/places in the area  Assessment of economic benefits arising out of the project

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.12 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Andhra Pradesh

Shahmirpet vagu Bommarasupet Shahmirpet Babaguda

Shahmirpet R F Ponnal RF

Akhtaraliguda

580 Upparpalli Eligalguda Reserved Potayapalli Tumkunta Forest (RF) Yemjal Reserved Forest Antaipalli Gomajipet Gandi Narsampalli Hakimpet Dharmaram 600 Singaipalli Timmaipalli Turkapalli

Chimalguda 560 Reserved Forest Malkaram Haridaspalli Kavkur Barsapet Koyyagutta Proposed Bolaram Project Site Chennapur Jawaharnagar Kisara

540 Dammaiguda Yapral cheruvu Bandalguda Turkadayara Dammaiguda Alwal Alwal Kandiguda Kundanpalli Kottabasti Kapra Kottabasti cheruvu Lotugunta Ammuguda Yellareddiguda Gadamkunta Gollaguda Sainikpuri Nagavaram Dondi Ammuguda Dondi Kapra Ramakrishnapuram Kushaiguda Pedda Kamala

Neradmet Rampalli Trimulgherry Nadimi cheruvu Rampalli Safilguda 500 cheruvu Charlapalli Miryalguda Moula ali cheruvu Karkhana Gauthamnagar Malkajgiri

Mallapur 500 Lalapet Chengicharla R F

Figure 1.1 Location of the Project

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1.13 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 1.2 Topo map of the study area (10km)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1 .14 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 1.3 Base map of the study area (10km)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1 .15 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 1.4 Layout map of the study area

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1 .16 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2

2.0 Introduction

The main objective of the proposed project is to modernize the existing dump site at Jawaharnagar in accordance to the MSW rules 2000.

2.1Type of the project

Modernization of an Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility for processing Municipal Solid Waste generated in Greater Municipal area of Hyderabad City..

2.2 Location details of the project area

The proposed development is taking place at existing Jawaharnagar dump Site, Jawaharnager Village, Shameerpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy District of Andhra Pradesh (A.P).

2.3 Size of the Project & Associated Activities

The Integrated Facility comprises of processing units like Compost Plant, RDF Plant, Bio- Methanisation, Recycling Complex, Processing of Construction & Demolition waste and Sanitary landfill for catering the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Municipal Area.

2.3.1 Land

The proposed project is coming up in an existing municipal dump area covered with municipal solid waste spread all over, the site will be cleared to certain extent and will be developed in planned manner so that it can be used for further few decades. Details of land break up for present and for catering future needs are given in Table 2.1.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.1

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 2.1 Land Area break-up Component Acres Ha % Processing Facility + Future Development 105.00 42.49 29.90 Closure of Existing Dump 81.79 33.10 23.29 Small plantation – Greenary Waste Reception Area + Admin Office + Parking + 8.00 3.24 2.28 Vehicle Maintenance, etc Peripheral and Internal Roads 18.00 7.28 5.13 Green Belt 7.12 2.88 2.03 Leachate Treatment 5.21 2.11 1.48 Sanitary Landfill Facility (partly with greenery) 126.00 50.99 35.89 Total 351.12 142.09 100

2.3.2 Manpower Requirement

The details of the skilled and unskilled manpower required for the proposed project during construction and operation is given in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Manpower Details S. No Details Construction Operation Remarks 1 Management /Skilled 50 40 Permanent staff 2 Semi Skilled 100 80 3 Unskilled 50 1880 On contract basis 4 In addition Indirect employment due to the project will be around 1000 persons Note: No of trips by vehicles to bring waste carrying 3 Tons will be around 1830 Each vehicle having 3 persons in all No of vehicles will be around 610 as each vehicle makes 3 trips

2.3.3 Water Requirement

The water requirement for the proposed facility will be met through the HMWSSB and existing bore wells with in the boundary limits of the proposed project. The detailed breakup for various activities is given in Table 2.3.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.2

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 2.3 Water Requirement details in m3/day S.No Utility Fresh Treated Total Remarks 1 Domestic 70 30 100 Source: 2 Power Plant HMWSSB /bore wells within DM Plant/Boiler feed 675 675 site Cooling Tower 750 750 3 Floor washing 10 10 4 Vehicle Work Shop, 20 20 Fire water makeup, etc 5 Compost Plant 350 350 6 RDF Plant 25 25 7 Recycling complex 10 10 8 Green belt 1080 80 1160 Total 2575 525 3100

2.3.4 Power & Fuel Requirement

The details of the power and fuel required for running DG sets for emergency use during power failure are given in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Power and Fuel Requirement Details Capacity Remarks

Power 1000 KVA Source: AP State Electricity Board. DG set 2 *500 KVA Fuel will be procured from local dealers Diesel 135 Ltrs/hr One DG set will be kept as standby Sulphur - content <0.05%

After power plant implementation the power requirement will meet through the in house Power plants.

2.3.5 Project Approach –Material Balance

The total waste quantity of 5500 TPD is processed at waste management facility by segregating the waste into composting, recycling and Waste to Energy facilities. Around 2040 TPD of -125mm size waste material is processed on the windrow platform for further treating in the compost plant. During composting activities around 328 tons/day of moisture is lost in the form of evaporation and around 204 tons/day of liquid is generated in the form of leachate. The finished compost product expected to be about 292 tons/day whereas the

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.3

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. around 2400 tons/day waste material is processed as RDF which is further utilized as feed stock to the proposed 48MW (in 2X24MW) Waste to Energy (W2E) power plant.

Out of 5500 TPD around 4190 TPD of waste material is sent to the sorting belt from where around 600 TPD is processed under recycling complex to recover paper, plastic, metal, rubber .Around 2400 TPD is processed as RDF and is further used as fuel for power generation. The inerts expected from compost plant and ash from power plant is sent to secured landfill for further disposal. The quantity of rejects from compost plant is 355 TPD whereas inerts and grit material is expected from power plant will be 380 TPD. The reject material rich in silica and other material can be utilized for making bricks as well as will also utilized as soil cover in landfill. Silt/sand collected from bottom of the lakes and mud from septic tanks and sewage sludge is also utilysed as daily soil cover in the sanitary landfill. The leachate generated during the compost operations are collected in a storage yard and is further recycled back for moisturing the windrows material and also treated in leachate treatment plant for the removal of organic pollutant. The detailed material balance flow diagram for processing 5500 TPD of MSW is described in Figure 2.1.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.4

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 2.1 Material balance of the proposed facility

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.5

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

2.4 Process description

The waste proposed to be received at the site is segregated at the source of generation into three different categories the details of the same are given in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 Different types of wastes and its quantities S. No Type of waste Quantity Remarks in TPD 1 Municipal waste 4200 Municipal waste from households 2 Bio-methanation waste 500 Waste from Market yards, marriage halls, canteens, etc 3 Construction & Demolition waste 800 Demolition of old structures, etc Total 5500 In addition silt/sand collected from the lakes, mud from septic tanks, sewage sludge will be used as daily soil cover if available

The normal municipal waste after coming from weighbridge will be unloaded at receiving platform and will be manually sorted to separate hazardous/bio medical/electronic waste if any and stored separately for sending to respective treatment facilities. The manually sorted waste will be sent to presorting Trommel where recyclables are handpicked and the rest of the waste goes to compost plant.

The recyclable (viz. plastic, paper, cloth, metals, rubber, glass, etc) are segregated into salable/recyclable and the same are sent recyclable complex for further treatment to convert into value added product or disposed. The remaining waste after segregation will be sent to RDF process from there it goes to Waste to Energy (WTE) plant for power generation.

The waste received at compost plant will be sent to windrow platform where it is converted into manure and the rejects from the compost plant, rejects/ash from WTE are sent to secured landfill.

The bio-methanation waste is sent to gas generation (anaerobic digester) unit, the gas generated will be sent to WTE plant for power generation, the slurry generated during this process will be diverted to compost plant.

The construction & demolition waste will be processed to separate, bricks, stones, steel, wood, cement, etc and the separated items are further processed for value added products like eco bricks, raw material for road surface laying, bunds construction, leveling of low lying lands, etc. The mud, sand, etc will be used as daily soil cover on secured landfill.

2.4.1 Machinery Requirement

The list of the important major machinery, vehicles, sheds; etc required for the proposed project is given below.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.6

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

a. Feeding conveyor ( type chain belt conveyor) b. Rotary trommel (35mm dia screens) c. Process chain belt conveyor – (35 mm material) d. Chain Belt conveyor for rejects(+35 mm) e. Rotary Trommel (16 mm screen) f. Process Chain Belt Conveyor(-16 mm material) g. Feeding Belt Conveyor h. Rotary screen(6mm/4mm) i. Rejects Belt Conveyor j. Aspiratory system ( dust protection & classification) k. Packing chute l. Sheds for compost Plant, Godowns, offices etc as shown in the GA drawing. m. Front end loader with Back Hoe attachment. n. Tractor with Trailer. o. Roller p. Tractor Dozer q. Tipper r. Vibratory compactor

2.5 Compost Plant

All activities associated with composting operations need careful selection of design and control to produce good quality product while minimizing environmental impacts. Activities which should be considered for composting include,

 Transportation of raw material/feed  Raw material handling  Windrowing of the waste material  Weekly turning  Screening, Sorting, Grinding, Blending & Mixing  Curing, Storage & Packing

2.5.1Composting Process

Aerobic composting is the process of degradation of biodegradable waste matter into simple organic compounds by certain micro organisms in the presence of air. The process begins at ambient temperature by the activity of mesophilic bacteria which oxidize carbon to CO2, thus liberating large amount of heat. Usually, the temperature of the waste piles reaches 500C within two days, and this represents the limit of temperature tolerance of the mesophilic organisms. At this point the process is taken over by thermophilic bacteria and the temperature continues to rise. Most of the thermophilic phase, which lasts about two weeks, takes place in the temperature range 550C – 650C, should the temperature increase beyond 650C, activity temporarily declines. The process is dependent of course, on the provision of a suitable environment for the bacteria, in addition to the nutrients provided by the wastes.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.7

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

The main requirements are adequate supplies of air and moisture. Compared to anaerobic process, aerobic conversion process is preferable as it is fast, exothermic and free from odour. Aerobic process also helps to eliminate pathogenic bacteria weed seeds, larva etc. as a result of high temperature developed during the process. Main factors affecting the composting through aerobic process are listed in below Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 Factors affecting Compost Process Factors Desirable ranges Moisture content 50% to 60% optimum Temperature 50 to 60 OC (for 5 to 7 days, pathogens get killed) C/N ratio Between 20-40 If C/N ratio is less -straw, saw dust, paper to be added If C/N ratio is more -sewage sludge, slaughter waste etc. to be added At the end of composting C/N=20. As per MSW regulations C/N permitted is 20-40 Aeration Adequate oxygen through out the mass-normally ensured by turning every 5-7 days

The complete process of Composting can be summarized as follows:

. Reception of raw waste  Visual Inspection of waste  Weighing of vehicle  Manual Sorting of Inert and removal of rejected material to landfill  Sorted material moved to compost pad to form windrows  Yard Management activities  Periodic turning of Windrows for four weeks  Process monitoring & controlling activities  After four weeks stabilization in the monsoon shed, feeding of material to coarse segregation section.  Over sized rejects ( +35 mm) to be sent to landfill combustion  Over sized rejects (+16 mm) either sent to land fill or for windrow covering.  Under sized material (-1 mm) stocked in curing section godown  After two weeks, cured material to be fed to refinement section.  Over sized rejection (+ 6 mm) to be ground and mixed in curing section  Under sized fine compost to be enriched with useful microbes, herbal extracts (optional)  Final Product (Compost) to be packed in 50kgs bags and stacked in finished goods godowns  Compost to be picked up by marketing agency for distribution in market.

The pictorial diagram of the Aerobic composting is given as Figure 2.2.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.8

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 2.2 Aerobic Composting

2.5.2 Pre- Processing System

The -100/50mm undersized material from the Rotary Screen is spread on the compost pad, the organic fraction of the fresh garbage on the compost pad will be subjected to windrow formation by JCBs.

2.5.3 Windrow Process

This waste would be placed in the first windrow and left for aerobic decomposition. After one week, the waste would be transferred from windrow one to windrow two and again left for decomposition. Again after one week, the waste from windrow two would be transferred to windrow three and left for decomposition for one week.

Material after digestion needs further stabilization and loss of moisture so that it can be segregated in to different fractions. Also a monsoon shed is provided for protection during rainy season. Decomposed material coming from the Compost Pad is kept here for about 15 – 20 days. The shed will be 8 m high open shed covered with fiber glass/ sheet roof. The shed must be open from all sides for easy vehicle movement and for ventilation.

Material from shed is then fed to the Coarse Segregation Section using a Loader for intermediate screening. After processing, material is conveyed to the curing section. The equipment line-up contains a Feeder Conveyor and two Trommel with their associated conveyors. The two stage screening system is adopted to achieve maximum screening efficiency. Cascading action in Trommel ensures better screening of the lumpy and highly heterogeneous material. Equipments in this section are hydraulically driven to ensure greater safety against breakdowns and to reduce power consumption. Hydraulic drive also

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.9

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. introduces features like on-load starting, centralized control etc. PLC based controls allows automatic shutdown in case of any emergency. Screened material coming out of this section is uniform in texture and contains semi – stabilized organic compost, which is further transferred to curing section for complete stabilization.

2.5.4 Curing System

Material coming out of the Coarse Segregation Section is stored in curing section for 15 days for further stabilization and moisture control. Some additives added at this stage to improve quality of final product, if required.

2.5.5 Refinement System

The cured material is first fed to a drag feeder conveyor which in turn gradually feeds the same to the Trommel Screen at a controlled rate. The screened material coming out of the Trommel screen is sent to the gravity separator, which further removes the impurities such as glass, metals, sand, silica etc. from the compost. From here, the compost is passed through a liquid add mixer where quality enhancer in powder or liquid form is added.

2.5.6 Packing and Storage System

From the refinement section, high quality compost is packed in bags and then weighed. Bags are then stitched using a portable sewing machine and finally stacked in the finished goods godown.

2.6 RDF Buffer Storage

The light combustible fraction (paper/biomass/textiles etc. which does not have recyclable value) separated as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Fluff. Everyday RDF prepared shall be transported to the Power Plant through Belt Conveyor/trucks for Combustion. Initially until power plant is setup the material will be bailed and sold in local market.

Table 2.7 Typical RDF Composition S. No Particulars Values Remarks 1 Shape Irregular Physical properties 2 Size >100mm x >100 mm 3 Bulk density 200 kg/m3 - 350 kg/m3 4 Moisture 15 to 20 % 5 Calorific value 2000 - 2500 kcal/kg Combustion Properties 6 Ash 15 to 20%

2.7 Power Plant

The thermal power plant is designed to use the fuel derived from municipal solid waste. Special protective measures will be considered to prevent the corrosion and erosion of boiler

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 2.10

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. tubes from acidic gases and alkalies of sodium and potassium. The combustion process will be designed to rise minimum heat value RDF with provision for steam generation at highest possible heat value to harness the energy potential. In future, as heat value goes up, minimal processing may also be obviated.

Turbine ancillary and related establishment installations, equipment, control and protective panels, communication facilities and devices including transformer, stepping up generation voltage to match Grid system requirements. The electrical inter connection facilities shall include a main bus, transfer bus, generator transformer bays, required feeder bays, main energy meters, recording meters to measure and record the dispatch of power to grid and drawl of startup power from grid. Main energy meters, export and import type of accuracy class 0.2 shall be capable of recording and storing half hour averages of all values for a minimum of 35 days. The Electricity Board shall install check meters (export and import) at the same point and of the same accuracy. The technical limits for the operation of proposed power plant are given in Table 2.8. The pictorial diagram of the power plant is given in Figure 2.3. Table 2.8 Technical Limits for the operation of proposed Power Plant Specification limits Frequency range 47.5 to 51.5 Hz. Power Factor In the range 0.8 lag to unity. System fault level 25 kA at transfer bus Grid transformer Tap range from (-) 15 % to (+) 7.5 %

Figure 2.3 Processing of MSW through Waste to Energy

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2.8 Bio Methanation

The market waste, marriage halls, hotels/canteen waste as generated will be collected separately and delivered in the receiving platform. These wastes are transferred to a conveyor by a mechanical handling device like the grab. In organics like plastics & paper cups, glass etc, shall be manually picked from the raw wastes moving on the conveyor at a low speed. The waste before going to the next stage will be free of paper, plastics etc which will be transferred into a bin.

2.8.1 Size reduction

The sorted waste shall fall into a shredder placed at the other end of the conveyor. The rotating knives in the shredder cut the organic waste into uniform size thereby facilitating the processes downstream.

2.8.2 Feed preparation

The shredded wastes shall fall into one of the two feed preparation tanks through a distribution trough. Predetermined quantity of water centrate from the screw press shall be added to the waste. Turbine type mixers shall be provided in each feed preparation tank.

 Mixer shall serve the following purposes.  Through mixing of the waste with dilution water.  Preparation of waste slurry with uniform characteristics.  Maintenance of solids in suspension in the tanks

2.8.3 Maceration

The homogeneous slurry from the feed preparation tanks shall be pumped to high rate digesters through a macerator. The main purpose of the macerator is to shred the fibrous waste that have escaped shredder. The size reduction of the waste after maceration shall be about 10-12m.

2.8.4 High rate anaerobic digestion

The homogenized wastes shall be pumped into a high rate anaerobic digester with the help of screw pumps. Screw pumps are selected due to their capability to handle liquids with high solids concentration. Perfectly conditioned flow of homogenized waste will be treated under anaerobic conditions in the digesters where the bioconversion of organic matter takes place with biogas recovery.

The flow diagram of the biomethanation process is given as Figure 2.4.

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Figure 2.4 Bio-Methanisation Plant Process flow diagram

2.8.5 Main parts of the digester

The main parts of the digester are given below.

 Main chamber  Central tube  Upper chamber  Distribution & mixing wings.  Substrate feeding pipe  Substrate effluent pipe  Gas discharge pipe  Ground sludge pipe  Mixing shafts  Gas dome  Mixing valve  Substrate starting level  Rising substrate level in the upper chamber  Pressed and decreasing substrate level in the main chamber  Highest substrate level in main chamber  Fresh substrate feed  Inner basin in upper chamber  Out ring basin in upper chamber  Wall diving upper chamber into inner basin and outer ring basin and Overflow walls

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2.9 Processing of Construction & Demolition Waste (C&D)

C & D waste is a resource that can be put to meaningful use with value addition though no such initiative is taken up by any agency/civic body in India. Some of the intended/possible uses are,  Reuse (at site) of bricks, stone slabs, timber, conduits, piping railings etc to the extent possible and depending on their condition  Sale/auction of material which cannot be used at the site due to design constraints or changes in design  Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc can be used by recycling industries  Fine material such as sand, dust etc can be used as cover material over sanitary landfills.

2.9.1 Process Flow Methodology

The received C&D material is then passed through electronic magnetic separator to ensure separation of the metals. After this, the material less than 300 mm size is subjected to further screening to remove smalls i.e. less than 12 mm size. The smalls are conveyed to a separate stockyard with the help of a network of conveying belts. The larger material is then fed into the hopper of the crushing unit. The same hopper receives more than 300 mm size also (which was earlier segregated). This fed material is then crushed to a size not more than 75 mm and effectively screened to get less than 40 mm and more than 40 mm size. These two sizes are then conveyed to different locations in the site for ultimate disposal.

In addition to the above crushing unit, it is proposed to establish one solid / hollow brick making unit by adding cement and other binding agents to the segregated less than 12 mm size material. Part of this less than 12m material, we expect, to be sold as a basement filling material. The rest of the sizes derived out of the crushing unit are having market to be used as road construction material which we want to exploit.

2.10 Recycling Complex In the recycling complex the segregated recyclable waste will be processed to produce value added products.  Paper will be bailed and sold to authorized dealers as it is crushed and given as pulp or converted into cardboards and other suitable value having material  Plastic collected will be sold to authorized dealers or converted into diesel oil or into basic raw material for making new plastic goods  Cloths separated are bailed and sold to toy manufactures or will be converted into salable toys at the site  Metals separated will be sold to authorized dealers or converted into value added product depending on the type of the metals recovered  Rubber separated will be sold to authorized dealers or converted into value added rubber products  Glass separated will be sold to authorized dealers or converted to value added glass raw material

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2.11 Land fill

Landfill design involves development of concept, adoption of suitable procedure and safety considerations. Landfill is a typical combination of different component and each of these components has to be designed separately.

For this process standard design procedure by CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Manual on Solid Waste Management (Subpart – D, Design Criteria) and Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules have been adopted. Design concepts for the following components have been developed,

 Assessment of landfill volume and area required  Landfill life  Evaluation of concept development plan – Foot Print of Landfill Site  Design of leachate collection system  Design of liner system  Assessment of landfill gas generation  Design of landfill gas collection system  Design of final cover system

2.11.1 Landfill Volume

The volume of the landfill has been estimated based on the topography of the site and using the AutoCAD software. Before estimating the volume maximum height that can be achieved is estimated as 30m.

2.11.2 Landfill Life

The waste comprising silt, sand, rejects from each process line is required to be disposed at the landfill. The details considered for estimating landfill life are given in Table 2.9.

Table 2.9 Estimation of Landfill Life Quantity of inerts 268275 tons/annum @ 735TPD Volume of inerts 315618 m3 @ 0.85tons/m3 Life of landfill 25 years (phase wise) Leachate (maximum) 110 m3/day Landfill area 49 acre @ 10 years Depth of the landfill below ground 2.5 m Dimensions of the landfill 240mX240m

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2.11.3 Standard Design Requirements

For design and development of landfill recommendation from MSW Rules, 2000 have been adopted. Apart from that CPHEEO Manual and United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Manual on Solid Waste Management (Subpart – Design Criteria) are also been referred to establish the design requirements is given in Table 2.10.

Table 2.10 Standard Design Requirements for Sanitary Landfill Landfill Component Requirement Reference Bottom Liner /  A 90cm thick compacted clay or MSW Rules, 2000 Composite Liner amended soil (amended with bentonite) of permeability not greater than 1X10-7 cm/sec  A HDPE geomembrane liner of thickness 1.5mm  285 GSM Geo textile  A drainage layer of 300mm thick granular material of permeability not greater than 1X10-2 cm/sec.  285 GSM Geo textile Final Cover  Vegetative layer of 450mm thick MSW Rules, 2000 with good vegetation supporting soil  Drainage layer of 150mm thick granular material with permeability 1 X 10-2cm/sec  Barrier layer of 600mm thick clay/amended soil with permeability 1 X 10-7cm/sec  Gas venting layer of 200mm thick granular material with permeability 1 X 10-2cm/sec Max Allowable 30 cm USEPA’s Manual on Leachate Head with in Solid Waste Landfill Management (Subpart – D, Design Criteria) Base Slope 2% CPHEEO Manual Cover Slope Not steeper than 1:4 CPHEEO Manual

2.12 Leachate Generation

The leachate generation from the each unit of the proposed facility is estimated and tabulated in the below Table 2.11.

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Table 2.11 Leachate generation cum/day S. No Utility Wastewater Remarks in m3/day 1. Leachate from Windrow of 204 Quantity of leachate reused for Compost Plant sprinkling on window. 2 Leachate from operated landfill 110 Total 334 1) Leachate generated at various places in the plant is collected and sprayed on windrow to maintain suitable temperature and moisture. 2) Optimum Temperature - 70ºC; 3) Optimum Moisture - 50 to 60%

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CHAPTER-3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3

3.0 Preamble

Baseline environmental status in and around proposed project depicts the existing environmental conditions of air, noise, water, soil, biological and socio-economic environment. With proposed project as the center, a radial distance of 10 Km is considered as „study area‟ for baseline data collection. Baseline data was collected for various/environmental attributes so as to compute the impacts that are likely to arise due to proposed developmental activity.

The main aim of the impact assessment study is to find out the impact of the project on the environment. This study is carried out during the project planning stage itself, so that the proponent can implement the project in a technically, financially and environmentally viable way.

The success of any impact assessment study depends mainly on two factors. First is estimation of impact from proposed project on the environment and the second is assessment of the environmental condition. Both are key factors to arrive at the post project scenario. The estimated impact due to the proposal can be superimposed over the existing conditions to arrive at the post project scenario.

3.1 Study Area & Period

The site area is consisting hard rock terrain, composed of granites. The study area covering 10 km radially all around the center of the project site is fairly undulating with considerable number of small hillocks. Map of the study area is shown in Figure 3.1. The baseline data generation has been carried out for one season during 2011.

3.2 Meteorological Conditions

The study of meteorological conditions forms an intrinsic part of the environment impact assessment study. The meteorological conditions of an area and the industrial process are both intertwined and each has a definite influence over the other. Favorable weather

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. conditions and the surroundings help the successful operation of an industry, while the industrial activity influences the weather in both positive as well as negative ways.

Dispersion of different air pollutants released in to the atmosphere has significant impacts on neighborhood air environment. The dispersion/dilution of the released pollutant over a large area will result in considerable reduction of the concentration of a pollutant. The dispersion in turn depends on the weather conditions like the wind speed, direction, temperature, relative humidity, mixing height, cloud cover and also the rainfall in the area. Normally the impacts surrounding the project site are studied in detail.

Summary of the climatological data (IMD station Hyderabad) is presented here under.

3.2.1 Analysis of the IMD Hyderabad Meteorological Data Temperature

The temperature profile of this region based on 30 years old data is as follows

Description Minimum temp. (0C) Maximum temp. (0C) Extreme Conditions 6.1 45.5 Post monsoon season 12.3 32.8 Winter Season 10.3 35.0 Summer Season 16.5 41.7 Monsoon season 20.6 39.5

Humidity Annual mean humidity (Morning – 8.30 am) 68 % Annual mean humidity (Evening – 5.30 pm) 44 % Maximum Humidity 82 % Minimum Humidity 23%

Rainfall

Predominant rainy season (Monsoon) June to October Average annual rainfall – 812 mm Average number of rainy days – 51 days Lean Rainy periods December to May

Wind Speed Mean wind speeds (high) 20.9 kmph - June Mean wind speeds (low) 6.5 kmph - December

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Annual mean wind speed 11.8 kmph Calm periods – October to March (mostly in the morning) Windy months – April to August

3.2.2 Meteorological Scenario of the Study Area

Regional meteorological scenario helps to understand the trends of the climatic factors. It also helps in determining the sampling stations in predicting the post project environmental scenario. Meteorological Scenario exerts a critical influence on Air Quality as the pollution arises from the interaction of atmospheric contaminants with adverse meteorological conditions such as temperature inversions. Atmospheric stability and topographical features like hills, canyons and valleys.

The critical weather elements that influence air pollution are wind speed, wind direction, temperature, which together determines atmosphere stability. Hence it is an indispensable part of any air pollution studies and required for interpretation of base line information.

Wind speed and direction data recorded during the study period is useful in identifying the influence of meteorology on the air quality of the area. The meteorological data recorded at the site for the study period is used for preparation of Wind rose on sixteen - sector basis (N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW and NNW). The maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall recorded and wind speed and pre dominant wind direction observed are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Observed Meteorological Data Period Temperature (oC) R. Humidity (%) Rain fall Wind (m/s) Predominant wind Min Max Min Max (mm) direction March 2011 19.4 38.8 18 92 Nil SE to NW April 2011 21.4 38.6 15 90 Traces

May 2011 23.2 43.0 17 89 Traces

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Figure 3.1 Base map of the Study Area (10 km)

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3.3 Wind Pattern

The detailed analysis of the wind pattern during different periods for summer season is given in Table 3.2 to 3.4 and the wind roses of the same are given in Figure 3.2 to 3.4.

The predominant wind direction during month of March was South East followed by South with wind speeds recording upto > 5.5 m/s. Maximum wind range recorded was 1.5 to 2.5 m/s, calms recorded was about 11.96% of the total time and the average wind speed was 2.10 m/s.

The predominant wind direction during month of April was South East followed by South with wind speeds recording upto > 5.5 m/s. Maximum wind range recorded was 1.5 to 2.5 m/s, calms recorded was about 12.08% of the total time and average wind speed was 2.14 m/s.

The predominant wind direction during month of May was North West followed by North with wind speeds recording upto > 5.5 m/s. Maximum wind range recorded was 1.5 to 2.5 m/s, calms recorded was about 11.42% of the total time and average wind speed was 2.16 m/s.

The predominant wind direction during Summer season was North West followed by North with wind speeds recording upto > 5.5 m/s. Maximum wind range recorded was 1.5 to 2.5 m/s, calms recorded was about 11.42% of the total time and average wind speed was 2.16 m/s.

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Table 3.2 Wind Pattern during March in m/s Wind Dir 0.5-1.5 1.5-2.5 2.5-3.5 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.5 >= 5.5 Total N 0.79 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 1.75 NNE 1.22 0.82 1.46 0.15 0.00 0.27 3.90 NE 0.41 1.34 1.60 0.27 0.11 0.15 3.90 ENE 0.81 2.28 1.61 0.13 0.00 0.13 4.97 E 1.75 1.88 1.34 0.00 0.13 0.27 5.38 ESE 2.96 3.23 3.23 0.13 0.00 0.27 9.81 SE 5.65 8.33 6.99 1.34 0.27 0.67 23.25 SSE 1.60 3.24 2.02 0.26 0.00 0.28 7.39 S 2.82 6.59 3.49 0.27 0.27 0.13 13.58 SSW 0.40 1.48 1.21 0.13 0.00 0.00 3.23 SW 1.21 1.08 1.75 0.13 0.27 0.00 4.44 WSW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 W 1.34 1.61 0.67 0.13 0.00 0.00 3.76 WNW 0.67 0.54 0.67 0.27 0.13 0.00 2.28 NW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NNW 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 Sub-Total: 21.64 33.47 26.08 3.25 1.46 2.15 88.04 Calms 11.96% Ave wind speed 2.10 m/s Total 100.00

Figure 3.2 Windrose for March 2011

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Table 3.3 Wind Pattern during April in m/s Wind Dir 0.5-1.5 1.5-2.5 2.5-3.5 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.5 >= 5.5 Total N 0.83 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 1.67 NNE 1.23 0.85 1.53 0.14 0.00 0.28 4.03 NE 0.42 1.39 1.65 0.30 0.14 0.14 4.03 ENE 0.83 2.36 1.67 0.14 0.00 0.14 5.14 E 0.56 1.25 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.28 2.78 ESE 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.28 0.14 0.00 0.83 SE 6.53 8.47 7.08 1.39 0.28 0.56 24.31 SSE 1.67 3.05 2.09 0.28 0.00 0.14 7.22 S 3.06 6.81 3.19 0.14 0.42 0.14 13.75 SSW 0.42 0.95 1.27 0.14 0.00 0.00 2.78 SW 1.11 1.39 2.36 0.14 0.28 0.00 5.28 WSW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 W 1.39 1.67 0.69 0.14 0.00 0.00 3.89 WNW 0.42 0.42 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 NW 3.33 3.89 3.47 0.14 0.00 0.28 11.11 NNW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sub-Total: 21.94 33.19 26.11 3.19 1.53 1.94 87.92 Calms 12.08% Ave wind speed 2.14 m/s Total 100.00

Figure 3.3 Windrose for April 2011

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Table 3.4 Wind Pattern during May in m/s Wind Dir 0.5-1.5 1.5-2.5 2.5-3.5 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.5 >= 5.5 Total N 3.25 6.74 4.56 1.09 0.27 0.13 15.99 NNE 0.94 1.08 1.48 0.13 0.00 0.27 3.90 NE 0.40 1.88 1.61 0.27 0.13 0.13 4.44 ENE 0.81 2.55 1.61 0.13 0.00 0.13 5.24 E 0.54 1.48 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.29 2.96 ESE 0.13 0.13 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.00 0.94 SE 0.94 2.02 1.08 0.26 0.14 0.13 4.57 SSE 0.28 1.60 1.60 0.28 0.00 0.13 3.90 S 0.27 1.08 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.75 SSW 0.27 1.08 1.21 0.13 0.00 0.00 2.69 SW 1.61 3.63 2.82 0.40 0.27 0.00 8.74 WSW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 W 2.40 6.47 2.28 0.12 0.41 0.00 11.69 WNW 0.41 0.53 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.34 NW 5.39 8.32 5.65 0.27 0.27 0.54 20.43 NNW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sub-Total: 17.61 38.58 25.54 3.35 1.62 1.88 88.58 Calms 11.42% Ave wind speed 2.16 m/s Total 100.00

Figure 3.4 Windrose for May 2011

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3.4 Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality was monitored in the impact area as per MoEF guidelines. The study area represents mostly rural and semi urban environment. The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance programme has been based on the following considerations:  Meteorological conditions on a synoptic scale  Topography of the study area  Representation of the regional background levels  Representation of the plant site  Influence of the existing sources  Major human settlements in the study area

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at 9 locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. AAQ locations were selected in downwind, cross wind and upwind direction of the proposed Project location. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location map is shown in Figure 3.5. The details of the monitoring stations are given in Table 3.5 & 3.6.

At each sampling station monitoring was carried for a frequency of 2 days per week for 4 weeks in a month during study period. The Common air pollutants namely Particualte matter (PM10 & PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and the oxides of nitrogen (NOx), were sampled on 8/24 hourly and results were averaged to 24 hours to meet the requirements of the MoEF and compared with the standards stipulated by CPCB in addition to above parameters CH4 and CO are also monitored.

Table 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Locations (>2.0 km) S. No Name of the location Direction w.r.t site Distance w.r.t site in km

1 Project Site Core - 2 Bandla Guda SE 4.50 3 Cheriaj SE 4.00 4 Singaipalli NW 5.50 5 Antaipalli NW 4.00 6 Dommaiguda S 2.50 7 Kushaiguda S 5.00 8 Volluvarnagar SW 5.50 9 Yadagiripalli NE 5.00

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Table 3.6 Ambient Air Quality Locations (<2.0km) S. No Name of the location Direction w.r.t site Distance w.r.t site in km

1 Church Colony WNW 0.5 2 Haridas Palli NE 0.5 3 Rajvgruhakalpa Residency E 0.1 4 Form House N 0.8 5 Ambedkar Nagar SWS 1.0 6 Sarvashiksha Abyan W 1.5 School -Devendra nagar 7 JNNURM colony E 1.5 8 Sri Sai Home Residency S 1.6 9 A.P. Rajiv Swagruha W 1.0 Corporation Ltd., 10 Millinium Residential High SW 1.0 School

The existing values of air pollutants of concern as mentioned above are presented in Table 3.7 to 3.10. Statistical parameters like minimum, maximum and 98th percentiles have been computed from the observed raw data for all sampling stations. These are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for Industrial, residential and rural zone

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Figure 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in the study area (10 km)

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Figure 3.6: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in the study area (<2.0 km)

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Table 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area (µg/m3) Particulate Matter <2.5µ Particulate Matter <10µ Location Min Max 98th Per Min Max 98th Per Project Site 8.2 17.6 16.6 28.6 42.5 41.9 Bandla Guda 6.5 15.1 14.7 24.8 38.2 38.2 Cheriaj 5.2 13.4 12.9 24.6 36.5 36.0 Singaipalli 5.3 12.8 11.6 24.3 35.6 35.6 Antaipalli 5.8 14.2 13.9 25.1 37.8 37.2 Dommaiguda 7.5 17.8 17.2 26.3 40.2 40.2 Kushaiguda 5.9 13.7 13.5 26.3 38.3 37.8 Volluvarnagar 5.5 13.0 13.0 25.4 36.8 36.8 Yadagiripalli 5.6 12.8 12.8 24.2 35.4 34.1 AAQ Std – Indus, Resd, Rural 60 100

Table 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area-(µg/m3) SO NO Location 2 X Min Max 98th per. Min Max 98th per Project Site 26 34 32 33 39 38 Bandla Guda 14 16 13 18 29 26 Cheriaj 11 12 13 21 27 26 Singaipalli 11 15 14 25 30 29 Antaipalli 11 15 13 19 26 25 Dommaiguda 12 16 15 21 24 22 Kushaiguda 10 15 13 20 26 25 Volluvarnagar 12 14 13 15 21 20 Yadagiripalli 13 17 16 11 17 16 AAQ Std – Indus, Resd, Rural 80 80

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Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area 3 Location CO-(mg/m ) CH4 (ppm) Project Site 1.45 148 Bandla Guda 1.10 140 Cheriaj 1.05 135 Singaipalli 1.21 102 Antaipalli 1.22 98 Dommaiguda 1.20 95 Kushaiguda 1.08 94 Volluvarnagar 1.04 108 Yadagiripalli 1.10 98 AAQ Std – Indus, Resd, Rural 1.22 132 AAQ Std – Indus, Resd, Rural 2.0 -

Table 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area <2.0km (µg/m3) Particulate Matter <2.5µ Particulate Matter <10µ Location Min Max 98th Per Min Max 98th Per

CSI church colony 22 25 25 35 40 40 Haridas palli 25 28 28 42 47 47 Rajeev Gruhakalpa Residency 22 26 26 44 48 48 Ambethkar nagar 21 23 23 35 38 38 Malkaram – Farm house 25 28 28 25 41 41 Sarvashiksha Abyan School 26 28 28 45 48 48 Devendranagar JNNURM colony 20 22 22 32 36 36 Sri Sai Homes Residency 20 22 22 31 35 35 A.P Rajiv Swagruha Corporation 22 25 25 35 38 38 Ltd., Millinium Residential High School 20 22 22 36 38 38 AAQ Std – Indus, Resd, Rural 60 100

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.14

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 3.11 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area <2.0km (µg/m3) SO2 NOX Location 98th 98th Min Max Min Max per. per. CSI church colony 12.5 15.2 15.1 15.2 18.2 18.1 Haridas palli 15.2 17.2 17.1 18.2 21.2 21.2 Rajeev Gruhakalpa Residency 12.8 17.2 17.1 15.8 20.2 20.1 Ambedkar nagar 12.5 15.2 15.2 17.5 19.5 19.4 Malkaram – Farm house 15.2 18.2 18.1 20.8 25.1 25.0 Sarvashiksha Abyan School 18.2 21.5 21.5 25.2 28.1 28.0 Devendranagar JNNURM colony 15.8 18.2 18.1 25.2 28.1 28.1 Sri Sai Homes Residency 14.8 17.5 17.4 23.6 25.6 25.5 A.P Rajiv Swagruha Corporation 15.2 16.2 16.1 22.1 24.1 24.0 Ltd., Millinium Residential High School 16.8 17.2 17.2 22.1 26.5 26.4 AAQ Std – Indus, Resd, Rural 80 80

Table 3.12 Ambient Air Quality Levels in the Study Area <2.0km (µg/m3) CO CH (ppm) Location (mg/m3) 8- hours 4 Max Max CSI church colony 1.28 120 Haridaspalli 1.28 145 RajivGruhakalpa Residency 1.25 141 Ambethkar nagar 1.25 110 Malkaram – Farm house 1.28 108 Sarvashiksha Abyan School Devendranagar 1.28 98 JNNURM Colony 1.08 132 Sri Sai Homes Residency 1.03 95 A.P Rajiv Swagruha Corporation Ltd., 1.1 92 Millinium Residential High School 1.25 93 AAQ Std – Indus, Resd, Rural 2.0 -

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.15

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

3.4.1Regional Scenario a) Particulate Matter <2.5µ & <10µ

Particulate Matter (PM) is the term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles originate from a variety of sources, such as power plants, industrial processes, and diesel trucks, and they are formed in the atmosphere by transformation of gaseous emissions. Their chemical and physical compositions depending of location, time of year weather. Particulate matter is composed of both coarse and fine particles.

Coarse particles (PM10) have an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5µ and 10µ. They are formed by mechanical disruption (e.g. crushing, grinding, and abrasion of surfaces) evaporation of sprays, and suspension of dust. PM10 is composed of alumiosilicate and other oxides of crustal elements, and major sources including fugitive dust from roads, industry, agriculture, construction and demolition, and fly ash from fossil fuel combustion. The lifetime of PM10 is from minutes to hours, and its travel distance varies from <1Km to 10 Km.

Fine particles have an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5µ (PM2.5). They differ from

PM10 in origin and chemistry. These particles are formed from gas and condensation of high temperature vapors during combustion, and they are composed of various combinations of sulfate compounds, nitrate compounds, carbon compounds, ammonium, hydrogen ion, organic compounds, metals (Pb, Cd, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn and

Fe), and Particle bound water. The major sources of PM2.5 are fossil fuel combustion, vegetation burning, and the smelting and processing of metals. Their lifetime is from days to weeks and travel distance ranges from 100s to >1000s Km.

The minimum and maximum level of Particulate Matter <2.5µ recorded within the study area were in the range of 5.2 to 17.8 µg/m3. The minimum and maximum level of Particulate Matter <10µ recorded within the study area were in the range of 24.2 to 42.5 µg/m3.

The minimum and maximum level of Particulate Matter <2.5µ at locations in 2 Km radius are of 20 to28 µg/m3. The minimum and maximum level of Particulate Matter <10µ recorded were in the range of 25 to 48 µg/m3.

The 24 hourly average values of Particulate Matter <2.5µ & Particulate Matter <10µ were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and found that all sampling stations recorded values within the applicable limits of residential and rural area limits for all locations in study area.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.16

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. b) Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur dioxide gas is an inorganic gaseous pollutant. Sulfur dioxide emissions are expected to be emitted wherever combustion of any fuel containing sulfur takes place. The sulfur in the fuel will combine with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist are the other important pollutants in the sulfur group. In general some of the important sources of sulfur dioxide are power stations, sulfuric acid plants, oil refining, boilers in utilities in any industry and domestic use of coal. The following sources of Sulfur dioxide in the study area are identified:

Emissions from domestic fuel (coal, diesel, etc.) Emissions from DG sets used by industries and local residents

Information in the literature has indicated that the presence of sulfur dioxide in the photochemical smog reaction enhances the formation of visibility enhancing aerosols.

Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere is significant because of its toxicity. Sulfur dioxide is capable of producing illness and lung injury. Further it can combine with water in the air to form toxic acid aerosols that can corrode metal surfaces, fabrics and the leaves of plants. Sulfur dioxide is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Excessive exposure to sulfur dioxide causes bronchial asthma and other breathing related diseases as it affects the lungs.

The minimum and maximum level of SO2 recorded within the study area was in the range of 10 µg/m3 to 34 µg/m3.

The minimum and maximum level of SO2 recorded at locations within 2 Km was in the range of 12.5µg/m3 to 21.5µg/m3.

The 24 hourly average values of SO2 were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and it was found that all sampling stations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 80µg/m3 for industrial, residential and rural areas. c) Oxides of Nitrogen

Oxides of Nitrogen are also an inorganic gaseous pollutant like Sulfur dioxide. Oxides of Nitrogen emissions are expected to be emitted wherever combustion at high temperatures takes place. Nitrous oxide and nitric acid mist are the other important pollutants in the inorganic nitrogen group.

In general some of the important sources of oxides of nitrogen are boilers (Utilities) in any industry and Auto exhaust. In a metropolitan town NOx levels are predominantly due

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.17

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. to automobile emissions. The following sources of oxides of nitrogen in the study area are identified:

Emissions from industrial and domestic burning of coal Emissions from automobiles.

Oxides of Nitrogen have far greater significance in photochemical smog reaction than any of the other inorganic gaseous contaminants. NOx in the presence of sunlight will undergo reactions with a number of organic compounds to produce all the effects associated with photochemical smog. NOx has inherent ability to produce deleterious effects by themselves like toxicity. It acts as an asphyxiate when in concentrations great enough to reduce the normal oxygen supply from the air.

The minimum and maximum level of NOx recorded within the study area was in the range of 11 µg/m3 to 39 µg/m3.

The minimum and maximum level of NOx recorded within 2km radius are in range of 15.2 µg/m3 to 28.1 µg/m3.

The 24 hourly average values of NOx were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and it was found that all the sampling stations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 80 µg/m3 for industrial, residential and rural areas. d) Carbon Monoxide

The 8 hourly average values of CO were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and it was found that all the sampling stations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 2 mg/m3 for industrial, residential and rural areas.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.18

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

3.5 Water Environment

Selected water quality parameters for water resources within 10 km of the study area have been used for describing the water environment and assessing the impacts on it. Studies on water environment aspects of ecosystem play an important role in preparation of environmental impact assessment report and to identify sensitive issues and take appropriate action by maintaining ecological homeostasis. To assess the water quality impacts, water resources in the impact area have been grouped into two classes.  Surface water resources including streams, tanks, rivers etc.  Ground water resources in the deeper strata of the ground

Ground water from dug wells, tube wells and hand pumps cater to the drinking water needs of the villages in the region. The quality of ground water was assessed by taking samples and analyzed as per CPCB norms. Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were selected based on the following consideration.  Location of the aquifer  Usage and source Water samples in the study area were collected from ground water sources and analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics as per CPCB guidelines and approved methods. The details of the sampling locations are given in the Table 3.13 & Table 3.14 and analytical results are given in Table 3.15 & Table 3.16. The surface water results are given in Table 3.17. The water sampling locations are shown in Figure 3.7 & Figure 3.8. Table 3.13 Water Sampling Locations (>2.0km) S. No Name of the location Direction Distance (km) Remarks

W1 Thimmayapalli NE 4.00 Ground water W2 Dammaiguda S 2.30 Ground water W3 Rajiv Gandhi Gruhakalpa N 2.00 Ground water W4 Antaipalli NW 4.10 Ground water W5 Srinivasa Metal Industry N 0.50 Ground water W6 Bandlaguda SE 4.60 Ground water W7 Cheriaj SE 4.00 Ground water W8 Chinnayapur SW 2.50 Ground water W9 Malkapur S 2.50 Ground water W10 Malakaram Cheruvu - - Surface water

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.19

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 3.14 Water Sampling Locations (<2.0km) S. No Name of the location Direction w.r.t site Distance w.r.t site in km

GW1 Church Colony WNW 0.5 GW2 Haridas palli NE 0.6 GW3 Rajiv Gruhakalpa E 0.1 GW4 Ambetkar Nagar Colony SSW 1.0 GW5 Farm House(Malkaram) NE 0.5 GW6 Devendra Nagar W 1.5 GW7 JNNURM E 1.4 GW8 Sri Sai Home Residency S 1.6 GW9 Dommaiguda S 2.0 GW10 Chennapur WSW 1.6

3.5.1 Analysis & Observations

The analysis results and the subsequent interpretations are given in this section.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.20

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 3.7 Water sampling locations (>2.0km)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.21

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

3.8 Water sampling locations (<2.0km)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.22

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 3.15 Water Quality characteristics (Ground Water) (>2.0km) Parameter Unit W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 IS 10500 drinking water stds Desirable Permissible pH - 7.35 7.02 7.19 7.06 6.94 7.42 7.26 7.32 7.02 6.5 to 8.5 EC µMho/cm 749 1311 1040 2544 3280 1628 1054 1208 524 TSS mg/l 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 TDS mg/l 464 812 654 1576 2066 1042 654 760 330 500 2000

Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 306 204 357 459 418 489 224 285 183 200 600 Chlorides as Cl- mg/l 26 228 99 422 703 199 142 109 47 250 1000 -2 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 14 87 20.6 163.8 42.8 65.8 57.6 162 21 200 400 Nitrates as N mg/l 1.83 1.62 2.42 3.56 4.93 3.01 1.47 0.8 2.06 10 22.5 Fluorides as F- mg/l 2.4 0.24 1.06 0.71 1.8 0.62 0.24 1.96 1.92 1.0 1.5

Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 153 480 393 844 873 624 278 403 153 300 600 Calcium as Ca mg/l 54 180 115 257 261 134 100 115 54 75 200 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 4.7 7 25 49 53 70 7 28 4 30 100 Sodium as Na mg/l 90 64 60 224 281 94 94.8 97 46 Potassium as K mg/l 9.7 9.6 9.5 9 9 9.7 73 9.6 9.5 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.11 0.09 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.21 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.3 1.0 Lead as Pb µg/l 1.9 2.1 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.9 2.1 1.5 50 50 Manganese as Mn µg/l 2.0 1.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.5 2.0 1.5 3.5 100 300 Cadmium as Cd µg/l 0.9 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.5 10 10 Chromium as Cr µg/l 2.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.8 1.8 1.8 50 50

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.23

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 3.16 Water Quality characteristics (Ground Water) (<2.0km) Parameter Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 GW9 GW10 pH -- 6.81 7.67 6.48 7.44 7.43 7.52 7.25 7.38 7.21 7.45 EC µMho/cm 1022 2086 6785 1137 1632 1520 1250 1128 1285 1180 TSS mg/l 2 40 72 8 2 5 2 2 5 5 TDS mg/l 650 1314 4372 712 1026 1058 910 720 780 750 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 61 61 92 51 61 72 120 65 155 150 Chlorides as Cl- mg/l 153 596 2503 172 450 180 180 185 180 175 -2 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 59 87 30 95 87 60 80 90 110 90 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 0.07 0.13 0.02 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.23 0.25 Fluorides as F- mg/l 1.66 1.82 1.8 1.59 1.64 1.0 1.22 1.52 1.25 1.50 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 530 932 5646 560 745 510 450 525 515 525 Calcium as Ca mg/l 158 274 1098 145 168 135 137 156 155 160 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 33 60 706 48 79 42 26 33 31 30 Sodium as Na mg/l 28 50 95 25 25 32 54 35 52 58 Potassium as K mg/l 0.5 1.5 2.1 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.7 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.17 0.37 0.87 0.41 0.36 0.15 0.22 0.35 0.28 0.20 Lead as Pb mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Manganese as Mn mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Chromium as Cr+6 mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Nickel, Ni mg/L <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Zinc, Zn mg/L 1.11 1.24 3.86 1.33 1.46 1.25 1.50 1.28 1.26 1.54 Copper, Cu mg/L <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Mercury, Hg mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cyanide, CN mg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Phenolic Compound mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Arsenic, As mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.24

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 3.17 Analytical Results of Suface water Sl. No Parameter Unit Malakaram Cheruvu 1 pH - 8.1 2 EC µMho/cm 3700 3 TSS mg/L 1960 4 TDS mg/L 48 5 Chlorides as Cl- mg/L 950 -2 6 Sulphates as SO4 mg/L 84 7 Calcium as Ca mg/L 88 8 COD mg/L 200 9 BOD mg/L 55 10 Oil& Grease mg/L 21

11 Ammonical Nitrogen as NH3- N mg/L 3.8

12 Nitrate Nitrogen as NO3-N mg/L 19

13 Phosphate as PO4 mg/L 0.16 14 Total Phosphorus as P mg/L 0.2 15 Total Nitrogen as N mg/L 5.6 16 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 400 17 Iron as Fe mg/L 2.9 18 Zinc as Zn mg/L 5.6 19 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.06 20 Manganese as Mn mg/L 0.10 21 Chromium as Cr mg/L 0.20

3.5.2 Discussions

 The pH limit fixed for drinking water samples as per IS 10500 is 6.5 to 8.5 beyond this range the water will affect the mucus membrane and or water supply system. During sutyd period the pH in the samples was varying from 6.94 to 7.42 in >2.0km radius.where as pH is varying between 6.48 to 7.67 in <2.0km radius.

 The desirable limit for total dissolved solids as per IS 10500 is 500 mg/l, where as the permissible limits in absence of alternate source is 2000 mg/l, beyond this palatability decreases and may cause gastro intestinal irritation. In water samples collected from the study area, the total dissolved solids are varying from 330 mg/l to 2066 mg/l in >2.0km radius. 650 mg/l to 4372mg/l in <2.0km radius.The TDS of two samples were within desirable limits, six samples within the permissible limit of 2000 mg/l and one sample above the permissible limit.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.25

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 The desirable limit for chloride is 250mg/l as per IS10500 where as the permissible limit of the same is 1000 mg/l beyond this limit taste, corrosion and palatability are affected. The Chloride levels in the water samples collected in the study area were ranging from 26 mg/l to a maximum of 703 mg/l in >2.0km radius. 153 mg/l to 2503mg/l in <2.0km radius Seven samples are within the desirable limits while remaining two sample are below permissible limits of 1000ppm.

 The desirable limit as per IS10500 for hardness is 300 mg/l where as the permissible limit for the same is 600 mg/l beyond this limit encrustation in water supply structure and adverse effects on domestic use will be observed. In the water samples collected from the study area, the hardness is varying from 153 mg/l to 873 mg/l in >2.0km radius. 450 mg/l to 5646mg/l in <2.0km radius

 Fluoride is the other important parameter, which has the desirable limit of 1 mg/l and permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l. However the optimum content of fluoride in the drinking water is 0.6 to 1.5 mg/l. If the fluoride content is less than 0.6 mg/l it causes dental carries, above 1.5 mg/l it causes staining of tooth enamel, higher concentration in range of 3 - 10 mg/l causes fluorosis. In the water samples of study area the fluoride value were in the range of 0.24 mg/l to 2.40 mg/l in >2.0km radius.1.0 mg/l to 1.82mg/l in <2.0km radius..

 Overall all the samples collected from the study area were found to be fit for human consumption, however the hardness, chlorides, dissolved solids in most of water samples seem to be above desirable limit but well within the permissible limits, except in one sample. Most of the heavy metals in all samples are below detectable limits.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.26

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

3.6 Noise Environment

Noise can be defined as unwanted sound or sound in the wrong place at the wrong time. It can also be defined as any sound that is undesirable because it interferes with speech and hearing, is intense enough to damage hearing or is otherwise annoying. The definition noise as unwanted sound implies that it has an adverse effect on human beings and their environment, including land, structures, and domestic animals. Noise can also disturb natural wildlife and ecological systems. Sound can be transmitted through gases, liquids, and solids. Noise impacts can be of concern during the construction and the operational phases of projects. Noise should also be considered in relation to present and future land use zoning and policies. Construction noise can be a significant source of community noise. Of concern are impacts on people near the construction site, who are totally unrelated to construction activities (e.g. area residents, office workers, school children, staff, etc.) Factors which are important in determining noise levels that will potentially impact such populations include distance from the noise source, natural or man-made barriers between the source and the impacted population, weather conditions which could potentially absorb, reflect, or focus sound (such as wind speed, direction, temperature inversions), and the scale and intensity of the particular construction phase (excavation, erection, or finishing). The Environment/health impacts of noise can vary from noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual.

While measuring the day-night equivalent noise levels (Ldn), it is considered that one event at night is equivalent to ten similar events during the day time. Ldn is similar to 24 hours equivalent sound level (LEq) except that, during the daytime 10 dB (A) weighing is added. The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly

(LEq) equivalent sound levels with a 10 dB (A) correction added to the night time value

(Ln).

Ld/10 Ln+10/10 Ldn = 10 Log (0.0416 [15 (10 ] + 9 (10 ]) + ......

Where Ld is the Equivalent noise levels at day (6.00 A.M to 10.00 P.M) and

Ln is the Equivalent noise levels at night (10.00 P.M to 6.00 A.M)

3.6.1 Noise Levels in the Study Area

Baseline noise levels have been monitored at 9 locations within the study zone, using a spot noise measurement device. At random noise level measurement locations were identified for assessment of existing noise level status, keeping in view the land use pattern, residential areas in villages, schools, bus stands, etc., the day levels of noise

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.27

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. have been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The noise monitoring stations are shown in Table 3.18 & 3.19 and presented in Figure 3.9. The results are presented in Table 3.20 & Table 3.21.

Table 3.18 Noise Monitoring Locations (>2.0km) Sl. No Location Direction Distance (km) N1 Project Site Core - N2 Bandla Guda SE 4.60 N3 Cheriaj SE 4.00 N4 Singaipalli NW 5.38 N5 Antaipalli NW 4.10 N6 Dommaiguda S 2.30 N7 Kushaiguda S 5.00 N8 Volluvarnagar SW 5.60 N9 Yadagiripalli NE 5.30

Table 3.19 Noise Monitoring Locations (<2.0km) Sl. No Location Direction Distance (km) N1 Plant Site(Security gate) -- 0.0 N2 Haridas palli NE 0.6 N3 Rajiv Gruhakalpa E 0.4 N4 Ambetkar Nagar Colony SSW 1.0 N5 Army Dental College W 0.75 N6 Devendra Nagar W 1.5 N7 JNNURM E 1.4 N8 Sri Sai Home Residency S 1.6 N9 Dommaiguda S 2.0 N10 Chennapur WSW 1.6

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.28

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 3.9 Noise Monitoring Stations in the study area (>2.0km)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.29

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 3.10 Noise Monitoring Stations in the study area (<2.0km)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.30

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 3.20 Noise Levels in the Study Area (>2.0km) Hours Location N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 1 40.0 41.2 41.3 41.9 41.5 41.1 40.3 41.6 41.9 2 41.2 42.5 41.3 42.9 41.5 41.2 40.5 42.1 42.1 3 41.2 42.8 42.0 42.5 41.5 41.3 41.0 43.0 43.0 4 42.5 43.5 43.1 42.9 42.0 42.5 42.0 43.1 43.1 5 43.7 43.5 44.2 43.2 43.0 43.2 42.6 43.2 43.2 6 44.2 46.0 43.2 43.9 44.0 44.0 43.0 44.0 44.0 7 46.1 46.8 48.8 48.7 45.0 49.0 45.0 48.0 48.0 8 47.1 50.9 47.5 49.8 47.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 48.5 9 49.5 52.0 50.1 49.9 48.9 53.6 51.2 50.9 49.5 10 50.1 54.5 52.1 50.9 48.5 53.7 51.8 51.0 49.5 11 51.9 55.0 53.4 52.5 50.1 55.0 52.0 53.0 53.0 12 51.9 55.0 54.2 52.2 54.0 53.5 53.0 54.0 54.2 13 53.0 55.4 55.0 52.3 54.2 54.0 52.9 55.0 55.0 14 53.3 55.1 55.1 54.1 55.0 52.5 56.0 55.1 55.0 15 53.4 54.5 55.1 54.8 55.0 52.0 55.0 55.1 51.9 16 55.0 54.6 55.0 55.8 51.2 49.8 52.0 55.0 51.0 17 55.0 54.2 55.0 54.2 52.0 49.0 49.9 52.6 49.0 18 54.5 54.2 55.0 52.1 50.0 48.8 49.0 53.0 47.8 19 54.3 50.2 54.5 50.1 47.9 47.0 47.0 50.0 48.0 20 48.9 50.4 50.1 48.0 48.0 47.0 45.0 50.0 48.0 21 44.5 49.8 50.2 45.0 45.0 45.0 44.0 45.0 45.0 22 43.2 43.0 48.5 42.0 44.0 42.0 41.9 41.0 40.9 23 41.2 42.1 44.2 41.2 40.3 40.4 41.5 39.5 40.4 24 39.9 41.0 40.1 40.3 40.0 40.2 41.0 39.4 40.1 Minimum 39.9 41.0 40.1 40.3 40.0 40.2 40.0 39.4 40.1 Maximum 55.0 55.4 55.1 55.8 55.0 55.0 56.0 55.1 55.0 Day Equivalent 52.0 53.2 53.1 51.9 51.1 51.3 51.2 52.4 51.0 Night Equivalent 40.9 41.8 43.2 41.3 41.0 40.6 40.4 40.9 41.1 Standard Day Equivalent Night Equivalent Industrial 75 70 Commercial 65 55 Residentail 55 45

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 3.31

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 3.21 Noise Levels in the Study Area (<2.0km) Hours Location N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10

1 43.5 41.2 41.5 44.3 40.9 41.3 41.6 40.9 41.9 41.2 2 44.5 40.2 40.5 44.8 41.2 41.6 43.2 41.2 40.9 42.6 3 45.6 41.8 42.1 44.6 41.8 42.2 44.3 41.8 42.5 44.3 4 47.2 41.8 42.1 44.6 42.3 42.7 44.5 42.3 42.5 44.6 5 46.8 42.3 42.6 44.8 43.6 44.6 44.8 43.6 43.6 45.3 6 48.5 42.5 42.8 44.9 43.8 44.2 44.8 43.8 43.2 45.7 7 55.6 45.2 45.5 52.3 48.8 49.2 49.5 48.8 47.6 49.1 8 65.2 50.3 50.6 55.6 53.4 53.8 50.5 53.4 52.3 50.1 9 67.3 50.2 50.5 55.2 54.8 55.2 51.3 54.8 54.6 50.9 10 68.5 49.3 49.6 55.6 55.8 54.8 53.1 55.8 54.8 52.7 11 65.3 52.3 52.6 55.1 52.5 52.9 54.8 52.5 54.8 54.6 12 67.3 52.3 52.6 55.1 54.5 54.9 54.9 54.5 54.9 54.1 13 65.3 53.6 53.9 56.4 53.4 53.8 54.9 53.4 54.3 56.5 14 64.3 54.6 54.9 55.9 51.4 51.8 54.9 51.4 54.7 56.1 15 62.5 51.5 51.8 54.3 50.6 52.3 55.8 50.6 53.4 54.2 16 61.3 53.6 53.9 56.4 55.8 54.8 54.9 55.8 54.3 55.5 17 59.3 54.6 54.9 54.8 49.8 53.4 54.6 49.8 54.8 52.5 18 58.3 51.6 51.9 54.4 49.5 51.2 50.8 49.5 54.9 50.4 19 56.4 47.6 47.9 50.4 48.8 52.6 53.6 48.8 54.2 47.8 20 55.6 44.5 44.8 47.3 46.5 48.6 48.3 46.5 51.3 47.9 21 48.7 43.3 43.6 48.6 47.4 47.8 47.6 47.4 49.3 47.2 22 45.6 41.7 42 44.5 42.5 42.9 43.6 42.5 44.7 43.2 23 44.3 40.3 40.6 43.1 41.5 41.9 42.3 41.5 43.6 42.5 24 43.8 40.3 40.6 43.1 41.1 41.5 42.1 41.1 42.5 41.7 Minimum 43.5 40.2 40.5 43.1 40.9 41.3 41.6 40.9 40.9 41.2 Maximum 68.5 54.6 54.9 56.4 55.8 55.2 55.8 55.8 54.9 56.5 Day Equivalent 63.6 51.2 51.5 54.2 52.2 52.8 53.1 52.2 53.5 52.7 Night Equivalent 44.5 40.5 40.8 43.6 41.1 41.5 42.6 41.1 42.2 42.4 Standard Day Equivalent Night Equivalent Industrial 75 70 Commercial 65 55 Residentail 55 45

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3.6.2 Observations

The values of noise observed in some of the rural areas are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. In rural areas wind blowing and movements of birds would contribute to noise levels especially during the nights. Assessment of day and night noise levels around the study area are ranging between 39.4 to 56.0 dB(A) in >2.0km radius 40.2 to 68.5 dB(A) in <2.0km radius. The day equivalents during the study period are ranging between 51.0 to 53.2 dB(A) in >2.0km radius and 51.2 to 63.6 dB(A) in <2.0km radius. Where as the night equivalents were in the range of 40.4 to 43.2 dB(A) in >2.0km radius.40.5 to 44.5 dB(A) in <2.0km radius. From the results it can be seen that the Day equivalents and the Night equivalents were within the Ambient Noise standards of residential areas standards.

3.7 Traffic Study

The automobile source is currently the major source of air pollutant emission in many air quality impact analyses. A traffic study is required for the no-build alternative as well as the build-out alternative. This information is required to assess the Traffic density pattern of the region and to assist the proponent in planning vehicular movement during the project and the air quality due to vehicular emissions for the study period, should the project not be implemented whereas the latter information is required to assess the air quality for the study period should the project be implemented. The methodology adopted for carrying out the traffic study was to select the major roads around the project site and count the various categories of vehicles moving on these roads. The traffic study details area given in Table 3.22.

Table 3.22 Location name Dummaigudam Junction (Road connecting Ambedikar Nagar to Balaji Nagar) 1.5 km SW from site Hours 2- Wheelers 3 & 4 Medium Heavy Total Wheelers Vehicles Vehicles No.s @0.75 No.s @1.0 No.s @2.0 No.s @3.7 No.s PCU’s PCU PCU PCU PCU / Hr 07.00-08.00 32 24.0 46 46 47 94 23 85.1 148 249.1 08.00-09.00 41 30.7 60 60 52 104 16 59.2 169 253.9 09.00-10.00 50 37.5 88 88 85 170 12 44.4 235 339.9 10:00-11:00 68 51.0 112 112 98 196 17 62.9 295 421.9 11:00-12:00 74 55.5 92 92 82 164 19 70.3 267 381.8 12:00-13:00 52 39.0 75 75 75 150 14 51.8 216 315.8 13:00-14:00 42 31.5 65 52 48 96 11 40.7 166 220.2

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Hours 2- Wheelers 3 & 4 Medium Heavy Total Wheelers Vehicles Vehicles No.s @0.75 No.s @1.0 No.s @2.0 No.s @3.7 No.s PCU’s PCU PCU PCU PCU / Hr 14:00-15:00 31 23.25 47 48 35 70 8 29.6 121 170.9 15:00-16:00 28 21.0 34 34 27 54 13 48.1 102 157.1 16:00-17:00 22 16.5 24 24 32 64 18 66.6 96 171.1 17:00-18:00 47 35.2 41 41 46 92 16 59.2 150 227.4 18:00-19:00 53 39.7 50 50 49 98 17 62.9 169 250.6 19:00-20:00 67 50.2 65 65 57 114 18 66.6 207 295.8 20:00-21:00 55 41.2 47 47 45 90 19 70.3 166 248.5 21:00-22:00 42 31.5 46 46 42 84 21 77.7 151 239.2 Worst case Baseline PCU /hr 421.9 Total width of the Road in meters (Arterial Roads) 18 Carrying capacity of the road (the road is 2 lane) 1500 As per IRC:106-1990 (PCU’s per hour)

The vehicular traffic is presently predominantly due to two wheelers followed by three wheelers. The traffic due to four wheelers and buses are minimal.

3.8 Soil Quality

Soil samples were collected at selected locations in the study area to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project site. This will establish the baseline characteristics and will facilitate in the identification of the incremental concentrations from the proposed activities at a later stage. The baseline characteristics which are analyzed now include the impact on soil due to the activities of the existing industries and other anthropogenic activities in the study area.

The sampling locations are identified based on one or more criteria listed below:

 To determine the existing soil characteristics of the study area  To determine the impact on soil characteristics due to the activities of the existing industries located in the study area

To determine the impact on agricultural productivity of soil due to the proposed activity soil samples were collected at 7 locations. The details of the sampling locations are given Table 3.23. The soil sampling points are shown in the base map of the region as Figure 3.11 & 3.12.

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The analytical results of the soil are given in Table 3.25 & Table 3.26 and standard values of soils as per ICAR are given in Table 3.27.

Table 3.23 Soil Sampling Locations (>2.0km) S. No Name of the location Direction Distance(km) S1 Timmaipalli NE 4.00 S2 Dammaiguda S 2.30 S3 Antaipalli NW 4.10 S4 Bandlaguda SE 4.60 S5 Cheriaj SE 4.00 S6 Chinnayapur E 2.50 S7 Malkapur S 2.50

Table 3.24 Soil Sampling Locations (<2.0km) S. No Name of the location Direction Distance(km) S1 Church Colony WNW 0.5 S2 Haridas palli NE 0.6 S3 Rajiv Gruhakalpa E 0.1 S4 Ambetkar Nagar Colony SSW 1.0 S5 Farm House(Malkaram) NE 0.5 S6 Devendra Nagar W 1.5 S7 JNNURM E 1.4 S8 Sri Sai Home Residency S 1.6 S9 Dommaiguda S 2.0 S10 Chennapur WSW 1.6

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Figure 3.11 Soil Monitoring Stations in the study area (>2.0 km)

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Figure 3.12 Soil Monitoring Stations in the study area (<2.0km)

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Table 3.25 Soil Quality in the Study Area (>2.0km) Parameter Units S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 pH - 7.68 7.83 7.52 7.61 7.29 7.25 7.38 EC (10% Solution) µMho/cm 186 154 385 156 273 122 322 Organic Carbon % 1.65 0.53 0.60 0.81 0.39 2.51 0.29 Bulk Density g/cc 1.26 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.24 1.18 1.26 Calcium as Ca mg/Kg 1885 2616 3001 846 1500 4925 1038 Magnesium as Mg mg/Kg 70 46 93 46 75 233 70 Sodium as Na mg/Kg 171 217 479 142 155 374 143 Manganese as Mn mg/Kg 85 175 114 89 39 352 119 Calcium as Ca mg/Kg 161 126 118 98 71 141 110 Chlorides as Cl- mg/Kg 252 204 116 238 198 402 527

Sulphates as SO4-2 mg/Kg 146 75 95 46 63 99 259 Nitrogen as N Kg/Ha 449 285 467 330 282 385 323 Phosphates as P Kg/Ha 2.1 1.8 4.6 4.5 3.2 4.8 3.6 Potassium as K Kg/Ha 63 104 79 100 73 80 65

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Table 3.26 Soil Quality in the Study Area (<2.0km)

Parameter Units S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 pH - 7.98 7.25 7.42 7.51 7.90 7.58 7.65 7.26 7.32 7.58 EC (10% Solution) µMho/cm 125 210 597 158 162 155 165 174 170 162 Organic Matter % 0.33 0.18 0.45 0.35 0.20 0.32 0.11 0.20 0.21 0.26 Moisture Content % 1.22 1.20 1.01 1.20 1.52 1.10 1.15 1.02 1.15 1.11 Bulk Density g/cc 1.08 1.15 1.25 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.02 1.14 1.10 1.18 Calcium as Ca mg/Kg 126 125 106 128 204 130 132 145 128 145 Magnesium as Mg mg/Kg 64 65 62 62 86 68 70 60 62 65 Sodium as Na mg/Kg 163 250 295 168 114 170 158 165 180 172 Copper as Cu mg/kg 5.2 4.5 4.8 5.5 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.9 Potassium as K Kg/Ha 132 135 139 135 148 140 128 130 131 145 Chlorides as Cl- mg/Kg 25 50 53 32 22 38 40 54 48 42

Sulphates as SO4-2 mg/Kg 54 210 257 58 18 55 52 60 52 58 Total Nitrogen as N Kg/Ha 1.0 1.6 1.9 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.5 Phosphates as P Kg/Ha 4.2 6.5 6.7 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.5 5.2 5.6 4.5 Lead, Pb mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Mercury, Hg mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cadmium, Cd mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Zinc, Zn mg/kg <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 SAR ** 2.08 4.51 3.98 3.0 1.19 3.0 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.0

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Table 3.27 Standard Soil Classification –(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi) Soil Tests Classification pH Normal to saline 6.0 to 8.5 Tending to become alkaline 8.5 to 9.0 Alkaline Above 9.0 Electrical Up to 1.00 – Normal Conductivity 1.01- 2.00- Critical to germination (mmhos/cm) 2.01-4.00- Critical for growth of the sensitive crops Above 4.00 – Injurious to most crops Organic Carbon Low Below 0.5 % Medium 0.5 to 0.75 % High Above 0.75 % Nutirents Range Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium (kg/Ha) (kg/Ha) (kg/Ha) Low Below 280 Below 10 Below 110 Medium 280 to 560 10 to 25 110 to 280 High Above 560 Above 25 Above 280

3.8.1 Observations

The analytical results of the soil samples collected during the study period are summarized below.

The pH of the soil is an important property; plants cannot grow in low and high pH value soils. The normal range of the soils in 6.0 to 8.5 is called as normal to saline soils. Most of the essential nutrients like N, P, K, Cl and SO4 are available for plant at the neutral pH except for Fe, Mn and Al which are available at low pH range. The soils having pH below 7 are considered to be acidic from the practical standpoint, those with pH less than 5.5 and which respond to liming may be considered to qualify to be designated as acid soils. On the basis of pH measurements, the degree of soil acidity may be indicated. The pH values in the study area are varying from 7.25 to 7.83 in >2.0km radius and 7.25 to 7.98 in <2.0km indicating that the soils are falling in normal to saline class.

Based on the electrical conductivity the soils are classified into 4 groups (Normal, Critical for germination, Critical for growth of the sensitive crops, Injurious to most crops). The electrical conductivity in the study area is varying from 122 to 385 umhos/cm in >2.0km radius and 125 to 597 umhos/cm in <2.0km radius indicating that soils falling under Normal category.

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The organic carbon in the study area is varying from 0.29 to 2.51 %, in >2.0km radius and 0.11 to 045% in <2.0km radius.

The other important parameters for characterization of soil for irrigation are N,P,K. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are known as primary nutrients, Calcium, Magnesium and sulphur as secondary nutrients. The primary and secondary nutrient elements are known as major elements. This classification is based on their relative abundance, and not on their relative importance.

Nitrogen encourages the vegetative development of plants by imparting a healthy green colour to the leaves. It also controls, to some extent, the efficient utilization of phosphorus and potassium. Its deficiency retards growth and root development, turns the foliage yellowish or pale green, hastens maturity, causes the shriveling of grains and lowers crop yield. The older leaves are affected first. An excess of nitrogen produces leathery (and sometimes crinkled), dark green leaves and succulent growth. It also delays the maturation of plants, impairs the quality of crops like barley, potato, tobacco, sugarcane and fruits increases susceptibility to diseases and causes ”lodging” of cereal crops by inducing an undue lengthening of the stem internodes. The available Nitrogen as N in the study area is varying from 285 to 487 kg/ha in >2.0km radius and 0.5 kg/Ha to 1.9 kg/Ha in <2.0km radius falling in medium range and indicating that it requires addition of nitrates for proper growth.

Phosphorus influences the vigour of plants and improves the quality of crops. It encourages the formation of new cells, promotes root growth (particularly the development of fibrous roots), and hastens leaf development, the emergence of ears, the formation of grains, and the maturation of crops. It also increases resistance to disease and strengthens the stems of cereal plants, thus reducing their tendency to lodge. It offsets the harmful effects of excess nitrogen in the plant. When applied to leguminous crops it hastens and encourages the development of nitrogen fixing nodule bacteria. If phosphorus is deficient in the soil, plants fail to make a quick start, do not develop a satisfactory root-system, remain stunted and sometimes develop a tendency to show a reddish or purplish discolouration of the stem and foliage owing to an abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin. However the deficiency of this element is not so easily recognized as that of nitrogen. It has also been observed that cattle feeding on the produce of phosphorus deficient soils become dwarfed, develop stiff joints and lose the velvety feel of the skin. Such animals show an abnormal craving for eating bones and even soil itself. In the study area available Phosphorus is varying from 1.8 to 4.8 kg/ha in >2.0km radius and 4 to 6.7 kg/ha in <2.0km radius. which indicates that all samples are falling in low range.

Potassium enhances the ability of the plants to resist diseases, insect attacks, and cold and other adverse conditions. It plays an essential part in the formation of starch and in

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3.9 Assessment of the biodiversity (Flora & Faunna)

Ecosystem is an integrated unit that contains both animals and plants whose survival is dependent on biotic and abiotic structure. Based on the type of distribution of organisms and its physical setting the study area can be classified in to cropland, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In order to understand the factors governing the system both abiotic (physical setting) and biotic factors (flora and fauna) have been described.

3.9.1Ecology of the Study Area

The conservation of biodiversity is based on a variety of perspectives like scientific, philosophical, economic, ethical, and aesthetic. Scientists contend that much remains to be learnt about species and ecosystems around the world, and that a loss of this diversity would foreclose that opportunity. Whether a species is economically important or not, every species has its own intrinsic value and hence every attempt should be made to conserve biological diversity and integrity of ecosystems.

In the light of the above, every care was taken to determine the status of the vegetation, flora and fauna of the areas of adverse environmental impacts. In case of flora, primary data from extensive field survey and collections were made. In case of vertebrate wildlife, the data is largely based on authentic secondary sources such as the research Publications, reports of Z.S.I, forest and wildlife departments, fisheries department etc. It is because; most of the wild animals are evasive and hence rarely found. They may be there but they are difficult to find because they are probably scared of us. Just because, we don‟t see them, we can‟t say that they are not there. Hence, we depend on authentic

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The landfill site (core area) is an existing dumping yard where the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is dumped and burnt in violation of the MSW (M&H) Rules 2000. It is now proposed to go for an integrated MSW disposal facility. The core area is a rocky uneven barren land. Except for a few Palmyra palms and several scattered thorny bushes, the core area was devoid of any vegetation. The areas around the core area include small and isolated croplands, residential areas and industrial establishments. A small seasonal drain passes though the core area and discharges in to a stagnant water body located adjacent to the core area.

3.9.2 Methodology Adopted for the Survey

A detailed survey of flora and fauna of the Jawaharnagar landfill site (Core area) and its environs extending up to a radius of 10 km (Buffer area) was carried out. A comprehensive list of the plant species of the study area was made based on the plant species collected during the study period by the survey teams.

Topography was highly uneven and undulating due to barren rocky outcrops. Other than scattered patches of degraded thorny scrubs, there was no natural vegetation. There are also no reserve forests in the area. There were no perennial water bodies such a Rivers or Reservoirs.The core area and its environs are influenced by the expansion of Hyderabad city, industries, real estate lay outs, colonies and scattered settlements have influenced the flora and fauna of the study area. Agriculture is rare and isolated. Paddy was grown in areas where either tank water or ground water was available. Unlike any delta area or command area of a reservoir, croplands were isolated and the cropping pattern was also highly variable. Apart from Paddy; Cotton, Sunflower and Maize were the prominent crops during the Rabi season. Chillies, Tomato and Onion among vegetables; Chrysanthimum (Chemanthi), Tagetus (Banthi), Crossandra (Kanakambaraaalu) and Roses among flowers were in cultivation on a small scale. Small scattered farms of Agro forests of Eucalyptus; orchards of Mango, Sapota, Guava and Lime could be noticed occasionally. The natural vegetation was represented mainly by open scrubs, thorny bushes with perennial and annual grasses.

3.9.3Terrestrial flora of the study Area

A survey of the land use and land cover of the area reveals the absence of Reserve Forests, National Parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and other protected areas.There are no

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. perennial water bodies such as Rivers and Reservoirs.There are also small isolated patches of open scrubs on all sides of the landfill site. These patches of scrub lands are under relentless biotic pressure for fodder, firewood and grazing. As a result, they are badly degraded. Presence and abundance of xerophytic and thorny bushes is an indication of semiarid conditions and biotic pressure. The common structural species of the study area were: Prosopis juliflora, Butea monosperma, Vitex negundo, Breynia vitis-ideae, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Diospyros melanoxylon, Acacia cesia, Acacia nlotica, Acacia leucocephala, Acacia sundra, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus xylopyrus, Ziziphus rugosa, Capparis zeylanica, Capparis aphylla, Alhagi camelorum, Lantana camara, Wrightia tinctoria, Chloroxylon swietenia, Boswellia serrata, Cassia auriculata, Carissa spinarum, Calotropis procera, Calotropis reticulat, Waltheria indica, Tephrosia purpurea, Desmodium pulchellum,Grewia reticulata, Mimosa rubicaulis Flacourtia indica,Securinegavirosa,Clerodendrum serratum, Celastrus paniculatus and Anisomeles indica,. A few other climbers like Rhynchosia minima, Atylosia scarabaeoides, Ipomoea spp, Mukia maderaspatana, Daemia extensa, Wattakaka volubilis, Hemidesmus indicus, Cryptolepis buchananii and Pergularia daemia become more common in bush lands, especially along field bunds. Hyptis suaveolens, Parthenium hysterophorus, Alysicarpus monilifer, Tephrosia purpurea, Plectranthus mollis, Cassia tora, Pavetta tomentosa, species of Indigofera, Crotalaria, Leucas aspera, Borreria hispida, Borreria articularis, Tridax procumbens, species of Euphorbia, Ocimum etc were more frequent in all areas.

3.9.4 Terrestrial Flora of the Core Area

The land allocated for the establishment of the landfill has become barren due to dumping and burning of MSW. A few isolated individuals of Lantana camara, Cassia auriculata, Breynia vitis-ideae, Carissa spinarum, Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea, Alhagi camelorum, Waltheria indica, Tephrosia purpurea, Desmodium pulchellum, Grewia reticulata, Mimosa rubicaulis, Securinega virosa, Clerodendrum serratum, Celastrus paniculatus, and Anisomeles indica could be seen among the rocky out crops. A few other climbers like Rhynchosia minima, Atylosia scarabaeoides, Ipomoea spp, Daemia extensa, Wattakaka volubilis, Hemidesmus indicus, Cryptolepis buchananii and Pergularia daemia were found on bushes. Within the landfill area, a few patches to isolated individuals of both palatable and non palatable weeds represented by Hyptis suaveolens, Parthenium hysterophorus, Celosia argentia, Sida acuta, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Cleom viscosa, Heliotropium indicum, Croton bonplandianum, Amaranthus spinosu and Cassia occidentalis. Cymbopogon coloratus, Heteropogon contortus, Erempogon foeveolatus, Dicanthium annulatus, Digera arvensis, Chloris barbata, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Iseilema laxum, Andrographis echinoids, Leucas aspera, Borreria hispida, Borreria articularis, Tridax procumbens etc were noticed in association with the shrubs. Forest grasses of Heteropogon contortus, Cymbopogon coloratus, Cymbopogon caesius, Aristida setacea, Aristida funiculatus, Chrysopogon

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3.9.5 Terrestrial Flora of the Buffer Area

The natural vegetation and flora of the buffer zone differs from that of the core area with regard to the following: i).Except for a few Palmyra palms, there are no trees in the core area but several avenue trees, timber yielding trees, fruit trees etc could be noticed in the entire buffer area apart from the Palmyra palms. ii).The core area was mostly barren while the buffer zone supported different type of plant communities in different areas.

Common avenue trees are widely scattered in the buffern area. The tree species of the buffer zone were represented by Prosopis juliflora, Acacia auriculiformis, Mangifera indica, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Cassia siamea, Albizia lebbeck, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus indica, Pongamia pinnata, Millingtonia hortensis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Parkinsonia aculeata, Pithecellobium dulces, Dalbergia sissoo, Ailanthus excelsa, Ziziphus numularia etc. Besides the above, the following forest elements were also found: Butea monosperma, Vitex negundo, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Diospyros melanoxylon, Acacia cesia, Acacia leucocephala, Acacia sundra, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus xylopyrus, Ziziphus rugosa, Capparis zeylanica, Capparis aphylla, Alhagi camelorum, Lantana camara, Wrightia tinctoria, Tabebuia argentea, Chloroxylon swietenia, Boswellia serrata, Cassia auriculata, Breynia vitis-ideae, Carissa spinarum, Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea, Waltheria indica, Tephrosia purpurea, Desmodium pulchellum, Grewia reticulata, Mimosa rubicaulis Flacourtia indica, Securinega virosa, Clerodendrum serratum, Celastrus paniculatus, and Anisomeles indica,. A few other climbers like Rhynchosia minima, Atylosia scarabaeoides, Ipomoea spp, Mukia maderaspatana, Daemia extensa, Wattakaka volubilis, Hemidesmus indicus, Cryptolepis buchananii and Pergularia daemia were more common in bush lands, especially along field bunds. Hyptis suaveolens, Parthenium hysterophorus, Alysicarpus monilifer, Tephrosia purpurea, Plectranthus mollis, Cassia tora, Pavetta tomentosa, species of Indigofera, Crotalaria, Leucas aspera, Borreria hispida, Borreria articularis, Tridax procumbens, species of Euphorbia, Ocimum etc were more frequent. Within the buffer area, patches of both palatable and non palatable weeds represented by Hyptis suaveolens, Parthenium hysterophorus, Celosia argentia, Sida acuta, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Cleome viscosa, Heliotropium indicum, Croton bonplandianum, Amaranthus

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. spinosus and Cassia occidentalis. Cymbopogon coloratus, Heteropogon contortus, Erempogon foeveolatus, Dicanthium annulatus, Digera arvensis, Chloris barbata, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Iseilema laxum, Andrographis echinoids etc were common in association with trees and shrubs. Forest grasses of Heteropogon contortus, Cymbopogon coloratus, Cymbopogon caesius, Aristida setacea, Aristida funiculatus, Chrysopogon fulvus, Chrysopogon verticillatus, Digitaria stricta, Dinebra retroflexus and Perotis indica were predominant in all wastelands and grazing lands.

A comprehensive list of Trees, Shrubs and Perennial Climbers found in the study area is given in below Table 3.23. Similarly, a list of Grasses and Sedges collected from the study area during the period of survey is given in Table Table 3.24. A comparative list of Herbaceous plant species of the studya area is given in Table Table 3.25. It may be noted that all the species found in the core area are also found in the buffer area. In other words, no species was restricted only to the landfill area. As such, the damage if any due to the project related activity may cause damage to a few individuals but it would not eliminate any species. A survey of available literature as well as the present study indicates that there were no rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species either in the project site or in the buffer area.

3.9.6Terrestrial fauna of the study area

As there are no thick forests and perennial water bodies, the area under consideration is not an important habitat for any rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species. There are no Biosphere reserves or National Parks or Sanctuaries or other protected areas within or around the study area. Most mammals and birds listed were of common occurrence. Among the Mammals, only Squirrels, Mongoose, Rats, Bandicoots and Rabbits were seen frequently during the survey. Monkeys were seen in only one locality. There were no resident birds other than Crows, Parrots, Doves, and Weaver birds, Swifts, Quails and Mynas. The plant site was devoid of any nest of birds or any hiding place for wild animals. Hence, it does not seem to be a home for any rare bird or wild mammals as evidenced by the absence of nests of birds or resting or hiding places of mammals. Only Crows, Parrots, Doves, Weaver birds, Swifts, Quails and Mynas were more common among birds. Among the reptiles, Lizards, Garden lizards were very common. Rat snake and Monitor lizard were seen once during the survey. Other reptiles were very rare. The amphibians were also rare. A list of Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians either found or reported from the area is given in Table 3.28. Similarly, the avifauna of the core and buffer areas is given in Table 3.29.

3.9.7 Aquatic flora and fauna

There are no perennial water bodies such as rivers and reservoirs. Pools, ponds, drains, village water tanks and paddy fields are the common aquatic and semi aquatic

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. ecosystems found in the area. These areas support only the common aquatic macrophytes which have become problematic weeds. Ipomea carnea (local name “Besharam” means shameless), Ipomoea aquatica, Typha angustata, Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea nauchali, Nymphaea stellata, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Nymphoides indica, Ottelia alismoides etc were scattered widely wherever suitable habitat was available. A list of aquatic and semi aquatic macrophytes found in the area of study is given in Table 3.30. None of the aquatic macrophytes recorded from the area come under REET categories. A list fishes trapped or reported from the buffer area is given in Table 3.31.

Table 3.28 List of Trees, shrubs and Perennial Climbers found in the study area. (Present in the core area are marked by a superscript) Latin name Vernacular name Family Acacia auriculiformis Auriculiformis Mimosaceae Acacia caesia Kirintha Mimosaceae Acacia farnesiana Muriki thumma Mimosaceae Acacia leucophloea * Tella tumma Mimosaceae Acacia nilotica Nalla tumma Mimosaceae Acacia planifrons * Godugu Thumma Mimosaceae Acacia sundra* Sundra Mimosaceae Acaia holosericea Holosericea Mimosaceae Acaia horrida Parikithumma Mimosaceae Aegle marmelos Maredu Rutaceae Ailanthus excelsa Peddamaanu Simaroubaceae Alangium salvifolium Ooduga Alangiaceae Albizia lebbek Dirisanam Mimosaceae Alhagi camelorum* Camel thorn Fabaceae Annona squamosa * Custard apple Annonaceae Azadirachta indica Vepa Meliaceae Azima tetracantha Tella Uppili Salvadoraceae Bauhinia racemosa Aare chettu Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia variagata Mandari Caesalpiniaceae Benkara malabarica Pedda manga Rubiaceae Bombax ceiba Booruga Bombacaceae Borassus flabellifer Taati / Taadi Araceae Breynia retusa Chinna purugudu Euphorbiaceae Breynia vitis-ideae, Nalla purugudu Euphorbiaceae Butea monosperma Modugu Fabaceae Callistemon citrinus Indian bottle brush tree Myrtaceae

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Latin name Vernacular name Family Calotropis gigantea* Tella Jilledu Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera* Jilledu Asclepiadaceae Canthium dicoccum* Nalla balusu Rubiaceae Canthium parviflorum Balusu Rubiaceae Carissa spinarum* Vaaka / Kalivi Apocynaceae Cascabela thevetia Patcha ganneru Apocynaceae Cassia auriculata* Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Cassia fistula Rela Caesalpiniaceae Catunaregam spinosa Manga / Chinna manga Rubiaceae Chloroxylon sweitenia Billudu Flindarsiaceae Cissus vitiginea Adavi Gummadi Vitaceae Cocos nucifera Coconut Araceae Cordia dichotoma* Bankiriki Cordiaceae Cosmostigma racemosum Adavitamalapaaku Apocynaceae Dalbergia sisso Sisso or seesum Caesalpiniaceae Decalepis hahiltonii* Maredu kommulu Periplocaceae Dendrocalamus strictus Bamboo / Veduru Poaceae Desmodium pulchellum Deyyapu mokka Fabaceae Dichrostachys cinerea * Sara Thumma Mimosaceae Diospyros chloroxylon Ulinda Ebenaceae Diospyros melanoxylon Tunki Fabaceae Dodonaea viscosa* Bandedu Sapindaceae Erythroxylon monogynum Dedaraaku Erythroxylaceae Eucalyptus teretocronis Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Eucalyptus hybrid Eucalyptus / Nilagiri Myrtaceae Euphorbia caducifolia Brahma jemudu Euphorbiaceae Ficus benghalensis Marri Moraceae Ficus racemosa Medi Moraceae Ficus religiosa Raavi Moraceae Glycomis mauritiana Tanaka Rutaceae Grewia flavescens Jaana Tiliaceae Grewia hirsuta Jaani Chettu Tiliaceae Grewia obtusa Jaana Tiliaceae Grewia orbiculata Pedda Jaani Tiliaceae Grewia tilliaefolia Pedda Jaana Tiliaceae Grewia villosa Bantha Tiliaceae Hardwickia binata Yepi Caesalpiniaceae Hemidemus indicus * Sugandhapala Periplocaceae

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Latin name Vernacular name Family Holoptelia integrifolia Nemali naara Ulmaceae Ipomoea carnea * Rubber mokka Convolvulaceae Lagerstroemia parviflora Chennangi Lythraceae Lantana camara* Lantana Verbenaceae Leptadenia reticulata* Mukkupala Teega Asclepiadaceae Leucaena leucocephala Subabul Mimosaceae Limonia acidissima Velaga Rutaceae Mangifera indica Mamidi Anacardiaceae Maytenus emerginata Danti Celastraceae Mimosa polyancistra * Thumma Mimosaceae Mimosa rubicaulis* Pariki kampa Mimosaceae Mimosops elengi Pogada Sapotaceae Morinda pubescens Togaru Rubiaceae Moringa olivaefera Munaga Moringaceae Muntingia calabura Wild cherry Elaeocarpaceae Parkinsonia aculeata Jeeluga Mimosaceae Peltophorum pterocarpum Konda chinta Caesalpiniaceae Pergularia daemia * Dustapa teega Asclepiadaceae Phoenix sylvestris Eetha Araceae Phyllanthus emblica Usiri Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus reticulates* Pulasari / Puliseru Euphorbiaceae Pithecellobium dulce Seema chinta Mimosaceae Plumeria alba Tella devaganneru Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra Erra devaganneru Apocynaceae Polyalthia longifolia Ashoka Annonaceae Polyalthia pendula Asoka Annonaceae Pongamia pinnata Ganuga Fabaceae Prosopis juliflora* English tumma Mimosaceae Prosopis spicigera Jammi chettu Mimosaceae Rauwolfia tetraphylla Bara Chandrika Apocynaceae Samanea saman Nidrabhangi Mimosaceae Sapindus emarginatus Kunkundu Sapindaceae Spathodea companulata Flame of the forest Bignoniaceae Sterculia foetida Adavi badam Sterculiaceae Syzigium cumini Neradu Myrtaceae Tamarindus indica Chinta Caesalpiniaceae Tecoma stanns Patcha turai Bignoniaceae Tectona grandis Teak / Teku Verbenaceae

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Latin name Vernacular name Family Terenna asiatica Kommi Rubiaceae Terminalia arjuna Tella maddi Combretaceae Thespecia populnea Ganga Raavi Malvaceae Tylophora indica Kukkapala teega Asclepiadaceae Vitex negundo* Vaavili Verbenaceae Wattakaka volubilis * Tummudu teega Asclepiadaceae Ziziphus numularia* Gotti Rhamnaceae Ziziphus rugosus Regu Rhamnaceae

Table 3.29 List of Grasses and Sedges found in the Study area (Present in the core area are marked by a superscript) Scientific name Family Importance Alloteropsis cimicina Poaceae Fodder Andropogon jwarancusa Poaceae Fodder grass Aristida depressa * Poaceae Fodder Aristida hystrix * Poaceae Fodder in early stages Aristida setacea* Poaceae Used for making brooms Bothriochloa pertusa* Poaceae Fodder grass Brachiaria cruciformis Poaceae Fodder grass Brachiaria distachya Poaceae Fodder grass Brachiaria mutica Poaceae Fodder grass Brachiaria reptens* Poaceae Fodder grass Bulbostylis barbata* Cyperaceae Fodder Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Fodder grass Chloris barbata* Poaceae Fodder grass Chloris montana Poaceae Fodder grass Chrysopogon fulvus* Poaceae Fodder grass Cymbopogon coloratus * Poaceae Aromatic non palatable perennial grass Cymbopogon caesius Poaceae Aromatic non palatable perennial grass Cynodon dactylon* Poaceae Palatable fodder and soil binder Cyperus aristatus Cyperaceae Palatable sedge Cyperus iria Cyperaceae Palatable sedge Cyperus rotundus * Cyperaceae Nut grass, a notorious weed Dactyloctnium aegyptium * Poaceae Palatable fodder and soil binder Dactyloctnium aristatam Poaceae Palatable fodder and soil binder Dichanthium annulatum* Poaceae Palatable fodder gass Dichanthium caricosum Poaceae Palatable fodder gass Digitaria abludens Poaceae Palatable fodder grass

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Scientific name Family Importance Digitaria bicornis Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Digitaria ciliaris * Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Digitaria setigera Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Digitaria tomentosa* Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Dinebra retroflexa * Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Echinochloa colona * Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eleusine indica Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eragrostis ciliaris * Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eragrostis gangetica Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eragrostis maderaspatana Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eragrostis pilosa Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eragrostis tenella * Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eragrostis tenuifolia Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Eremopogon faveolatus * Poaceae Palatable fodder grass Fimbristylis acuminata Cyperaceae Fodder Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Fodder Heteropogon contortus * Poaceae Fodder when young Iseilema laxum * Poaceae Fodder grass Iseilema prostratum * Poaceae Fodder grass Kyllinga triceps* Cyperaceae Fodder Leptochloa chinensis* Poaceae Fodder grass Oryza sativa Poaceae Paddy Panicum miliaceum Poaceae Fodder grass Panicum miliare Poaceae Fodder grass Panicum montanum Poaceae Fodder grass Panicum psilopodium * Poaceae Fodder grass Panicum repens* Poaceae Fodder grass Panicum typheron* Poaceae Fodder grass Paspalidium flavidum Poaceae Fodder grass Paspalum scrobiculatum Poaceae Fodder grass Pennisetum typhoides* Poaceae Grown as a minor millet Perotis indica* Poaceae Fodder grass Scirpus barbatus Cyperaceae Fodder Scirpus chinensis Cyperaceae Fodder Scirpus squarrosus Cyperaceae Fodder Setaria intermedia Poaceae Fodder grass Setaria italica Poaceae Fodder grass Setaria tomentosa Poaceae Fodder grass Sporobolus diander Poaceae Fodder grass

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Scientific name Family Importance Sporobolus indicus * Poaceae Fodder grass Tragus biflorus* Poaceae Fodder grass Urochloa panicoides* Poaceae Fodder grass Urochloa reptans Poaceae Fodder grass

Table 3.30 List of Herbaceous plant resources found in the Study area during rainy season (Present in the core area are marked by a superscript) Name of species Family Importance Abelmoschus esculentus Malvaceae Vegetable Abrus precatorius * Fabaceae Medicinal Abutilon crispum Malvaceae Non palatable weed Abutilon indicum * Malvaceae Non palatable weed Acalypha indica * Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Acalypha lanceolata Euphorbiaceae Non palatable weed Acalypha paniculata Euphorbiaceae Non palatable weed Achyranthes aspera * Amaranthaceae Medicinal Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Medicinal Aerva lanata * Amaranthaceae Medicinal Aerva tomentosa* Amaranthaceae Medicinal Ageratum conyzoides * Asteraceae Non palatable weed Aloe barbadensis Liliaceae Leaf fiber and soil binder Aloe vera Liliaceae Medicinal Alternanthera pungens * Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetable Alternanthera traindra Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetable Alysicarpus longifolius Fabaceae Fodder legume Alysicarpus monilifer * Fabaceae Fodder legume Alysicarpus vaginalis Fabaceae Fodder legume Amaranthus polygamus Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetable Amaranthus spinosus * Amaranthaceae Non palatable weed Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthaceae Grown as an ornamental Amaranthus viridis * Amaranthaceae Non palatable weed Ammania baccifera* Lythraceae Medicinal Andrographis echioides * Acanthaceae Fodder Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Medicinal Antigonon leptopus Polygalaceae Wild ornamental climber Argemone mexicana* Papaveraceae Medicinal Aristolochia bracteata Aristolochiaceae Medicinal Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Medicinal

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Name of species Family Importance Aschynomene indica * Fabaceae Fodder legume Asystasia gangetica* Acanthaceae Medicinal Barleria cristata* Acanthaceae Wild prickly ornamental Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae Grown as an ornamental Biophytum sensitivum* Geraniaceae Medicinal Blepharis repens* Acanthaceae Fodder Blepharis molluginifolia Acanthaceae Fodder Blumea virens * Asteraceae Non palatable winter weed Boerhaavia chinensis Nyctaginaceae Fodder Boerhaavia diffusa* Nyctaginaceae Medicinal Borreria hispida* Rubiaceae Fodder Cajanus cajan Fabaceae Red gram Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae Chillies Cassia occidentalis* Caesalpinaceae Non palatable legume Cassia tora* Caesalpinaceae Non palatable legume Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae Medicinal Catharanthus roseus Apocyanaceae Medicinal Celosia cristata* Amaranthaceae Fodder Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Medicinal Cissus quadrangularis* Ampelidaceae Medicinal Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Medicinal Citrullus vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Edible fruit Cleome aspera* Capparidaceae Non-palatable weed with medicinal properties Cleome gynandra* Capparidaceae Non-palatable weed with medicinal properties Cleome monophylla Capparidaceae Non-palatable weed with medicinal properties Non- Cleome viscosa* Capparidaceae Non-palatable weed with medicinal properties Clitoria ternatea* Fabaceae Medicinal Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal Commelina benghalensis* Commelinaceae Fodder Commelina undulata Commelinaceae Fodder Conyza stricta Asteraceae Non-palatable weed Corchorus aestuaans* Tiliaceae Fodder Corchorus tridens Tiliaceae Fodder Corchorus trilocularis* Tiliaceae Fodder Coriandrum sativum Umbelliferae Coriander leaves and fruits are

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Name of species Family Importance edible

Cosmos bipinnatus Asteraceae Ornamental Cressa cretica* Convolvulaceae Non-palatable weed Crinum asiaticum Amaryllidaceae Ornamental Crotalaria medicaginea Fabaceae Medicinal Crotalaria paniculta Fabaceae Medicinal Crotalaria prostrate* Fabaceae Fodder Crotalaria verrucosa * Fabaceae Medicinal Croton bonplandianum* Euphorbiaceae Non-palatable weed Cuscuta chinensis Lythraceae Stem parasite Cyanotis axillare* Commelinaceae Weed Cyanotis cristata * Commelinaceae Weed Datura innoxia Solanaceae Medicinal Datura metel Solanaceae Medicinal Desmodium gangeticum Fabaceae Non palatable weed Desmodium triflorum * Fabaceae Palatable weed Digera arvensis* Amaranthaceae Palatable fodder and Medicinal Dolichos biflorus Fabaceae Palatable fodder Dolichos lablab Fabaceae Horse gram Duranta repens Verbenaceae Grown as a hedge plant Eclipta alba * Asteraceae Medicinal Eclipta prostrata* Asteraceae Medicinal Emilia sonchifolia * Asteraceae Winter weed Enicostemma Gentianaceae Medicinal hyssopifolium* Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae Ornamental Euphorbia hirta* Euphorbiaceae Fodder Euphorbia pulcherrima Euphorbiaceae Ornamental Euphorbia thymifolia * Euphorbiaceae Fodder Evolvulus alsinoides * Convolvulaceae Medicinal and fodder Evolvulus nummularis Convolvulaceae Fodder Glycine javanica Fabaceae Medicinal Gomphrena decumbens Amaranthaceae Fodder Gomphrena globosa * Amaranthaceae Fodder Gossypium arboretum Malvaceae Cotton Gossypium barbadense Malvaceae Cotton Gossypium herbaceum Malvaceae Cotton Heliotropium Boraginaceae Medicinal curassavicum

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Name of species Family Importance Heliotropium indicum * Boraginaceae Medicinal Heliotropium ovalifolium Boraginaceae Weed Hibiscus micranthus * Malvaceae Medicinal and ornamental Hyptis suaveolens* Lamiaceae Non-palatable aggressive weed with medicinal properties Impatiens balsamiana Balsamiaceae Ornamental Indigofera enneaphylla* Fabaceae Palatable legume Indigofera linifolia * Fabaceae Palatable legume Indigofera prostrata Fabaceae Palatable legume Indigofera pulchella Fabaceae Non-palatable legume Indigofera viscose Fabaceae Non-palatable legume Ipomea nil Convolvulaceae Twining shrub in forests Ipomea purpurea * Convolvulaceae Perennial semi aquatic weed Ipomoea eriocarpa Convolvulaceae Slender climber Ipomoea angulata Convolvulaceae Perennial semi aquatic weed Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Large perennial shrub Jasminum grandiflorum Oleaceae Ornamental with scented flowers Jasminum rigidum Oleaceae Ornamental with scented flowers Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Ornamental with scented flowers Jatropha gossypifolia * Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Justica glauca Acanthaceae Common and grazed Justica micrantha Acanthaceae Common and grazed Justica procumbens* Acanthaceae Common and grazed Justica prostrata Acanthaceae Common and grazed Justica simplex* Acanthaceae Common and grazed Justica trinervia Acanthaceae Common and grazed Leucas aspera * Lamiaceae Medicinal weed Leucas hirta Lamiaceae Weed Leucas lanata Lamiaceae Weed Malvastrum Malvaceae Non palatable weed coromandelianum* Marremia emarginata Convolvulaceae Soil binding runner Merremia tridentata * Convolvulaceae Medicinal Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Medicinal Mollugo nudicaulis * Aizoaceae Ruderal Mollugo pentaphylla Aizoaceae Ruderal Neptunia indicum Mimosaceae Weed Neptunia triquetra* Mimosaceae Weed Ocimum americanum* Lamiaceae Aromatic medicinal

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Name of species Family Importance Ocimum basillicum Lamiaceae Aromatic medicinal Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae Aromatic medicinal Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Aromatic medicinal Oldenlandia corymbosa* Rubiaceae Fodder Oldenlandia herbaceae* Rubiaceae Fodder Oldenlandia umbellate* Rubiaceae Fodder Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Fodder and vegetable Oxalis latifolia * Oxalidaceae Fodder and vegetable Parthenium Asteraceae Notorious allergic weed hysterophorus* Peristrophe bicalyculata* Acanthaceae Weed Phaseolus aconitifolius* Fabaceae Fodder legume Phaseolus sublobatus Fabaceae Fodder legume Phaseolus trilobus* Fabaceae Fodder legume Phyllanthus amarus* Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Phyllanthus simplex* Euphorbiaceae Fodder Phyllathus Euphorbiaceae Fodder maderaspatensis* Physalis minima* Solanaceae Fodder and medicinal Polycarpaea corymbosa* Caryophyllaceae Medicinal Polygala chinensis* Polygalaceae Medicinal Polygala eiroptera* Polygalaceae Fodder Polygala elongate Polygalaceae Fodder Polygala persicariaefolia Polygalaceae Medicinal Portulaca grandiflora Portulacaceae Ornamental Portulaca oleraceae Portulacaceae Ornamental Portulaca quadrifida Portulacaceae Fodder Rhynchosia mimima* Fabaceae Slender palatable climber Rhynchosia suaveolens* Fabaceae Non-palatable legume Rothia trifoliata* Fabaceae Fodder Ruellia tuberosa* Acanthaceae Very widespread plant with attractive flowers Rungia repens* Acanthaceae Fodder Sanseveria roxburghiana Liliaceae Medicinal Scilla indica* Liliaceae Non-edible bulbs Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Medicinal Senna uniflora* Caesalpiniaceae Most abundant weed Sesbania aculeate* Fabaceae Green manure Sesbania procumbens* Fabaceae Green manure

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Name of species Family Importance Sida acuta Malvaceae Non-palatable weed Sida cordifolia* Malvaceae Non-palatable weed Sida rhombifolia* Malvaceae Non-palatable weed Solanum anguivi Solanaceae Medicinal Solanum melongena Solanaceae Wild egg plant – medicinal Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Egg plant – vegetable Solanum xanthocarpum* Solanaceae Medicinal Sonchus arvensis* Asteraceae Winter annual Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae Winter annual Sphaeranthus indicus* Asteraceae Medicinal Striga angustifolia* Scrophulariaceae Partial root parasite Striga asiatica* Scrophulariaceae Partial root parasite Tephrosia hirta* Fabaceae Non-palatable legume Tephrosia procumbens* Fabaceae Non-palatable legume Tephrosia roxburghiana Fabaceae Non-palatable legume Tragia involucrata * Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Trainthema Ficoidaceae Fodder and vegetable portulacastrum* Trianthema triquetra* Ficoidaceae Medicinal Tribulus terrestris* Zygophyllaceae Medicinal Trichodesma indicum* Boraginaceae Medicinal Tridax procumbens* Asteraceae Medicinal Triumfetta pilosa Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Triumfetta rhomboidea* Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Uraria picta Fabaceae Medicinal Urginea congesta* Liliaceae Common weed of shady places Urginea coromandeliana Liliaceae Common weed of shady places Waltheria indica* Sterculiaceae Non-palatable weed Withania somnifera Solanaceae Medicinal Xanthium strumarium* Asteraceae Medicinal Zinnia elegans Asteraceae Ornamental Zornia gibbosa* Fabaceae Fodder

Table 3.31 List of Vertebrates other than Birds found in and around the Study Area. (REET category is indicated by *) Common name Scientific name Local name MAMMALS House shrew Suncus murinus tytleri Chuchu

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Savi pygmy shrew Suncus etruscus micronyx Chuchu Wild boar Sus scrofa Adavi Pandi Three striped squirr Funambulus palmarum Udatha Common Indian rat Rattus rattus refescens Yeluka Common Indian rat Rattus rattus gangutrianus Yeluka Home mouse Mus musculus tytleri Yeluka Mouse Mus musculus homeurus Yeluka Common Indian field mouse Mus booduga Yeluka Indian bush rat Golunda ellioti myothrix Yeluka Bandicoot rat Nosokia indica indica Pandi kokku Large bandicoot rat Bandicota indica Pandi kokku Short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx Gabbilam Indian pygmy pipistrelle Pipistrellus mimus mimus Gabbilam Greater yellow bat Scotophillus heathi heathi Gabbilam Long-eared bat Plecotus auritus homochrous Gabbilam Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatia Kothi Common red fox Vulpes vulpes montana Nakka Asiatic jackal Canis aureus Gunta Nakka Indian gray mongoose Herpestes edwardsinyula Mungeesa REPTILES Chameleon Chameleon zeylanicus Oosaravelli Cobra Naja naja Naagu paamu Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus Katla paamu Common Indian Monitor Varanus bengalensis* Udumu Garden lizard Calotes versicolor Thonda Giant Blind Snake Typhlops diardii Rendu talala paamu Rat snake Ptyas mucosa / Tripidonatus Jerri pothu pisactor Russell‟s viper Vipera russseli Rakta pinjari Saw scaled viper Echis carinatus Pinjari Slender Blind Snake Typhlops porrectus --- Indian wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis Balli Tree Snake Chrysopelea taprobanica Pasirika paamu Whip Snake Dryphis nasutus --- AMPHIBIANS Green Pond Frog Rana hexadactyla. Kappa Common Indian Toad Bufo melonosticatus Toad Tiger Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Kappa (Rana tigerina) Tree Frog Hyla arboria Chettu kappa

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Table 3.32 Avian Fauna of the Study Area (Radius of 15 Km) Migratory Status: LM = Local migrant; BR = Breeding; R = Resident; WM = Winter migant; & SLM = Summer local migrant Abundance Status: C = Common; UC = Uncommon; O = Occasional & R = Rare. Scientific Name Common Name Family Migrato Abundan ry ce Status Status Milvus migrans Black kite Accipitridae R, BR C Alcedo atthis Smallblue kingfisher Alcedinidae R, BR C Halcyon smyrnensis White-Breasted King Alcedinidae R, BR C fisher Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Ardeidae R, BR C Egretta garzetta Little egret Ardeidae LM C Megalaima Copper smith Barbet Capitonidae R, BR R haemacephala Vanellus indicus Red-wattled lapwing Charadriidae R, BR C Prinia inornata Plain prinia Cisticolidae R, BR O Columba livia Blue rock pigeon Columbidae R C Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove Columbidae R, BR C Streptopelia Red Collared-Dove Columbidae R C tranquebarica Streptopelia Little brown dove Columbidae R, BR C Senegalensis Coracias Indian roller Coraciidae R, BR C benghalensis Corvus splendens House crow Corvidae R, BR C Dendrocitta Indian tree pie Corvidae R, BR O vagabunda Eudynamys scolopace Asian koel Cuculidae R, BR C Dicaeum Tickell's flower Dicaeidae R, BR C erythrorhynchos pecker Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo Dicruridae R, BR C Aegithinia tiphia Common Iora Irenidae LM O Hydrophasianus Pheasant tailed Jacanidae LM, BR UC chrugus Jacana Merops orientalis Small Bee eater Meropidae LM, BR C Motacilla alba White wagtail Motacillidae LM C Motacilla flava Yellow wagtail Motacillidae SLM C Motacilla Large pied wagtail Motacillidae LM UC

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Table 3.33 List of Aquatic / Semi Aquatic Macrophytes found along the borders of the Tanks and Ponds around the study area. Latin name Family Status Alternanthera philoxeroides Solanaceae Predominant occasionally Azolla pinnata Azollaceae Scattered and common Brachiaria mutica Poaceae Sporadic

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Centella asiatica Apiaceae In localized patches Chrysopogon aciculatus Poaceae Occasional Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Extensive and widespread Cyperus exaltatus Cyperaceae Locally abundant Echinochloa colona Poaceae Occasional Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocharitaceae Prevalent Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Extensive and widespread Ludwigia perennis Onagraceae Occasional Marsilia quadrifoliata Marsiliaceae Very common Pteridophyte Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbiaceae Very common Nymphaea nauchali Nympheaceae Widely scattered Nymphoides indica Nympheaceae Scattered Ottelia alismoides Hydrocharitaceace Widely scattered Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Occasional Phragmites karka Cyperaceae Dominant along boundaries Pistia stratoides Araceae Widespread Typha angustata Typhaceae Extensive and widespread Vallisneria spiralis Hydrocharitaceae Widespread Table 3.34 List of Fishes either caught by the Fisherman or reported from the Study Area Common name Latin name Catla Catla catla Rohu Labeo rohita Murrel Channa striatus Murrel Channa punctatus Wallago Wallago attu Cat fish Mystus vittatus Cat fish Hetyeropneustes fossilis Spiny eel Mastecembalus armatus Prawn Macrobrachium rosenberghii Prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii Giant prech Lates calcarifer Silonia Silonia silonia Pearl spot Etroplus suratensis Indian Mottled Eel Anguilla bengalensis Gobids Glossogobius giuris Gobids Platycephalus sp. Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala Tilapia Oreochromis aureus Tilapia Tilapia rendalli

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3.10 Land use Land cover details of the Study Area

The details of the various types of landuses present in the study area are given Table 3.35 and Landuse & Land cover map is given as Figure 3.13, Map showing drainage network, villages, roads is shown as Figure 3.14 and Digitial Elevation model is given as Figure 3.15. Table 3.35 Land utilization of Study Area Sl.No Particulars Area in hectares 1 Air Port 303.2385 2 Agricultural Land 2570.3580 3 Dense Forest 1039.3996 4 Habitation 8430.7190 5 Harvested Land 1570.3531 6 Industrial Area 698.2389 7 Open Forest 1539.1144 8 Others 308.6037 9 Plantation 608.7824 10 Rocky Area 934.6262 11 Runn way 39.8373 12 Scrub Land 2133.2758 13 Scrub with Land 1700.2408 14 Vacant Land 6144.6927 15 Waste Land 1654.3718 16 River 250.3500 17 Water Body 208.9241 Total 30135.1263

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Figure 3.13 Land Use Map

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Figure 3.14 Map showing Drainage, Villagez, Roads of the study area

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Figure 3.15 Digital Elevation Map

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3.10 Socio-Economic Environment

The methodology adopted in the assessment of socio-economic condition is given below:

To evaluate the parameters in the assessment of socio-economic conditions of the population Analysis of the identified social attributes like population distribution, sex ratio, literacy rate, occupational structure, availability of public utilities etc, through literature like District Census Handbook.

The major part of study area of the proposed project falls in Jawaharnagar village of Ranga Reddy District. The total number of house holds is 18614 and total population as per census of 2001 is 86457. However for every 1000 number of males there are 940 females. The literates in the study area are 43094 consisting of around 50%. The SC and ST population in the area are 6304 (7.29%) and 7714 (8.92%) of the total population.

The total number of workers in the study area is 25077 coming to 29.01% most of the population in the study area belongs to the category of Main workers, which includes Cultivators, Agriculture Labourers, workers those engaged in Household industries, Construction activities, Forestry and other allied activities.

Main sources of water supply are wells, hand pumps, ponds/cheruvus and taps in few villages. Market facilities are available in few villages. Communication facilities in the villages are quite good with all villages having Branch Post offices, Telephone facility. Police stations exist in all Taluks. The nearest habitions located in 1-2 km radius are shown in Figure 3.14.

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Figure 3.16 Habitions located in 2km radius –with population details

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Table 3.36 Socio Economic Details of the Study Area – Census 2001 Name of the village 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Turkapalle 741 3591 1859 1732 556 278 278 485 249 Kothur 666 3219 1647 1572 429 210 219 876 440 Anantharam 243 1265 620 645 179 91 88 178 92 Narayanpur 145 665 319 346 96 41 55 195 91 Lakshimapur 439 2375 1202 1173 375 184 191 490 251 Mooduchintalapalle 337 1542 783 759 231 125 106 449 226 Potharam 120 557 287 270 74 39 35 111 49 Lingapur 96 533 269 264 101 48 53 20 9 Kesavaram 451 2025 1018 1007 241 123 118 130 63 Sampanbole 339 1505 805 700 224 116 108 244 130 Lalgadimalakpet 1181 5369 2666 2703 870 426 444 1243 605 Aliabad 912 4504 2451 2053 640 320 320 298 155 Majidpur 336 1465 800 665 234 129 105 350 182 Shamirpet 1506 7769 4171 3598 1241 669 572 1428 756 Mandaipalle 83 450 232 218 54 34 20 3 2 Pothaipalle 267 1322 675 647 210 110 100 376 198 Devaryamjal 1647 7884 4015 3869 1061 539 522 1618 785 Thumkunta 893 4199 2189 2010 654 352 302 457 232 Jawaharnagar 4811 20810 10637 10173 3297 1695 1602 4135 2124 Antaipalle 94 392 200 192 39 18 21 98 44 Bomraspet 625 2544 1325 1219 381 207 174 693 344 Jaggamguda 405 1867 949 918 289 139 150 216 112 Ponnal 442 2051 1040 1011 266 148 118 310 160 Adraspalle 378 1952 1003 949 307 165 142 344 170 Nagisettipalle 108 442 223 219 40 18 22 76 38 Uddemarri 474 2316 1193 1123 307 165 142 544 285 Hoshyarpalle 106 422 210 212 65 31 34 43 20 Kesavapur 237 1090 553 537 150 77 73 209 101 Alwal (M+OG) 266 1166 602 564 181 86 95 6 2 Singaipalle 266 1166 602 564 181 86 95 6 2 Total 18614 86457 44545 41912 12973 6669 6304 15631 7917 Cont

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Name of the village 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Turkapalle 236 179 95 84 1622 1017 605 1969 842 Kothur 436 26 11 15 1231 790 441 1988 857 Anantharam 86 2 1 1 554 349 205 711 271 Narayanpur 104 0 0 0 299 180 119 366 139 Lakshimapur 239 189 92 97 888 571 317 1487 631 Mooduchintalapalle 223 0 0 0 595 381 214 947 402 Potharam 62 5 3 2 247 160 87 310 127 Lingapur 11 493 251 242 138 95 43 395 174 Kesavaram 67 37 16 21 917 559 358 1108 459 Sampanbole 114 10 8 2 710 454 256 795 351 Lalgadimalakpet 638 47 23 24 2540 1518 1022 2829 1148 Aliabad 143 29 17 12 2890 1804 1086 1614 647 Majidpur 168 22 12 10 666 453 213 799 347 Shamirpet 672 64 38 26 3915 2466 1449 3854 1705 Mandaipalle 1 0 0 0 176 107 69 274 125 Pothaipalle 178 13 8 5 728 428 300 594 247 Devaryamjal 833 136 69 67 4607 2719 1888 3277 1296 Thumkunta 225 118 70 48 2046 1252 794 2153 937 Jawaharnagar 2011 242 124 118 10922 6329 4593 9888 4308 Antaipalle 54 0 0 0 224 134 90 168 66 Bomraspet 349 15 7 8 1238 765 473 1306 560 Jaggamguda 104 20 11 9 812 536 276 1055 413 Ponnal 150 14 8 6 929 564 365 1122 476 Adraspalle 174 15 9 6 633 412 221 1319 591 Nagisettipalle 38 0 0 0 275 170 105 167 53 Uddemarri 259 11 4 7 1128 713 415 1188 480 Hoshyarpalle 23 7 4 3 174 110 64 248 100 Kesavapur 108 0 0 0 518 335 183 572 218 Alwal (M+OG) 4 9 4 5 736 444 292 430 158 Singaipalle 4 9 4 5 736 444 292 430 158 Total 7714 1712 889 823 43094 26259 16835 43363 18286 Cont

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Name of the village 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Turkapalle 1127 1647 1025 622 1493 943 550 244 167 Kothur 1131 1745 977 768 1409 829 580 255 159 Anantharam 440 637 347 290 266 207 59 139 116 Narayanpur 227 373 202 171 150 94 56 47 29 Lakshimapur 856 1240 685 555 1074 674 400 267 179 Mooduchintalapalle 545 735 442 293 461 291 170 75 58 Potharam 183 315 182 133 300 179 121 154 99 Lingapur 221 297 155 142 296 154 142 24 22 Kesavaram 649 921 562 359 734 477 257 152 116 Sampanbole 444 688 446 242 615 420 195 88 55 Lalgadimalakpet 1681 2513 1500 1013 2313 1406 907 334 209 Aliabad 967 2006 1493 513 1657 1364 293 233 158 Majidpur 452 790 514 276 723 508 215 91 63 Shamirpet 2149 3419 2192 1227 3318 2159 1159 645 375 Mandaipalle 149 293 158 135 293 158 135 185 90 Pothaipalle 347 548 381 167 471 366 105 62 52 Devaryamjal 1981 2991 2090 901 2619 1898 721 353 274 Thumkunta 1216 1750 1151 599 1607 1097 510 151 110 Jawaharnagar 5580 7601 5621 1980 6449 4994 1455 141 92 Antaipalle 102 173 120 53 161 119 42 4 3 Bomraspet 746 1340 769 571 993 674 319 302 184 Jaggamguda 642 847 539 308 835 536 299 149 124 Ponnal 646 1061 639 422 1056 638 418 242 150 Adraspalle 728 1082 571 511 712 390 322 373 197 Nagisettipalle 114 235 131 104 225 121 104 78 41 Uddemarri 708 1187 661 526 924 540 384 193 109 Hoshyarpalle 148 256 144 112 227 136 91 59 41 Kesavapur 354 538 302 236 523 295 228 304 175 Alwal (M+OG) 272 677 362 315 331 293 38 0 0 Singaipalle 272 677 362 315 331 293 38 0 0 Total 25077 38582 24723 13859 32566 22253 10313 5344 3447 Cont

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Name of the village 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Turkapalle 77 760 373 387 46 30 16 443 373 Kothur 96 627 331 296 44 21 23 483 318 Anantharam 23 28 13 15 1 1 0 98 77 Narayanpur 18 62 35 27 5 1 4 36 29 Lakshimapur 88 609 339 270 21 10 11 177 146 Mooduchintalapalle 17 268 145 123 6 3 3 112 85 Potharam 55 114 57 57 16 11 5 16 12 Lingapur 2 272 132 140 0 0 0 0 0 Kesavaram 36 127 43 84 22 9 13 433 309 Sampanbole 33 54 25 29 4 4 0 469 336 Lalgadimalakpet 125 881 395 486 98 53 45 1000 749 Aliabad 75 433 373 60 57 43 14 934 790 Majidpur 28 174 94 80 2 2 0 456 349 Shamirpet 270 1146 574 572 72 49 23 1455 1161 Mandaipalle 95 77 42 35 1 0 1 30 26 Pothaipalle 10 66 23 43 19 11 8 324 280 Devaryamjal 79 756 378 378 80 56 24 1430 1190 Thumkunta 41 330 136 194 26 15 11 1100 836 Jawaharnagar 49 178 100 78 275 177 98 5855 4625 Antaipalle 1 129 90 39 0 0 0 28 26 Bomraspet 118 365 240 125 127 78 49 199 172 Jaggamguda 25 327 102 225 2 1 1 357 309 Ponnal 92 599 316 283 5 2 3 210 170 Adraspalle 176 134 51 83 17 8 9 188 134 Nagisettipalle 37 80 31 49 2 0 2 65 49 Uddemarri 84 347 130 217 21 9 12 363 292 Hoshyarpalle 18 41 12 29 4 2 2 123 81 Kesavapur 129 94 20 74 2 0 2 123 100 Alwal (M+OG) 0 3 2 1 33 20 13 295 271 Singaipalle 0 3 2 1 33 20 13 295 271 Total 1897 9084 4604 4480 1041 636 405 17097 13566 Cont

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Name of the village 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Turkapalle 70 154 82 72 0 0 0 20 3 Kothur 165 336 148 188 11 5 6 297 120 Anantharam 21 371 140 231 10 3 7 324 117 Narayanpur 7 223 108 115 31 16 15 143 56 Lakshimapur 31 166 11 155 4 0 4 145 7 Mooduchintalapalle 27 274 151 123 6 2 4 215 105 Potharam 4 15 3 12 4 0 4 5 1 Lingapur 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kesavaram 124 187 85 102 4 4 0 86 18 Sampanbole 133 73 26 47 7 3 4 38 7 Lalgadimalakpet 251 200 94 106 14 10 4 118 37 Aliabad 144 349 129 220 14 8 6 177 40 Majidpur 107 67 6 61 2 2 0 59 2 Shamirpet 294 101 33 68 32 12 20 38 7 Mandaipalle 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pothaipalle 44 77 15 62 5 1 4 52 1 Devaryamjal 240 372 192 180 18 5 13 166 49 Thumkunta 264 143 54 89 7 4 3 80 23 Jawaharnagar 1230 1152 627 525 33 17 16 102 38 Antaipalle 2 12 1 11 0 0 0 10 0 Bomraspet 27 347 95 252 29 9 20 222 38 Jaggamguda 48 12 3 9 0 0 0 7 0 Ponnal 40 5 1 4 1 1 0 4 0 Adraspalle 54 370 181 189 7 4 3 275 109 Nagisettipalle 16 10 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 Uddemarri 71 263 121 142 6 2 4 119 27 Hoshyarpalle 42 29 8 21 8 3 5 20 4 Kesavapur 23 15 7 8 0 0 0 9 3 Alwal (M+OG) 24 346 69 277 3 2 1 31 13 Singaipalle 24 346 69 277 3 2 1 31 13 Total 3531 6016 2470 3546 259 115 144 2795 840 Cont

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Name of the village 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Turkapalle 17 0 0 0 134 79 55 1944 834 1110 Kothur 177 2 2 0 26 21 5 1474 670 804 Anantharam 207 10 3 7 27 17 10 628 273 355 Narayanpur 87 3 1 2 46 35 11 292 117 175 Lakshimapur 138 3 0 3 14 4 10 1135 517 618 Mooduchintalapalle 110 0 0 0 53 44 9 807 341 466 Potharam 4 6 2 4 0 0 0 242 105 137 Lingapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 236 114 122 Kesavaram 68 10 0 10 87 63 24 1104 456 648 Sampanbole 31 3 3 0 25 13 12 817 359 458 Lalgadimalakpet 81 11 3 8 57 44 13 2856 1166 1690 Aliabad 137 33 8 25 125 73 52 2498 958 1540 Majidpur 57 0 0 0 6 2 4 675 286 389 Shamirpet 31 4 0 4 27 14 13 4350 1979 2371 Mandaipalle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 157 74 83 Pothaipalle 51 1 1 0 19 12 7 774 294 480 Devaryamjal 117 4 2 2 184 136 48 4893 1925 2968 Thumkunta 57 8 0 8 48 27 21 2449 1038 1411 Jawaharnagar 64 107 57 50 910 515 395 13209 5016 8193 Antaipalle 10 0 0 0 2 1 1 219 80 139 Bomraspet 184 53 27 26 43 21 22 1204 556 648 Jaggamguda 7 0 0 0 5 3 2 1020 410 610 Ponnal 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 990 401 589 Adraspalle 166 4 1 3 84 67 17 870 432 438 Nagisettipalle 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 207 92 115 Uddemarri 92 30 0 30 108 92 16 1129 532 597 Hoshyarpalle 16 0 0 0 1 1 0 166 66 100 Kesavapur 6 0 0 0 6 4 2 552 251 301 Alwal (M+OG) 18 266 26 240 46 28 18 489 240 249 Singaipalle 18 266 26 240 46 28 18 489 240 249 Total 1955 824 162 662 2138 1353 785 47875 19822 28053 Cont

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1. Number of House holds 29. Main Agricultural Labourers – Total 2. Total Population 30. Main Agricultural Labourers - Male 3. Total Male Population 31. Main Agricultural Labourers – Female 4. Total Female Population 32. Main House Hold - Total 5. Population age group 0-6 33. Main House Hold – Male 6. Male Population age group 0-6 34. Main House Hold – Female 7. Female Population age group 0-6 35. Main Others - Total 8. Schedule caste – Total 36. Main Others - Male 9. Schedule caste – Male 37. Main Others - Female 10. Schedule Caste – Female 38. Marginal workers – Total 11. Schedule Tribe – Total 39. Marginal workers – Male 12. Schedule Tribe – Male 40. Marginal workers – Female 13. Schedule Tribe – Female 41. Marginal Cultivators - Total 14. Literates – Total 42. Marginal Cultivators – Male 15. Literates – Male 43. Marginal Cultivators – Female 16. Literates – Female 44. Marginal Agricultural Labourers - Total 17. Illiterates – Total 45. Marginal Agricultural Labourers – Male 18. Illiterates – Male 46. Marginal Agricultural Labourers – Female 19. Illiterates – Female 47. Marginal House Hold - Total 20. Total Workers 48. Marginal House Hold - Male 21. Total Workers – Male 49. Marginal House Hold – Female 22. Total Workers – Female 50. Marginal Others – Total 23. Main Workers – Total 51. Marginal Others – Male 24. Main workers – Male 52. Marginal Others - Female 25. Main Workers – Female 53. Non workers – Total 26. Main Cultivators – Total 54. Non Workers – Male 27. Main Cultivators – Male 55. Non Workers – Female 28. Main Cultivators – Female

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CHAPTER-4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES 4

4.1 Identification of Impacts

Any developmental activity in its wake will bring about some impacts associated with its origin, which can be broadly classified as reversible, irreversible, long and short-term impacts. In this chapter, an endeavor has been made to identify various environmental impacts associated with the operation of facility and other activities wherein, there may be a chance of pollution.

Based on the possible worst case emissions and waste generation from the proposed project and also taking into consideration the baseline environmental status at the proposed project site, the environmental factors that are likely to be affected (Impacts) are identified, quantified and assessed. Both instrumental (positive) and detrimental (negative) impacts are accounted for this purpose. The prediction of impacts helps in the preparation of a sound environmental management plan which has to be executed during the on-going activities for the proposed project to minimize the adverse impacts on the environmental quality.

A large number of adverse impacts occur from facility operations. These impacts can be fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles) infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles) pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure) off-gassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills. Mathematical models were used to quantitatively describe the cause-effect relationships between the sources of pollution and different components of environment.

4.2 Methodology

The potential impacts on the environment from the improvement of the existing Solid Waste Management Facility are identified based on the nature of the various activities associated not only with the project implementation and operation, but also on the current status of the environmental quality at the project site.

4.3 Potential Impacts The potential significant environmental impacts associated with the project are grouped as below.

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4.3.1 Air Environment  Impacts on ambient air quality  Impacts on ambient odor  Impacts on ambient noise

4.3.2 Water Environment  Impacts on surface & ground water quality  Impacts on aquatic life

4.3.3 Land Environment  Impacts on land use  Impacts on soil fertility  Impacts on agriculture

4.3.4 Socio Economics  Impacts on infrastructure  Impacts on employment

4.3.5 Indirect Impacts  Impacts on public health and safety  Impacts on aesthetics

4.4 Prediction of Impacts

Prediction of impacts is the most important component in the environmental impact assessment studies. Several scientific techniques and methodologies are available to predict impacts of developmental activities on physico, ecological and socio-economic environments. Such predictions are superimposed over the baseline status of environmental quality to derive the ultimate scenario of environmental conditions. The prediction of impacts helps to prepare the environmental management plan required to be executed during the on-going activities for the project to minimize the adverse impacts on environmental quality.

Mathematical models are the best tools to quantitatively describe the cause- effect relationships between sources of pollution and different components of environment. The mathematical model used for predictions on air quality impact in the present study includes All Terrain Dispersion Models by Trinity Consultants INC, USA. In case of water, land and socio- economic environment, the predictions have been made based on available scientific knowledge and judgments.

The impact assessment is carried out for the following phases and presented in the following paragraphs.

 Impacts during development phase  Impacts during operation phase

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4.4.1 Impacts during Development Phase

Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works, infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities.

The impacts due to above mentioned developmental activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics.

4.1.1 Impact on Air Quality

The principal potential source of air quality impact arising from the establishment/ construction of the proposed project is fugitive dust generation. The dust, measurable as Suspended Particulate Matter and Respirable Suspended Particulates would be generated as a result of construction activities during the construction phase of the projects. The construction program of the projects shall commence immediately after obtaining statutory clearances.

The potential dust sources associated with construction activities are loading and unloading of the materials, top soil removal, travel over unpaved roads and wind erosion etc. The construction works associated with the proposed development are broadly given below.

1. Site development and foundation works 2. Dust generation due to vehicles bringing raw materials 3. Un loading of raw materials, removal of un wanted waste material from site 4. Civil constructions and provision of infrastructure required for various activities proposed

Among all the construction activities, site formation has the highest potential for causing dust nuisance to the nearby air sensitive locations. During the construction of the project, existing houses nearby may be subject to the potential dust impacts.

Exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the construction phase is also likely to result in marginal increase in the levels of SO2, NOX, SPM, CO and un-burnt hydrocarbons. The impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase. The impact is generally confined to the project area and is expected to be negligible outside the plant boundaries.

4.1.2 Mitigation Measures proposed – Air Quality

For the proposed project site levelling and grading will be carried out, where ever possible to maintain the natural elevations they will not be disturbed, only levelling activity will be carried out for providing roads, sewage network, storm water system, and places required for providing buildings for administrative and plant shed erection. According to the engineering

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. assessment; most of the excavated material shall be reused within the project boundary. The movement of cut and fill material will be limited.

Most of the construction dust will be generated from the movement of construction vehicles on unpaved roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also act as a potential source for dust nuisance. The control measures proposed to be taken up are given below. 1. The important dust suppression measures proposed will be regular water sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area, this activity will be carried out at least twice a day, if need arises frequency will be increased on windy days, in this way around 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed surface will be achieved. 2. The duration of stockpiling will be as short as possible as most of the material will be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development. 3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust generation or all around the project site as barrier for dust control. 4. Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings, regular watering will be done, so that the area will be moist for most part of the day. 5. To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighbourhood the external part of the building (administration, canteen, etc) will be covered by plastic sheets

Given the implementation of proper control measures for dust suppression, no adverse impacts are expected and compliance with the Ambient Air Quality is achieved at ASR’s (Air Pollution Sensitive Receivers) at all time.

4.1.3 Impact on Water Quality

The proposed project will involve various construction activities. The following section summarizes the activities likely to be undertaken during the proposed development and describes the potential impacts on water quality from each activity. i) Site formation

Preparation of designated area of land for subsequent development activities involves levelling of the ground surface, removal of vegetation, stockpiling and generation of construction waste. Construction of temporary infrastructure such as drainage culverts may be required. The site formation may produce large quantities of run-off with high suspended solids loading in the absence of appropriate mitigation measures. This potential problem may be aggravated during rainy season. ii)Construction of buildings

In rainy season during the construction phase due to construction of various civil structures site runoff results significant pollution in the receiving water bodies. And washing of various construction equipments will also result in water pollution.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. iii) Site workshop

The used engine oil and lubricants, and their storage as waste materials as the potential to create impacts if spillage occurs. Waste oil may infiltrate into the surface soil layers, or runoff into local watercourses, increasing hydrocarbon levels. Proper precautionary measures should be taken to prevent any spillage of the above materials and their subsequent runoff into the water bodies. iv) Presence of workers

During construction, impacts from the workers include waste and wastewater generated from eating areas, and sewage from temporary sanitary facilities. Sewage is characterized by high levels of BOD, ammonia and E.Coli. Significant water quality impact will happen only if the sewage is discharged directly into the receiving waters without any prior treatment.

4.1.4 Mitigation Measures – Water Quality

During site development necessary precautions will be taken, so that the runoff water from the site gets collected to working pit and if any over flow is, will be diverted to near by greenbelt/ plantation area. During construction activity all the equipments washed water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the suspended solids if any and the settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling on roads to control the dust emission, etc.

4.1.5 Impact of Noise Levels

The major activities, which produce periodic noise, during construction phase, are as follows:  Foundation works  Fabrication of structures  Plant erection  Operation of construction equipment  Movement of vehicles etc

4.1.6 Mitigation Measures – Noise Quality

All noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its requirement. Proper enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever possible the noise generating equipment will be kept away from the human habituation. Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed project would be insignificant. All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless it is required.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

4.1.7 Impacts due to Solid Waste Generation

This category of waste generation in the proposed project is due to different types of raw materials being used during construction stage in general may comprise the following  Cement concrete  Bricks, tiles,  Cement plaster  Steel (RCC, door/ window frames, roofing support, railings of staircase etc)  Rubble, sand, Stone (Marble, granite, sand stone)  Timber/wood  Paints/varnishes

Besides above there are some major and minor components namely conduits, pipes, electrical fixtures, panels, etc. all the above items will be segregated and stored at the site and once the facility established will be process the same in respective treatment facilities within the site.

4.1.8 Mitigation Measures – Solid Waste

The solid waste generated during this period being predominantly inert in nature. Hence maximum effort would be made to reuse and recycle them. The most of the solid waste material can be used for filing/ levelling of low-laying areas with in the site. All attempts should be made to stick to the following measures.

1. All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be provided so that the waste does not get scattered. 2. Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated. 3. Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, levelling, making roads/ pavement will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be sold or land filled. 4. The local body or a private company may be arranged to provide appropriate number of skip containers/ trolleys on hire.

The use of the construction material basically depends on their separation and conditions of the separated material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential for reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. Construction waste can be used in the following manner.

1. Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc to the extent possible and depending upon their conditions. 2. Sale/ auction of materials which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint 3. Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc will be stored and processed with in the site premises. 4. Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as levelling, under coat of

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lanes where the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads. 5. Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filing up low laying areas. 6. Fine material such as sand, dust, etc can be used as cover material 7. The unearthed soil can be used for levelling as well as for lawn development 8. The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for levelling in the building or can be disposed off 9. The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be disposed off.

4.1.9 Impact on Land use

The proposed project is modernization of Municipal dump site in accordance to MSW Rules 2000. Due to the proposed development the existing scenario of the project site will be improved and the aesthetics of the surrounding areas will also be improved. However 33 % of the area will be developed as greenbelt. The impact on the existing land will be minimised due to the modernisation of the dump site.

4.1.10 Impact on Terrestrial Environment

The proposed land has been acquired by Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation in 2000. The open dumping of MSW activity is going on from the last 7-10 years by GHMC. The impact of construction activities on terrestrial environment will be insignificant.

4.1.11 Demography and Socio-economics

The impact of the proposed unit on demography and socio economic conditions of the study area would be as follows. 1 Additional strain on civic amenities like road, transport, communication, drinking water, sanitation & other facilities to meet the work force requirement 2 Increase in demand for services like hotels, lodges, public transport etc. 3 Employment Opportunities for construction labourers, skilled and unskilled workers etc., 4 Economic upliftment of the area. 5 Increase in Labour rates. 6 More work to the civil construction and transportation companies

4.2 Impacts during Operation

During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air environment, water environment, Land environment and socio-economic aspects.

4.2.1 Prediction of Impacts on the Air Environment

Prediction of impacts from the proposed project on the ambient air quality was carried out using air quality simulation models. The main sources of air pollution are vehicular emissions,

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. emissions from Landfill, power plant and DG sets etc. The emissions from the DG sets are very less since they will be operated only during power failures.

4.2.2 Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Emissions

Prediction of impacts from air emissions from the proposed facility is carried out only for DG set emissions.

4.2.3 Emissions from the proposed activities

The pollutants from the proposed facility are  Power Plant of 4*24 MW and  DG Sets of 2*500 KVA.

The emissions from the DG set are given in the following table.

The point source emissions from the proposed project are from the standby DG sets which will be used only during power failure situation. The details of the air pollution expected from the DG set stacks are given Table 4.1 & Table 4.2. The stack proposed for the DG set meets the MoEF/CPCB norms.

Table 4.1 Emissions from the utilities Source Height Dia. Temp Gas Vel. Units in g/s (m) (m) in K (m/sec) SPM SO2 NOx 2*24 MW Power Plant 60 3.2 483 15.6 3.00 3.62 22.05 2*500 KVA DG Set 12 0.5 320 8 - 0.33 0.17

Table 4.2 Details of the DG sets DG Set Capacity 500 KVA No of DG sets 2 Stack Height formula Ht of Building + 0.2√KVA Height of the stack 6 + 4.4 = 10.4m (Proposed 12 m) Fuel (Diesel) 135 L/hours Sulfur content 0.5% max

SO2 0.33 g/s

NOx 0.17g/s

4.2.4 Details of Mathematical Modeling

There are large numbers of mathematical models available for prediction of impacts on air environment. These models deal with different types of atmospheric dispersion computations, air pollution sources, topographic features and cater to different types of requirements. Some

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. of the available mathematical models require large amount of meteorological data and large computer resources to handle this data, whereas, some models could be used with fewer amounts of data.

Keeping in view the requirement and data availability, one has to identify a proper model suitable to the specific project for prediction of impacts on air environment. Accordingly, AERMOD has been identified for prediction of impacts. AERMOD supports computation of averaging time periods of 1 to 24 hours for multiple receptors and multiple sources of each type. The model was used to predict the impacts from point sources.

4.2.5. Meteorological Data

The wind speed and direction of study period were recorded on continuous basis at proposed project site. The wind data were further analyzed to obtain predominant wind direction and average wind speed for 1 to 24 hrs and the same data were used in prediction of impacts on air environment. Table 4.3 Micro – Meteorological Data Used for Prediction of Impacts Hrs. Wind Direction in Wind Speed Ambient Stability Mixing (Degrees) (m/sec) temperature(k) Class Heights (m) 1 325 2.42 298.9 5 50 2 300 2.48 301.5 4 50 3 312 2.47 298.9 5 50 4 300 2.49 301.5 4 50 5 315 2.53 298.1 5 50 6 300 2.50 298.5 3 50 7 275 2.48 295.6 2 50 8 275 2.46 295.5 1 50 9 360 2.46 297.3 1 100 10 360 2.47 299.0 3 200 11 360 2.47 298.4 2 600 12 325 2.43 298.1 1 800 13 315 2.42 295.4 1 1000 14 316 2.42 296.7 2 1200 15 270 2.42 298.9 3 1200 16 45 2.43 298.9 1 1200 17 90 2.42 301.5 2 1200 18 320 2.41 298.1 5 1000 19 315 2.41 299.2 5 700 20 300 2.41 298.7 5 700 21 90 2.41 297.4 5 700 22 360 2.41 296.4 5 700 23 360 2.40 296.8 5 700 00 360 2.40 299.7 5 700

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

4.2.6 Air Quality Predictions

AERMOD model which is an atmospheric dispersion algorithm was used to predict the ground level concentrations (GLC's) of SPM, NOx, and SO2 due to the proposed project. The

GLC's of SPM, SO2 and NOx, were predicted on 24 hourly average basis and the concentrations are shown in the form of isopleths. The various GLC contours for PM, SO2 and NOx, are superimposed on the study area map and shown in Figure 4.1 to 4.3.

As the existing background level of dust and gaseous pollutants, as indicated by the baseline data (Chapter-3) are very less and well within the permissible standards, however prediction of air quality impact assessment using mathematical model provides the predicted emissions for the proposed project. The emission rates were calculated based on the field activities and the dust emission effect were estimated at different location as per the AERMOD air dispersion model.

The pollutants released into the atmosphere will disperse in the down wind direction and finally reach the ground at further distance from the source. The ground level concentrations mainly depend upon the strength of the emission source and meteorology of the study area.

In order to estimate the Ground Level Concentrations due to the emission from the proposed modernization of municipal dump site project, EPA approved AERMOD Air Dispersion Model has been used. AERMOD Air Dispersion Model provides option to model emissions from a wide range of sources that are present at a typical industrial source complex. The model considers the sources and receptors in undulated terrain as well as plain terrain and combination of both. The basis of the model is the straight line steady state Gaussian Plume Equation.

AERMOD model with the following options has been used to predict the cumulative Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) due to the proposed municipal dump site emissions.

 Area being rural, rural dispersion parameters is considered  Multiple stacks were considered as a source of emissions  Predictions have been carried out to estimate concentration values over radial distance of 10km around the sources  A combination of Cartesian and Polar receptor network has been considered  Emission rates from the sources were considered as constant during the entire period  Land use type is considered in all direction of the project site.  The ground level concentrations computed were as is basis without any consideration of decay coefficient  Calm winds recorded during the study period were also taken into consideration  24-hour mean meteorological data extracted from the meteorological data collected during the study period as per guidelines of IMD/CPCB has been used to compute the mean ground level concentrations to study the impact on study area  The Ground Level Concentrations are viewed on the Google image

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

It is observed that the predicted maximum GLC of PM, SO2, and NOx are very low and are below the stipulated standards. The GLC values observed will not pose any adverse impacts in the surrounding areas.

4.2.7 Post Project Scenario

Using the emission data and meteorological data, incremental concentrations of SPM, SO2 and NOx have been predicted are as follows.

Table 4.4 Post Project Scenario-Units:µg/m3 Pollutant Baseline Predicted Maximum Future Predicted Max. Value contribution to concentration - –(µg/m3) GLC’s (µg/m3) (µg/m3) PM 48.0 1.00(525m SE) 49.00 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 34.0 5.67(221m SE) 39.67 Oxides of Nitrogen(NOX) 39.0 6.94(251m SE) 45.94 (24 hrly average)

From the above table it can be seen that the maximum GLC’s were found to lie at a distance of 221m to 525m in the predominant downwind direction South East from the site. The future predicted concentrations are estimated by super imposing the predicted values over the base line values and presented in table below. Since predicted SO2 and NOx levels in the study area are well within the prescribed statutory limits no major deleterious impacts on the air environment from the project are felt.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Wind rose for May 2011

Figure4.1 Predicted Ground level Concentration for PM

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Pollutant No of Ground Level Contour Highest value Grid Area stacks concentration of Interval at a distance of highest 24hrs value (µg/m3) 3 3 PM 2 1.009 µg/m 0.112 µg/m 525m in SE 20000mX20000m within the Plant site SE = South East Direction Figure4.1.1 Predicted Ground level Concentration for PM

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Wind rose for May 2011

Figure4.2 Predicted Ground level Concentration forSO2

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Pollutant No of Ground Level Contour Highest value at a Grid Area stacks concentration of Interval (µg/m3) distance of highest 24hrs value

3 3 SO2 4 5.670 µg/m 0.629 µg/m 221m in SE within 20000mX20000m the Plant site SE = South East Direction Figure4.2.1 Predicted Ground level Concentration for SO2

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Wind rose for May 2011

Figure4.3 Predicted Ground level Concentration for NOx

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Pollutant No of Ground Level Contour Interval Highest value at a Grid Area stacks concentration of (µg/m3) distance of highest 24hrs value

3 3 NOX 4 6.943 µg/m 0.767 µg/m 251m in SE within 20000mX20000m the Plant site SE = South East Direction

Figure4.3.1 Predicted Ground level Concentration for NOx

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

4.2.8 Mitigation Measures

The major air pollutants generated from the proposed project are given below. 1 Dust particulates in flue gas from chimney

2 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in flue gas

3 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in flue gas 4 Fly ash dust particles from ash silos and ash disposal area

Particulate Matter

ESPs / bag filters with efficiency of 99.9% will be installed to collect fly ash from the flue gas of boiler/power plant. The collected fly ash and bottom ash will be given to local cement manufactures or tile manufacturing units.

Gases

For proper dispersion of Sulphur dioxide & Oxides of Nitrogen emissions from the captive power plant/boiler stack height meeting MOEF/CPCB guidelines will be provided for proper dispersion into atmosphere.

To control fly ash generation at ash handling areas, fly ash evacuation from the ESP / bag filter collecting hoppers would be done in closed pipelines by pneumatic means. The following pollution control measures would be installed for ash disposal.

1 100 % utilization of fly ash in dry form is envisaged. Closed trucks & containers would be used for this purpose, as far as possible 2 To reduce the dust nuisance while loading the ash into the open trucks from fly ash silos, the fly ash would be conditioned with water spray. 3 It is proposed to cover the ash in the open trucks with tarpaulin to prevent flying of fine ash during transportation.

4.2.9 Impact on Water Quality

The water demand of the project will be met through HMWSSB and short falls can be met by bore wells. Therefore no major water withdrawal from the Ground is anticipated. The water saving options can be provided in the facility.  Improve energy efficiency of operations  Installation of flow restrictors on tap water supply line  Dry sweeping of all areas before hosing  Eliminate leaks of the pipelines  Using of water efficient nozzles for spray rinsing/hosing  Storm water harvesting  Rain water holding tanks  Recycling of water etc

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 4.5 Wastewater generation S. No Utility Wastewater Remarks

1 Domestic 90 Treated in STP /Septic tank followed by soak pit 2 Power Plant Boiler feed 106 Recycle/reuse for green belt/Domestic purposes DM Plant 70 Recycle/reuse for ash quenching Cooling Tower 262 Recycle/reuse for ash quenching and green belt 3 Floor washing 6 Recycle/reuse 4 Work Shop/ Vehicle 18 Recycle/reuse maintenance shed Total 552

Table 4.6 Wastewater Characteristics Parameter Units Washings Boiler Cooling DM Domestic Work blow blow Plant Purpose Shop/Vehicle down down maintenance Quantity m3/d 6 106 262 70 90 18 6.5 – 8.0 6.5 – 6.5 – 6.5 – 6.5 – 8.0 pH - 6.5 – 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Oil & <10 >10 mg/l <10 <10 <10 15 Grease TSS mg/l 100 100 100 100 150 – 200 100 1300 - 2000- 1100- 1000 - 1300 - 1500 TDS mg/l 65-75 1500 2500 1200 1050 COD mg/l 300 - 500 <5 <5 <5 300 – 400 300 - 500 BOD mg/l 100 - 200 <2 <2 <2 200 – 275 100 - 200

4.2.10 Strom Water Management

Based on the rainfall intensity of the plant area, storm water drainage system will be designed. Strom water drainage system consists of well-designed network of open surface drains and rainwater harvesting pits along the drains so that all the storm water is efficiently drained off without any water logging.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

4.2.11Rain Water Harvesting System

Project Management will make proper utilization of rainwater by harvesting by appropriate rain water-harvesting mechanism. Roof water will be collected by adopting proper treatment (O&G Trap), the collected water will be used for various uses (cooling tower make up, boiler make up, etc.) Rainwater from surface areas will be harvested by construction of harvesting pits all along the storm water drainage network at a definite pitch. Necessary expert advice has been obtained in this regard. Artificial recharge measures like rain water-harvesting helps in reducing the urban run-off, decrease pollution of ground water and improve the ground water table, which augments the yields of, bore wells.

4.2.12 Impact of the Transportation

Loading and unloading areas of raw material and finished products are closed/ covered in order to decrease the air pollution in the nearby areas and hazards that it might cause due to the dust. Maximum amount of air pollution is generated in handling, crushing, screening, conveying of coal (fuel for boiler) to mitigate this impact, proper measures like covering conveyor belts, installing fogging guns in the open area, loading and unloading mechanism is properly enclosed.

4.2.13 Noise Environment

The Major source of noise in proposed project will be from loading and unloading of MSW activities, DG set, Processing Blocks etc. Adequate measures for noise control, at the design stage shall be followed in terms of  Noise level specification of the various Equipments as per the Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) standards.  Erecting suitable enclosures to minimize the impact of high noise generating sources.  As a whole the overall noise levels in and around the facility shall be kept well within the standards and exposure will be minimized to the employees by providing the PPE. No major impact on Noise environment is envisaged.

4.2.14 Prediction of Impacts on Land Environment

Environmental Impacts on land environment have been classified primarily into two broad aspects, i.e. direct impacts on the soil and land in the area and impacts on the flora and fauna of the area. Land environment in the area has potential for contamination due to wastewater discharges directly on to the land and from impacts arising out of municipal solid waste stored on to the land.

The leachate can be treated in the treatment plant and the treated water will be used back in the process and partly send to green belt development. As a result of this there is no contamination of the soil due to the wastewater generated and hence the impacts due to the proposed facility on the land environment are found to be negligible. To address the impacts

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. on flora and fauna, it has been observed that there are no endangered species in the project area.

4.2.15 Predicted impacts of the Landfill

The project has proposed secured scientific landfill which comprises Govt. of India Regulations and MSW Rules (2000) with containment measures,  Composite bottom liner to prevent Leachate percolation  Landfill gas management system  Rodent controlled  Dust control  Fly control  Land Fill Has Management System

There shall be no loss of carbon sequestration on account of the proposed activity since the area is almost barren. Development of a thick greenbelt all long the boundary of the site will more than compensate for the loss. As there are no rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species, the proposed project will not pose any problem to any REET species. Hence, the impact of the project on biota is negligible. The project improves the land environment due to arrest of plastic blowing into the surrounding agricultural lands.

4.2.16 Impacts on the Community Public Safety

A number of activities that are likely to be carried out in the facility that have significant adverse impacts on the public safety are the wastewater discharges. With the implementation of a strong environmental management plan, the communities residing near the project site are unlikely to be exposed to any long-term hazards. To avoid any outsiders into the facility.

Aesthetics

The project site is located away from the settlements and proposed greenbelt around the site, as a part of the environmental management plan will help in improving the aesthetics of the environment.

4.2.14 Impact on Ecology

There is no wildlife sanctuary located within 10km radius of the project site. There are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant species. Except for a few wild species of plants and grasses and a few animals that are very commonly spotted in any rural environment, the study area does not have any endangered or endemic species of animals. Due to the development of green belt at the project vicinity the impact on the ecology will be minimal.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

4.2.15 Impact on the Socio-Economics

The proposed facility is likely to provide direct and indirect employment and likely to increase the socio-economic status of the villages in the study area especially that of Jawaharnagar village where the facility is being located. Due to proposed project the facilities for public transport, water supply telecommunications, education, public wealth etc are likely to improve.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

CHAPTER-5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5

5.0 Introduction

GHMC is proposing to modernize its existing municipal dump site in accordance to MSW Rules 2000 by providing Compost Plant, RDF Plant, Bio-Methanisation, Processing of Construction & Demolition waste, Recycling Complex and landfill etc., hence no alternatives were considered.

5.1 Compliance of the Site with Site Selection Criteria

In order to help the concerned authorities and the entrepreneurs, MOEF, GOI has framed certain broad guidelines for siting an industry. The broad environmental guidelines recommended for siting of industries to ensure optimum use of natural and man-made resources in sustainable manner with minimal depletion, degradation and or destruction of environment are given in Table 5.1.

The existing municipal dump site going for modernization is meeting some of the conditions given in site selection criteria. However within 25 km radius of the project site major settlements having more than 3 lakh population Hyderabad and Secunderbad cities are present. The Golconda fort and tombs are around 25 km SW, where as Kasu Bhramandha Reddy National Park is around 21 km SW. From the proposed site the distance of Turkapally village, Shamirpet mandal is around 16 km in N where Biotech park is located.

Table 5.1 Site Selection Criteria – Areas to be avoided Land Procurement Sufficient land to meet the demand of greenbelt development, reuse of treated water, storing of solid waste before final disposal. Coastal areas At least 500 m from high tide line Estuaries At least 200 m away from the estuary boundaries Flood plains of the Riverine system At least 500 m from flood plain or modified flood plain, or by flood control systems Transport / communications system At least 500 m from highway and railway Major settlements At least 25 km from the project growth boundary of the settlement (3 lakh Population) Ecologically and or otherwise At least 25 km (Archaeological monuments, National sensitive area parks & Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves, Hill resorts, Scenic areas, etc

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Ecologically and / or otherwise sensitive areas include: 1) Religious & historic places, 2) Archaeological monuments, 3) scenic areas, 4) Hills resorts, 5) Beach resorts 6) Health resorts 7) Coastal areas rich in coral, mangroves, breeding grounds of specific species, 8) Estuaries rich in mangroves, breeding ground of specific species, 9)Gulf reas,10)Biosphere reserves, 11) National parks and sanctuaries, 12) Natural lakes, swamps, 13) seismic zones, 14) Tribal settlements, 15) Areas of scientific and geological interest,16) Defense installations, specifically those of security importance and sensitive to pollution 17) Border areas (International), 18) Airports, 19) Tiger reserves / elephant reserves / turtle nestling grounds 20) Habitat for migratory birds 21) Lakes /reservoirs / dams

In siting proposed project, care should be taken to minimise the adverse impact of the proposed project on the immediate neighbourhood as well as distant places.

The 25km radius google map of the proposed site is given as Figure 5.1 and the details of the site are given in Table 5.2. Table 5.2 Details of the Site Particulars Siting Site 1 Guidelines Name of the Project - Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility Geographical Positions - 170 30’ 41’’ to 170 31’ 37’’ North Latitudes 780 35’ 06’’ to 780 36’ 00’’ East Longitude. Location - Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M), R.R(D.t) Survey No. - 173 Jawaharnagar (V) Present land use - Small hills with municipal waste Nature of terrain - Hilly Type Nearest railway station - Secunderabad – 12 Km SW Nearest Airport - Rajiv Gandhi International Airport – Shamshabad (35 km) SW Nearest Habitat - Haridaspalli 0.5 km NE Rajiv Swagruha Residency 0.2 km E Sri Sai Homes Residency 0.67 km S Banglaguda 2.7 km SE Army Dental college 0.75 km W A.P.Rajiv Swagruha Abhimaan 1.0 km W Some houses are adjacent to site SW, Nearest city - Secunderabad – 11km SW Monuments - Golconda Fort and Tombs 25 km SW Ecologically sensitive area At least Shamirpet RF-3.0 km NW 25km Ponnal RF-8.0 km NNE R.F near Dommaiguda-0.67km SE R.F near Yadagiripalli -5.3km NE

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Particulars Siting Site 1 Guidelines R.F near Yadagiripalli -5.3km NE R.F near Gandinarasampalli -3.6km N R.F near Kesaragutta -8.5km NE R.F near Chengicharla-8.0km SE Kasu Brahmanda Reddy National Park 21km SW Water bodies - Shamirpet Cheruvu- 8.92 km N Rampalli Vagu- 6.92 km SE Mandyala Vagu- 2.3 km E Coastal areas ½ km from None in the study area high tide line Flood plain of Riverine ½ km from None in the study area system flood plain Transport & Communication ½ km from ORR connecting Shamirpet to Ghatkesar is highway & 4.0 km NE railway Hyderabad to Karimnagar Rajiv Rahadari 5.75 km NW Secunderabad to Kesar road 3.0 km SE R & R -- Since it is an existing dump site going for modernization, it does not attract R&R.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Figure 5.1 Goole map of the proposed Site (25km)

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

5.2Technological Aspects

Considering India’s diversity in-respect of cultural, socio-political, geographical, meteorological and economical aspects; it is unlikely that a single model for MSW management is acceptable for application across the country. While the location specific considerations largely influence the choice of applicable technology, there are generic factors which are more or less in common. The MSW consists of biodegradable and non biodegradable waste. Non-biodegradable portion is mostly occupied by inert material but also include paper, plastics, glass etc., which have either recycling potential.

Therefore, an integrated solution include, proper segregation of the MSW at the source, as promoted in few pockets i.e. either at the source (preferable) or at the transfer stations and processing centre, the organic portion can be sent for composting for use as a soil conditioner/bio fertilizer and the inerts after recovery of valued portion (plastic, glass, paper etc.) can be sent for landfilling. However, at all the locations, there may not be a demand for the compost material or the acceptability is less, in such situations, the intrinsic energy value of the MSW can be tapped by converting it into boiler chargeable pellets (refuse derived fuel (RDF)). There are also well controlled direct incineration facilities available in developed countries, where the heat is recovered in the form of hot water networking, steam supply to the nearby industries etc. As such, when the composting opportunity is limited, one can explore bio-methanation plants, having least power consumption and the degradable portion could be converted into methane, which can then be converted into energy.

While there are number of technological options, each has its distinct merits and limitations, which guide us to choose appropriate technology for a given local condition.

Despite the best efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle, there will always be residual waste requiring disposal. The alternative treatment and disposal technologies are:

 Recycle/Reuse  Composting  Anaerobic digestion / Biomethanation  Pelletisation / Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)  Pyrolysis and Gasification  Incineration  Landfills - Sanitary Landfill / Bioreactor landfill / Secured landfill (for inert waste)

Among the various treatment (or waste diversion) and disposal options as mentioned above, MoEF has notified composting (windrow composting, vermi composting), anaerobic digestion, incineration, pelletization and landfill technologies and has given relevant standards for compost quality, leachate disposal, incineration operations and emissions and landfill specifications.

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5.2.1Landfills

Landfills are vital components of any well designed MSW management system. They are ultimate repositories of a city’s MSW after all other MSW management options have been exercised. In many cases, landfill is the only MSW management options available after the MSW is collected. The safe and effective operaton of landfill depends on sound planning, administration, and management of the entire MSW management system. There are three types of landfills viz, Sanitary landfill, Bioreactor landfill, Secured landfill (for inert waste).

Sanitary landfill is the process of dumping of solid waste in a scientifically designed land area spreading waste in thin layers, compacting to the smallest volume and covering with soil on daily basis. Sanitary landfill would be good option for disposal of existing/mixed waste which cannot be segregated. Landfill gas such as methane from the anaerobic conditions prevailing in the landfill due to the presence of organic material in mixed waste can be recovered. The facilities at the sanitary landfill include leachate collection and treatment system, storm water management system avoiding ground and surface water pollution.

Bioreactor landfill is one idea that has gained significant attention now days. A bioreactor landfill is a sanitary landfill that uses enhanced microbiological processes to transform and stabilize the readily and moderately decomposable organic waste constituents within 5 to 10 years of bioreactor process implementation. The bioreactor landfill significantly increases the extent of organic waste decomposition, conversion rates and process effectiveness over what would otherwise occur within the landfill. The “bioreactor landfill” provides control and process optimization, primarily through the addition of leachate or other liquid amendments, the addition of sewage sludge or other amendments, temperature control, and nutrient supplementation. Beyond that, bioreactor landfill operation may involve the addition of air. Based on waste biodegradation mechanisms, different kinds of “bioreactor landfills” including anaerobic bioreactors, aerobic bioreactors, and aerobic-anaerobic (hybrid) bioreactors have been constructed and operated worldwide.

Secured landfill is a carefully engineered depression in the ground (or built on top of the ground) into which wastes are dumped to avoid pollution to the surrounding environment. Secured MSW landfill should be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste not suitable for recycling or for biological processing. The important features that should be considered before designing a landfill are given in Schedule III - “Specifications for Landfill sites” of MSW rules 2000. These include:  Site Selection  Facilities at the site  Specifications for land filling  Pollution prevention  Water quality monitoring  Plantation at landfill site  Closure of landfill site and post care  Special provisions for hilly areas

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

In the proposed project the municipal solid waste is segregated a into compostable matter, light compostable matter and recyclables and value added products are generated for further use. As only inerts are left at the end secured landfill is proposed.

5.2.2 Composting

Composting is an organic method of producing compost manure by decomposition and stabilization of organic matter. Composting process is commonly used method and results in the production of stable compost product reduced in size (when compared to initial size) and free from offensive odors. Compost is particularly useful as organic manure which contains plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) as well as micro nutrients which can be utilized for the growth of plants. Composting can be carried out in two ways - aerobically (with the presence of oxygen) or anaerobically (without the presence of oxygen) or vermin- composting or by any other biological mechanism.

By controlling some of the composting influencing factors, natural composting process could be accelerated. These influencing factors also have impact on quality of compost produced. Some of the important factors in the composting process are temperature, C/N ratio, phosphorous, sulphur, moisture, particle size, oxygen flow, etc.

 Temperature: Optimum temperature for aerobic composting - 70ºC. High temperature results in increase rate of biological activity and faster stabilization of the material. Very high temperature results Nitrogen loss. High temperatures ensure destruction of pathogens and parasites.

 C/N ratio: Optimum ratio is 30. To bring down the ratio sewage and sludge will be added. To increase the ratio straw, sawdust, paper will be added.

 Phosphorous: One of the essential nutrients for plant growth and determines the quality of compost. Phosphorous concentration might increase as composting proceeds.

 Sulphur: Presence of Sulphur in sufficient quantities can lead to the production of volatile, odorous compounds. The major sources of Sulphur are two amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Under well-aerated conditions, the sulfides are oxidized to sulfates, but under anaerobic conditions, they are converted to volatile organic sulfides or to H2S, leading to a bad odor. Some compounds like carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, methyl mercaptum, diethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide might also lead to bad odors.

 Moisture: Optimum 50 to 60%, very high moisture content will result anaerobic condition. Higher moisture content is essential for mechanical operated system and the waste contains high percentage of fibrous material.

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 Oxygen and aeration: In case of aerobic process, helps to decompose the organic matter at a faster rate. However, care must be taken not to provide more oxygen which might dry the system and slow down the composting process.

 Particle size: Smaller particles produce homogenous particle size which helps to maintain optimum temperatures. But too fine may not allow air to flow into the piles

There are various methods of composting and the approach in selecting the appropriate method of composting depends on time to complete composting, the material and volume to be decomposed, space available, the availability of resources (labour, finances, etc.) and the quality of finished product required. In general composting process consists of four decomposition phases when a suitable environment is provided:

Mesophilic phase (I): In this phase slightly rotted material exists, in which mainly bacterial degradation of easily degradable substances takes place. The temperature rises up to 42oC.

Thermophilic phase (II): In this phase fresh compost is produced where further degradation of easily degradable materials as well as degradation of cellulose, caused by thermophilic fungi and bacteria. The temperature in this phase rises up to 65oC which causes self limitation or decrease in reproduction of micro organisms.

Cooling phase (III): Finished compost is produced in this phase, where degradation of cellulose by fungi and bacteria, and formation of humus substances takes place. A decrease in microbial activity and temperature occur in this phase.

Maturing phase (IV): Matured compost is produced in this phase, with further decrease of temperature to the surrounding temperature. Very low microbial activity with further formation of humus substances and stabilization take place.

Aerobic process needs high maintenance in monitoring air, moisture and high temperatures in the system. Some of the basic aerobic composting techniques are indore composting, windrow composting, vermi composting, in-vessel composting, etc. Aerobic composting of MSW is commonly carried out in windrows.

Anaerobic composting is also called anaerobic digestion or bio-gasification. This technology is the biological conversion of biodegradable organic materials in the absence of oxygen at temperatures lower than 93°C. Therefore very slow working bacteria will be growing which does not require any air and the compost may take long period to break down. This breakdown process is carried out by anaerobic micro organisms that convert carbon-containing compounds to a biogas (primarily methane and carbon dioxide). A very small quantity of energy is released during this process and the temperature of the composting mass does not raise much. This is a reduction process and final product is subjected to minor oxidation when applied on land. The residue is a stabilized organic material that can be used as a soil amendment. Anaerobic composts may have awful smell. Anaerobic digestion is suitable for the bio-degradables, including food wastes, yard waste,

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. animal wastes, and some paper fibers. Bangalore method is an example of anaerobic composting.

Windrow composting is proposed in this project as it is widely used in India at a large scale as the climatic condition is arid. Therefore, in areas where higher ambient temperatures are available, composting in open triangular or trapezoidal windrows is preferred. Windrow composting is the process of decomposing organic materials to form stabilized organic matter. It is defined as the controlled, heat dependent, microbiological process of decomposing organic materials into a biologically stable, humus-rich material. Compost is used in agriculture, horticulture, home gardening, land reclamation, wetland mitigation, and erosion prevention to help rebuild soil organic matter and to provide a good medium for plant growth. The major obstacles to this technology is the limited markets for compost used and environmental concerns about industrial or toxic wastes that may enter the waste stream and end up in the compost.

Windrow area should be with an impermeable base made from concrete of compacted clay of 40 to 50 cm thick. The permeability co-efficient should be less than 10(-7) cm/sec. A slope of 1-2 % should be maintained in the base. The base should be circled with a lined drain for collection of leachate or surface runoff. Windrow composting is a two phase process.

5.2.3 Biomethanation

Only for treatment of market waste, marriage halls, canteen waste etc in the proposed project biomethanation technology is proposed for which the capital investment is high. Biomethanation is the process of conversion of organic matter in the waste (liquid or solid) to biomethane (biogas) and manure by microbial action in the absence of air, known as “anaerobic digestion”.

The solid waste and the slaughterhouse waste is first mixed with raw sewage and conveyed to the primary digester. Effluent from the primary digester is sent to the secondary digester after stabilization. The raw gas generated from the primary and the secondary digester is then sent to the gas storage/WTE plant. The excess effluent from the secondary digester will be re-circulated back to the primary digester for further generation of gas. The gas thus stored in the gas balloon is passed through a scrubber where gases like H2S and SO2 and moisture are removed from the gas. This clean gas is conveyed under pressure to the Power Plant to produce power. The excess sludge from the secondary digester is conveyed to the centrifuge to separate the liquid and solids for further disposal.

5.2.4 Refuse Derived Fuel

Pellets are formed from the combustible portion of MSW. Pelletization initially involves segregation of waste into high and low calorific value materials and then shredded and compacted into pellets with the required bulk density and later can be dried to get the appropriate heat value. These pellets so produced have a calorific value of 4000 Kcal/kg of the product which is quite close to that of coal and therefore is a good substitute for coal,

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. wood, etc. to RDF plant. Comparatively, pellets have advantages over coal and are clean, energy efficient, eco-friendly fuel for coal based industries, power generating industries. Additional advantage of Pellets is easy storage and transportation.

RDF can be produced from MSW through a sequence of processes consisting of:  Separation at source  Sorting or mechanical separation  Size reduction (shredding, chipping and milling)  Blending  Drying and pelletizing  Packaging  Storage

The MSW is initially dried to reduce its moisture content. It is then screened to remove inerts such as sand, silt and soil. It is then processed to remove and separate incombustible materials such as glass, metal and other contraries and wet organic matter such as garden and food waste containing high moisture and high ash material. Sometimes the waste is further subjected to air separation and then shredded. The reduced size material can be directly used in boilers on site. If the material is to be used offsite, it is usually densified into pellets and then transported to the place where it is to be used. RDF can be burned for fuel by itself or co-fired with other fuels.

Previously, few RDF plants were setup with coal fired boilers when RDF was used along with coal but now due to strict emission standards it is burnt in dedicated boilers designed and built specifically for RDF.

Some of the options of using RDF from MSW to energy include:

 Co-combustion in coal fired boilers  Co-incineration in cement kilns  Co-gasification with coal or biomass

In the proposed project the municipal waste is first segregated into recyclable and compostable material. From recyclables the items like paper, plastic, rubber, metal, glass, cloths, etc are separated in the rest are sent directly to WTE plant for power generation within the plant premises.

5.2.5 Incineration

Incineration is a process of controlled combustion for burning of waste and residue containing combustible material. The emissions from incineration of solid waste are of health concern, and the waste for incineration should be free from chlorinated plastics, hence this process is not proposed in the proposed project.

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5.2.6 Pyrolysis and Gasification

Pyrolysis is a thermal process where organic materials present in the waste are broken under pressure and at temperature greater than 496oC in the absence of oxygen to become gas comprising small molecules (syngas), along with syngas, char and oil are also produced. The syngas burned in internal combustion engine generator sets or turbines to produce electricity.

Gasification is the partial combustion of organic matter in the presence of restricted quantity of oxygen or air at high temperatures (than Pyrolysis). The gas so produced is producer gas. The producer gas is cleaned and burned in internal combustion (IC) engine generator sets or turbines to produce electricity.

In developed countries, paper, plastics etc. form more than 50% of the waste resulting in a large proportion of gaseous as well as liquid products which have a heating value and can be easily used. However, the Indian MSW has a low projection of paper, plastics, etc. an hence its successful adoption is difficult. In developed countries a substantial proportion of the total cost is often spent on processing. Unfortunately, more than 80% of the total cost of MSW Management in India is spent on collection and transportation, and the expenditure on processing is meager. Hence Pyrolysis and gasification are not proposed in the present project.

5.2.7 Recycling / reuse

Recycling refers to the collection, separation, processing, or use of materials that would otherwise become solid waste. The activities included under the term recycling are numerous, including the initial collection of materials; marketing those raw materials; producing products from those materials; and use of those products in the marketplace. Some of the materials from MSW that would be recycled are plastics, metals, paper, glass, rubber, rags, leather, etc. the recovery of the materials will reduce the need to use natural resources directly and may reduce emissions from extraction and processing of raw materials. On the other hand, there could be environmental or health effects from reprocessing materials which have been taken out of the waste stream. These could offset the benefits of recycling to some extent. In the proposed project for recycling and reuse of usable materials from solid waste a recycling complex is proposed and all the recycled items will be disposed to authorized recyclers and own recycling of collected materials are proposed for converting them into value added products.

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CHAPTER -6 ENIVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 6

6.0 Surveillance and Monitoring Plan

Monitoring of the Municipal Solid Waste operations i.e. the physical environment and the public health in the vicinity of the Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility is an integral part to design construct and operate the facility. The proposed monitoring program of works for this project has three interrelated objectives.

 To check on the implementation and management of the various aspects required for impact mitigation.  To check how effective are the measures for mitigation and control of pollution.  In case of non compliance further measures for rectification.

6.1Scope of Environmental Monitoring Program

The main spirit of environmental monitoring programme is aimed such that there is not much of time lack between commencements of damage to environment mitigation measures to various environmental parameters that are being affected. The Environmental Monitoring Program involves the following.

 Planning a survey and sampling program for systematic data/information collection  Conducting survey and sampling program  Analysis of samples and data/information collected, and interpretation of data and information  Preparation of reports for submitting to management and statutory authorities  Environmental monitoring is carried throughout project operation to detect changes in the key environmental quality parameters, which can be attributed to the project. T  The results of the monitoring program used to evaluate the following  Extent and severity of the environmental impacts against the predicted impacts;  Performance of the environmental protection measures or compliance with pertinent rules and regulations  Trends in impacts and Overall effectiveness of the project EMP

Environmental monitoring programme has been prepared for the proposed project for assessing the efficiency of implementation of Environment Management Plan and to take corrective measures in case of any degradation in the surrounding environment. Different

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 6.1

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. activities involved in the proposed project, and their impact on various environmental attributes have been taken in to account while designing a detailed environmental monitoring programme for the project.

6.1.1Air Environment

For the proposed project, the air emissions are from Power Plant and DG sets and vehicular movement. DG set is proposed as standby to use during power failure for emergency needs using diesel as fuel and hence are not expected to contribute emissions to the environment on regular basis.

6.1.2 Noise Environment

Monitoring of the noise levels and exposures is essential to assess the Environmental Management Plan implemented to reduce noise levels. A good quality integrated sound level meter and noise exposure meter may be procured for the same. Audiometric tests will be conducted periodically for the employees working close to the noise sources.

6.1.3 Water Environment

Leachate, domestic sewage, water from peizometers, near by bore wells, near by surface waters will be analyzed regularly for the parameters given below. They are as follows:

 pH & EC  Suspended Solids  Dissolved Solids  Oil and Grease  Chloride  Sulphide  COD and BOD  Nitrates  Phosphates

6.1.4 Land Environment

The soil in the neighboring areas will be analyzed for the relevant parameters. The average canopy height of the greenbelt, number and types of plant species will be monitored. Air and noise pollution attenuation achieved by the greenbelt will also be evaluated.

It would be ensured that trained and qualified staff supervises the monitoring of ambient air, stack gases, effluents, noise etc. to see that prescribed standards laid down are obtained. The post project monitoring schedule/plan is given in Table 6.1.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan Environmental Locations Frequency Parameters Component

Ambient Air Quality Nearby habitations, Monthly PM10, PM2.5 SO2, NOx, CH4,

upwind, downwind, CO, Ammonia, Odour crosswind

Stack Emissions Power plant Monthly SPM, CO, HC, SO2 and NOx Noise Within site (Power Monthly Noise Levels plant, DG set, Compost yard, SLF area) and nearest habitation Ground water / Piezometers around Monthly IS 10500:1991 drinking water surface waters the landfill, parameters groundwater & surface water from nearby villages Leachate Windrow, compost Monthly SS, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, As, plant, Secured CN, Cl landfill, Wastewater Septic tank/STP Monthly

Landfill gas Landfill area Monthly Methane & CO2 Plantation Greenbelt Half yearly Survival of plants and replacement of immature plants Compost Final product Monthly As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn, C/N ratio, pH

In order to comply with the environmental protection measures as suggested in the above sections, a budgetary provision for Environmental Protection is given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 Budget of Implementation of Environmental Management Plan S. No Particulars Capital Recurring Cost (Rs) Cost (Rs) Crores Lakhs/annum 1 Air Pollution Control Systems 10.0 0.35 Bag Filter/ESP, Scrubber, etc. 2 LT collection system, holding tank, STP, etc 10.0 0.25 3 Gas collection, management, etc 2.5 0.15 4 Noise Control measures – Acoustic enclosures 1.5 0.10 for DG set, Noise barriers for pumps, boiler, etc 5 Greenbelt development 1.0 0.50

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

S. No Particulars Capital Recurring Cost (Rs) Cost (Rs) Crores Lakhs/annum 6 Rainwater harvesting, storm water drains, 2.0 0.15 7 Online Stack monitoring 2.0 0.20 8 Ambient Air quality monitoring, Laboratory 1.0 0.15 equipments, etc 9 Third party monitoring, energy audit, - 0.15 environmental audit, training programs, etc 10 Environmental control measures during 4.0 1.0 construction stage – surrounding lakes remediation Total 34 3.00 Capital Cost of the project is Rs.778.70 Crores

6.2 Operations Monitoring

Monitoring and auditing of the facility should be in conjunction with QA/QC procedures assist the operation of the facility by,  Providing an early warning of potential liabilities.  Reducing operational costs  Training the staff and defining the responsibilities.  Facilitate adequate equipment and materials for proper handling of Municipal Solid Waste.  Providing write up to-date procedures specifying operational methods.  Maintenance and calibration of the equipment both for operations and monitoring.  Retention of record

Regular monitoring of the various components of the physical environment is planned during the operations period of the facility and also during the post-closure period.

6.3 Public Health Monitoring

The value of Public Health studies in seeking to establish whether or not a site or facility has caused significant adverse health effects is well known. In this situation the results form a public health study may not fulfill the primary objective of such a program, which is to detect health changes before the manifestation of adverse health effects. However, three-stage health-monitoring program is proposed.  Monitor the health of workers within the project site to identify adverse health effects, and  Periodically obtain feedback from local doctors regarding any potential indicators of adverse health effects due to environmental cause in the communities surrounding, and particularly down-stream of the landfill.  By organizing health camps on a regular basis.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

6.4 Post closure Monitoring

Post-closure monitoring of the landfill will be done primarily as a compliance requirement in addition to social responsibility; this also provides an early warning towards possible adverse impacts on human health and the environment. The post-closure program of monitoring for water quality in the ground water and surface waters down gradient of the landfill will be similar to that established for the operational stage of the facility. The frequency of monitoring may be varied from time to time depending on changing circumstances. There is no need for the post-closure monitoring of air quality, noise or visual effects during the post- closure period however this need will be reviewed periodically and should any aspects warrant further monitoring they will be included in the program.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

CHAPTER-7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 7

7.1. Risk Assessment & Diaster Management Plan

The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major hazards and the risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may lead to emergency consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health. Based on this information, an emergency preparedness plan is to be prepared to mitigate the consequences. The approach involves hazards identification, hazards assessment and evaluation, developing Disaster Management Plan (DMP).

7.1.1Risk Analysis

Risk analysis includes an estimate of the probability or likelihood that an event will occur. Estimation of random incidents totally uncorrected with plant activities may also be taken. Risk can be characterized in qualitative terms as high medium or low, or in quantitative terms using numerical estimates and statistical calculations. For practical purposes a risk analysis may be based on a subjective, common- sense evaluation. Both probability and consequences are extremely important in evaluating risk. A high risk situation can be the result of a high probability with severe consequences (e.g. irreversible health effects or death due to an airborne toxic dust, a fire or explosion with injuries or fatalities), whereas moderate risk situations can be a result of either high probability with mild consequences or low probability with more severe consequences. Diminishing the likelihood of an accident or minimizing the consequences will reduce risk overall.

A relative ranking of hazards requires extensive mathematical evaluations, application of statistics and extensive support from experts. Application of readily available information and common sense when combined with site-specific evaluations such as the vulnerability analysis, will complete much of the risk analysis process.

7.1.2 Evaluating Hazards

The need for the sophisticated techniques for evaluating hazards depends on the result of Preliminary Hazard Analysis. Various techniques for evaluation hazards are:  Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)  Accident Consequence Analysis  Event Tree Analysis

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Fault Tree Analysis  Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis.

In order to be in a state of readiness to face the adverse effects of accidents, an Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP) has to be prepared. Such a plan must. Inter-alia, cover the possible hazardous situations in the locality and the causes, areas most likely to be affected, on-site and off-site plans, establishment of Emergency Control Centers (ECC), location of emergency services and duties of officers/staff during emergency.

The EPP document for accidents is to be designed to provide for measures to contain the incident and for minimization of effects due to fire, explosives, release or escape of toxic gas, spillage of hazardous substances in storage, processing or during transportation. The necessary preventive and protective steps required to be taken before, during and after an accident need to be worked out in operational terms and detailed in the document.

7.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based On GOI Rules, 1989 as amended in 1994 & 2000

By Studying accidents occurred in industries in India over a few decades, a specific legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Government of India in 1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as GOI rules 1989. For the purpose of identifying major hazard installations the rules employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and explosive properties of chemicals.

7.2.1Identification of Toxic, Flammable, Explosive Chemicals

Toxic Chemicals: Chemicals having the following values of acute toxicity and which owing to their physical and chemical properties are capable of producing major accidents:

S.No Toxicity Oral toxicity Dermal toxicity Inhalation toxicity LD50(mg/kg) LD50(mg/kg) LC50(mg/l)

1. Extremely toxic 1-50 1-200 0.1-0.5

2. Highly toxic 51 – 500 201-2000 0.5 - 2.0

Flammable Chemicals: Flammable gases: Gases which at 200C and at standard pressure of 101.3 KPa are:-  Ignitable when in a mixture of 13 percent or less by volume with air, or  Have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage points regardless of the lower flammable limits.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Note: - The flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with methods adopted by International Standards Organization ISO Number10156 of 1990 or by Bureau of Indian Standards ISI Number 1446 of 1985.

 Extremely flammable liquids: chemicals which have flash point lower than or equal to 230C and boiling point less than 350C  Very highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal to 230C and initial boiling point higher than 350C.  Highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal to 600C but higher than 230C.  Flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point higher than 60oC but lower than 900 C.

Explosives: Explosives means a solid or liquid or pyrotechnic substance (or a mixture of substances) or an article.

 Which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings;  Which is designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of these as a result of non-detonative self sustaining exothermic chemical reaction?

7.2.2 Applicability of Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 & subsequent amendments

A systematic analysis of the chemicals and their quantities of storage has been carried out to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules, 1989 and the applicable rules are identified. The results are summarized in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Description of applicable provisions of GOI rules’1989 as amended in 1994 & 2000 Applicable rules Description Identify Major accident 4 Take adequate steps to prevent major accidents Provide information to persons working onsite Impart training, provide equipment and antidotes 5 Notification of major accidents to concerned authority If any major accident occurs, occupier to inform Concerned authority as listed in SC-5 and submit report as per the format in SC-6 (applies after commencing of the activity) 7 Notification of site to competent authority 8 Updating of site notification following changes in threshold quantity

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

9 Transitional provision for the existing activity 10 Preparation of safety reports for commencement of activity 11 Updating of safety reports based on modification 12 Provision of further information on safety reports to the authority 13 Preparation of onsite emergency plan by the occupier 14 Preparation of offsite emergency plan by the occupier 15 Information to be given to persons liable to be effected by a major accident 17 Collection, development and dissemination of information on hazardous chemicals employed by the occupier Occupier shall develop information in the form of safety data sheet as specified in SC-9. Every container of the hazardous chemical should be labeled with name of the manufacturer or importer of the hazardous chemical.

7.2.3 Storage facilities of hazardous chemicals

The storage capacities / details of the major hazardous chemicals proposed to be used in the project are given in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2 Details of Chemicals and Applicability of GOI rules Solvent Storage Storage Listed in Threshold Quantity (Tons) for Type capacity Scheduled Application of Rules (Tons) 5,7-9,13-15 10-12 Diesel Tankers 86 Sch 3 (part II) 5000 50000

From the above table it can be inferred that there would be no major Hazardous chemical stored at the proposed plant, which would attract the GOI rules 4 5,7-9 and 13- 15, as the quantity likely to be stored at site lies below the stipulated threshold quantities.

7.2.4 Nature Of Possible Hazards

There can be three kinds of major hazards  Leakage of Solvents tanks leading to pool Fire – Explosion and Fire hazard  Spontaneous ignition of coal – Explosion and Fire hazard  Electrical Hazards like flashover and short circuits

7.2.5 Maximum credible accident analysis for diesel storage area

Identification of causes and types of hazards is the primary task for planning for risk assessment. Hazard can happen because of the nature of chemicals handled and also the nature of process involved. So for risk analysis first step is to identify the hazardous chemicals which are to be studied for risk analysis.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Identification of Hazardous Chemicals is done in accordance with The Manufacture, Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.

Schedule 1, of the Rule provides a list of the Toxic and Hazardous chemicals and the flammable chemicals. It defines the flammable chemicals based on the flash point and boiling point.

"Major accident hazards (MAH) installations" is defined as the isolated storage and industrial activity at a site handling (including transport through carrier or pipeline) of hazardous chemicals equal to or, in excess of the threshold quantities specified in Column 3 of Schedule 2 and 3 respectively Schedule 3 has classified hazardous substances in an operating plant into 5 groups and has provided the threshold quantities for application of above rules.

 Group1 & 2 – Toxic substances  Group 3 – Highly reactive substances  Group 4 – Explosive substance  Group – 5 Flammable substances

The following Table 7.3 shows the list of major chemicals which have been identified as hazardous chemicals in The Manufacture, Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 and which are to be considered as Major accident hazards (MAH) installations.

Table 7.3 Hazardous Chemicals at site S. Chemical Use Nature of Type of Storage Threshold No Chemical Storage Quantity quantity (Schedule 1 & No’s for MAH & 3) 1 Diesel Supporting Highly Horizontal 100 KL 2500 fuel for Flammable & 2 No tonnes Vehicles (each 50 KL)

Nature of Hazard from Oil Storage:

Diesel is a petroleum product. It is a highly flammable liquid having flash point between 32–960C. However its auto ignition temperature is 2560C. Its boiling point ranges between 150-4000C. Furnace Oil is of similar characteristics having flash point above 660C. Major Hazards from oil storage can be fire. Maximum credible accidents from oil storage tank can be a) Tank Fire b) Pool / Dyke fire.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Tank Fire

Oil is stored in floating roof tank. Leak in rim seal leading to accumulation of vapour is a source of fire. Lighting can be a source of ignition and can cause tank fire. Overflow from tank leading to spillage may cause vapour cloud formation. This can catch fire and it can flash back to the tank to cause tank fire.

Pool / Dyke Fire

If there is outflow from the tank due to any leakage from tank or any failure of connecting pipes or valves, oil will flow outside and form a pool. Where the tank is surrounded by a dyke, the pool of oil will be restricted within that dyke. After sometime, the vapour from the pool can catch fire and can cause pool or dyke fire.

Heat Radiation and Thermal Damage Criteria

The level of damage caused by heat radiation due to fire is a function of duration of exposure as well as heat flux (i.e. radiation energy onto the object of concern). This is true both for the effect on building and plant equipment and for the effect on personnel. However the variation of likely exposures times is more marked with personnel, due to possibility of finding shelter coupled with protection of the skin tissue (clothed or naked body). Further, it is assumed that everyone inside the area by the pool fire will be burned to death (100% lethality) or will asphyxiate. Radiation at various heat flux levels which are critical in risk analysis, are given in the Table 7.4.

Table 7.4 Effect of Heat Radiation Exposure Time in seconds for % Fatality Radiation Level 1% 50% 99% (Kw/m2) 1.6 500 1300 3200 4.0 150 370 930 12.5 30 80 200 37.5 8 20 50

The damage and fatality (percentage of the exposed people to be killed) due to the exposure time is very important in determining the degree of fatality and corresponding effect distance. It is observed that the exposed persons normally find shelter or protection from the heat radiation (e.g. against a wall) within 10 seconds. However, exposure time of 30 seconds is normally assumed for pessimistic calculation which applies if people do not run away immediately or when no protection is available. The variation of the effects on humans due to heat flux and duration of exposure have been developed in the form of a Probit Equation which gives following values for human fatality levels in Table 7.5.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 7.5 Heat Radiation and Fatality S. No Heat Radiation Effect 1 37.5 Kw/m2 Damage to equipment 2 30.0 Kw/m2 Limit for Class 1 building materials 3 12.5 Kw/m2 Melting plastic 4 4.0 Kw/m2 Blistering 5 1.6 Kw/m2 Severe hot feeling

SCENARIO (POOL FIRE):

Site data Location: Jawaharnagar site, Hyderabad, Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 5 (user specified) Time: January 25, 2012 1154 hours ST (using computer's clock)

Chemical data Chemical Name: Diesel Molecular Weight: 114 g/mol PAC-1: 300 ppm, PAC-2: 385 ppm, PAC-3: 1000 ppm IDLH: 1000 ppm, LEL: 9600 ppm, UEL: 65000 ppm Ambient Boiling Point: 123° C Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.032 atm Ambient Saturation Concentration: 33,728 ppm or 3.37%

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Atmospheric Data: (Manual input of data)

Wind: 1.5 meters/second from N at 10 meters Ground Roughness: open country, Cloud Cover: 5 tenths Air Temperature: 35° C Stability Class: C (user override) No Inversion Height, Relative Humidity: 50%

Source Strength

Leak from hole in horizontal cylindrical tank Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes from tank Tank Diameter: 3 meters, Tank Length: 7.07 meters Tank Volume: 50000 liters Tank contains liquid, Internal Temperature: 35° C Chemical Mass in Tank: 38.3 tons, Tank is 100% full Circular Opening Diameter: 2 centimeters Opening is 2.70 meters from tank bottom Max Flame Length: 7 meters Burn Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour Max Burn Rate: 13.6 kilograms/min Total Amount Burned: 812 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 1.8 meters.

Threat Zone

Threat Modeled: Thermal radiation from pool fire Red : less than 10 meters (10.9 yards) -(10.0 kW/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange: less than 10 meters (10.9 yards)- (5.0 kW/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow: 10 meters --- (2.0 kW/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

7.3 On-Site Emergency Plan

An on-site emergency is caused by an accident that takes place in plant it self and the effects are confined to the factory premises involving only the people working in the factory. On-site emergency plan to deal with such eventualities is the responsibility of the occupier and is mandatory. An on-site emergency plan should contain the following key elements:  basis of the plan: Hazard analysis  accident prevention procedure/measures;  accident/emergency response procedure/measures and  recovery procedure.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

7.3.1Elements of Planning

The charts and maps should highlight the accident-prone areas of the industry so that in case of an emergency. It provides a basis for taking any action.

7.3.1.1 Emergency Personnel’s Responsibility During Normal Office Hours

Site Controller: The General Manager (however called) or his nominated deputy will assume overall responsibility for the plant / storage site and its personnel. His duties will be to:  Assess the magnitude of the situation and decide if staff needs to be evacuated from their assembly points to identify safer places;  Exercise direct operational control over areas other than those affected;  Undertake a continuous review of possible developments and assess in consultation with key personnel as to whether shutting down of the plant or any section of the plant and evacuation of personnel are required;  Liaise with senior officials of Police, Fire Bridge, Medical and Factories Inspectorate and provide advice on possible effects on areas outside the factory premises:  Look after rehabilitation of affected persons on discontinuation of emergency;  Issues authorized statements to news media, and ensure that evidence is preserved for enquiries to be conducted by the statutory authorities.

Incident Controller: Plant Manager or an Officer of similar rank of the unit may be nominated to act as the Incident Controller. Immediately on knowing about an emergency, he will rush to the incident site and take overall charge and report to the Site Controller. On arrival, he will assess the extent of emergency and decide if major emergency exists and inform the Communication Officer accordingly. His duties will be to:

 Direct all operations to stop within the affected area taking into consideration priorities for safety of personnel, minimize damage to the plant, property and environment and minimize loss of materials.  Provide advice and information to the Fire and Security Officers and the local fire service;  Ensure that all non-essential workers/staff of the areas affected are evacuated to the appropriate assembly points and the areas are searched for casualties;  Set up communication points and establish contact with Emergency Control Centre in the event of failure of electric supply and thereby Public Address System (PAS) and internal telephones;  Report on all significant developments to the communication officer: and  Have regard to the need to preserve the evidence so as to facilitate any enquiry into the cause and circumstances, which caused or escalated the emergency.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Personnel/Administrative Manager: He will work as Liaison Officer and will be stationed at the main entrance (Gate House) during the emergency. He will, under the direction of the site controller, handle Police, Press and other enquiries, receive reports from roll-call leaders from assembly points and pass on the absentee information to the Incident Controller. His responsibilities shall be:

 To ensure that causalities received adequate attention/ to arrange additional help if required and inform relatives;  To control traffic movements into the factory and ensure that alternative transport is available when need arises; and  When emergency is prolonged, arrange for the relief of personnel and organise refreshments / catering facility.

Communication Officer: He will, on hearing the alarm, proceed to Control Room and maintain communication with the Incident Controller. He will:

 Advise the Site Controller of the situation, recommending (if necessary) evacuation of staff from assembly points.  Recruit suitable to act as runners between the accident Controller and himself if the telephone and other system of communication fall. Also maintain contact with congregation points like Canteen etc.,  Maintain prior agreed inventory in the control Room:  Maintain a log of the incident on tape; and  In case of a prolonged emergency involving risk to outside areas by wind- blown materials- contact local meteorological office to receive early notification of changes in weather conditions.

Fire & Security Officer: The Chief Fire and Security Officer will be responsible for fire fighting. On hearing the fire alarm he shall reach the fire station immediately and advise fire and security staff in the factory of the incident zone and cancel the alarm. He will also announce on PAS or convey through telephones or messengers or canteens to the Communication Officer, Incident Controller and Site Controller about the incident zone. He will open the gates nearest to the incident and stand by to direct the emergency services.

Telephone Operator: On hearing the emergency alarm, he will immediately contact Site Controller and on his advice call the local fire-bridge or mutual-aid scheme members. In case the PAS internal/external telephone system becomes inoperative, he shall inform the Communication Officer through a messenger. In case fire has been detected and the alarm is not in operation, he shall receive information about location from the person who detected the fire and thereafter immediately consult the Incident Controller and make announcement on PAS or telephone telling the staff about location of the incident and to evacuate to their assembly points. He will continue to operate the switch board advising the callers that the staff are not available and pass all calls connected with the incident to the Communication.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Departmental Heads: The Departmental Heads will report to Incident Controller and provide assistance as required. They will decide the staff they require at the incident site.

Fire Pump Attendant: Two persons identified in each shift will work as fire pump attendants. On hearing the fire alarm, they will immediately proceed to pump house to ensure that pumps are operating and stand by to maintain them. At the end of emergency, they will be relieved of their duty by the Fire and Security Officers.

7.3.1.2 Responsibilities of Emergency Personnel outside normal working hours

Site Controller: As soon as he becomes aware of the emergency and its location, he will proceed to the scene. On arrival, he shall assess the scale of the incident and direct operations within the affected areas with the following priorities:

 Secure the safety of persons, which may require evacuation to the assembly points in the event of escape of materials if the wind is from an adverse direction.  Minimize damage to plant, property and the environment.  Prevent spreading and damage to outside the premises.  Minimize loss of materials : and  Have regard to the need for preserving evidence that may facilitate subsequent enquiry.  Inform shift engineer –in-charge as to what services are/are not required.  Hand over charge of operations to the Incident Controller when he arrives at the site.

Fire & Security Officer: On hearing the call, he shall advise the Fire & Security staff at the incident point of the factory zones. He shall cancel the fire alarm and on advise of Shift Incharge, inform the local fire brigade (or active mutual aid system where exists). He shall:  Announce over the PAS in which zone the incident has occurred and on the advice of the Shift Incharge inform the staff to evacuate the assembly service.  Inform the Shift Incharge, if there is any large escape of gas.  Call out in the following order:  Incident Controller or his nominated deputy.  Engineering Manager and Service Manager.  Personnel and Administrative Manager.  Departmental Head in whose plant the incident occurred.

First Aid Teams: The Personnel Manager shall keep the roll call lists for the Fire and First-Aid team on duty. Roll call leaders and first – aid team are appointed by each Departmental Head for his shift team. Roll call leaders shall check their rolls as members of the services and report for emergency duty. Names of unaccounted persons or absentees will be informed to the Fire and Security Officer. Members of the First-Aid

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 7.11

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. teams will report to the Shift Executive Incharge/ Incident Controller on hearing the alarm and follow his directions.

Factory Fire Bridge Personnel: The duty Fire Brigade personnel under the command of the Fire and Security Officer shall be responsible for fire fighting and rescue. On hearing the alarm, they shall proceed to the place of incident, if known, otherwise they will report at the fire station. The men at fire station shall find out the location of the emergency the equipment and proceed to the site of occurrence. At the site, all the squad members will respond to the directions given by the Incident Controller.

7.4 Infrastructure

Emergency Control Room- Emergency Control Room is to be set up and marked on the site plan. The Control Room will be the focal point case of an emergency from where the operations to handle the emergency are directed and coordinated. It will control site activities and should be furnished with external and internal telephone connections, list of essential telephone numbers, list of key persons and their addresses.

Assembly Points- Assembly points are to be set up farthest from the location of likely hazardous events where pre-designated persons from the works, contractors and visitors would assemble in case of emergency. Up-to-date list of pre-designated employees of various departments (shift-wise) must be available at these points so that roll call could be taken. Pre-designated persons would take charge of these points and mark presence as the people come into it.

7.5. Operational Systems During Emergency

7.5.1 Communication System

There are different types of alarms to differentiate one type of an emergency from other as described below:

Fire or Gas Normal Fire Siren Emergency/Evacuation High-pitched wailing Siren

Alarms should be followed by an announcement over Public Address System (PAS). In case of failure of alarm system, communication should be by telephone operator who will make announcement in industrial complex through Public Address System which should be installed. If everything fails, a messenger could be used for sending the information.

7.5.2 Warning System & Control

The Control Centers should be located at an area of the minimum risk or vulnerability in the premises concerned, taking into account the wind direction, areas which might be affected by fire/explosion, toxic releases, etc.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

For promptness and efficiency, the factory premises/storage sites may be divided into „X‟ number of zones, which should be clearly marked on the site plan.

 Emergency Services - Under this, each factory should describe the facilities of fire-fighting, first-aid and rescue. Alternate sources of power supply for operating fire pumps, communication with local bodies, fire brigade, etc. Should also be clearly indicated.  An adequate number of external and internal telephone connections should be installed.

A plan or plans of the works to illustrate- a. Areas with large inventories of hazardous material. b. Sources of safety equipment. c. Fire-hydrant system and alternate supply sources. d. Stock of other fire-fighting materials. e. Assembly points, first-aid centers. f. Surrounding habitation within 1/ 2 km distance. g. Availability of first-aid equipment.

7.5.3 Mutual Aid

It is essential to have mutual aid arrangements as it is useful in cases of major fire and other emergencies. Mutual aid arrangements are to be worked out in the plan to facilitate additional help in say, fire-fighting or medical attention which might be beyond the capacity of an individual factory/unit. To make the mutual aid plan a success, the following are considered essential:

 Written procedure which spells out how call for help will be made and how it will be responded.  The type of equipment which would be used and procedure for making replacement.  A quick hot-line method of communication.  A brief mention of the type of hazard in each plant and fire-fighting measures.  Orientation and joint training program for staff.  Joint inspections and drills.

7.6 Declaration Of Off-Site Emergency

The person responsible for declaring the emergency (Site Controller) will assess the situation and in case its effects are likely to be felt outside the factory premises, he would get in touch with the District authorities who will at once take over the management of emergency situation and declare off-site emergency. The situation should also be immediately declared by coded Siren, which will help to inform the people in the vicinity of the industry / unit about the emergency situation. They should help to move to the safer area as prescribed in the off-site plan. The management of emergency henceforth has to

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 7.13

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. be conducted by the District Crises Management Group from a Control Room under the supervision of the District Collector.

7.7Hazard Control during Plant Operation

Safe operating procedures will be laid down and the personnel will be informed of the safety protocol required. Safety audit will be undertaken at least once every year. Employees will be given periodic training on various safety precautions to be followed during the operation of the plant. This training will make the workers safety conscious and make them confident to handle any type of emergency situation.

7.7.1Personnel

Adequate number of personnel for various services such as security, fire, safety, medical, and communications shall be recruited. Security staff of the company will be trained to liaison with fire, safety and medical services personnel during emergencies. They will register incidents/episodes as per the existing police rules.

Fire services personnel will be able to use appropriate fire-fighting methods (water, foam etc.) Depending upon type of construction materials and chemicals involved. They will have through knowledge of location of utilities such as electrical and water supply services in the area. Fire services personnel will be responsible for the overall execution of fire fighting operations, and evacuation of public from the affected areas.

Personnel in the safety services will be responsible for the declaration of disaster. They will be responsible for the overall implementation of disaster management at site. Fully equipped ambulance will be provided for use during emergencies. Personnel in medical services will be able to immediately move the affected personnel to hospitals with adequate facilities. They will be equipped to provide medical care during transportation in ambulance.

7.7.2 Personnel Training

Personnel working in the plant will be aware of various safety steps needed to be followed in the event of hazards/emergencies. Periodic personnel training programs will be conducted over information of material safety, occupational health, first aid, spill containment, co-ordination with various service agencies, and accident notification protocol. Mock emergency combat exercises will be performed periodically to ensure effective personnel participation during real emergency situations.

7.8.Disaster Management

In spite of various hazard control procedures practiced at the plant, there still is possibility for certain hazards to blow up into disasters. Plant management will be equipped to handle such disasters or emergencies. A comprehensive disaster or emergency

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 7.14

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. management plan with an objective to minimize exposure of people and maximize the speed of corrective action is required for any industry. Potential for hazards due to fire, explosion is significant in the proposed project.

Objectives:  Assessing the dangers, which could arise on and off site as a result of foreseen emergencies & the effects that could be on the environment.  Training of individual personnel, with duties under the plans will familiarize the onsite personnel with their roles , their equipment and details of the plans.  Emergency plans should be based on the specific needs of each particular site for dealing with those emergencies, which may arise. These plans should be tested when first devised and there after to be rehearsed at suitable intervals.  Assessing the causes, which lead to disaster. E.g., fires, spillages, release of toxic and corrosive materials etc. consequences of which should be assessed.  Safeguarding employees, & minimizing damage to property & environment.  Mitigation of the risks involved by pre-planned remedial & rescue measures using when necessary, the combined resources of the organization concerned and the public emergency services.

Risk assessment of the unit has to be carried out for the preparation of the emergency planning.

Following are the precautions to avoid the risk involved and the emergency control measures to be taken for handling any incident, which can take place inspite of taking all precautions.  Adequate ventilation systems for fumes, smokes and dust will be provided.  Exit signs will be clearly displayed to facilitate easy and quick evacuation of personnel during emergencies.  Danger signs will be prominently displayed near electrical installations and other potential hazards.  Plant layout showing entry and exit points, fire hydrants, fire extinguisher, electrical and other hazardous installation etc. will be displayed prominently at several locations within the plant to enable personnel to effectively combat emergencies.

7.8.1 Fire & Explosion Hazards

Adequate fire fighting equipment will be located throughout the plant. Description of the operation of the fire extinguisher will be clearly provided by the side of the extinguisher. Test runs will be made periodically to ensure satisfactory functioning of the equipment.

The major fire hazards can be encountered in storage houses, in plant premises, stores and during transportation.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Besides hampering productivity accidental fires cause considerable damage to lives and property. The emergency planning should identify fire hazards in buildings, plant process, machines and operating procedures before outlining measures to minimize outbreak of fires. Basic precautionary measure governing fire safety attempts is to ensure that fires do not start in the first place and if at all they start they should be restrained by quick detection and extinguishments. Inspite of taking all the precautionary measures there are possibilities of catching fire which can assume enormous proportions and lead to heavy loss.

Following are the different measures adopted by the industry to avoid disasters:

 Flame proof electrical parts to be fitted through out the plant.  Automatic detection systems shall be installed which will provide visible or audible alarms at designated manned locations at the slightest risk of fire.  Various fire fighting systems which include hydrant systems such as water sprinkler system, foam system, emulsifier system, and portable fire extinguishers for preventing and controlling fire instantly.  The site personnel should be trained and practiced for fire fighting in order to combat the fire in actual situation.  Storage of flammable substances in well ventilated areas.  Process control instrumentation to prevent overheating.  Enforcement of no smoking regulations.  Building should be of built of non combustible construction and subdivided into compartments of limited size through fire resistant walls and floors.  Prevention of accumulation of static charges.  Regular lubrication of machinery to avoid spark generation due to friction.  Provision of lightening arrestors.

Suitable fire fighting equipments are provided if fire breaks out in addition to other precautionary measures.

7.8.2 Machinery Failure

Due to different types of machines operating during the process its quite obvious that there are failures of these machines due to power cut, water scarcity or even due to incorrect handling or operation. In either case the safety of the personnel is the first and foremost criteria. Following are the preventive measures for the safety of the factory personnel.

 Provision of alarm systems where by the machine can be indicated and if necessary suspend the operation process.  Provision of automatic lock up facilities.  Proper maintenance of the machines.  Automatic protection for the persons and plant machinery.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Though there is less hazard associated with the solid waste proposed to be handled there are always chances of accidents, such as fire, explosion, release of toxic substances, accidental spillages etc. that can result in disaster if not controlled or managed properly. Apart from the hazards mentioned the direct consequences like inhalation of toxic substances, their contact with skin, or exposure to eyes, can also lead to severe implications to the personnel safety of the staff.

During the emergency planning many factors have to be considered such as nature and type of the hazard, their explosive potential, toxic inflammable corrosion nature and details of their handling, storage and transportation. Following measures will be taken during the emergency planning:

 List of materials used recorded with respect to the hazardous properties of the substances.  A list of all the major hazards associated with the substance along with the method for their control is prepared.  Nature of the hazard should be identified.

7.8.3 Waste Spillage Control Plan

Wastes handled at the site are municipal solid waste material; with limited potential to cause problems. These will be handled under controlled conditions within the site. The most likely emergency foreseen is a major vehicle accident and spillage of solid waste from the trucks. This would require the vehicle to be unloaded into the temporary storage area so that treatment can be carried out and the vehicle cleaned and repaired before leaving the facility. Other emergencies are likely to be industrial accidents associated with the improper use of on site plant and equipment. These will be avoided to the greatest extent possible by workforce training and management supervision.

In addition to these most probable events, other emergencies like fire, explosion and similar emergencies are also possible but unlikely on-site during operations.

7.8.4 Safety While Handling Electricity Gadgets

All the activities related to use of electricity oriented should be handled carefully & necessary preventive measures be taken in case any accidents pertaining to electricity takes place. The necessary preventive measures include wearing of rubber soled shoes, rubber gloves to attend to the electrical repair, Switching of the line before attending the repair work, checking of the point if any electricity flow is there or not, proper earthing should be done. It should be checked by the personnel involved that no negligence should be on the part of the electricians in the repair work & the works are done in a proper fashion. The equipment & the cable must be properly isolated with suitable isolating device and identified by proper marking. Suitable isolators are installed, properly marked, locked and out point circuit should be suitably earthed. It should be ensured that suitable preventive measures are taken incase overloading takes place.

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Power cables should be secured properly & must be protected from all the physical hazards and damages. Junction boxes must be protected and well supported. Proper earthing is given at places where necessary.

While using transformer it should be ensured that it is placed in a well enclosed room. Regular checking of the transformer is necessary.

At the substation entry of reptiles, snakes etc should be prevented and the rubbles should be evenly spread. The checking of the quantity of the oil, leakage from the transformer, gasket or radiator tube of the transformer, installation of the extinguisher near the transformer, checking of control switches, starters, operating handles and reset handles should be free of operation, Periodic checking of terminal cables, contacts etc.

Following are the various precautions to be taken in substation are as follows:

 Before operation checking of all the relays fixed.  Any relay or equipment is found defective it must be immediately informed to Senior officers and rectified.  If every thing is found O.K then only main power switched on.  To resume the power supply from line permission from works manager should be obtained.  To attend to any work in the substation permission from General Manager (works).

7.8.5 Safety Measures during Power Failure

In case supply fails due to internal problem or due to fault in supply line then:  At first the MOCB is tripped and the fault is detected.  The electrician is provided with hand gloves, goggles, safety apron etc.  The General Manager (Works) is informed about the rectification & the line is switched on.  Following are the safety equipments provided in the control room for any emergency: i. First Aid Box. ii. Artificial respiration chart iii. Discharge rod. iv. Hand gloves v. Asbestos apron vi. Goggles vii. Fire extinguishers and sand buckets

7.8.6 Precautionary Measure While Using Electrical Appliances In spite of taking precautionary measures a number of accidents take place from time to time all over the world due to electrocution. The main cause behind these accidents lies in being

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. carelessness and ignorance about the appliances using. To avoid such accidents following are the safety measures suggested:

 Use of damaged plugs, wires, switches etc., should be avoided.  Do not touch the electrical appliances with screwdrivers etc., until & unless the supply is cut off.  Do not touch the electrical appliances with wet hands when supply is there.  Connecting a number of appliances is strictly objected as there is a more risk of catching fire.  Do not keep wires hanging or loose but fittings should be proper & safe.  Use of three pin plug is advised as only one point has earthing facility.  In ceiling fans, nuts and safety pins fitted must be checked properly.  Connect the supply to appliances through plugs only do not insert naked wires, matchsticks or wooden stick.  Defective appliances should be immediately rectified through a competent person.  Power supply should be cut off before attending a repair on equipment.  Keep heaters or room heaters away from the material which are sensitive to fire.  Use the appliances as long as you actually require. After the job is done switch off the supply to save the energy.  Fuse wire of proper size should be used.  Clean the dust etc., of appliances before using.  Do not rush to save electrocuted person without taking proper care.  Before touching the electrocuted person switch off the main.  Use rubber insulated tools and rubber hand gloves for working during supply or in its line.  Where there is danger caution board or HI line, please keep yourself away from the site.  Always prefer equipment of ISI marked.

Above mentioned precautions saves from the accidents in industry as well as at homes.

7.8.7 Risk & Disaster Handling Procedures

The range of services to be provide and their envisaged duties are indicated below:

 Plant start ups and emergency shut downs – Every operating person will be properly trained and proper instructions written down on strategic locations to ensure that plant start up/ shut down is as per procedures.  As a policy, the management will entrust definite assignment of responsibility on specific functions to various departmental heads and co-ordination by one individual as chain of command who will be available round the clock either in the industry on duty or available on phone, with proper communication facility to reach the site in minimum time.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Medical services – details of names of Doctors and hospitals with first aid services & other medical facilities with telephone numbers will be provided.  Fire protection facility – full fledged fire fighting facilities in the factory and the crew will be readily available handy at all times.  In order to keep employees abreast with fire fighting in the event of actual fire, the employees will be trained by mock fire exercises periodically.  All control instruments will be maintained in up to date conditions. Safety values and rupture discs, alarms and level indicators will be checked by dummy trails.  Arrangement for emergency power and water supply will be kept ready at all times.  Before supervisors and workers are designed to work, they will be trained in operations and provided with literature about correct handling, possible hazards and protective equipment.  They shall be trained in safety procedures and be examined that they have absorbed this knowledge. Persons with a habit of adopting shortcuts or who are complacent must be disqualified.  Emergency procedures shall be written down and made known to each person concerned. Escape routes shall be properly marked. Information will be provided through alarms, siren with proper coding, and public address systems.  Monitoring of accidents, their causes and other relevant data will be recorded as per MoEF guidelines. The management will take necessary steps, which include details of the accidents reporting to State Pollution Control Board and Inspector of Factories.  Information on Off site emergency plan will be furnished to the Chief Inspector of Factories for possible emergency.

7.8.8 First Aid Measures

Following are the first aid measures, which would be taken before the personnel taken to the hospital.  In case of contact with skin, remove the contaminated clothes, wash with plenty of water and report for medical treatment.  In case of exposure to eyes flush thoroughly with large quantities of water from the tap, spray or by inserting the head in a water container and repeatedly opening and closing of the eyes for at least 10 minutes.  In case of inhalation, move the affected person immediately to uncontaminated place, loosen his clothing and make him to lie down in face down position and observe breathing. If breathing stops, apply artificial respiration and do not attempt to give anything orally to patient if he is unconscious.

An Emergency control centre will be established and equipped with adequate means of communication to areas inside and outside the works. This centre will have the relevant data and equipment which will assist those manning at the centre to be well aware of the developing situation and plan accordingly.

The Emergency Control Centre will be equipped with the following data / information:

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Safety data pertaining to the hazardous materials likely to cause emergency.  Procedure of major and special fire fighting, rescue operations, first aid, artificial respiration system, etc.  Emergency call out list of persons drafted for emergency control i.e. key personnel and notified team members, security, police and state authorities.

Following are the some of the facilities proposed at the Emergency Control Centre:  Intercoms  P & T Telephone  Telex & Fax facilities  Plant area map – big size  District telephone directory  Emergency lights  Wind direction and speed indicator  On site emergency plan manuals  Safety & chemical goggles  Helmets, Blankets, First aid box, etc

The above items shall be inspected and ensured serviceable by the concerned shift Incharge of the location on regular intervals.

Replacement of the above equipment if any damage is found shall be ensured by the shift Incharge and simultaneously put into records.

7.8.9 Assembly Point

In emergency it is almost certain to evacuate affected persons for inside the factory to a safer place. It is also essential to evacuate non-essential workers to streamline emergency action plan activities and ensuring safety. The evacuation will be effected after getting information from the works incident controller soon after emergency arises. On evacuation, all works staff and employees than notified members shall be assembled at the assembly point for receiving further information, etc.

A suitable location will be identified as the assembly point at the plant gate. A second alternate Assembly point will be identified in case the first identified location is not accessible due any reason.

A non essential work staff and employees shall not leave the assembly point unless and until asked for by the competent authority.

7.8.10 Fire Prevention Facilities The unit will be provided with appropriate fire fighting equipment including pumps for emergency requirement. Any one or combination of the following system will protect all yards and plant.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Hydrant system  High velocity and Medium velocity sprinkler system.  Water spray (Mulsifier System)  Foam system.

The system will be designed as per the recommendations of Tariff Advisory Committee of Insurance Association of India. Applicable codes and standards of National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), USA, would also be followed.

Hydrant system consisting of a ring header, hydrants and hose stations will provide general plant protection.

The fuel unloading area, DM plant area, cooling tower area and boiler area will be protected from fire hazard through fire hydrant system. Two Nos. of firewater pumps are envisaged, which will be installed in the pump house. One Centrifugal pump driven by electrical motor is provided for high velocity sprinkler system. One jockey pump along with hydropneumatic tank will also be installed to maintain pressure in the fire hydrant lines. In addition to above, adequate number of portable fire extinguishers will be installed at strategic locations throughout the plant.

High velocity water spray system is proposed for the generator transformers and station transformers. Water supply for this system will be tapped off from dedicated high velocity sprinkler system with separate pumps.

A fire alarm system would provide visual and audible alarms for fire detection at the incipient stage. The system would comprise manual call points located at strategic locations in areas which are normally manned, and automatic smoke & heat detectors located at important points such as cable vaults, control rooms, switchgear rooms etc. to detect fire at an early stage and provide visual and audible alarm.

7.8.11 Medical Facilities

Some of the following Medical Facilities would be made available at plant and some will be utilized from near by hospital on regular long term agreement.

 First Aid Dispensary  Qualified Medical officer (near by hospital)  Compounder cum dresser  Ambulance van ((near by hospital)  First aid related medicines.  Sterilisers  Emergency oxygen systems  First aid injuries treatment facilities  Stretcher – 01 No. (Excluding available with ambulance)

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

First aid boxes are kept in all important locations of the plant to cater the needs of the employees at the spot. All cases other than of First Aid nature should be referred to a designated hospital close from the plant. It should be a full-fledged hospital equipped with all necessary treatment facilities.

7.9. Off-Site Emergency Plan

If an accident takes place in a plant and its effects are felt outside its premises, the situation thus created is called an “off-site” emergency. It no longer remains the concern of the factory management alone but also becomes a concern for the general public living outside or passing by the premises of the factory or storage site involved. To meet such situations, off-site emergency plans are to be prepared as stipulated and put into operation.

The off-site emergency plan should detail how emergency related to major accidents on the site will be dealt with. The following points should be noted by all concerned in respect of an off-site emergency plan:

 The Industrial or storage units to be covered under the plan should provide all the necessary information related to industrial activities under their respective control to the concerned authorities.  In case of any new industrial activity proposed or being set up in the area, an on- site emergency plan should be prepared before the activity is commenced  All districts having major hazard installation should have an off-site emergency plan.  The off-site emergency plan should be updated from time to time, especially when a new process is started or new units are established.  The off-site emergency plan should be tested for its efficacy through mock exercises / drills.  The persons outside the site, who may be affected by a major accident, should be informed about: - the nature of the major accident hazard and - Safety measures to be adopted

7.9.1 Planning an Off-Site Emergency

The planning for emergency response requires cooperation among the responders to know the persons responsible for various activities. This understanding is facilitated through personal interaction and close working in devising and updating a plan. Therefore, the pre-requisite for preparing a plan is the formation of a planning team. The possible composition of the planning team is given below:

Planning Team- Members  Collector/Deputy Collector  District authorities Incharge of Fire Services, Police

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 Medical Services  Factory Inspectorate  Pollution Control Board  Industries and  Transport

Co-Opted Members On Need Basis

District authorities concerned  Civil Defense  Publicity Department  Municipal Corporation, and  Non- Officials such as elected representatives. MPs / MLAs and Voluntary Organization.

The District Collector or his nominated representative would be the team leader who shall conduct the planning task in a systematic manner.

7.9.2Compilation of Geographic, Demographic, Meteorological And Seismic Information

Details of public transport network including information of local conditions around the industry, is required for preparation of off-site plan. The information required includes public transportation network, details of road network including conditions of road, width, traffic load and connecting road with industries and the rail network are to be collected and shown on map. a) Geographic Information

Geographic information like pipeline networks carrying flammable and toxic material are to be shown in the map to indicate possible impact. Land use plan in the vicinity of the hazardous industries would require in depth analysis to determine the likely effect of any spill in the area. Details of the water supply lines, water sources, water tanks, in the near by area to be marked b) Demographic Information

The population of the industry as well as neighbouring areas is a key factor for this type of planning. The information to be collected in this regard is : - neighbouring population - housing colonies of industries - Sensitive institutions i.e. schools, hospitals - Type of housing - Cattle/livestock

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. c)Meteorological Information

Meteorological data for a period of 10 years related to wind speed/direction, humidity and temperature inversion is essential of preparation of dispersion models for toxic gas release. d)Seismic Data

Information regarding seismic zone and record of earthquake is considered to be an important input in off-site planning

7.9.3 Elements of Off-Site Planning

A typical off-site emergency plan should have the following important components. Plan Pre-requisite - Plan requirement - Planning Team - Hazard Analysis and Quantification - Scenario development - Assessment of Capabilities Plan Development - Incident information - Authority for responding - Basic Assumption - Operation of the Plan - Coordination with other plans Emergency Assistance - Names and address of the key personnel - Telephone numbers Response Functions Initial Notification - Control Room - Access - Direction and Control - Communication amongst responders - Warning System/Emergency Notification - Public information - Resources Mobilisation and Management - Health and Medical Response - Public protection including evacuation - Fire and Rescue - Law and Order - On-going Incident Assessment

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Besides the above, other elements of off-site planning are containment, clean up and Disposal; Documentation and Investigation: Plan Testing and Updating and Community Awareness, preparedness and Training.

For developing an off-site plan of a particular locality, the elements of relevance to the plan should be carefully selected. The elements would be based on location situations, hazards present, existence of vulnerable area in the vicinity and resource availability, etc. The main pre-requisite of an off-site emergency plan is to define and lay down the clear cut objectives and requirements. As stated earlier, a planning team representing local industries, response agencies and other bodies should be formed. The plan should be based on a systematic hazard analysis of the units in the area and scenarios based thereon. This should be done by the units and made available for updating the plan. Resource planning has to be based on the assessment of capabilities in the area.

Plan development should clearly indicate the format to be used for reporting information related to accidents, basic assumptions in preparing the plans, plan operation and dove tailing with other plans. The plan should include the names and contact telephone numbers of persons responsible for emergency assistance. Complete detailing of the response functions is the most important part of the plan. The plan should cover details about Central Control Room, access to and from the incident area, direction and control of emergency public information, resource management, communication during emergencies, response personnel safety, on-going incident assessment, etc

Specific roles of the police, fire fighting and medical personnel should be worked out in the plan. The aspect of containment clean-up and disposal should also be covered in the plan. If it is not done properly, there could be secondary effect from the accident. Testing and updating of the plan needs lot of preparatory work in the form of training of teams, developing assessment mechanisms using observers and mobilisation of resources. The role of adjacent communities during emergencies and building community awareness dare also important aspects of the plan.

It is important to identify the hazardous units located in the area up-to-date information regarding the on-site plans prepared by each individual unit if required to be compiled for formulating the off-site plan for the area.

7.9.4Off-Site Control Room

The control of crisis during major accidents is to be exercised through a Control Room established at an easily accessible central location in the area. This Control Room should be capable of functioning on being required to be activated at any time. The Control Room for off-site plan is thus over and above the Control Room set up by each unit for its on-site plan. The Control Room shall:

 Act as a focal point of emergency management.  Keep records of all messages.

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 Inform Operation Officer on receipt of first information relating to accident.  Monitor implementation of mutual aid.  Serve as the focal point for meeting of the Crisis Management Group (CMG).

In order to operate the Control Room round the clock, manpower and transport are required on a shift basis. The Control room should be equipped with proper communication system, data processing network and should be a storehouse of information to combat emergencies.

7.9.5Key Personnel & Their Duties

The ultimate responsibility for the management of the major emergencies rests on the District Magistrate/ Collector.

He will be assisted by representatives from all concerned organisations, departments and services at the district level. This group of officials forms the District Crisis Management Group (CMG). The members of the group may vary according to the District and local conditions. The CMG will:

 Control all emergency operations  Guide on matters related to policy issues  Provide official information and instructions to the general public.

An operation response Group (ORG) will have to be put up to implement the directions of the CMG. The duties of the ORG are as under:

 To develop an integrated response strategy based on the available information.  To plan deployment of field units to ensure the availability of appropriate force to deal with the situation.  To coordinate the functioning of the various agencies.  To deal with crisis and implement decisions of CMG.  To monitor the progress till the crisis ends and keep the CMG posted with the development.

7.9.6 Communication Systems Network

An efficient and reliable Communication System is required for the success of the off-site emergency plan. The efficient communication system is required to alert:

 Off-site Emergency Authorities and Services.  Neighbouring factories in the area and public in the vulnerable zone.

A communication network of the following type maybe helpful::

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Hotlines between Control Room to industrial units, Emergency Services, Meteorological Station and the Media.  P&T Telephone Lines.  Data Processing Network hooked to all Computers/ PCs.

A communication flow chart is to be prepared and kept in the Control Room. An up-to- date Telephone Directory of key personnel concerned with the emergency should be available at all times.

In coordinating the communication system efficiently, there should be a Communication Officer in Control Room to ensure that all the modes of communication are functional round the-clock. All communication operators should maintain a Log-book for the messages received in/out and actions taken. These activities should be incorporated in the data processing.

7.9.7 Warning System

In an Off-site Management Plan, one of the most important pre-requisites is a good „Warning System‟. Efficient Warning System will save lives, prevent injuries and reduce losses. Emergency Commander will decide the appropriate Warning System and implement it. The Commissioner of Police will be responsible for implementation of the Warning System.

The Warning Systems are of the following types:

 Disaster Warning: (Maximum Credible Loss Scenario) High Pitched Continuous Wailing Siren.  Fire/Toxic Release: Long Siren followed by short Siren  All Clear: Long Continuous

Depending upon the nature of hazards and the area affected, other methods of warning may be used as follows:  Out-Door Warning Sirens  Public Address System with Police.  Mass Media.  Door to door visit by civil defence Personnel  Telephonic contact with schools and other organisations/ public Institutions.  Information to be provided at common gathering places such as Canteens, Shops, etc

7.9.8 Public Information System

During a crisis following an accident, the people of the area and large number of media representatives would like to know about the situation from time to time and the response

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. of the district authority to the crisis. It is important to give timely information to the public in order to prevent panic and rumour mongering. The emergency public information could be carried out in three phases.

Before the Crisis: This will include the safety procedure to be followed during an emergency through posters, talks and mass media in different languages including local languages. Leaflets containing do‟s/ don‟ts should be circulated to educate the people in the vicinity.

During the Crisis: Dissemination of information about the nature of the incidents, actions taken and instructions to the public about protective measures to be taken, evacuation etc, are the important steps during this phase.

After the Crisis: Attention should be focused on information concerning restoration of essential services, travel restrictions etc.,

Various tasks of the public information system could include:  Quick dissemination of emergency instructions to the public.  To receive all calls from media/public regarding emergency situations and respond meticulously.  Obtain current information from the Central control Room.  Prepare news release.  Brief visitors/media.  Maintain contact with hospital and get information about the causalities.

7.9.9 Fire Fighting System

The industrial areas having major accident-prone hazardous installations should have special fire fighting arrangements. In order to tackle great risk of fire explosion, spillage of hazardous liquid or release of toxic gases, there is need for constant preparedness to mobilise all available fire fighting and toxicity control resources in minimum time. There should be an inside control of all fire-fighting resources in the affected areas under the overall charge of Chief Fire Officer. The operational response will be coordinated from the Central Control Room. The planning for fire fighting should be as follows:

Before the Crisis: Should be checked for the following facilities available are if not available they should be made available  Proper road and means of escape should be identified.  Considering the possible hazards, there must be adequate water supply.  Training of the personnel in fire fighting duties in the industry.  Provision of adequate and proper arrangement of the fighting vehicles is important.

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During the Crisis: Immediate response to an emergency should be coordinated by the Control Room by matching all the resources, in a major emergency having wide off-site implications more than one industry would be affected necessitating concurrent fire fighting operations at a number of places. In this case, the whole area may be divided in different fire zones. The task of the fire zone commanders should be as under:  Command and control of all fire fighting resources in the respective fire zones.  Deployment of additional fire resources allocated by Control Room.  Coordination of fire fighting institutes.

7.9.10 Mutual Aid

All the industrial units in the affected areas should have mutual aid arrangement for getting/extending help in fire fighting facilities, special fire fighting agents, trained manpower, etc. The Control Room will allocate additional resources to fire zone including protective equipments kept centrally as a pool.

7.10 Services Support System

7.10.1 Health & Medical A major off-site emergency in an area may affect a number of units and the surrounding colonies resulting in more casualties. The medical response plan had to cater for immediate pooling of all available medical resources and provide emergency medical treatment to the victims of the incident. A coordinated utilisation of all available local medical resources in the incident areas as well as the additional resources should be mobilised under the overall charge of the District Health Department. The operational response should be coordinated by the Chief Medical Officer from the Control Room. Before the crisis, the following actions should be carried out:  Specialised training of doctors relating to chemicals hazards.  Blood grouping of all employees working in the industrial unit.  Maintenance of list of blood donors group wise.  Arrangement of adequate buffer stock of essential medicines.  Stocking of anti-dotes and special medicines for hazardous substances.  Planning of additional capacity in the base hospital for large-scale casualties.

During the crisis, medical plan in terms of manpower, transport and equipment as per organisational response be implemented. The organisational response structure should be set up as under:  First-aid Post  Casualty Response Centre  Base Hospital

It is essential to guide medical relief and establish public health measures like sanitation, immunisation, etc. In the absence of proper information about the chemical exposure,

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 7.30

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. their symptoms, first-aid and treatment, the physicians attending such emergencies are generally faced with great problems.

7.10.2 Transportation

A large number of ambulances would be necessary to transport casualties to the casualty response centre and base hospital. For this purpose, jeeps/ matadors/ special wagons which can be converted as ambulance at short notice should be kept at the unit and the Control Room.

7.10.3 Security And Police

Security, protection of life & property and traffic control & maintenance of law and order are the traditional and statutory functions of the police. During an emergency duties and responsibilities of the police may be :  Cordoning of the incident area  Warning public about the hazards  Traffic Control  Assist fire fighting services  Assist first-aid medical teams  Assist evacuation and ensure protection of property in evacuated areas.

Control of security operations in the area should be exercised by the Deputy Commissioner of Police. Different phases of emergency management practices would be as under: a) Before the Crisis Contingency plan of manpower, transport and communication network to coordinate possible incident areas and to regulate traffic should be made for each industry in the area. b) During the Crisis The Security Commander of the area will set in motion the relevant contingency plan to control the operation. c) After the Crisis Protect property in the evacuated area. d) Media The Control Room should release an up-to-date information to the media.

7.10.4 Evacuation Including Safe Evacuation Areas In a disaster situation evacuation is the movement of people from the place of danger to places of relative safety. It is most effective action to protect people. A comprehensive and coordinated planning is necessary to implement orderly evacuation of population.

The process of evacuation should be based on the nature of threat, possibility of spreading of toxic gases and weather conditions. In this case, the hazard analysis in maximum credible loss scenario would help in planning of evacuation. The people of the

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. area should be advised to leave the threatened area and to take shelter in the nearest reception centres. The whole process requires to be completed within quickest possible time. The command and control of the evacuation should be under the supervision of the District Development Officer. The evacuation process should be carried out in three phases.

Before the Crisis: Contingency plan of manpower, transport and communication network to coordinate possible incident areas and to regulate traffic should be made for each industry in the area.

During the Crisis: The Security Commander of the area will set in motion the relevant contingency plan to control the operation.

After the Crisis: Protect property in the evacuated area.

The Control Room should release an up-to-date information to the media.

7.10.5 Relief to the Victims

Post emergency activities include the relief to the victims. The Public Liability Insurance Act(PLI Act), 1991 provides for the owner who has control over handling hazardous substances to pay specified amount of money to the victims as interim relief by taking insurance policy for this purpose. The District Collector has definite role in implementation of the PLI act, 1991. After proper assessment of the incident, he may invite applications for relief, conduct an enquiry into the claims and arrange payment of the relief amount to the victims.

7.10.6 Checklist For Capability Assessment

The checklist will help in assessing the preparedness, prevention and response resources capabilities. The points included in the checklist are only indicative and the planner should closely examine the local requirements while preparing the checklist.

7.11Testing and Updating Of the On-Site/Off-Site Emergency Plan

An emergency response plan both on-site/off-site is required to be tested for its validity, refinement and updating. The plan should also be evaluated to ensure its efficiency during emergency.

7.11.1Testing of the Plan

Objectives for testing the plan are given below:  To familiarise emergency response personnel with their roles and duties to be performed.  To ensure efficacy of the emergency response mechanism.

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 To check coordination of reactions and response of emergency services.  To gain experience and confidence.

7.11.2 Types of Exercises To Be Performed

 A full scale mock-drill exercise should be conducted both by the individual industry as well as the District authorities to handle the situation efficiently.  A functional exercise is required to assess the capability of individual or multiple activities.  Frequent meetings/discussions are required among the representatives of the industries, various departments and district authorities to discuss the plan and remove confusion, if any.

7.11.3 Responsibility, Frequency and Procedure For Evaluation

The Site Controller/Incident Controller is responsible for evaluating the effectiveness of the on-site emergency plan in an industry. Collector/ District Magistrate is responsible to evaluate the effectiveness of the off-site plan both for industrial and transportation accidents, Each industry should conduct the on-site emergency mock-drill at an interval of six months. The District authority may carry out the off-site drill yearly. Experts from the relevant fields and the representatives from the public should be invited to observe the mock drill in order to know their response and opinion. The recommendations following the discussions will help to identify the loopholes in the plan and response capability of the organisation. Such periodic recommendations of the mock drill should be kept in order to update the plan.

The Site Controller/Incident Controller in an industry should be responsible to update their on-site emergency plan regularly. The District authority should designate an officer to ensure that the plan is updated regularly to disseminate the information of changes to all plan holders. A regular review of plan, at least once in a year, should be carried out to replace outdated information or to incorporate the results of mock-drills. The data processing unit of the Control Room should be updated regularly as above and data be readjusted/modified as necessary.

7.12 Accident Reporting

According to Hazardous Chemicals (Management & Handling) Rules of 1989 and its subsequent amendments promulgated by the Government of India, it is mandatory for the management to:  Identify major accidents and hazards and outline steps to be taken to prevent such accidents.  Notify state pollution control board and the inspectorate of factories in the event of any accident.  Submit a safety report to state pollution control board and inspectorate of factories at least three months before the commencement of commercial production.

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Protocol for accident reporting will be adopted to ensure compliance with the above said rules. Each and every accident, however small it may be, will be reported and investigated. Accident report will contain a detailed description of the incident and identify immediate cause. Accident report will also incorporate information on steps take to prevent the said accident, impact of the accident on the environment, and cost estimate of loss incurred.

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CHAPTER -8 PROJECT BENEFITS 8

8.1 Introduction

Compost is organic material that can be used as a soil amendment or as a medium to grow plants. Mature compost is a stable material with content called humus that is dark brown or black and has a soil-like, earthy smell. It is created by: combining organic wastes (e.g., yard trimmings, food wastes, manures) in proper ratios into piles, rows, or vessels; adding bulking agents (e.g., wood chips) as necessary to accelerate the breakdown of organic materials; and allowing the finished material to fully stabilize and mature through a curing process.

Natural composting, or biological decomposition, began with the first plants on earth and has been going on ever since. As vegetation falls to the ground, it slowly decays, providing minerals and nutrients needed for plants, animals, and microorganisms. Mature compost, however, includes the production of high temperatures to destroy pathogens and weed seeds that natural decomposition does not destroy. Compost can

 Suppress plant diseases and pests.  Reduce or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers.  Promote higher yields of agricultural crops.  Facilitate reforestation, wetlands restoration, and habitat revitalization efforts by amending contaminated, compacted, and marginal soils.  Cost-effectively remediate soils contaminated by hazardous waste.  Remove solids, oil, grease, and heavy metals from storm water runoff.  Capture and destroy 99.6 percent of industrial volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in contaminated air.  Provide cost savings of at least 50 percent over conventional soil, water, and air pollution remediation technologies, where applicable.

Compost use can result in a variety of environmental benefits. The following are a few of the most important benefits:

8.1.1Compost enriches soils

Compost has the ability to help regenerate poor soils. The composting process encourages the production of beneficial micro-organisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) which in turn break down organic matter to create humus. Humus--a rich nutrient-filled material--increases the nutrient content in soils and helps soils retain moisture. Compost has also been shown to

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. suppress plant diseases and pests, reduce or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers, and promote higher yields of agricultural crops.

8.1.2 Compost helps cleanup (remediate) contaminated soil

The composting process has been shown to absorb odors and treat semivolatile and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including heating fuels, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and explosives. It has also been shown to bind heavy metals and prevent them from migrating to water resources or being absorbed by plants. The compost process degrades and, in some cases, completely eliminates wood preservatives, pesticides, and both chlorinated and no chlorinated hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.

8.1.3 Compost Used as Erosion Deterrent

Composting organic materials that have been diverted from landfills ultimately avoids the production of methane and leachate formulation in the landfills. Compost has the ability to prevent pollutants in storm water runoff from reaching surface water resources. Compost has also been shown to prevent erosion and silting on embankments parallel to creeks, lakes, and rivers, and prevents erosion and turf loss on roadsides, hillsides, playing fields, and golf courses.

8.1.4Using compost offers economic benefits

Using compost can reduce the need for water, fertilizers, and pesticides. It serves as a marketable commodity and is a low-cost alternative to standard landfill cover and artificial soil amendments. Composting also extends municipal landfill life by diverting organic materials from landfills and provides a less costly alternative to conventional methods of remediating (cleaning) contaminated soil.

8.2 Benefits of Power plant

Developed countries electricity generating plants by incinerating MSW derived fuel are in operations quite some time. It is learnt that over 500 such plants of different capacities are functioning satisfactorily. Established technology of processing fuel pellets from waste dovetailed with thermal power generation technology to generate Electrical Power is claimed to have established achievements such as negligible polluting emissions, non toxic ash etc. They are proven to have high thermal efficiency for conversion to electrical energy and environmental compliance test standards in many foreign countries. Encouraged by the above established facts, this proposed project proposes to use the garbage derived fuel i.e RDF fuel fluff produced from the Municipal garbage, for Electrical power generation. The proposed fuel is assumed to have a calorific value in the range of 2500-3000 Kcal / kg. is somewhat similar to Coals of medium grade available in this country.

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8.3 Benefits of Recycling process 8.3.1Plastic recycling

The following are the benefits of the recycling of waste plastics.

 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions  Can increase the life our landfill sites  Energy Conservation  Beneficial Reuse  Plastic Recycled Supply and Demand etc

8.3.2Paper Recycling Benefits

 Energy conservation 60-70% energy savings over virgin paper production  Resource conservation l Recycled paper uses 55% less water and helps preserve our forests  Pollution reduction, Recycled paper reduces water pollution by 35%, reduces air pollution by 74%, and eliminates many toxic pollutants  Livelihood creation Recycling of waste paper creates more jobs

8.4 Benefits of Bio Methanation process

 A non-polluting and renewable source of energy is created in biogas plants.  It is an excellent way of energy conversion.  Biogas plants produce enriched organic manure. This can be used as fertilizers.  Biogas as a gas provides improvement in the environment, and sanitation and hygiene.  The biogas plants provide a source for decentralized power generation.  Most important of all, these plants would provide employment generation in the rural areas.

8.5 Benefits of Land fill

Land fills minimize the natural impact of solid waste on the environment by the following mechanics:  Isolation of inert waste through containment  Elimination of polluting pathways

8.6 Improvements in the physical infrastructure

The proposed project is expected to yield a positive impact on the socio economic environment. It helps sustain the development of this area including further development of physical infrastructural facilities. The following physical infrastructure facilities will improve due to proposed project.

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 Road Transport facilities  Housing facilities  Water supply and sanitation  Power

8.7 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

The Processing of MSW avoids the generation of methane and hence is eligible for CDM benefit. Further the project generates Renewable power by use of RDF and hence avoids GHG emissions from fossil fuel intensive power plants. Thus is eligible for CDM benefits.

8.8 Improvements in the social infrastructure

Agriculture is the basic sector of employment for the local people in this area. The project will lead to indirect and direct employment opportunity. Employment is expected during operation period, garbage lifting and other ancillary services. Employment in these sectors will be temporary or contractual and involvement of unskilled labour will be more. A major part of this labour force will be mainly from local villagers who are expected to engage themselves both in agriculture and project activities. This will enhance their income and lead to overall economic growth of the area.

The following changes in socio-economic status are expected to take place with this project.

 The project is going to have positive impact on consumption behaviour by way of raising average consumption and income through multiplier effect.  The project is going to bring about changes in the pattern of demand from food to non-food items and sufficient income is generated.  Due to the corporate social responsible activities by project authorities, the socio economic condition of the people will be improved.  People perceive that the project will in the long run help in the development of social infrastructures/such as.  Education facilities  Banking facilities  Post offices and Communication facilities  Medical facilities  Plantation and parks  Community facilities

Industrial development and consequent economic development should lead to improvement of environment through better living and greater social awareness. On the other hand, the proposed project is likely to have several benefits like improvement in indirect employment generation and economic growth of the area, by way of improved infrastructure facilities and better socio-economic conditions.

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8.9 Employment potential

The main advantage of the proposed project is direct employment generation (i) absorbs rural labour and unskilled workers (in addition to semi-skilled and some skilled); (ii) provides opportunity for seasonal employment thereby supplementing workers’ income from farming; and (iii) permits large-scale participation of women workers both during construction and operation phase. The maximum benefit will be for local villagers and rag pickers as they are easily accessible.

Additionally it is estimated that good number of jobs will be created as an indirect employment opportunities at local/regional level due to contractual, marketing and associated jobs directly with the project. The other related employment due to transportation requirement, supply of essential items and services to the project site and other community services will be plenty..

Employment in these sectors will be permanent based on own initiatives and interest of the individual. Involvement of unskilled labour requirement will be continuous basis depending on the requirement of contractor at site. A major part of this labor force will be hired from nearby places.

8.10 Other tangible benefits

 Additional housing demand for rental accommodation will increase  Cultural, recreation and aesthetic facilities will also improve.  Improvement in communication, transport, education, community development and medical facilities.  Overall change in employment and income opportunity.

The State Government will also benefit directly from the proposed project, through increased revenue from royalties, excise duty and stowing duty.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

CHAPTER -9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 9

9.0 Introduction The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in the area of the proposed project site. Hence, it needs proper Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to meet these objectives.

The management action plan aims at controlling pollution at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures before they are discharged. The following mitigation measures are proposed in order to synchronize the economic development of the study area with the environmental protection of the region. The Environmental Management Plan is an action plan aiming to control pollution at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures before they are let out/discharged. It encompasses the mitigation measures that are proposed in order to synchronize the economic development of the study area with the environmental protection of the region.

9.1 Environmental Management during Construction

The impacts during the construction phase on the environment would be basically of temporary nature and are expected to reduce gradually on completion of the construction activities.

9.1.1 Air Quality Mitigation Measures

For the proposed project site leveling and grading will be carried out if required, where ever possible to maintain the natural elevations they will not be disturbed, only leveling activity will be carried out for providing roads, sewage network, storm water system, and places required for construction of compost plant, power plant and administrative buildings. According to the engineering assessment, most of the excavated mud generated during construction activities will be reused within the project site for leveling during road formation, bunds construction around the land fill site, etc. The excess if any will be given to local contractors for disposal in low lying areas, road construction use, etc.

Most of the construction dust will be generated from the movement of construction vehicles on unpaved roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also act as a potential source for dust nuisance. The control measures proposed to be taken up are given below.

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1. Water sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area will be done, this activity will be carried out at least twice a day, if need arises frequency will be increased on windy days, in this way around 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed surface will be achieved. 2. The duration of stockpiling of excavated mud will be as short as possible as most of the material will be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development. 3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust generation or all around the project site as barrier for dust control. 4. Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings using drip irrigation or by regular watering so that the area will be moist for most part of the day. 5. All vehicles carrying raw materials will be instructed to cover with tarpaulin / plastic sheet, unloading and loading activity will be stopped during windy period. 6. To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood the external part of the construction activity will be covered by plastic sheets

9.1.2 Water Quality Mitigation Measures

During site development necessary precautions will be taken, so that the runoff water from the site gets collected to working pit and if any over flow is, will be diverted to nearby greenbelt / plantation area

During construction activity all the equipments washed water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the suspended solids if any and the settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling on roads to control the dust emission, etc.

The waste generated from the site work shop will be segregated like used oil, lubricants, etc and disposed to authorized recyclers the waste like soiled cotton, paper, etc will be disposed to municipal dump/Landfill.

The domestic wastewater generated from temporary toilets used by the work force will be diverted to septic tank followed by soak pit. Therefore, impact on water quality due to proposed unit would be insignificant.

9.1.3 Noise Mitigation Measures

Noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its requirement. Proper enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever possible the noise generating equipment will be kept away from the human habituation. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the noise generating activity or all around the project site as barrier for minimizing the noise travel to surrounding areas. Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed project would be insignificant.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless it is required.

Personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be provided to the workers working near noise generating equipment and would see that workers use the protective gadgets regularly.

9.1.4 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures

The solid waste generated during construction period being predominantly inert in nature, construction and demolition waste does not create chemical or biochemical pollution. However maximum effort would be made to reuse and recycle them. The most of the solid waste material will be used for filing/ levelling of low-laying areas, as road construction material, if any excess given to local contractors for lifting and dumping in low lying areas. All attempts would be made to stick to the following measures.

1 All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be provided so that the waste does not get scattered. 2 Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated. 3 Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, levelling, making roads/ pavement will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be sold or land filled.

The use of the construction material basically depends on their separation and conditions of the separated material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential for reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. Construction waste can be used in the following manner.

1 Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc to the extent possible and depending upon their conditions. 2 Sale/ auction of materials which can not be used at the site due to design constraint 3 Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal, used cement bags, etc can be sent for recycling in the industries. 4 Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as levelling, under coat of lanes where the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads. 5 Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filing up low laying areas. 6 Fine material such as sand, dust, etc can be used as cover material 7 The unearthed soil can be used for levelling as well as for lawn development 8 The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for levelling in the building or can be disposed off 9 The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be disposed off.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

9.1.5 Ecological Aspects

During construction period, there could be clearing of vegetation in order to prepare the site for construction, the top soil from the construction area will collected and will be stored separately and will be used for greenbelt development. A comprehensive green belt program will be planned to improve the ecological condition of the region.

9.1.6 Site Security

Adequate security arrangement would be made to ensure that the local inhabitants and the stray cattle are not exposed to the potential hazards of construction activities. Round the clock security personnel will be appointed to restrict entry of unwanted people to the site.

9.2 Management during Operation Stage

Necessary control measures will be undertaken at the design stage to meet the statutory requirements and towards minimizing environmental impacts.

During project implementation period special emphasis will be made on measures to minimize effluent generation and dust control at source. The specific control measures related to air emissions, liquid effluent discharges, noise generation, solid waste disposal etc. are described below:

9.2.1 Air Quality Management

The main activities from the proposed project which cause air pollution are as follows:  Particulate matter, Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide from power plant  Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide from DG sets  Dust particulates due to movement of vehicles and road sweepings

The following methods of abatement will be employed for the air pollution control.  DG set will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines or 1 m above the tallest structure in the project area for proper dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.  Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions  Speed restriction will be followed within the project and speed breakers will be provided at entry and exit points

To control the pollutants envisaged from the power plant the following control measures are proposed.  Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with an efficiency of 99.9% to limit PM in outlet to less 100 mg/Nm3 is proposed

 To minimize the SO2 and NOx emissions a venture scrubber is proposed.

 For proper dispersion of SO2 and NOx into atmosphere a Chimney meeting MoEF standards (50m) is proposed.

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 Green belt will be provided around the power plant, along the internal roads and along the plant boundary.

Air Pollution control measures

Combustion of waste in grate furnace results in the formation of exhaust gases that contain various pollutants. These pollutants include particulate fly ashes and gaseous flue gas constituents.

Substances found in the flue gas of WTE plants (before treatment) can be classified into three groups: o Macro Pollutants o Micro pollutants o Dust

Prior to the emission of flue gases into the atmosphere, concentrations of the pollutants mentioned must be reduced by technical measures.

Reduction of acid gases – SO2 Control

Semi dry flue gas cleaning system is envisaged for reduction of acid gases. In semi-dry processes, the adsorption agent added to the flue-gas flow is aqueous lime solution or lime slurry. An aqueous suspension of calcium hydrate is used to neutralize the acid potential in the flue gas. Calcium hydrate is effective on all gases but nitrogen oxides. The water solution evaporates and the reaction products are dry. The residue may be re-circulated to improve reagent utilization.

Semi dry Flue gas cleaning system

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Reduction of Nitrogen oxides

Nitrogen oxides in the flue gas of a waste incineration plant are formed largely from the nitrogen contained in the fuel. NOx production can be reduced using furnace control measures such as Prevent over supply of air Staged combustion in the furnace also envisaged by over fire air nozzles at various location along the height of the boiler. This involves reducing the oxygen supply in the primary reaction zones and then increasing the air supply at later combustion zones to oxidise the gases formed. The use of a well distributed primary and secondary air supply to avoid the uneven temperature gradients that result in high temperature zones and, hence, increased NOX production is a widely adopted and important primary measure for the reduction of NOx production

Dust and particulate matter removal

The selection of gas cleaning equipment for particulates from the flue-gas is mainly determined by:  Particle load in the gas stream  The average particle size  Particle size distribution  Flow rate of gas  Flue-gas temperature  Compatibility with other components of the entire FGT system  Required outlet concentrations.

Bag Filter

Filtration efficiencies of bag filters are very high across a wide range of particle sizes. Compatibility of the filter medium with the characteristics of the flue-gas and the dust, and the process temperature of the filter are important for effective performance. The filter medium should have suitable properties for thermal, physical and chemical resistance (e.g. hydrolysis, acid, alkali, and oxidation). The gas flow rate determines the appropriate filtering surface i.e. filtering velocity.

Bag filters are filtering separators operating as surface filters. Separation of the particles takes place mainly on the surface of the filter medium, which is passed by the gas flow. On the surface of the filter medium, the particles retained form a layer, the dust cake, which causes an increasing pressure loss with increasing layer thickness. For this reason, the dust cake has to be removed regularly. By the construction of the filters and selection of filter media, these separators may be adapted optimally to the operation conditions and properties of the dusts, such that they can be used in various industrial sectors. Materials serving as filter media are fiber layers, membrane like materials, sintered metals or ceramics. For dedusting flue gas in waste incineration plants, for instance, PTFE membrane filter hoses are applied. The filter areas can be cleaned by shaking or compressed air. In

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 9.6

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. case of compressed-air cleaning, the filter elements are usually passed by an air flow from outside to inside and cleaned by a jet pulse that is blown into the filter element.

Fabric filters reach a very high separation efficiency of more than 99%. In particular for fine particles, i.e. at particle sizes in the range of 10 µm, fabric filters represent a very efficient separation system. However, fabric filters are associated with the drawback of a relatively high pressure loss which ranges between 500 and 2000 Pa. This pressure loss must be compensated by an increased fan power. When coated with adsorptive or reactive substances, fabric filters may also be applied for further gas cleaning. The flue gas cleaning system envisaged for this project consists of Semi dry process with bag filters. Semi dry flue gas cleaning system includes reaction tower, lime slurry making system & high speed atomizer. The acid gas is reacted with lime slurry and heavy metal and dioxins are absorbed by active carbon.

9.2.2 Odour Control

The odour management is one the issue in landfills. The main aim is to minimize the number of sources of odour generation which exist in site. To undertake direct management of odour generating sources that give rise to odour problems.

The mitigation measures proposed to minimize and control odour are as follows.  Maintaining proper air and moisture in the compost plant and windrow area  Dilution of odourant by odour counteraction or neutralize by spraying Ecosorb (organic and biodegradable chemical) around odour generation areas at regular intervals.  Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a similar material  Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odour can be minimized.

9.2.3 Gas Management

Land fill gas is generated as a product of waste biodegradation. In land fill, Organic waste is broken down by enzymes produced by bacteria in a manner. Considerable heat is generated by these reactions with methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide and other gases as by products. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principle gases produced with almost 50-50% share. When methane is present in the air in concentrations between 5 to15%, it is explosive. Land fills generate gases with a pressure sufficient enough to damage the final cover and largely have the impact on vegetative cover. Also because only limited amount of oxygen are present in a land fill, when methane concentration reach this critical level, there is a little danger that the land fill will explode.

To minimize the gas generation in the proposed project compost plant is proposed, hence gas generation is anticipated to be very less. To manage the gas generated a venting

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 9.7

Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. system with flaring arrangement is proposed if the gas generation is more it will be diverted to power plant. The typical gas collection and flaring system is shown in Figure 9.1.

Figure 9.1 Gas Flaring System

9.2.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures

The main wastewater generation sources in the proposed project are domestic wastewater, wastewater from power plant (boiler, cooling tower blow down) and leachate generation from compost plant and secured land fill area.

The domestic waste water will be treated in septic tank followed soak pit or in STP, the treated water will be used for flushing, greenbelt development. The details of the wastewater generation are given in the Table 9.1 and leachate generation is Table 9.2.

Table 9.1 Wastewater Generation Details in m3/day S. No Utility Wastewater Remarks

1 Domestic 90 Treated in STP /Septic tank followed by soak pit 2 Power Plant Boiler feed 106 Recycle/reuse for green belt/Domestic purposes DM Plant 70 Recycle/reuse for ash quenching

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S. No Utility Wastewater Remarks

Cooling Tower 262 Recycle/reuse for ash quenching and green belt 3 Floor washing 6 Recycle/reuse 4 Work Shop/ Vehicle 18 Recycle/reuse maintenance shed Total 552

Table 9.2 Leachate generation m3/day S. Utility Wastewater Remarks No in m3/day 1. Leachate from Windrow of 204 Leachate Treatment pond and Compost Plant reused for sprinkling on window. 2 Leachate from operated landfill 110 Total 334 1) Leachate generated at various places in the plant is collected and sprayed on windrow to maintain suitable temperature and moisture. 2) Optimum Temperature - 70ºC 3) Optimum Moisture - 50 to 60%

9.2.5 Noise Mitigation Measures

The main sources of noise generation is due movement of vehicles carrying municipal waste, all vehicle (drivers) entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless it is required. Necessary speed controlling bumps will be placed near weighbridge and entrance of the site.

The other areas where noise generation is anticipated is power plant, necessary personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be provided to the workers working near noise generating equipment and would see that workers use the protective gadgets regularly. Regular maintenance of the equipment will be carried out as per the schedule given by suppliers. The noise pollution management measures proposed are given below.  Acoustic Enclosure for all the high noise level equipments  All the design/installation precautions as specified by the manufacturers with respect to noise control are strictly adhered to  Noise generating sources are insulated adequately by providing suitable enclosures  Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs are provided to the personnel close to the noise generating units;  All the openings like covers, partitions are designed properly.

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9.2.6 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures

The solid waste generated during operation period is ash from power plant, will be collected and used as daily cover over the secured land fill. The inerts coming from compost plant will be sent to secured land fill.

9.3 Malkaram Lake Restoration

The Malkaram lake is situated in the North East direction from the proposed Jawaharnagar dump site at a distance of about 0.5 km. The approximate area of the water body is about 1.0 acre. The source of water to this lake is mainly from the surrounding catchment drainage as well as the natural low lying water drainage in to the lake. The rain water around the catchments of the lake also becomes the source for the lake. The situation of lake is shown in the below photos.

The present GHMC dump site is under operation from last few years. The dump site presently receives the municipal solid waste to the tune of around 3000 tons per day. The municipal solid waste is properly staged at different allotted areas and compacted by rollers as well as other equipment. It was observed during the survey leachate is generated from various locations of the dump site based on the slope available at the site. Three streams of wastewater (leachate) is presently flowing towards the bottom elevation off the dump site. The total quality of the leachate from the dump site is estimated to be 30-35 cum/hr and approximately 10-15 cum/hr from each stream. Only one stream of leachate is generated towards the south side of the dump area and is ultimately flowing towards the Malkaram lake catchment.

Samples were collected at different locations from the Malkaram cheruvu for estimating the quality of water present in the lake. The Table 9.3 shows the analytical results.

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Figure 9.2 Photographs of Malkaram Lake

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Table: 9.3 Analytical Results of Leachate samples Sl. No Parameter Unit Results

Malakaram Untreated Cheruvu Leachate 1 pH - 8.1 6.6 2 EC µMho/cm 3700 85610 3 TSS mg/L 1960 66180 4 TDS mg/L 48 3375 5 Chlorides as Cl- mg/L 950 8224 -2 6 Sulphates as SO4 mg/L 84 1204 7 Calcium as Ca mg/L 88 4400 8 COD mg/L 200 93000 9 BOD mg/L 55 18000 10 Oil& Grease mg/L 21 32

11 Ammonical Nitrogen as NH3- N mg/L 3.8 464

12 Nitrate Nitrogen as NO3-N mg/L 19 224

13 Phosphate as PO4 mg/L 0.16 2.6 14 Total Phosphorus as P mg/L 0.2 33 15 Total Nitrogen as N mg/L 5.6 846 16 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 400 23800 17 Iron as Fe mg/L 2.9 519 18 Zinc as Zn mg/L 5.6 6.1 19 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.06 0.71 20 Manganese as Mn mg/L 0.10 4.0 21 Chromium as Cr mg/L 0.20 3.3

9.3.1 Lake Water Quality Improvement

It is proposed to treat the entire MSW received at Jawaharnagar site by providing proper Compost processing plant, with modern technologies which includes better collection of leachate generation from the windows and optimum utilization of the same the treatment process. The leachate generated from the proposed landfill activity will be properly collected and sent to the leachate treatment plant for further treatment and reuse.

Thus the present mode of natural discharge of leachate will be diverted and no untreated leachate will be allowed to enter the lake Catchment area. During the monsoon the rainwater will be harvested and excess run off will be diverted in to storm water drains having check dams at regular intervals to improve infiltration of water and the excess water will be diverted to natural drain. The rainwater from working areas will be diverted to collection pond and tested for discharge standards of MOEF and only after necessary treatment meeting MOEF discharge standards if required will be carried and left into natural drain or used for greenbelt development.

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A proper scheme will be made to identify non point sources of water and nutrient inflows will also be identified to increase the bio production to reduce the eutrification levels in the lake. It is also proposed no agricultural as well as irrigation runoff will meet the lake water to avoid the fertilizer contamination. The entire lake will be surrounded with proper fencing to avoid the local animals and human activities.

It is also proposed to provide sprinkling System in the middle of the lake water to improve the DO Content over a period and make the lake water self purification. A Regular Cleaning for removal of the green algae and other pathogens, which improves the photosynthesis with in the lake and leads to degradation of any organic pollutant present.

9.4 Post Operation of Landfill

A final landfill cover is usually composed of several layers, each with a specific function. The surface cover system must enhance surface drainage, minimise infiltration, support vegetation and control the release of landfill gases. The landfill cover to be adopted will depend on the gas management system.

As recommended by the MoEF and CPHEEO the final cover system must consist of a vegetative layer supported by a drainage layer over barrier layer and gas vent layer. The details of the landfill cover are given below.

 A 90cm thick compacted clay or GCL of permeability not greater than 1X10-7 cm/sec  A HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5mm  A drainage layer of 15cm thick granular material of permeability not greater than 10-2 cm/sec.

9.5 Management of Flora & Fauna, Greenbelt development

A few shrubs and under trees are going to be damaged on account of the Modernization of Municipal Dump Site. All of them occur in the buffer zone as well as in other parts. Hence, there are no chances of losing any valuable biodiversity. In order to consolidate the landfill, the management will restore the old landfills with trees and shrubs. There is no plan to introduce new exotic species except those that have become naturalized. Preference will be given to tall and evergreen native and local trees. A list trees proposed to be included for the development green belt and road side are given in Table 9.4. Apart from these several ornamental shrubs such as Nerium, Tabermontana, Lantanas, Cycas, Ixoras, Bougainvellias, Roses, Royal Palms, Fish tail palms, Traveller’s palms etc shall also be considered.

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Table 9.4 List of plants identified for roadside plantations and green belt (Species marked by * are chosen for green belt) Botanical name Local name Importance Acacia auriculiformis* Auriculata Avenue tree Ailanthus xcels* Pedda maanu Tree borne oil Albizia lebbeck* Dirisana Shade, timber and scented flowers Alstonia scholaris * Alstonia Beautiful medicinal tree. Azadirachta indica* Vepa or Neem Neem oil & neem products Bauhinia racemosa Bauhinia Ornamental tree Bixa orellana Jabaru kaya Grown for food coloring dye. Cassia fistula Rela Ornamental and bark is a source of tannin Cassia siamea* Cassia Ornamental avenue tree Cocos nucifera Coconut Coconut palm Dalbergia sissoo* Sissoo Avenue and timber tree Dendrocalamus strictus* Bamboo Bamboo products Casuarina equisetifolia Sarvi Pulp and construction material Delonix regia Chitikesara Ornamental avenue tree Ficus benghalensis Marri Shade and a source of food for birds Ficus racemosa Medi Edible fruits Ficus religiosa Raavi Shade and a source of food for birds Gmelina arborea Gummadi teku Timber Grewilia robusta Silver oak Avenue tree Holoptelia integrifolia Nemali naara Fibre and timber Leucaena leucocephala* Subabul Fodder and pulp wood Mangifera indica Mango Edible fruit Michelia champaca Chettu sampange Scented flowers Mimosops elengi* Pogada Shade and edible fruit Muntingia calabura Wild cherry Shade and edible fruit Pongamia pinnata* Gaanuga Source of biodiesel Polyalthia pendula * Ashoka Majestic tree with drooping branches Polyalthia longifolia* Ashoka Avenue tree Samania saman Nidrabhangi Shade, timber and fruits are a good live stock feed. Sapindus emarginatus Kunkudu Soap nut tree Spathodea companulata* Flame of the forest Ornamental avenue tree Terminalia arjuna * Tella Maddi A common local tree of timber vlue. Syzygium cumini* Neredu Edible fruits Tamarindus indica Chinta Tamarind fruit and leaf Tectona grandis Teak Timber Terminalia catappa Baadam Edible nuts

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As the area is rocky and devoid of top soil in most locations, trenches will be dug out across the slope and filled with the compost obtained from the nearby old dump yards. Rain water will be diverted to the trenches. Tall and evergreen plants will be closely planted in the trenches. Watering and application of manure will be made as and when required.

Planting stocks are readily available from the social Forest Department as well as from the local private nurseries. All plants are locally adapted and the present site can support their growth with suitable horticultural practices. Sufficient space, resources and man power for development and maintenance are provided in the plan.

The green belt developed helps to capture the emissions, attenuate the noise generated and improve the aesthetics. Attempts will be made to ensure that all open spaces, where tree plantation may not possible, will be covered with shrubs and grass to prevent erosion of topsoil. Adequate attention is will be paid to maintenance and protection of green belt. Apart from green belt all around the site, on the top of closed/capped landfills greenery would be developed.

9.6 Environmental Control during Composting Process

 Windrow areas will be provided with an impermeable base. Such a base will be made of concrete or of compacted clay, 50 centimeters thick, having permeability less than 10-7 centimeters/second. The base will be provided with 2 % slope and will be encircled by lined drains for collection of leachate. A treatment unit will be provided to ensure that the wastewater is discharged after it meets all the regulatory standards  On such days when waste cannot be accepted at the compost plant due to rains/plant maintenance, the waste will be diverted to a land fill  The process rejects will be removed from the compost plant on daily basis. The recyclables will be diverted to recycling vendors. The non-recyclables should be sent to land fill.  Temporary storage of rejects will be done in a covered area.  The height of the stock piled waste will not exceed 3 m.  The storage area will have a provision for odour control, litter control, fire control and bird control.

9.7Socio-Economic Development Activities under CEP

Corporate Environmental Policy (CEP), also known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CEP policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to ethical standards and international norms. Consequently, business would adopt responsibility for the impact of its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, Communities, Stakeholders and all other members of the public sector. CEP focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sector, regardless of legality.

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Economic growth is possible only through consumption of inputs available in the environment and society. The harnessing of natural resources has a direct impact on the economy, the environment and society at large. CEP is a concept whereby organizations serve the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of their operations.

Thus CEP is a management’s commitment to operate in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner, while recognizing the interests of its stakeholders. This commitment is beyond statutory requirements. CEP is, therefore, closely linked with the practice of sustainable Development.

9.7.1 Planning

The planning for CEP starts with the identification of the activities/projects to be undertaken. CEP projects/activities may be undertaken in the periphery of project boundaries or anywhere in the country. However, specific CEP strategies shall be developed that mandate the design of CEP Action Plan (Long-term, medium-term and short-term), with a shift from the casual approach to the project based accountability approach.

Selection of activities under CEP would be made to ensure that the benefits reach the smallest unit i.e Village, Panchayat, Block or District depending upon the operations and resource capability of the project. The approach to CEP planning needs to be shifted from an ad-hoc charity to a long-term sustainable approach. The monitoring skills available with the project authorities could be shared as far as possible, with the local administration by training and setting up required structures and systems.

The long-term CEP Plan shall match with the long term Business Plan. This shall be broken down into medium term and short term plans. Each of these plans shall be clearly specified the following  Requirements relating to baseline survey  Activities to be undertaken  Budgets allocated  Time-lines prescribed  Responsibilities and authorities defined  Major results expected However, these plans shall also clearly specify the implementation guidelines and the involvement of the implementing agency.

9.7.2 Implementation

CEP initiatives shall be considered the following parameters for identifications/selection of schemes/projects as per the stipulated guidelines:  Investment in CEP should be project based. Mere donations to philanthropic/charity

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or other organizations would not come under the category of CEP.  CEP activities should generate community goodwill, create social impact and visibility.  For every project, the time-frame and periodic milestones should be finalized at the outset.  CEP activities should also involve the suppliers in order to ensure that the supply- chain also follows the CEP principles.  CEP activities should help in building a positive image of the company in the public perception.  CEP projects may be closely linked with the principles of sustainable Development. Based on the immediate and long term social and environmental consequences of their activities.  Management should take the shoulder responsibility for restoring/Compensating for any ecological damage that is taking place as a result of its operations.

Project activities identified under CEP shall be implemented by Specialized Agencies and generally NOT by staff of the project management. Specialized agencies would be made to work singly or in tandem with other agencies.  Specialized agencies would include:-  Community based organizations whether formal or informal  Elected local bodies such as Panchayats  Voluntary Agencies (NGOs)  Institutes/Academic Organisations  Trusts, Missions, etc  Self-help Groups  Government, Semi-Government and autonomous Organisations  Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE)  Mahila Mandals/Samitis and the like  Contracted agencies for civil works  Professional Consultancy Organizations, etc.

Project Management will take responsibility to develop awareness among all levels of their staff about CEP activities and the integration of social processes with business processes. Those involved with the undertaking of CEP activities will be provided with adequate training and re-orientation.

Initiatives of State Governments, District Administration, local administration as well as Central Government Departments/Agencies, self-Help Groups, etc., would be dovetailed/Synergised with the initiatives taken by the management.

Every care will be taken to ensure that there is no duplication of CEP activities undertaken by the project with that of programmes run by Central State and Local Governments. While assigning CEP projects to specialized agencies, every possible effort will be made to verify the reliability and clean track record of such agencies or they may select from panels

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Activities related to sustainable Development will form a significant element of the total initiatives of CEP. However, these activities will be carried out under the 3 UN Global compact principles, pertaining to the Environment. Nevertheless, business related with project activities will be asked to:

 Support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges  Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility  Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

9.7.3 Possible Areas of Activities under CEP

Some of the possible areas of activities under CEP are given below, they will be undertaken depending on the local requirement and its immediate need.

 Drinking Water Facility  Education  Electricity Facility  Solar Lighting System  Health and Family Welfare  Irrigation Facilities  Sanitation and Public Health  Pollution Control  Animal Care  Promotion of Sports and Games  Promotion of Art and Culture  Environment Friendly technologies  Promotion of livelihood for economically weaker sections through forward and backward linkages.  Relief to victims of Natural Calamities like earth-quake, Cyclone, drought & Flood situation in any part of the country  Supplementing Development Programmes of the Government  Non-conventional Energy Sources  Construction of Community Centres/Night Shelters/Old Age Homes  Imparting Vocational Training  Setting up of skill development centers  Adoption of Villages  Scholarships to meritorious students belonging to SC, ST, OBC and disabled categories  Adoption/Construction of Hostels (especially those for SC/ST and girls)  Skill training, entrepreneurship development and placement assistance programmes for youth

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 Building of Roads, Pathways and Bridges  Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP)  Disaster Management Activities including those related to amelioration/mitigation  Activities related to the preservation of the Environment/Ecology and to sustainable Development

9.7.4 Funding

The Corporate Environment Policy (CEP) will be mandatorily as per the guidelines created through a Board Resolution as a percentage of net profit in the following manner as given in Table 9.5. Table 9.5 Percentage of Profits towards CEP activities based size of the plant S. No Type of Company/ Enterprise Expenditure range for CEP in a Financial Year Companies Net Profit (Previous Year) (% of profit)

1 Less than Rs.100 Crore 3-5

2 100 Crore to Rs.500 Crore 2-3 3 500 Crore and Above 0.5-2

However, during primary data collection in the study area it has been noticed that there are good number of unemployed local youth in the surrounding villages, an action plan will be proposed to train the local employable youth, so that after relevant training they will be employed in the proposed project based on the requirement of different stages of the project. Financial help will be provided to local youth (tuition fees, hostel charges, books, examination fees, etc) of the study area in getting them trained in Industrial training institutes / centers, Polytechnics in various trades like Electricians, Plumbers, Fitters, boiler operators, driving, etc.

If at any profit is there, the CSR activities will be initiated. The details of the funds proposed initially for CEP are given in Table 9.6 and later on need based allotment of funds will be done for taking up CEP activities by keeping a separate fund using minimum of 2% of profit share.

Table 9.6 Funds for implementing Corporate Social Responsibilities under CEP S. No Item Amount (Rs Lakhs) 1 Upliftment of poor to acquire traditional/ basic skill for 10 BPL families 2 To acquire skills to get employment in the project 10 3 To acquire skills through ITI & skill development 5 organizations in getting employments in industries 4 Health camps and medicines 5

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S. No Item Amount (Rs Lakhs) 5 Primary Health Clinic 10 6 Infrastructure for drinking water (OHT, Pipe laying etc.) 5 7 Infrastructure for Electricity 5 8 Common Toilets & sanitation facilities 5 9 Roads in and around project site 5 Total 60

9.8 Occupational Health Management

There will be routine observation of health as certain sufferings are likely to appear as result of exposure by the workers during operations of various facilities.

All the employees shall be required to undergo a medical checkup before joining the facility. Medical checkup will be conducted on regular basis and the health conditions will be monitored.

First aid facilities required to attend immediately for meeting emergency situations shall be made available at the facility.

9.9 Fire Protection System

The fire protection system will protect the entire site area from fire hazards happening accidentally.

This fire protection hydrant system comprises of a ground level water storage tank to store the anticipated requirement of water. Two electric motor driven pumps and two diesel high pressure pumps will be provided to pump the water to a high pressure header from where the water is distributed to various high pressure hydrants provided at selected locations. Necessary fire hoses terminated with spouts will be kept ready at each hydrant location to facilitate fire fighting. The header also caters to a multi fire system to automatically sprinkle water through sprinklers provided.

9.10 Environmental Management Cell

The Environmental Cell will be headed by the Project Manager followed by other officers and technicians. The department is the nodal agency to co-ordinate and provides necessary services on environmental issues during operation of the project. This environmental group is responsible for implementation of environmental management plan, interaction with the environmental regulatory agencies, reviewing draft policy and planning. This department interacts with State Pollution Control Board and other environment regulatory agencies. The department also interacts with local people to understand their problems and to formulate appropriate community development plan.

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9.10.1 Environmental Management Cost

The proposed project being municipal waste management facility the project itself is a pollution control project and the proposed capital cost and its breakup is given in Table 9.7.

Table 9.7 Cost Break up of the Project in crores S. No Item Capital Cost 1 Common Infrastructure 45.04 2 Civil Structures 73.12 3 Compost plant 38.09 4 Sanitary landfill 119.01 5 Leachate collection system 11.19 6 Plant & Machinery 456.55 7 Other miscellaneous 1.68 8 EMP cost 34.00 Grand Total 778.68

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CHAPTER -10 SUMMARY 10

10.0 Introduction

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) the Urban Local Body responsible for providing Civic Services to the citizens of Hyderabad is proposing to modernize the existing Municipal Dump Site under Public Private Partnership (PPP) model using financial assistance from JNNURM as per the Clean Development Plan of Hyderabad and selected Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd, Hyderabad for implementation of the project. The proposed project activities consists of the following Transportation of MSW: After Collection MSW will be transported in the closed / covered vehicles to the processing and disposal site Processing and Disposal of MSW: The activities proposed under this are as follows.  Compost plant  Landfill  RDF Plant  Bio-Methanisation  Recycling complex (plastic, Paper, Metal, Rubber, Glass, etc)  Processing of Construction and Demolition Waste  Power plant

10.1 Project Capacities Details

The details of the project capacity at present and how it increases during its life time is given in Table 10.1. Table 10.1 Project Capacity during Project Life of 30 Years Year Population Per capita Waste Designed generation g/d generated TPD capacity TPD 2011 8425260 648 5454 5500 2021 12456118 739 9201 9500 2031 19084757 847 16155 16500 After Modernization Designed Capacity will handle Municipal Waste – 5500 TPD In addition silt/sand collected from the lakes, mud from septic tanks, sewage sludge will be used as daily soil cover if available The detailed sizes and capacities of various components proposed during modernization of the facility are given in Table 10.2.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1 0.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 10.2 Sizes & Capacities of various Components proposed to handle waste 5500 TPD Components Units Nos Individual Total capacity capacity Compost Plant TPD 3 680 2040 Landfill TPD 1 735 735 RDF Plant TPD 2 1200 1200 Bio-Methanization TPD 10 50 500 Recycling Complex TPD 1 - 600 (Plastic, Paper, Metal, Rubber, Glass, etc) Processing of Construction & Demolition TPD 1 800 800 waste Power Plant MW 2 24 48 Note: 1. Development will be in phased manner. 2. MSW expected to increase @ of 5% per annum, reach 16155 TPD by the year 2031. 3. To cater the increased capacity, individual components will be augmented proportionately

10.2 Project Requirements

The proposed project is coming up in an existing municipal dump site at Sy.no: 173, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M), Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh covered with municipal solid waste spread all over, the site will be cleared to certain extent and will be developed in planned manner so that it can be used for further few decades.

10.2.1 Land Details

The details of the land break up present and for catering future needs are given in Table 10.3. Table 10.3 Land Area break-up Component Acres Ha % Processing Facility + Future Development 105.00 42.49 29.90 Closure of Existing Dump 81.79 33.10 23.29 Small plantation – Greenary Waste Reception Area + Admin Office + Parking 8.00 3.24 2.28 + Vehicle Maintenance, etc Peripheral and Internal Roads 18.00 7.28 5.13 Green Belt 7.12 2.88 2.03 Leachate Treatment 5.21 2.11 1.48 Sanitary Landfill Facility (partly with greenery) 126.00 50.99 35.89 Total 351.12 142.09 100

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10.2.2 Water Requirement

The water requirement for the proposed facility will be met through the HMWSSB and existing bore wells with in the boundary limits of the proposed project. The detailed breakup for various activities is given in Table 10.4.

Table 10.4 Water Requirement details in m3/day S.No Utility Fresh Treated Total Remarks 1 Domestic 70 30 100 Source: 2 Power Plant HMWSSB /bore wells within DM pant/Boiler feed 675 675 site Cooling Tower 750 750 3 Floor washing 10 10 4 Vehicle Work Shop, 20 20 Fire water makeup, etc 5 Compost Plant 350 350 6 RDF Plant 25 25 7 Recycling complex 10 10 8 Green belt 1080 80 1160 Total 2575 525 3100

10.2.3 Power & Fuel Requirement

The details of the power and fuel required for running DG sets for emergency use during power failure are given in Table 10.5. Table 10.5 Power and Fuel Requirement Details Capacity Remarks

Power 1000 KVA Source: AP State Electricity Board. DG set 2 *500 KVA Fuel will be procured from local dealers Diesel 135 Ltrs/hr One DG set will be kept as standby Sulphur - content <0.05%

After power plant implementation the power requirement will meet through the in house Power plants.

10.3 Baseline Environmental Status

The baseline data generation has been carried out for one season in 2011. The predominant wind direction during March and April was SE followed by E, whereas during May NW

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1 0.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. followed by North. The ambient air quality was monitored at 9 locations and the results obtained are given in Table 10.6. Table 10.6 Ambient Air Quality Results (µg/m3)

Details PM<2.5µ PM<10µ SO2 NOx Minimum 5.2 24.2 10 11 Maximum 17.8 48 34 39 Standard – Indus, Resd, Rural 60 100 80 80

Water samples in the study area were collected from ground water sources and analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics summary of important parameters are given in Table 10.7.

Table 10.7 Summary of Water analysis Parameters Units Minimum Maximum Standards IS 10500 Drinking water Desirable Permissible pH 6.94 7.42 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved solids mg/l 330 2066 500 2000 Chlorides mg/l 26 703 250 1000 Hardness mg/l 153 873 300 600 Fluorides mg/l 0.24 2.4 1.0 1.5

Baseline noise levels have been monitored at 9 locations within the study zone, using a spot noise measurement device. The results are presented in Table 10.8

Table 10.8 Noise Levels – dB(A) Parameters Minimum Maximum Standard Industrial Commercial Residential Day Equivalent 51.0 53.2 75 65 55 Night Equivalent 40.4 43.2 70 55 45

To determine the impact on agricultural productivity of soil due to the proposed activity soil samples were collected at 7 locations. The summary of the results obtained are presented in Table 10.9 and compared with Indian Council of Agricultural Research standards.

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Table 10.9 Soil Quality in study area Parameters Minimum Maximum Standard Normal Tending to Alkaline become alkaline pH 7.25 7.83 6.0 to 8.5 8.5 to 9.0 Above 9.0 EC (mmhos/cm) 0.122 0.385 1.0 1.01 to 2.00 2.01 to 4.00 Low Medium High Organic Carbon % 0.29 2.51 <0.5 0.5 to 0.75 >0.75 Nitrogen (kg/Ha) 285 487 <280 280 to 560 >560 Phosphorous 1.8 4.8 <10 10 to 25 >25 (kg/Ha) Potassium (kg/Ha) 63 104 <110 110 to 280 >280

A detailed flora and fauna studies were carried out in and around the study area, and the study indicated that there are no rare or endangered or endemic or threatened species either in the project site or in the study area.

10.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts

All the potential significant environmental impacts associated with the project were studied. The effective utilisation of Municipal Solid Waste will help in improvement of aesthetic look of the Hyderabad City. The proposed Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility Project has minor impacts on the environment. These minor impacts will be mitigated with proper control measures that can be adopted at the time of design and operations.

10.5 Analysis of Alternatives

There are number of technological options for treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste, but every option has its distinct merits and limitations, which guide us to choose appropriate technology for a given local condition. Among the various treatment (or waste diversion) and disposal options, MoEF has notified composting (windrow composting, vermi composting), anaerobic digestion, incineration, pelletization and landfill technologies and has given relevant standards for compost quality, leachate disposal, incineration operations and emissions and landfill specifications.

In this proposed project windrow composting, secured landfill for inerts, energy generation through RDF and power plant, biomethanization of market and hotel waste, recycling complex, etc are proposed.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1 0.5 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

10.6 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The main spirit of environmental monitoring programme is aimed such that there is not much of time lack between commencements of damage to environment mitigation measures to various environmental parameters that are being affected.

Environmental monitoring programme has been prepared for assessing the efficiency of implementation of Environment Management Plan the details of the same are given in Table 10.10. In order to comply with the environmental protection measures as suggested in the above sections, a budgetary provision for Environmental Protection is given in Table 10.11.

Table 10.10 Environmental Monitoring Plan Environmental Locations Frequency Parameters Component

Ambient Air Quality Nearby habitations, Monthly PM10, PM2.5 SO2, NOx, CH4,

upwind, downwind, CO, Ammonia, Odour crosswind

Stack Emissions Power plant Monthly SPM, CO, HC, SO2 and NOx Noise Within site (Power Monthly Noise Levels plant, DG set, Compost yard, SLF area) and nearest habitation Ground water / Piezometers around Monthly IS 10500:1991 drinking water surface waters the landfill, parameters groundwater & surface water from nearby villages Leachate Windrow, compost Monthly SS, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, As, plant, Secured CN, Cl landfill, Wastewater Septic tank/STP Monthly

Landfill gas Landfill area Monthly Methane & CO2 Plantation Greenbelt Half yearly Survival of plants and replacement of immature plants Compost Final product Monthly As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn, C/N ratio, pH

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Table 10.11 Budget of Implementation of Environmental Management Plan

S. No Particulars Capital Cost Recurring Cost (Rs) Crores (Rs) Lakhs/annum 1 Air Pollution Control Systems 10.0 0.35 Bag Filter/ESP, Scrubber, etc. 2 LT collection system, holding tank, STP, etc 10.0 0.25 3 Gas collection, management, etc 2.5 0.15 4 Noise Control measures – Acoustic 1.5 0.10 enclosures for DG set, Noise barriers for pumps, boiler, etc 5 Greenbelt development 1.0 0.50 6 Rainwater harvesting, storm water drains, 2.0 0.15 7 Online Stack monitoring 2.0 0.20 8 Ambient Air quality monitoring, Laboratory 1.0 0.15 equipments, etc 9 Third party monitoring, energy audit, 1.0 0.15 environmental audit, training programs, etc 10 Environmental control measures during 3.0 1.0 construction stage – surrounding lakes remediation Total 34 3.00 Capital Cost of the project is Rs.778.70 Crores

10.7 Risk Analysis

The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major hazards and the risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may lead to emergency consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health. As the proposed project does not handle and hazardous substances except diesel for meeting the fuel requirements of DG sets and vehicles carrying municipal solid waste. The details of the diesel stored at any given time along with the threshold quantity as mentioned in Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 & subsequent amendments are given in Table 10.12.

Table 10.12 Details of Chemicals and Applicability of GOI rules Solvent Storage Storage Listed in Threshold Quantity (Tons) for Type capacity Scheduled Application of Rules (Tons) 5,7-9,13-15 10-12 Diesel Tankers 86 Sch 3 (part II) 5000 50000

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From the above table it can be inferred that there would be no major Hazardous chemical stored at the proposed plant, which would attract the GOI rules 4 5,7-9 and 13-15, as the quantity likely to be stored at site lies below the stipulated threshold quantities.

10.8 Project Benefits

From the proposed the major benefit is improving the degraded environment by establishing a scientific Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility. Due to the proposed project there will be several benefits.  Direct employment and indirect employment will benefit locals  Due to compost plant and waste to energy plant the life of the land fill increase several folds.  Due to proposed project the physical infrastructure facilities will improve  Social infrastructure facilities will come up in nearby areas  Demand for housing and other facilities will increase

The State Government will also benefit directly from the proposed project, through increased revenue from royalties, excise duty and stowing duty.

10.9 Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in the area of the proposed project site. Hence, it needs proper Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to meet these objectives.

The purpose of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to minimize the potential environmental impacts from the project and to mitigate the consequences. EMP reflects the commitment of the project management to protect the environment as well as the neighbouring populations. The potential environmental impacts envisaged from the project are studied on the following environmental components:

 Air pollution from power plant, D.G set, movement of vehicles  Noise pollution during operation of machinery  Odour from compost plant, secured landfill operations  Water pollution due to the wastewater generation  Soil pollution

Construction activity involves site levelling and construction of admin building, windrows platform, Municipal Solid Waste storing Sheds, Leachate Treatment Plant etc., are envisaged. However during construction activities if any dust is generated, it will be controlled by using water spraying on roads and other dust generating sources.

10. 9.1 Air Quality Management

The main activities from the proposed project which cause air pollution are as follows:

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 Particulate matter, Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide from power plant  Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide from DG sets  Dust particulates due to movement of vehicles and road sweepings

The following methods of abatement will be employed for the air pollution control.

 DG set will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines or 1 m above the tallest structure in the project area for proper dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.  Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions  Speed restriction will be followed within the project and speed breakers will be provided at entry and exit points

To control the pollutants envisaged from the power plant the following control measures are proposed.  Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with an efficiency of 99.9% to limit PM in outlet to less 100 mg/Nm3 is proposed

 To minimize the SO2 and NOx emissions a venture scrubber is proposed.

 For proper dispersion of SO2 and NOx into atmosphere a Chimney meeting MoEF standards (50m) is proposed.  Green belt will be provided around the power plant, along the internal roads and along the plant boundary.

10.9.2 Odour Control

The odour management is one the issue in landfills. The main aim is to minimize the number of sources of odour generation which exist in site. To undertake direct management of odour generating sources that give rise to odour problems.

The mitigation measures proposed to minimize and control odour are as follows.

 Maintaining proper air and moisture in the compost plant and windrow area  Dilution of odourant by odour counteraction or neutralize by spraying Ecosorb (organic and biodegradable chemical) around odour generation areas at regular intervals.  Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a similar material  Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odour can be minimized.

10.9.3 Water Quality Mitigation Measures

The main wastewater generation sources in the proposed project are domestic wastewater, wastewater from power plant (boiler, cooling tower blow down) and leachate generation from compost plant and secured land fill area. The domestic wastewater will be treated in septic

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 1 0.9 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P. tank followed by Soak pit or STP, the treated water will be used for greenbelt development. The leachate generated is collected and reused back for spraying on windrow to maintain moisture and temperature. The rainwater fallen on the covered landfill and compost plant will be collected and stored. This water will be used for greenbelt development after meeting onland discharge standards.

10.9.4 Noise Mitigation Measures

The noise pollution management measures proposed are given below.  Acoustic Enclosure for all the high noise level equipments  All the design/installation precautions as specified by the manufacturers with respect to noise control are strictly adhered to  Noise generating sources are insulated adequately by providing suitable enclosures  Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs are provided to the personnel close to the noise generating units;  All the openings like covers, partitions are designed properly.

10.9.5 Greenbelt

An area of 33.3% will be earmarked for development of greenbelt along the boundary, roads, and in open places etc. The green belt developed helps to capture the emissions, attenuate the noise generated and improve the aesthetics. Attempts will be made to ensure that all open spaces, where tree plantation may not possible, will be covered with shrubs and grass to prevent erosion of topsoil. Adequate attention is will be paid to maintenance and protection of green belt. Apart from green belt all around the site, on the top of closed/capped landfills greenery would be developed.

10.9.6 Socio Economic Development Activities under Corporate Environmental Policy

The details of the funds proposed initially for socio economic development activities under CEP are given in Table 10.13 and later on need based allotment of funds will be done for taking up CEP activities by keeping a separate fund using minimum of 2% of profit share.

Table 10.13 Funds for implementing Corporate Social Responsibilities under CEP S. No Item Amount (Rs Lakhs) 1 Upliftment of poor to acquire traditional/ basic skill for 10 BPL families 2 To acquire skills to get employment in the project 10 3 To acquire skills through ITI & skill development 5 organizations in getting employments in industries 4 Health camps and medicines 5 5 Primary Health Clinic 10 6 Infrastructure for drinking water (OHT, Pipe laying etc.) 5

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 10 .10 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

S. No Item Amount (Rs Lakhs) 7 Infrastructure for Electricity 5 8 Common Toilets & sanitation facilities 5 9 Roads in and around project site 5 Total 60

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Chapter 10 .11 Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

CHAPTER -11 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS 11

11.0 Ramky Group

Ramky, founded in the year 1984, today spans into a specialist multi-disciplinary organization focused in areas of Civil, Environment & Waste Management Infrastructure with specific emphasis on ‘Public Private Partnership’ Projects. The corporate office of the group is located at Hyderabad and the regional offices are located at Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Bhopal and Kolkata. The major companies of the group are 1) RAMKY Infrastructure Ltd, 2) RAMKY Enviro Engineers Ltd, 3) Ramky Estates & Farms Pvt. Ltd. and 4) Smilax Laboratories Ltd.

11.1 RAMKY Enviro Engineers Limited

Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited (REEL) is the consulting arm of the group provides vital function of effectively providing the backward linkage to the project implementation function in the form of concepts, strategies, structuring, planning and designing infrastructure projects. A multi and cross disciplinary team of professionals, offering solution at each stage of the life cycle of a project. Consultancy Division is one of the departments of REEL. The services offered by the consultancy division are given below.

11.1.1 Consultancy Services

 Facilitating in obtaining Environmental Clearances from MOEF, New Delhi and SEAC’s from various states  Obtaining Consent for Establishment & Consent for Operation from state pollution Control Boards Preparing of Environmental Impact Assessment Reports.  Environmental Audits to help industries to recycle and reuse resources and plan for low polluting technologies.  Risk Assessment Studies for hazardous chemical storage & Process in order to devise viable onsite and offsite emergency plans.  Identification and evaluation of hazardous Waste disposal sites.  Preparation of Detailed Project Reports of MSW, HWMP, BMW  Environmental management systems, training, documentation and implementation as per ISO: 14001:1996 Standards.  Characterization and quantification of biomedical waste, municipal solid waste and design of disposal facilities.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Environmental management strategies to mitigate adverse impacts arising out of developmental activities.  Effluent treatment plant design after thorough review of process, reaction mass balance and treatability studies of effluents  Post project Monitoring network design  Consultancy Services for setting up environmental laboratories  Design of Sewage treatment plants  Design of Waste treatment plants  Health and socio- economic surveys  Resettlement and rehabilitation plans  Systems development for ISO:9000,OSHAS:18000,NABL,ISO:17025 Standards

11.1.2 Laboratory services

 Analysis of air samples for ambient air quality and those collected from industrial sources for both routine and industry specific pollutants  Water and waste water analysis for all parameters as for standard methods, including pesticides and poly hydro carbons  Solid and hazardous waste analysis including TCPL tests  Monitoring of noise levels at source and in ambient air  Development of new methods and quality assurances of results obtained  Design and settings of laboratories

11.1.3 Training services

 Monitoring of environmental parameters –air, water, noise, soil etc…  Environmental impact assessments  Effluent treatment plant operations and maintenance  Sewage treatment plant operations and maintenance  ISO 9000&14000, OHSAS 18000 Awareness, documentations, internal auditors  Establishment environmental laboratories  Pollution control in industries  Biomedical waste management

11.1.3 Field Services

 Site selection and suitability studies for settling up of Industries  Ambient Air Quality monitoring for all pollutants  Noise Level Monitoring  Meteorological data collection as per CPCB norms  Stack Emission monitoring for all pollutants and assessment of efficiency of control equipment  Water, Wastewater and Soil Sample Collection

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

 Assessment of efficiency of ETP and analyzing critical parameters of field.  Flora and Fauna assessment through sectorial studies and damage assessment due to development projects  Damage Assessment studies in case of oil well blowouts, major industrial accidents, etc.,

11.1.4 Treatment Plant Services

 Water Treatment Plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance  Efficiency studies of Effluent Treatment plants  Design, construction, operation and maintenance of ETP  Up gradation/modification of ETP  Sewage Treatment Plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance along with mechanical equipment erection  Supply of mechanical equipment

11.1.5 Solid Waste Management Services

 Industrial Waste Management  Hazardous Waste Management  Municipal Solid Waste Management  Biomedical Solid Waste Management

The Company has over 2000 employees in various sectors of which over 600 employees are post graduates and about 15 employees are having Ph.D’s.

11.2 EIA Coordinator and FAEs involved in Report

Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd is listed in Office Memorandum issued by MOEF dated 30th Sep 2011, List ‘A’ Accredited / Conditionally accredited consultants serial no 76. The list of EIA Coordinators and Functional area experts involved in report are given in Table 11.1.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report For proposed Modernization of Municipal Dump Site, Jawaharnagar (V), Shameerpet (M) Ranga Reddy (D).A.P.

Table 11.1 The List of Experts EIA Co-ordinator Name of EIA Co-ordinator Signature

Mrs.B.Padmaja

Functional Area Experts Name of Expert FAE Code Signature

Dr.B.Chakradhar RH

Mr.V.Vijay Kumar AQ

Mr.N.Vamsee Krishna NV

Ms.Beebi Asia Shaik SW

HG Mr.B.Mallikarjuna Rao GS

Mr.Minhajuddin Ahmed Faruqi EB

AP Mr.J.Kesava Kumar WP LU Mr.Dushyant Mishra SE

The Analysis was carried out in Laboratory of Hyderabad Waste Management Project a subsidiary company under REEL which is recognized by MOEF vide notification dated 9th Jan, 2008 as Environmental Laboratory under the EP-Act 1986 (29 of 1986). The recognition is valid till 8-1-2013. RAMKY Enviro Engineers Ltd

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