DOCSLIB.ORG

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Aboubakr Belkaïd University – Tlemcen – Faculty of Lettres and Languages Department of English The Federal Reserve System Its (Un) Constitutionality and Influence on the American Politics and Militarism 1913-2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of English in Candidacy for a Doctor Degree in American Civilization Presented by: Fanit Izzeddine Board of Examiners Chairman: Dr. Yahia Zeghoudi, University of Tlemcen Supervisor: Pr. Senouci Faiza, University of Tlemcen Examiner: Pr. Abbes Bahous, University of Mostaganem Examiner: Pr. Fewzia Bedjaoui, University of Sidi Bel Abbès Examiner: Dr. Mirad Houari, University of Mostaganem Examiner: Dr. Farid Daoudi, University of Tlemcen 2018 To the memory of my father I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank my supervisor, Pr. Senouci Faiza, for her keen supervision, understanding, patience, and most importantly for her insightful feedbacks. A Special gratitude goes to Dr. Yahia Zeghoudi, Pr. Abbes Bahous, Pr. Fewzia Bedjaoui, Dr. Mirad Houari, and Dr. Farid Daoudi for accepting to examine this dissertation. I am sure that their comments about this work will be very insightful. I would also like to thank a number of other scholars for their comments on my work, including Barbara Selby from Virginia University, who spared no effort to help me with the necessary documents. She was very kind in issuing letters of invitation to her institution each time I asked for. I would like also to thank Mr. Boudamouz Yacine from the department of Economics, University of Constantine, for his priceless collaboration in this work. Mr. Fares Rekima from the University of Mila was always present to listen and comment on my work, his feedbacks were very supportive. Most importantly, special gratefulness goes to two great men, Mr. Fatmi Fayssal from the University of Jijel and Mr. Ziad Khaled from the University of Mila, who were very helpful at many levels. No language can describe my thankfulness to this man. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their encouragement and support. My mother and my siblings were very sympathetic during the hard times that I went through the course of writing this dissertation. I also thank my wife Wided. Her support, inspiration; quiet patience and unconditional love were undeniably the cornerstone upon which the past two years of my life have been built. Her forbearance of my occasional tempers is evidence in itself of her II unyielding devotion and love. Last but not least, my new born son, Tamim, was the candle that lightened my darkest days. His birth inspired me to work hard and finish this dissertation. III List of Acronyms AMPAC: Australia Muslim Public Affairs Committee AP: Associated Press API: American Petroleum Institute BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation BBL: Barrels BIS: Bank for International Settlements BP: British Petroleum BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa CBC: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBS: Columbia Broadcasting System CEO: Chief Executive Officer CFR: Council on Foreign Regulations CIA: Central Intelligence Agency CNBC: Consumer News and Business Channel CNN: Cable News Network DOFF: Directory Office of Facts and Figures EIA: Energy Information Administration EMS: European Monetary System EMU: European Monetary Union EU: European Union FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation FDC: Foreign Debt Commission FRB: The Federal Reserve Board IV FTC: Federal Trade Commission GDP: Gross Domestic Product GM: General Motors GRIC: German Reparation International Commission ISG: International Survey Group IMF: International Monetary Fund MPs: Members of Parliament NAC: National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems NBC: National Broadcasting Company NEPDG: Nation energy Policy Development Group NMC: National Monetary Commission OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PNAC: Project of New American Century SSCI: Selected Senate Committee on Iraq UN: United Nations US: United States USSR: Union of Socialist Soviet Republics WB: World Bank WIB: War Industries Board WMD: Weapons of Mass Destruction WWI: World War I WWII: World War II V Abstract This dissertation comes to unravel the untold mechanisms of the American militarized foreign policies. It investigates the authentic motives behind the American militarism in the last 100 years by examining the great wars in which it was involved. The main hypothesis that has been advanced in this work is that the “unconstitutional” Federal Reserve System, which is dominated by ruthless banking interests, influenced the American foreign policies by turning the country into a non-stop war machine. American military interventionism has played a key role in securing the banking interests during/after World War I and II, and in maintaining the dollar hegemony after the War on Terrorism. This dissertation opted for an exploratory research methodology using the technique of case study. WWI, WWII, wars on Afghanistan and Iraq are all examined by investigating the influence/role of the Fed/petrodollar over/in the American militarized foreign policies. The findings of this research confirm the hypothesis in question in the sense that the American central bank, since its creation in 1913, has tremendously militarized the American policies after two centuries of isolationism. The conclusion that this research brought up is that private “interestism” has kidnapped the American policy-making by turning the Federal Reserve into a nonstop money-creating machine and by turning the American government into a war-creating machine which both serve the interests of private bankers. VI Table of Content General Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 1 Chapter One: Historical Background of Central Banking in the United States….. 17 1-1: Central Banking and Economy ………………………………………...……18 1-1-1: Central Banking System ……………………………………………… .20 1-1-2: Theories in Central Banking Systems: State or Independent………….. 21 1-1-3: Fiscal and Monetary Policies ……………………………………….......25 1-1-4: Money Creation and Fractional-Reserve Banking in Modern Economies ………………………………………………………....…...29 1-2: History of Central Banking in the United Sates before 1913 ……………...31 1-2-1: Controversies over the First American Central Bank 1791-1811……… 32 1-2-2: Controversies over the Second Bank of the US 1816-1836………....…..35 1-2-3: Conspiracy Theories of Banking System in the US……………………. 39 1-3: The Federal Reserve System: 1913 (The American Central Bank) ……….. 46 1-3-1: The Setting up of Strong Financial Institutions 1907-1913……………. 47 1-3-2: The Jekyll Island Meeting: the Road towards the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 …………………………………………………… 51 1-3-3: The (UN) Constitutionality of the Federal Reserve Act ………………. .56 Chapter Two: The Federal Reserve System, World War I and World War II.........65 2-1-The Correlation between the Federal Reserve and World War I …………..67 2-1-1: Financial and Military Mobilizations during World War I……………. .68 2-1-2: The Credit Policies, the Allies’ loans and WWI ………………………. 77 2-2: The German Reparations, the American Corporations and the Rise of Hitler during the Interwar Period ……………………………………… 83 2-2-1: The German Reparations during the Interwar Period …………………. 84 2-2-2: The American Corporations and the Rise of Hitler……………………. 89 2. 3: Hitler, the American Banking System and WWII………………………… 96 2-3-1: Hitler’s Battle against Bankers …………………………………………. 96 2-3-2: The Role of the Federal Reserve during WWII …………………………102 VII Chapter Three: The Dollar Hegemony, the Rise of the Petrodollar and the War on Afghanistan ………………………………………………… 116 3-1: The Rise of the Dollar Hegemony ……………………………………………….118 3-1-1: The Bretton Woods System, Marshall Plan and the Rise of the Dollar Hegemony ………………………………………………….......118 3-1-2: Nixon Shock and the Rise of the Petrodollar System………………………124 3-2: The Dollar Hegemony and the Rivalry over Energy Reserves in Eurasia ……126 3-2-1: Unocal, Taliban and the politics of Pipelines….......................................... 127 3-2-2: The American Energy Security and the Military Choice in Afghanistan: A Strong Connection……………………………………..... 133 Chapter Four: The Invasion of Iraq: A pre-emptive Strike or A Petrodollar Diplomacy…………………………………………………………… 145 4-1: Told and Untold in the Invasion of Iraq………………………………….. 146 4.1.1: The False Allegation in the Invasion of Iraq……………………………… 147 4.1.2: Iraqi Oil Lobbying………………………………………………………… 156 4.2: The Petrodollar Warfare: Fighting for Oil or Fighting for Petrocurrencies……………………………………………………………….162 4.2.1 The War for Oil …………………….…………………………………....... 163 4.2.2: Euros vs. Dollars: A Petrocurrency Rivalry ………………………………172 General Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….... 179 Bibliography..........………………………………………………………………...... 192 VIII General Introduction: Since the creation of the Federal Reserve System (the Fed) in 1913, the United States of America (US) has been waging dozens of military interventions around the world. This central bank; which is a privately owned institution, generates benefits primarily by lending money at interests to governments and to other private corporations. Being, for many; like Ron Paul and Eustace Mullins, an unconstitutional monetary and financial institution that is in charge of money supply in the US, the Fed is deemed in this dissertation as the reason behind the militarization of most of the American foreign policies since 1913. The influence of financiers on this institution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Boys' Wash Suits Former Soc Values Re- Seem to Place This Hammond Returned to Washington
    MAL AT eOll ECONOMY NE BusycQ*MFr 'Pgba LAT TH.S SALES FOR Opmo:15 A. M To.6:00 P. M. or~CP..Ss.0w WEDNESDAY JEAN ELIC given in marriage by her father. Mr. Several Broken Lines of gnd My. Fisher will make their home Pnv wife of the senator from in Charlest0n where he is enaed In ]Envelope Cool Pinted Voiles RMR&Illinois.. DILLexpectsMcCORMICK,to leave budUein. Wshit tomorrow for . Rdek 39c a Yard- 36 mWd 38 Wide where + Regularly Im"be River B , t Byron, IW., Mrs. Minngesrode Andrews is re- of Si SotNabWsOOL she spends t of every summer. 3overing from an operation. and is at The farm, w h Is one of the show Ner home In where DRESSES country Virgini% Verysew in that part of the country. the sumer. TomorrovP, 25c yd. Mkrz. McCormlck's particular she will stay throuh Combined in one it for real on summer's most desired Pride, She manages it herself and big and radi- $.00, Achance savin rs conducts a successful dairy buil- 3.4 at 3., HM*.r. lot, Choice of several styles, wash.goods. Crisp, fresh Pri nted Volles, in light grounds, ness, Rock River milk being in The Rev. Roland Cotton Smith. cally teduced. showing~ excellent work- a wonderful < f and effects, reat 'demand. The McCormick D. D., of St. John's Church. and Mrs. They are values manabp;of fine soft fin- showing range lovely designs Children have been established at Smith, 'ai at the Malvern Hotel, Bar im nainsook, in square and such as checks, stripes, dots, fl oral patterns and neat figures.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Redcross.Pdf
    HISTORY OF RED CROSS Henri Dunant, founder of Red Cross Jean Henri Dunant was born in Geneva on 8 May 1828. His character and education impelled him to help the distressed and the unfortunate and to be concerned about social work. In 1853, he was appointed as an accountant to a subsidiary company in Algeria, which entailed a certain amount of travelling. On 24 June 1859, Dunant arrived at Solferino where he witnessed one of the fiercest battles of the nineteenth century. The Battle of Solferino lasted for more than 15 hours and more than 40,000 were wounded. Dunant was filled with horror and pity as he viewed the appalling spectacle of human suffering. With the help of the villagers at Castiglione, he worked tirelessly, without sleep for three days, giving comfort and what medical care he could to the injured men. Back at Geneva, Dunant was haunted by visions of the terrible battle and he devoted all his strength to ensure that the terrible sufferings he had witnessed never occurred again. In 1862, Dunant wrote and published a book entitled "A Memory of Solferino", which he put forward his ideas to foster the creation in every country of a society for the relief of the military wounded and capable of helping the army medical services to carry out their tasks. Birth of Red Cross Gustave Moynier, a prominent lawyer in Geneva and president of the city's Society of Public Welfare, showed immediate interest in Dunant's ideas. Moynier lost no time in setting up the Permanent International Committee of the Relief of the Wounded, which was later known as the International Committee of the Red Cross.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicholas Murray BUTLER Arranged Correspondence Box Contents Box
    Nicholas Murray BUTLER Arranged Correspondence Box contents Box# Box contents 1 Catalogued correspondence 2 A-AB 3 AC - ADAMS, J. 4 ADAMS, K.-AG 5 AH-AI 6 AJ-ALD 7 ALE-ALLEN, E. 8 ALLEN, F.-ALLEN, W. 9 ALLEN, Y. - AMERICAN AC. 10 AMERICAN AR. - AMERICAN K. 11 AMERICAN L.-AMZ 12 ANA-ANG 13 ANH-APZ 14 AR-ARZ 15 AS-AT 16 AU-AZ 17 B-BAC 18 BAD-BAKER, G. 19 BAKER, H. - BALDWIN 20 BALE-BANG 21 BANH-BARD 22 BARD-BARNES, J. 23 BARNES, N.-BARO 24 BARR-BARS 25 BART-BAT 26 BAU-BEAM 27 BEAN-BED 28 BEE-BELL, D. 29 BELL,E.-BENED 30 BENEF-BENZ 31 BER-BERN 32 BERN-BETT 33 BETTS-BIK 34 BIL-BIR 35 BIS-BLACK, J. 36 BLACK, K.-BLAN 37 BLANK-BLOOD 38 BLOOM-BLOS 39 BLOU-BOD 40 BOE-BOL 41 BON-BOOK 42 BOOK-BOOT 43 BOR-BOT 44 BOU-BOWEN 45 BOWER-BOYD 46 BOYER-BRAL 47 BRAM-BREG 48 BREH-BRIC 49 BRID - BRIT 50 BRIT-BRO 51 BROG-BROOKS 52 BROOKS-BROWN 53 BROWN 54 BROWN-BROWNE 55 BROWNE -BRYA 56 BRYC - BUD 57 BUE-BURD 58 BURE-BURL 59 BURL-BURR 60 BURS-BUTC 61 BUTLER, A. - S. 62 BUTLER, W.-BYZ 63 C-CAI 64 CAL-CAMPA 65 CAMP - CANFIELD, JAMES H. (-1904) 66 CANFIELD, JAMES H. (1905-1910) - CANT 67 CAP-CARNA 68 CARNEGIE (1) 69 CARNEGIE (2) ENDOWMENT 70 CARN-CARR 71 CAR-CASTLE 72 CAT-CATH 73 CATL-CE 74 CH-CHAMB 75 CHAMC - CHAP 76 CHAR-CHEP 77 CHER-CHILD, K.
    [Show full text]
  • Davison Family Collection
    PRITZKER MILITARY MUSEUM & LIBRARY 104 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60603 [email protected] 312-374-9333 Davison Family Collection Creator: Davison Family Dates: 1913-1961, n.d. Quantity: .01 linear feet Identification: PMML ID# 320755, OCLC# 231692069, Call# PAPERS 00013 Citation: [Document Title]. The Davison Family Collection, [Box #, Folder #], Pritzker Military Museum & Library, Chicago, IL. Language: English Finding Aid: Written by Kathryn Hofherr, June 2008; Updated by Andrea Martinez, 2018 Archival collections are stored at a remote archival facility. Please contact the Museum & Library at least 48 hours in advance of your visit to view an archival collection. Biographical Note The Davison family was one of the east coast’s most prominent families during the late 1800s/early 1900s. Their philanthropic efforts and their patriotic spirits during the First World War did not go unnoticed by the American public. Henry Pomeroy Davison was born on June 12, 1867 in Troy, Pennsylvania. He began he career as a bookkeeper in a bank managed by a family member and when he was 21, found a job at a bank in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It was there he met his future wife. Mary Kate Trubee was born on February 2, 1871 in Bridgeport, Connecticut. On April 13, 1893, she married Henry P. Davison. Three years later the couple moved to New York City where Davison held a position at the Astor Place Bank. A few years later, Davison became president of the Liberty National Bank and then became involved in the founding of the Bankers Trust Company. In 1909, Davison became a senior partner at JP Morgan & Company.
    [Show full text]
  • ANGRY SKY the World War I Diary and Letters of David S
    OF HERO THE ANGRY SKY The World War I Diary and Letters of David S. Ingalls, America’s First Naval Ace Edited by Geoffrey L. Rossano Foreword by William F. Trimble OHIO UNIVERSITY PRESS ATHENS Contents List of Illustrations vii Foreword by William F. Trimble xi Series Editors’ Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv A Note on the Text xvii Abbreviations xix Introduction 1 1 Training with the First Yale Unit March–September 1917 21 2 Early Days in Europe September–December 1917 43 3 With the RFC at Gosport, Turnberry, and Ayr December 1917–March 1918 87 4 On Patrol—At NAS Dunkirk and with the RAF in Flanders March–May 1918 141 5 The Navy’s Big Show—The Northern Bombing Group May–August 1918 183 6 Hero of the Angry Sky—Serving with No.213 Squadron August–October 1918 215 7 Eastleigh and Home October–December 1918 285 8 A Glance Back June 1924 313 Afterword 327 v Contents vi Appendix 1: David Ingalls’s Victories with No.213 Squadron, RAF 337 Appendix 2: David Ingalls’s Technical Notes, Turnberry, Scotland 339 Bibliography 363 Index 369 Introduction In 1925, Rear Admiral William S. Sims, commander of U.S. naval forces operating in Europe during World War I, declared, “Lieuten- ant David S. Ingalls may rightly be called the ‘Naval Ace’ of the war.”1 Of the twenty thousand pilots, observers, ground officers, mechanics, and construction workers who served overseas in the conflict, only Ingalls earned that unofficial yet esteemed status. In contrast, by November 1918, the U.S. Army Air Service counted more than 120 aces.2 The Cleveland, Ohio, native’s unique achievement resulted from several factors.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Chicago Law School: Chicago Unbound Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 5 Number 1 Article 14 6-1-2004 The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law François Bugnion Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil Recommended Citation Bugnion, François (2004) "The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 5: No. 1, Article 14. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol5/iss1/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law Frangois Bugnion* Notwithstanding its private-initiative origins, the International Committee of the Red Cross ("ICRC") has been the main driving force behind the development of international humanitarian law for 140 years. It was the ICRC that took the initiative which led to the adoption of the original Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864, an instrument that is the starting point of contemporary international humanitarian law and a landmark in the development of public international law; it was the ICRC that laid the groundwork for the subsequent developments of that law. How was it that five individuals managed to have the initial Geneva Convention adopted? What was the significance of that treaty? What was the ICRC's role in the drafting of subsequent conventions and what is its role today in relation to the development of international humanitarian law? And finally, what is the outlook for the future? These are the questions this article sets out to answer.
    [Show full text]
  • Centenary Historians' Conference
    Centenary Historians’ Conference media.ifrc.org/ifrc/speech/centenary-historians-conference/ Elhadj As Sy International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Secretary General Date: Thursday, 13 June, 2019 Event: Centenary Historians’ Conference Location: Geneva, Switzerland Thank you David, and thank you all. Let me first of all welcome you to the IFRC, and thank you for putting in so much effort, thought, intellect and competence in looking at the history of our Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. And particularly so in this year, when we take stock and reflect on our 100 years. There is a popular saying in my culture that if you don’t know where you’re going, you go back to where you came from. In my mother tongue it translates literally to ‘know your past to better shape your future’. And this saying is often used in that culture by what we call the Praise Singers. When soldiers were preparing for war, praise singers would remind them of their past, and the stories of their ancestors, to fill them with courage. So, we go back to our history and use it as a source of strength. But it’s not only used in the context of waging wars – it’s also used when leaders are faced with difficult decisions, in difficult times at family, community and national levels. The Praise Singers would take them back to history with stories of courage, forgiveness, reconciliation, care, support and humility: examples that serve as sources of inspiration and motivation to do nothing less than shape a better future.
    [Show full text]
  • Gatsby: Myths and Realities of Long Island's North Shore Gold Coast.” the Nassau County Historical Society Journal 52 (1997):16–26
    Previously published in The Nassau County Historical Society Journal. Revised and modified in July 2010 for website publication at www.spinzialongislandestates.com Please cite as: Spinzia, Raymond E. and Judith A. Spinzia. “Gatsby: Myths and Realities of Long Island's North Shore Gold Coast.” The Nassau County Historical Society Journal 52 (1997):16–26. Gatsby: Myths and Realities of Long Island’s North Shore Gold Coast by Raymond E. Spinzia and Judith A. Spinzia . The North Shore estates more than those of any other area of the Island captured the imagination of twentieth-century America. They occupied the area from Great Neck east to Centerport and from the Long Island Sound to just south of the present site of the Long Island Expressway. At the height of the estate era, Long Island had three Gold Coasts. An excellent social history of the South Shore estates, entitled Along the Great South Bay: From Oakdale to Babylon, has been written by Harry W. Havemeyer. The East End estates, which were built in the area known as the Hamptons, are chronicled by the authors in the soon-to-be-published Long Island’s Prominent Families in the Town of Southampton: Their Estates and Their Country Homes and Long Island’s Prominent Families in the Town of East Hampton: Their Estates and Their Country Homes. It is Long Island’s North Shore Gold Coast and the fact, fiction, and outright confusion created by F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby that are considered here.1 Even the very existence of the South Shore and East End estates has remained relatively unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • The Composition of the International Committee of the Red Cross
    The composition of the International Committee of the Red Cross by Frangois Bugnion "I know of no part of jurisprudence or of the humanities to which the institution calling itself the Geneva Committee can be connected", de- clared the renowned Russian jurist Fiodor Fiodorovitch de Martens, legal adviser to the Imperial Russian Government, at the Fourth International Conference of Red Cross Societies held in Karlsruhe in September 1887.' No wonder he was puzzled, for although the International Committee is an international institution by reason of its activities and duties, its composition is still that of a private association under Swiss law. The International Committee is the continuation of the Committee of Five appointed by the Geneva Society for Public Welfare on 9 February 1863. This Committee founded the Red Cross and took the initiative of promoting the original Geneva Convention. Ever since, members who resign or die have been replaced by individuals chosen by the remaining members, so there has been no break in the International Committee's already long history. The Committee has called in reinforcements when its workload made this necessary. The number of its members increased from five to seven during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71; there were sixteen at the end of the First World War and twenty at the end of the Second World War. Since 1945 they have numbered between fifteen and twenty-five. 1 Quatrieme Conference Internationale des Societes de la Croix-Rouge tenue a Carlsruhe du 22 au 27 septembre 1887, Compte rendu, p. 95. 427 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS The members of the Committee have always been chosen from among Swiss citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Nelson W. Aldrich Papers [Finding Aid]. Manuscript Division, Library Of
    Nelson W. Aldrich Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2009 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Catalog Record: https://lccn.loc.gov/mm78010389 Additional search options available at: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010127 Prepared by Manuscript Division Staff Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 2010 Revised 2019 August Collection Summary Title: Nelson W. Aldrich Papers Span Dates: 1777-1930 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1879-1915) ID No.: MSS10389 Creator: Aldrich, Nelson W. (Nelson Wilmarth), 1841-1915 Extent: 42,750 items Extent: 140 containers plus 3 oversize Extent: 58 linear feet Extent: 73 microfilm reels Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. LC Catalog record: https://lccn.loc.gov/mm78010389 Summary: United States representative and senator from Rhode Island, financier, and philanthropist. Correspondence, journal, appointment books, drafts of speeches, memoranda, financial records, reports, legislative matter, scrapbooks, serial publications, and other printed material relating chiefly to Aldrich's career in Congress. Online Content: Part of the Nelson W. Aldrich Papers are available on the Library of Congress Web site at http:// hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/collmss.ms000087. A digital version of part of the papers of Nelson W. Aldrich is available on FRASER, the digital library of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, at http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/archival/4952. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the LC Catalog.
    [Show full text]
  • Harold Harris, Albert Hegenberger, Oakley Kelly, Lester Maitland and John Macready
    Bibliography and References for Biographical Sketches on: Harold Harris, Albert Hegenberger, Oakley Kelly, Lester Maitland and John Macready By Prof. Justin Libby Acknowledgements: There are, in the course of researching and writing an essay, so many courteous, knowledgeable and gifted archivists who have made the endeavor possible. One of the great joys of any researcher and writer on aviation topics is to visit and become acquainted with the library staff at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) and the personnel at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. whose assistance is great appreciated. In particular, I owe a great debt to Mrs. Kate Igoe who opened the relevant files to me and answered my many questions with not only a great knowledge of the materials but with grace, courtesy and profound patience. Mr. Michael Barnes was most helpful in providing the photographs appearing in my study. Another bonus in accomplishing this project was the experience in researching at the Paul Luarance (correct spelling) Dunbar Library on the campus of Wright State University in Dayton-Fairborn, Ohio where John Armstrong was my host along with his friendly and courteous staff in searching out information not only relating to Harold R. Harris as well as other aviators. General Harris surely deserves a separate essay chronicling the life and the achievements of this remarkable pioneering aviator, successful executive businessman and consummate patriot. I also had the privilege of meeting Brett Stolle at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Archives who was so kind in guiding me through the holdings at his location and provided me with the files on the careers of Harold Harris, Albert Hegenberger, Oakley Kelly, Lester Maitland and John Macready and several other aviation personalities.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law Frangois Bugnion*
    Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 5 | Number 1 Article 14 6-1-2004 The nI ternational Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law François Bugnion Recommended Citation Bugnion, François (2004) "The nI ternational Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 5: No. 1, Article 14. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol5/iss1/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Development of International Humanitarian Law Frangois Bugnion* Notwithstanding its private-initiative origins, the International Committee of the Red Cross ("ICRC") has been the main driving force behind the development of international humanitarian law for 140 years. It was the ICRC that took the initiative which led to the adoption of the original Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864, an instrument that is the starting point of contemporary international humanitarian law and a landmark in the development of public international law; it was the ICRC that laid the groundwork for the subsequent developments of that law. How was it that five individuals managed to have the initial Geneva Convention adopted? What was the significance of that treaty? What was the ICRC's role in the drafting of subsequent conventions and what is its role today in relation to the development of international humanitarian law? And finally, what is the outlook for the future? These are the questions this article sets out to answer.
    [Show full text]