Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

PE E 37 Septernber 13, 1968

long Live the AII-Round Uietory 0f the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

PI Hqii Estoblishment of Revolutionory Committees in All the Provinces, Municipolities ond Autonomous Regions (With Exception of Toiwon Province ) in Chinu 1- Renmin Ribao ond Jiefangjun Bao editoriol 2-- Premier Chou En-loi ond Comrode Chiong Ching's 4 speeches ot Peking rolly of revolutionory mosses

The Revolution in Education in Colleges of A Science and Engineering as Reflected in Struggle Between the Two Lines at Shangirai Enstitute of F4echanical .& Eng!neering Carry the Greot Revolution on the lawrnalistic Front Through to the End OU(ITITI(I]IS FR(IM

$tAtntHflil ilAo T$E.TU]IG

One of our current important tasks on the ideological front is to unfold criticism of revisionism.

Speech at the Chi.nese Communist Party's National Conf erence orL Propagand,a lVork (March 1957)

It is still necessary to have univeisities; here I refer mainly to colleges of science and engineering. However, it is essential to shorten the length of schooling, revolutionize educaiion, put proletarian politics in command and take the road of the shanghai Maehine Tools Plant in training technicians from arnong the workers. students should be selected from among workers and peasants with practical experience, and they should return to production after a few years'study.

There are three elements in the basic experience of the revolutionary committee: rt embraces representatives of the revolutionary cadres, representatives of the armed forces and representatives. of the revolutionary masses, eonstituting a revolutionary "three-in-one" combination. The revolutionary committee should exercise unified leadership, eliminate duplication in the .,better administrative structure, follow the policy of troops and simpler administration" and organize a revolutionized leading group which links itself with the masses. Long Liue the ill-Round Uictory in the Great Proletarian Gultural Reuolution!

- Hoiling the Estoblishment of Revolutionory Committees in All The Provin,c€s, Municipolities ond Autonomous Regions (With the Exception of Toiwon Province ) in Chino

EDITORIAL OF "RENIUIN RIBAO" AND "JIEFANGJUN BAO"

q ONGS of triumph ring out north and south of the of tJle People's Liberation Army, they have, after \J Tienshan Mountains, and the sun shines brightly repeated trials of strength and tenacious struggles over the Tibetan Plateau. At a time when hundreds against the dass enemies, finally dug out the agents of of millions of armymen and civilians throughout the China's Khrushchov in Sinkiang Wu Kuang, Lu country are marching from victory to victory under tha Chien-jen, Chang Chung-han, Iminov- and Burhan inspiration of Chairman Mao's latest instructions, revo- Shahidi-and his agents in Tibet-Chou Jen-shan and lutionary committees have been established simulta- Wang Chi-mei who are a handful of renegades, U.S.- neously in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Sin- Chiang Kai-shek- special agents, special agents of the kiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China's southwest- Soviet revisionists and of Britain, counter-revolutionary ern and northwestern outposts in the battle against revisionists and national splittists. Thus the daydream imperialism and revisionism ! of these class enemies to restore capitalism and undermine the unification of the motherland has been com- Revolutionary committees have now been set up pletely smashed and heavy blow has been dealt to in all the provinces, municipalities and autonomous a the schemes of the imperialists, modern revisionists and regions of the country with the exception of Taiwan counter-revolutionaries for carrying out subversion and Province. This extremely magnificent speetacle the sabotage in the Tibet and Sinkiang regions. whole country is red -- is an important event in- the seizing of all-round victory in the great cultural revolu- In the great struggle during the 20 months from the tion. It indicates that the whole movement has entered outburst of the storm of the "January Revolution" in the stage of struggle-criticism-transformation on a na- Shanghai to the establishment of the two revolutionary tionw'ide scale. This is a great victory for the invin- comrnittees in Tibet and Sinkiang, armymen and eible thought of Mao Tse-tung, a great victory for civilians throughout the country have fulfilled Chair- Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line and an man Mao's great call: "Proletarian revolutionaries, event of great joy in the political life of the 700 million unite and seize power from the handful of Party per- people of our country! sons in authority taking the capitalist road," and they have won decisive victory in the great proletarian cul- We extend our hearty congratulations to the revolu- tural revolution across the land. tionary people of all nationalities in Tibet and Sinkiang, to all the commanders and fighters of the Chinese Chairman Mao has taught us: "The aim of every People's Liberation Army units stationed in Tibet and revolutionary struggle in the world is the seizure and Sinkiang and to the fighters working on the state farms eonsolidation of political power." The class struggle reclaimed by the Production and Construction Corps under the dictatorship of the proletariat is, in essence, Under the Sinkiang Military Area Command! still a question of political power. The bourgeoisie wants to overthrow the dictatorship of the proletariat, We extend our warm and .militant salutations to whereas the proletariat wants to consolidate The handful of the proletarian revolutionary comrades-in-arms all over it. I eapitalist roaders in the Party are representatives of the the country who have closely followed Chairman Mao's bourgeoisie in the Party. The proletariat's seizing revolutionary line and forged ahead courageously during back of that portion of povrer of the Party, government, the last two years ! rl finance and culture which the handful of capitalist road- I I In the great proletarian cultural revolution, the ers usurped is a serious struggle in which the bourgeoi- i proletarian revolutionaries and the revolutionary masses sie attempts to restore capitalism while the proletariat of all nationalities in Tibet and Sinkiang have stood opposes its doing so. It is a continuation of the prole- firmly on the side of Chairman Mao's revolutionary line tarian revolution and a great political revolution made and have conscientiously carried out Chairman Mao's by the proletari4t against the bourgeoisie and aII other latest instructions. With the firm and strong support exploiting classes.

September 13, 1968 The establishmei-rt ot revolulionary committees in In order to fight the battle of struggle-criticism- the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions transformation n ell, it is imperative to uphold w'or:king- throughout the country pi'ociaiirrs the complete bank- class ieadership and "bring into fuII play the leading ruptcy of the counter-revolutionary plot of China's role of the working elass in the great cuitural revolu- Khrushchov and his agents everywhere to turn the tion and in all fields of work." Ancl it sho,-,.1d dictatorship of the proletariat into the dictatorship of be seen to that every instruction of the great leader the bourgeoisie. It has completely smashed all the Chairrnan Mao and every order issued by the proletarian counter-revolutionary rumours spread by U.S. im- headqualters is carried out swiltly and smoothly; the perialism and Soviet mod-ern revisionism and dashed reactionary bourgeois theory of "many centres," that is, to pieces the wishful thinking of imperialisrn and the theory of "no centre," must be resolutely opposed, modern revisionism to bring about "peacr,:ful evoltttion" and our thinking must be r-rnified and our steps and in China. actions must be co-ordii-rated at the call of the prole- The establishment of revolutionary committees in tarian headquarters headed by Chairman Mao and rvith the provinces, municipaiities and autonomous regions Vice-Chairman Lin Piao as its deputy leader. At the throughout the country demonstrates the unparalleled same time, it is essential to drm the workers with the might oI the invincible thought of Mao Tse-tung when invincible thought of Mao Tse-tung, make constant ef- it is grasped by hundreds of millions of revolutionary forts to raise the political consciousness of the working people. It has greatly strengthened the dictatorship of class so that it will be able to undertake stiil better the proletariat and greatly enriched and developed its great historical mission of exercising leadership in Malxism-Len inism. everything, in the educational revolntion, in the struggle-criticism-transformation in all spheres of the super- We heartily and warmly haii the great victory \'von structure and in errery task for carrying out Cha-irman people under the leaciership of the by the revolutionary lVlao's great strategic plan. proletarian headquarters headed by Chairman Mao and rvith Vice-Chairman Lin Piao as its deputty leader. In order to figl-rt well in the battle of struggle-criticism-transformation, it is imperative to strengthen ideo- resolutely bring into full play the prole- We rvill logical and political work, conscientiously do a good tariat's thoroughgoing revolutionary spirit. closely tol- job of investigation and study and be good at seizing 1or..' Chairman Mao's great strategic pian. and consolidate and develop this victory through consistent and or.r t1'pical exan.rples. The revoh-rtionary committees at all untiring struggle! levels must firmly carry out all the proletarian policies put fonvard in the editorial note of the journal Hongqi, Chairn-ran Mao recently issued to the whole country published in the nervsp.apers on September 5 (see p. 13'1. great out the tasks of struggle- the call: "Carry These policies are the voice of the great leader Chair'- criticism-transformation conscientiously." He pointed man Mao. Respor-rsible members of the revolutionary out: "struggle-criticism-transformation in a factory, on committees must themselves select some particular the whole, goes through the following stages: establish- points rvill gain experience ancl use this ex- ing a three-in-one revolutionary committee; carrying where they perience for guiding overall work, and repol"t the out mass criticism and repudiation; purifying the class their ranks; consolidating the Party organization; and re:rults to the Party's Central Commitiee. They must simplifying the administrative structule. changing forge close links w-ith the rnasses, listen to the opinions irrational rules and regulations and sending oftice of the masses and pay special attention to overcoming workers to the workshops." ail tenciencies to divorce themselves from the masses. Chairman Mao's latest instructions reflect the ob- Cl-rairman Mao has said: "Just because we have jective iarv of the advance of the great proletarian cu1- rvon victory, we must never relax our vigilance against tural revolution to tl-re stage of struggle-criticism-trans- the frenzied plots for revenge by the imperialists and formation. It expresses in concentrated form the press- their running dogs." We must conduct deep-going and ing demands of the working class and the revolutionary sustained revolutionarv mass criticism, take the initia- masses and indicates in a clear-cut way the central tasks tive and mount fierce attacks against the class enemy, confronting the revolutionary committees at all leveis. do a good job of purifying our class ranks, hit steadiiy, Doing a good job of struggle-criticism-transforma- accurately and relentlessly at the handful of renegades, tion in each unit and each department is basic to the enemy agents, diehard capitalist roaders and the land- socialist revolution and socialist construction. It is of lords, rich peasants, counter-revolutionaries, bad ele- primaly and lasting importance to preventing the ments and Rightists r,vho have not reformed themselves. restoration of capitalism and consolidating and de- and uncover all the counter-revolutionaries r,r.ho are veloping the dictatorship of the proletariat. This is a hiding in dark corners to make trouble and engage in batile to lvin ail-round victory in the great proletarian sabotage. We must strengthen the unity bet.r,r,eeil the cultural revolution. The revolutionary committees at army and the people, step up preparedness agait.tst war, all ieveis must vigorously grasp struggle-criticism-trans- strengthen our border defences and our coastal and air lorination and, in fulfilling this great historic task, bring defences, and be ready at all times to liberate Tai.,rzan their revolutionary might into fuller -piay and con- and defend our country's socialist revolution and solidate ai-rd develop the revoiutionary committees. socialist construction. Shoutd the enemy dale to touch

4 Pehing Revieu, No. 37 China's sacred territory and launch an armed invasion, socialist motherland urili surely emerge even more ma- we will wipe him out resolutely, thoroughly, wholly jestic before the people of the whole world! and completely. Long live the victory of Chairman Mao's proletarian Let us closely follow the great strategic plan of the revolutionary line! great leader Chairman Mao and march forward in giant Long live the all-round victory in the great prole- strides to successfully accomplish the great historic tarian cultural revolution! tasks of struggle-criticism-transformation. Lighted by the radiance of Mao Tse-tung,s thought, our great (September 7)

Feking Rollv of Armymen ond Civilions Wormly Celebrotes Founding of Revolutionory Committees All Over Chino

NE hundred thousand armymen and civilians in The rally was presided over by Comrade Hsieh Peking held a grand rally on September 7 en- Fu-ehih, Chairman of the Peking Municipal Revolu- thusiastically ceiebrating the establishment of revolutionary Committee. Comrade Wu Teh, Vice-Chairman tionary committees in all the provinces, municipalities of the committee, also spoke at the rally. and autonomous regions of China (with the exception Among the other speakers were representatives of of Taiwan Province). They acclaimed this as a great Peking's worker, poor and iower-middle peasant, and victory for the invincibie thought of Mao Tse-tung and Red fcr Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line. Guard organizations, the Peking workers' Mao Tse-tung's propaganda They pledged to follow closel;r Chairman Mao's great thought teams, and the Chinese strategic plan and advance from victory to victory in People's Liberation Army units stationed in Peking. successfully fulfiiling the great historic tasks of strug- They unanimously pledged to rdspond to the wise call gle-criticism-transf ormation. of the great leader Chairman Mao, carry out the tasks of struggle-criticism-transformation ecnscientiously. Present on the occasion were leading comrades of They declared that they would make still greater ef- the Party Central Committee and the Cultural Revolu- forts to creatively study and apply Mao Tse-tung's tion Group under it and of other departments, includ- thought, resolutely carry out every one of the latest ing Chou En-lai, Chen Po-ta, Kang Sheng, Chiang instructions of Chairman Mao, firmly implement all Yao Ching, Wen-yuan, Hsieh Fu-chih, Huang Yung- the fighting cal1s of the proletarian headquarters, sheng, Wu Fa-hsien, Yeh Chun, Wang Tung-hsing and continue to develop the excellent revolutionary situa- Wen Yu-cheng. tion and seize all-round victory in the great proletarian Peking, the capital of our great motherland, has cultural revolution. been a magnificent scene of revolutionary festivities The rally adopted amidst thunderous applause a in the last few days. At this rally. urhich was held at message of salute to Chairman Mao, the led sun in our the Peking Workers' Stadium, the 100,000 people pres- heart-s. ent hailed with deep emotion the fact that the whole nation shines red with the great brilliance of Mao This mass rally was a scene of great revolutionary Tse-tung's thought. They cheered again and again: militancy. Again and again, the 100.000 armymen and "Long live Chairman Mao!" "We wish Chairman Mao civilians shouted: "Be boundlessly loyal to the great a long, long life!" leader Chairman Mao!" "Be boundlessly lo;ral to the invincible thought of Mao Tse-tung!" "Be boundlessly Comrades Chou En-Iai and Chiang Ching made im- loyal to Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary portant speeches at the rally (see p. 6 and p. 8). line!" "Thoroughly repudiate the reactionary bourgeois Their speeches were punctuated by thunderous and 'theory of many centres'!" "The working class must enthusiastic applause. exercise leadership in everything!" "Closely follow

September 13, 1968 Chairman Mao's great strategic plan, earry out the invincible thought of Mao Tse-tung!" "Long live our tasks of struggle-criticism-transformation conscien- great leader Chairman Mao! A long life, a long, long tiously!" "Vigorously grasp revolution and promote life to him!" production! Bring about new high tide both rev- a in Present at the rally were leading comrades of the olution production! and Welcome the National Day P.L.A. Peking Military Area Command, the Peking with actual deedsl" U.S. imperialism!" "Down with Municipal Revolutionary Committee and the Peking "Down with Soviet revisionism!" with reaetion "Down Garrison, as well as members of the Peking Municipal in all countries!" must be liberated!" "Long "Taiwan Revolutionary Committee. live the all-round victory of the great proletarian cultural revolution!" 'ol.ong live the victory of Chairman The rally ended with the singing of Saili,ng the Seas Mao's proletarian revolutionary line!" "Long live the Depends on the Helmsman and The lnternationale.

At Peking Rally ol Revolutionary Mqsses Premier Chou En-loi's Speech

Comrades, comrade urorkers, comrade poor and great leader Chairman Mao: "Proletarian revolution- lower-middle peasants, comrade' commanders and aries, unite and seize power from the handful of Party fighters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, persons in authority taking the capitalist road!" comrade proletarian revolutionaries, young Red Guard (Applause. The mnsses shout: Long liue the t>ictorg ot fighters, I extend the militant greetings of the victory Chairman Mads proletanan reuolutionary line!) This of the great proletarian cultural revolution to you! is a tremendous victory for the great proletarian cul- (The masses shout: Long li,ue Chai.rmqn Maa! Long liue tural revolution, a great victory for the invineible the all-round, uictorg of the great proletariart, cultural thought of Mao Tse-tu,ng. (The masses shout: Long liue reuoluti,on!) the inoincible thought of Mao Tse-tung!) Today Peking is hoiding a rally here celebrating In the meantime, we should firmly bear in mind the establishment of the Revolutionary Committees of that apart from the 29 provinces, mun:icrpalities and the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Sinkiang Uighur autonomous regions, Taiwan Province remains to be Autonornous Region, celebrati.ng the establishment of liberated. We will. liberate Taiwan without f.ail. (Warm the revolutionary committees 29 provinces, munici- in applause. The masses shout: We ui.ll li.berate Taiuan palities and autonomous reg,ions throughout the coun- utithout We ui,ll liberate Taiu:an without fatl! We try. At this rally, Iet me first extend regards to you and fail! uill liberate Taiwan without JaiL! We utill liberate congratulate you on behalf of our great leader Chair- T aiwq,n toithout ail !) man Mao and his close comrade-in-arms Vice-Chairman f Lin Piao, the Central Comrnittee of the Chinese Com- As you all know, the domestic and foreign enemies munist Par1y, the State Council, the Military Commis- will not take their defeat in China lying down' They sion of the Party's Central Committee and the Cultural are bound to struggle and to try to stage a counter- Revolution Group Under the Party's Central Committee! attack. Therefore, we should respond to the call of the (Warm. applause. The masses shout: Long Liue Chair- great leader Chairman Mao and, under the unified man Mao! A long, long life to Chairman Mool) I also leadership of the proletarian headquarters headed by congratulate the people of all nationalities of our coun- Chairman Mao and with Vice-Chairman Lin Piao as its try! deputy leader, unify our'understanding, co-ordinate our We all say that now the whole country is red. steps and concert our actions. All units should act ae- great Chair- Twenty months have elapsed since the "January Storm" cording to this instruction from our leader of 1967 when the Shanghai working class took the ini- man Mao: "Struggle-criticisrn-transformation in a tiative to seize power from the capitalist roaders. Now, factory, on the whole, goes through the following stages: revolutionary comrnittees have been established in our establishing a three-in-one revolutionary committee; 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. carrying out mass criticism and repudiation; purifying Nor,v we can declare that through repeated struggles the class ranks; consol,idating the Party organization; during the past 20 months we have finally smashed the and simplifying the administrative structure, changing plot handful of top Party persons authority irrational rules and regulations and sending office of the in 'say, taking the capitalist road counter-revolutionary re- workers to the workshops." In all units. that is to visionists- renegades, enemy- agents and traitors in such plaees as enterprises and other undertakings, headed by China's Khrushchov to restore capitalism schools and government offices, the struggle-criticistn- fuppl,ause), and fulfilled the great cal.l issued by our transformation should also go through these stages.

6 Peking Reoieu, No. 37 In the excellent situation that the whole country is well. The propagan

Septernber 73, 1968 I At Peking Rolly ot Revotutionary Mosses

Comrode Chiong Ching's Speech

It '"vas this morning that I learnt of the plan to divorces them from the broad masses including the call such a grand rally in celebration of the establish- masses in their own units. This is not a good thing ment of revolutionary committees in all of China's and we are opposed to it. But, a bad thing can be provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions [with turned into a good thing, that is, lessons can be drawn, the exception of Tair,van Province]. I was told at short yolrng revolutionary fighters tempered (opplouse), and notice to say a few words here. (Applause.) enemies exposed. (Applause.)

Proletarian revolutionary comrades, commanders At the command of our great leader Chairman and fighters of the People's Liberation Army, and Mao, the working class, that main force, ascended the young Red Guard fighters (applause), I extend greetings stage of struggle-criticism-transformation of the super- of the great proletarian cultural revolution to you! structure on July 2?. (Apptause. The r?losses shout: The (Applau,se. The masses shout: Learn Jtom Comrade utorking class must ere'rcise leadership in eoerything!) Chiang Ching! Salute to Comrade Chiang Ching! The People's Liberation Army gave it backing. Comrade Chiang Ching shouts in return: Learn trom (Applause.) The young Red Guard fighters and all gou, comrades! Salute to gott, comrades!) teaehers and staff rvho are willing to make revolution should welcome this act of the working class (applause) I cannot find any better language to express the and follow its leadership. (Applause.) We must not allow joy in my heart. (Applause.) the few bad elements to make trouble. We must drag Recaliing the great proletarian cultural revoiution out these bad elements rvho sabotage shuggle-criticism- over the past two years and more, we see rvhat tem- transformation. (Applause.) Being the leading class, the pestuous storms we have come through. By follorving working class, horvever, should do well to protect the our great leader Chairman Mao in pressing ahead young Red Guard fighters hpplause), help them and courageously, u,e have finally thoroughly smashed the educate them. Therefore, I suggest that you should aiso journal counter-rerrolutionar-y revisionist line headed by China's earnestly study the editorial note of the Ilongqi on 5th Khrushchov in the Party. (Applau.se. The masses shout: fsee p. 73] r,,'hich appeared in R.enmin Ribao the Long liue all-round uictory in the great proletarian cul- of this month. This editol'ial note represents the voice (Applattse. The tural reoolution! Long li,tse the oictorg of Chairman of our gleat leader Chairman lVlao. Long, Long Mao's proletarian reoolutionary line !) ?n{Lsses shout: Lang liue Chairittan Muo! A lile to him!) lVe must not forget that the revolutionary yor-ith and the young Red Guard fighters have made tremendous We stil1 have a lot of work to do, a lot indeed - co.ntributions at the initial and middle stages of the strr-rggle-criticism-transformation, consolidating and revolution. (Applause. The tnasses shout: Lottg lit:e building the Party, and purifying the class ranks' We the inoincible thought of Mao Tse-tung! A Long, long u,ill still encounter many things rvhich w'e do not ;ret liJe to Chairman Mao!) understand. Therefore, we must follorv the teaching o{ our great leader Chairman Mao to guar"d against arro- Now, among the young fighters there are a fe..v gance and rashness. hold high the great red banner of individuals rvho have committed mistakes of this kind NIao Tse-tung's thought and advance triumphantly! or that. We have the duty to help them correct tl'rese (Applal.se.) mistakes. (Applause. The nnsses sh.out: Lattg li'.*e Chairman Mao! A long, long l.ite to him!) It is quite I conclude my speech here. (Applause. The m(tsses ridiculous that clashes r'vith eacl.r other' should occttt' in slzout: Long li',-e Chairman Mao! A long, long life to a few units. This is, of course, a bad thing. rvhich hinz!)

8 Peking Rettieu, lVo. 37 Revolutionary Committees of Tibet and $inkiang $imultaneously Estahlished

THE Revolutionary Committees of the Tibet Autono- fighters in Tibet launched a sustained and fierce attack t mous Region and the Sinkiang Uighur Autono- against China's Khrushchov and his agents in Tibet mous Region, two outpost regions in the southrvest and Chou Jen-shan and Wang Chi-mei and the rest of the northwest of our country in the struggle against im- handful of renegades, enemJ/ agents and diehard capi- perialism and revisionism, were victoriously and simul- talist roaders. They smashed the piots of this handful taneously established on September 5, at a time when who worked hand in glove wilh the Dalai and Panchen the nation's armymen and civilians in their hundreds tr-aitorous cliques and the remnants of the Kuomintang of millions are advancing from victory to victory, in- reactionaries in a futiie attempt to restore serfdom an'd spired by Chairman Mao's latest instructions. Thus all capitalism in Tibet and have thus achieved their de- the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions cisive victory in the great cultural re.r'olution. This throughout the country, except Taiwan Province, have great victory has dealt a heavy blow at the U.S. and now set up their revolutionary committees. The whole British imperiaiists, the Soviet modern revisionists anC country is red! This signifies that the great proletarian the Indian reactionaries and greatly consolidated the cultural revolution has entered the stage of struggle- border defence of southwest China. criticism-transformation on a nationwide scale. This Situated in the frontiers of northwest China. Sin- is a great victory for the invincible thought of Mao kiang occupies an extremely important strategic posi- Tse-tung and for Chairrrran Mao's proletarian revolution. The Soviet revisionists, the Mongolian revisionists, tionary line! This is a joyous event of major impor- the U.S. imperialists and the Inclian reactionaries have tance in the political life of the 700 million people of engaged in provocations from without, and, inside the China! region, splitters of na-tional unity, persons u'ho have illicit relations with foreign countries, remnants of the The Sunlight of Mqo Ise-tung's Thought Shines Over Kuomintang reacticnaries and unreformed landlords, The MothErlond's Southwest ond Norihwest rich peasants. counter-revoiutionaries, bad elements Border Regions and Rightists have engaged in sabotage. The class struggle there is extremely acute and com- Throughout the 17 years since its peaceful lib- p1ex. Over a long period of time, China's Khru- eration, there has been a very sharp and complex strug- shchov and the rest of the handful of top capital- gle between the two classes, the two roads and the two ist roaders in the Party and their agents in northwest lines in Tib,et. The revolutionary people of the variotts China and Sinkiang Hsi Chung-hsun and Liu Lan- nationalities in Tibet and the People's Liberation Army tao and Wu Kuang, Lu Chien-jen, Chang Chung-han. units stationed in iI-re region have waged prolonged and Iminov and Burhan Shahidi, ganging up w'ith the cic- repeated stru-egles against the class enemies, both at mestic and foreign class enemies, tried in vain to re- home and ab,road. They drorre the imperiaiist forces store ca,pitalism in Sinkiang. During the great cultr-rral out of Tibet, overthrew ihe rule of the reactionary serf- revolution. the pr.oleta-rian revolutlonaries anC the owning class and thoroughly smashed the criminal revoltttionarv masseis of differei-rt nationalilies in the schemes of the reactionary serf-owners represented by regicn. guicled b,y Chairman Mao's proletalian revolu- the Dalai and Pa-nchen, who, in collusion with the U.S. tiona-ry iine and holding- high the great revolutiouar;y British imperialists, the Soviet revisionists, the banner "It is right to rebel against reactionaries," bnd - Chiang Kai-shek bandit gang and the Indian reaction- m.ounted a fierce and sustained offensive against this aries, tried to split the unity of the motheriand, op- harldfui of class enernies who re;oresented the intercsts posed sociaiism and attempted to restore feudal serf- of U.S. in-rperi.a-1ism, Soviet revisionism, the Kuomin- dom. tang reactionaries and the landiords, rich peasants. counier-revolu-tionaries, bad elements and Rightists" during great cultural rerz- At every key moment the They shattered the cherished counter-revr:lutionar;r our great leader Chairman Mao gave the most olution. clleam of these ciass enemies of rest,oring capitalism in and rvisest instructions to the revolutionary peo- timely Sinkiang and have thus r,von iire decisive victory in the ple of the various nationalities in Tibet. Ansu'ering the gleat proletarian cultural revolution. great call given by Chairman Mao in his big-character poster "Bomhard the Headquarters," the first genera- Chairman Mao teaches us: "ff the army and the tion of workers, the revolutionary people of various people are united as one, w-ho in the world can matctl nationalities and the revolutionary young Red Guard them?" During the great cultural revolution, the com-

Septentber 13, 1968 manders and fighters of the P.L.A. units stationed in criticism-transformation conscientiously, and seize all- Tibet and Sinkiang and the Production and Construc- round victory in the great proletarian cultural rev- tion Coqls under the Sinkiang Military Area Command olution. have shouldered the glorious task of helping the Left On September 5, a joyous, festive atmosphere helping industry and agriculture, exercising military prevailed in Urumchi, the region's capital at the foot control and giving military and political training. The of the Tienshan Mountains. Two hundred thousand broad masses of commanders and fighters have used armymen and people of various nationalities met in the great thought of Mao Tse-tung to do propaganda its People's Square to enthusiasticatly celebrate the work among the masses and to organize and arm them. successful founding of the Revolutionary Committees of As a resuLt, they have made tremendous contributions the Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region and Urumchi to defending the southwest and northwest frontiers of Municipality. the motherland and the great cultural revolution in Tibet and Sinkiang. Addressing the celebration rally, Comrade Lung Shu-chin, Chairrnan of the Revolutionary Cornmittee Sinkiang Grqnd Rotlies Held in Lhoso ond Urumchi of the Uighur Autonomous Region, said that of all the work to be done following the establishment On Scme Doy of the region's revolutionary committee, the most fun- On September 5, the million and more emancipated damental task was the creative study and application of serfs on the Tibetan Piateau and I million revolu- Chairman Mao's works and his latest series of instruc- tionary people of different nationalities in Sinkiang tions. It was essential to unfold the mass movement were filled with joy. In their different tongues they for the creative study and application of Mao Tse-tung's expressed the common wish-"\{s wish Chairman thought still more extensively and deeply, continue to Mao, the red sun in the hearts of the people of different run vigorously various types of Mao Tse-tung's thought nationalities, a long, long iife! A long, long life to him!" study classes, and to unify our understanding, co-ordinate our steps and That day, Lhasa, capital of Tibet, was in festive concert our actions under the battle orders of the proletarian headquarters headed by Chair- mood. Over 50,000 armymen and civilians gathered at man Mao and with Vice-Chairman Lin Piao as its deputy a grand rally in the city's stadium to celebrate the es- leader. tablishment of the Revolutionary Committees of the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Lhasa Municipality. He stressed: We must continue to develop revolu- tionar5r mass criticism and repudiation, conscientiously Addressing the rally, Comrade Tseng Yung-ya, purify the class ranks and deal sure, accurate and Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Tibet relentless blows at the handfutr of class enemies. We Autonomous Region, declared that after its founding must enhance our awareness of the enemy's presence, the revolutionary committee must follow Chairman make further efforts to carry out the campaign to Mao's teaching "never forget class struggle" and take "support the army and cherish the people" and "sup- firm hold of the struggle between the two classes, the port the government and cherish the people," strength- two roads and the two lines. It must thoroughly en the unity between the army and the people, be- repudiate and completely overthrow and discredit tween the army and the government, and among the China's Khrushchov and the rest of the handful of top various nationalities, be vigilant against and smash all capitalist roaders in the Party and their agents in Tibet, disruptive activities carried out by enemies at home and and eliminate the pernicious influence of the counter- abroad, consolidate our border defence and defend our levolutionary revisionist line pushed by them. Following great socialist motherland. Chairman Mao's teachings, the revolutionary com- inittees at all levels must conscientiously carry out the In conclusion, he said: Sinkiang has 500,000 indus- policy of "better troops and simpler administration," trial workers and we should bring into full play the leading role the class, and turn themselves into militant commands which put of working carry out the tasks of proletarian politics to the fore and enjoy proletarian struggle-criticism-transformation conscientiously, and seize all-round victory in the great proletarian cultural authority. He said: After its establishment, the most revolution. fundamental and important task of the region's revolutionary committee is to hold still higher the great red In the celebration rallies at Lhasa and Urumehi, banner of Mao Tse-tung's thought, deepen and broaden Comrade Jen Jung, Vice-Chairman of the Revolutionary the mass rnovement for the creative study and apptica- Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region and a tion of Mao Tse-tung's thought, promote people's ideo- leading member of the Tibet Military Area Command, logical revolutionization, and build Tibet into a great and Comrade Kuo Peng, Vice-Chairman of the Revolu- red school of Mao Tse-tung's thought. tionary Committee of the Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous In conclusion, he declared: In work of every kind, Region and deputy commander of the Sinkiang Mili- it irs essential to bring into fuII play the leading role tary Area Command, spoke on behalf of the army units of Tibet's working class. It is necessary to ensure that stationed respectively in the two autonomous regioru. the working class leads everything, rely firmly on the They both stressed: We must strengthen the unity be- working class, further implement Chairman Mao's latest tween the army and the people, between the army and series of instructions, carry out the tasks of struggle- (Continued on p. 17.)

10 PekinQ Reoieto, No. 37 Messoge From Comrodes Hoxho ond Shehu To Choirmon Moo, Vice-Choirmsn Lin Pioo And Premier Chou En-lsi

Most Ardently Congrotuloting Them on Estoblishment of Revolutionory Committees Throughout Chino

The creotion of revolutionory committees throughout greot Chino morks the finol triumph of the Mqrxist-Leninist ideos of the outstonding .leader, Choirmsn Moo Tse-tung, over the counter-revolutionory reoctionory line of Chino's Khrushchov. fhis brilliont yictory of the thought, line ond strotegy of the greot Morxist-Leninist Comrode Moo Tse-tung morks the finol defeot snd bonkruptcy of the big counter- revolutionory plot of Chino's Khrushchov simed ot tronsforming the dictotorship of the proletoriot into the dictotorship of the bourgeoisie ond restoring copitolism in Chinq.

The triumph of Chino's greot proletorion culturol revolution is o terrible deodly blow to the imperiolists led by U.S. imperiqlism, to the modern revisionists led by Soviet revisionism ond other reoctionories. let the enemies of the peoples ond revolution shiver before this tremendous uictory. Their doom is certoin ond Morxism- Leninism will triumph.

Comrade Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Cen- The full text of the message reads: Committee of the Albanian Party of Labour, and tral Comrade Mao Tse-tung, Chairman of the Central Com- Comrade Mehmet Shehu, Chairman of the Council of mittee of the Comr.unist Party of China, Ministers of the People's Republic of Albania, on Sep- tember 9 sent a message to Comrade Mao Tse-tung, Comrade Lin Piao, Vice-Chairman of the Central Corn- Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist mittee of the Communist Party of China, China, Comrade Lin Piao, Vice-Chairman of Party of Comrade Chou En-lai, Premier of the State Council of Central Committee of the C.P.C., and Comrade Chou the the People's Republic of China, En-lai, Premier of the State Council of the People's Re- public of China, most ardently congratulating them on The Albanian people have learnt with very great the establishment of revolutionary committees in all joy of the establishment of revolutionary committees in the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Sinkiang Uighur (with the exception of Taiwan Province) in China. Autonomous Region. This has brought to completion

September 13,1968 11 the establishment throughout great People's China of obstaele to the aggressive plans of the United States Ievolutionary committees u.'hich are the organs of rev- of America and the Soviet revisionist renegade clique. . olutionary power of the dictatorship of the proletariat. United hand in hand in the iil-famed Soviet-U.S. The red banner of China's great proletarian cultural alliance and implementing their imperialist ptrans for: levolution, which is guided by the Marxist-Leninist the division of the world into spheres of influence. ideas of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, today victoriousl;, fiut- the U.S. imperialists and their servitors, the l(hru- ters in all parts of your glorious country, with the excep- shchovite revisionists, are seeking to hoodwink and tion of the province of Taiwan which is still occupied dominate the peoples through demagogy and armed by the U.S. imperialists. force. With the most thoroughgoing cynicism they commit aggressions against sovereign peoples and On the occasion of this victory of great historic states and deprive them of their freedom and national impoltance not only to the Chinese people but to the independence. However, despite their vicious attempts, u,hole of the progressive mankind, on behaLf of the they will never be abie to quell the struggle of the Albanian people, the Central Committee of the Albanian peoples for freedom. On the contrary, they wiII suffer Party of Lab"our and the Government of the Peo- a sure defeat and flames the revolution- ple's Repubiic of Albania, we are very happy to convey the raging of ary movement broken out throughottt the to you, dear comrades, and, through you, to the fraternal that have from the face Chinese peopie, to the glorious Communist Party of rvorld will wipe them out eompletely China, to the Cultural Revolution Group Under the of the earth. Central Committee of the Party and the Government The Albanian people who have forged a great of the People's Repub,Iic of China our most ardent co,n- fraternal friendship with the glorious Chinese people, gratulations and revolutionary greetings. look upon the creation of revolutionary committees as a his- The creation of revolutionary committees through- throughout China as their own great victory, out great China marks the final triumph of the Marxist- toric victory of Marxism-Leninism and of the cause Albanian Leninist ideas of the outstanding leader, Chairman Mao of the world proletarian revolution. The two Tse-tung, over the counter-revolutionary reactionary people and the great Chinese people and our line of China's Khrushchov. This brilliant victory of Parties. in steel-iike unity, rvill constantly strengthen the thought, line and strategy of the great Marxist- their alliance and everiasting friendship. will always every l,eninist Comrade Mao Tse-tung marks the final defeat march ahead firmly, will defeat and smash and bankruptcy of the big counter-ievolutionary plot imperialist-revisionist plot, and will continually achieve of China's Khrushchov aimed at transforming the dic- new successes in their struggle for the defence of the 'supreme great tatorship of the proletariat ii-rto the dictatorship of the interests o{ their countries and for the communism bourgeoisie and restoring capitalism in China. cause cf the triumph of socialism and thror-rghout the world. The plans and hopes of the U.S. imperialists, the Once more greeting the creation of the retolu- Soviet rerrisionists and other i'eactionaries to prevent tionar;z committees throughout China and the magnif- Per;ple's China from acivancing on the road of sociali-cm icent victory of great historic importance for the anci revolution, as well as their plots and attempts to clestinv of mankind, we wholeheartedly r,,rrish the great, tui:n back the wheel of history, have failed ignominiously heroic Chinese people, under the leadership of the irnd have been smashed by the n-right and irresistible Cr.lmmuni.st Palty oI China headed by -fhe great leader revolutionary vigour of the great Chinese people. The Comrade lvlao Tse-tung, ever greater successes on their triumph of China's great proletarian cultura] revolu- glorious road of revolution and in their struggle for tion is a terrible deadly imperialists led blow to the socialism and communism. by U.S. imperialism, to the modern revisionists ied by Soviet revisionism and other reactionaries. Let the Long lirre the great, unbreakable and militant enemies of the peoples and revolution shiver before Aibanian-Chinese friendsbip ! this tremendous victory. Their doom is certain and Long live the all-round victory of China's great Marxism-Leninism will triumph. proletariair cultural revolutjon ! Today when the U.S. imperialists and their Khru- Enver Hoxha, t'irst Secretary of sl.rchovite revisionist allies, infuriated by the defeats the Central Committee of the wl-rich they have suffered one after another, have Albanian Party of Labour, become more aggressive than ever, the eyes, and hearts f,Iehmet Shehu, Chairman of the minds of the peoples suffering under the heel of im- Council of Nlinisters of the perialism and revisionism turned are to the Peo- People's Republic of Albania. ple's Republic of China rvhich is a por.l,erful and faithful defender of the peoples and an insurmountable September 9, 1968. Tirana

12 Peking Reuieu, No. 37 The teuolution in Eduoation in Golleges of $cience frnd Engineering a$ Reflected in the $truggle Betryeen the Two Lines at the $hanghai lnstitute ol Mechanical Engineering

(Report of an lnvestigation)

"Hongqi" (Red Flag) Editor's Note: This is another investigation report from Shanghai, now published for reference. What is the situation as regards the engineering and technical personnel in factories in our big, medium-sized and small industrial cities throughout tire country? How is the revolution in education going in the colleges and secondary schools of science and engineering? We hope that the revolutionary committees in all parts of the country will send out people to make some typical investigations and report the results to the Party Central Committee. This iournal will select srgnificant reports for publication. Here we wish to raise the question of giving attention to re-educating the large numbers of college and secondary school graduates who started work quite some time ago as rvell as those who have just begun to work, so that they will integrate with the workers and peasants. Some of them are sure to make a success of this integration and achieve something in regard to inventions and innovations. Mention should be made of these people as encouragement. Those who are really impossible, that is, the diehard capitalist roaders and bourgeois technical authorities who have incurred the extreme wrath of the masses and therefore must be overthrown, are very few in number. Even they should be given a way out. To do otherwise is not the policy of the proletariat. The above-mentioned policies should be applied to both new and old intellectuals, whether r,vorking in the arts or sciences.

It Is Good to Select Students From Among ing to make it part of the "regular school system." The Workers and Peasants With Practical changes in this school provide n-ruch focd for thought. Experience When the school r,vas founded, it a,dmitted 2,181 entrants rvho ruere all rvorkers, peasants or cadres in fN the investigation report, "The Road for Training rural grass-roots units to train technicians from among r Engineering and Technical Personnei Indicated by the r,vorking people to meet the needs of the na- the Shanghai. Machine Toois Plant," fsee Peking Reuiew, tion's large-scale economic construction. These rvorker and peasant sLudcnts had beer-r steeled in the class No. 31 - P.R. Ed.] mention is made of the Shanghai Technical School for Machine-Building, predecessor struggle during the sarr. fan and tuu, fan campaigns of the present Shangirai Institute of Mechanical [the sori Jon was the campaign against corruption, Engineering. Founcl.ed directl;, under the First waste and bureaucracy in 1952. The tr-;u fan campaign Ministry of Machine-Building of the Centr:al Peo- r,r,as against capitaiist bribery of government rvorkers, ple's Governrnent in 1952, the school was later 1,sx sy6sion, theft of state property, cheatir.rg on govern- transformed lnto an institute of mechanicai engineer- ment contracts and stealing economic information fron.i

,Septemlier 13, 1968 IJ government sources, also in 1952] and the land reform examination in mathematics, the bourgeois intellectuals and had some practical experience in production. gave difficult catch questions so that nearly half of Selected from among workers and peasants with prac- the more than 2,b00 students in the school failed to tical experience, these students showed the following get the passing mark. The worker and peasant merits: students were furious. Each class sent representatives First, the worker and peasant students studied for to argue the matter out at the dean's office and the a definite purpose. They said: "The bourgeois intel- struggie forced the school to declare the examination Iectuals yeII at us: 'The workers and peasants don't null and void. know very much. They haven't learnt their ABC, so Fourth, the object of the worker and peasant how can they learn designing.' We must follow Chair- students was to apply in production what they learrt. man Mao's teachings. The working people must be When they went from the school to do practical work the masters of science and culture." After they came in a factory in Wusih, Kiangsu Province, they im- to the school, these worker and peasant students put mediately put on greasy overalls and worked alongside forward fighting slogans, "Be a credit to Chairman the workers, discussi,ng technical produetion problems Mao" and "Do not let a single class brother drop out." tpith them. The students quickly applied the theoreti- On their own initiative, they organized mutual-help cal knowledge they had acquired to production and teams and instituted a system of student-teachers. Each made over 120 proposals for technical innovations in team consisted of three students. The one who knew the factory. Over 30 of these were immediately adopted most would teach the other two, and they aII helped by the factory. In contrast, a group of students from and learnt from one another. For instance, many a certain college in Shanghai, who were doing practical students found it difficult to memorize the symbols work at the factory at the same time, spe;nt all day for the elements in the chemistry course so they com- jotting down technical processes and regulations in posed songs about the chemical elements which made their notebooks wherever they went and did ,nothing memorizing easy. original. The factory workers said: "The .,vorker Second, the worker and peasant students have a students pull their weight and make good use of what high class consciousness a,nd dare to look down on they have learnt." After these students graduated and bourgeois intellectuals and bourgeois academic "autho- went to production units, they were credited with rities." There was a teacher in the school who had many inventions and innovations. Comrade Wang returned from Germany with a "doctorate" in elec- Teh-fa of the Shanghai Machine Tools Plant, who '"r,as tricity. The teachers who blindly worshipped things in charge of the designing of a huge surface grinding foreign set him up as an idol. When this "doctor" came machine, which is up to advanced international to lecture on electricity, briuging a' pile of thick standards, is a graduate of the institute. The worker volumes with him, he merely echoed what the books technician who had made the fourth importa,nt techni- said. The worker and peasant students did not want cal innovation on the liquid-pressure gear box for the to listen to things far removed from actual producfion. precision grinding machine at the Shanghai Machine They asked him two questions about motors, practical Tools P1ant is also a graduate of the institute. ftre questions which had arisen in production, €utd he was person responsible for trial producing China's first stumped. To save face, he beat about the bush and electron microscope with a magnification of 200,000 tried to sidetrack the students with a rigmarole of times is also a graduate of the institute's worker-peasant "theory" which no one could follow. But the students class. would not let go. They pressed for answers. The "doctor" mumbled in reply: "I really haven't read any technical journals for more than ten years!" Later, A Sharp Struggle Between the Two Lines the worker and peasant students chased this "big noise" off the lecture platform. Choosing students from among workers and peasants Third, they attacked the old educatibnal system, with practical experience and training work- the content of the lectures and teaching methods. ing-class intellectuals hit at the heart of the revisionist These remained as they had been. In the main, power educational line of China's Khrushchov. For the last was in the hands of the bourgeois intellectuals. ten years or so, a life-and-death struggle on the ques- However, as the worker and peasant students made tion of how to treat the worker and peasant students up more than 90 per cent of the student body, teaching has been taking place on the educational front, staff and workers at the sehool, this numerical superi- between the two classes, the two roads and the two ority overwhelmed the bourgeois intelle,ctuals and kep't lines. the old educational system under constant fire. To When the first group of worker and peasant students keep the worker and peasant students in check, the entered the school in 1952, the. working class of school leadership then introduced a system of estab- Shanghai was highly pleased. They said: "We workers iishing a teacher in charge of each class. The worker should not only become the masters in political life and peasant students resisted, and the system existed but also in science and technology. We wa,nt intellec- in name only. On the other hand, the student Party tuals of the working class to be trained." At that time, branch and the Youth League branch and the student the factories gave farewell parties for workers going council enjoyed supreme authority. For one mid-term to the school. They beat drums and gongs and pinned

14 Peking Rersiew, No. 37 big red flowers on them with the same pride they ing House who studied in the institute only a year show when they send youths off to join the army. and a half was forced to remain in the same grade because However, the ha,ndful of capitalist roaders and he failed in examinations in physical culture, foreign language physics. bourgeois intellectuals in the school cried: ,,This is and Later he had to leave. He went the institute lea.dership the terrible." "It is inconceivable for things to be done to to criticize system of promoting stude;nts. The this way." They outrageously said: ,,The worker and or holding back capitalist roaders viciously replied: this system, peasant students are stupid. They are hard to teach "IJnder everyone is equal and the worker and peasant students because of their different levels.,' ,,The worker and cannot be excepted." But they used many tricks to peasant students are always critical and don,t respect promote a young student of bourgeois origin to a higher their teachers." "It isn't worthwhile training worker grade, aithough he had failed to pass five subjects. and peasant students,,, and so on. Taking advantage of their control over education, they flagrantly pushed Guided by the brilliant light of Chairman Mao's the revisionist educational line of China,s Khrushchov thinking on revolutionizing education, the revolutionary and exercised the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie over teachers and students of the institute in 1958 launched the worker and peasant students. a fierce attack on the revisionist line in education. Many new revolutionary things emerged in the institute, such These caprtalist roaders tried in every way to op- as workers giving lectures, teaching on the basis of a pose. and restrict the admission of workers and three-in-one combination of workers, teaehers and peasants. The institute took in students from among students, and the school running a factory. Comrade the workers and peasants, including the 2,181 enrolled Kang Sheng made an inspection tour of the institute on in 1952, only on three occasions. The handful of November 12 of that year. He stressed that workers eapitalist roaders and bourgeois intellectuals regarded should take the lecture platform. They were the forces them as a "burden." In a report summing up the work, that oould really be relied on in the schools; it was they written in March 1955, they attacked and slandered who had the true ability. Some of the college graduates the worker and peasant students in a hundred a,nd could only talk well but could do nothing. Comrade one ways. A policy of a "drastic reduction', was Ko Ching-shih also gave important instructions that adopted, and only 1?3 worker and peasant students year on training technicians from among the workers. were accepted that year. Under the pretext, ,,equal He gave the instruction that workers be selected to do opportunity to everyone according to results in the advanced scientific research. These instructions greatly entrance examination," the institute in 1g60 practically raised the morale of the worker and peasant students. shut its doors to the children of workers and peasants However, in the upsurge of the vigorous educational and opened its doors wide chi-ldren to of the bour- revolution, Chen Pei-hsien, an agent of China's Khru- geoisie. As a result, onJy 17 worker peasant and shchov in Shanghai, went to the institute and gave students were admitted. then .From on, it became as all kinds of poisonous orders, backing up the capitalist difficult for workers and peasants practical with ex- roaders and bourgeois intellectuals of the institute and perience enter to the institute as it is to climb to the encouraging them to reject the important instructions stars. from the proletarian headquarters headed by Chairman In teaching, the capitalist roaders and bourgeois Mao. They forbade workers to take the lecture plat- intellectuals tripped up, attacked and persecuted the form, but permitted the bourgeois intellectuals to go on worker and peasant students. For example, tech,nical exercising dictatorship over worker and peasant stu- drawing is easy for engineering workers. But the dents. They blatantly countered Comrade Ko Ching- bourgeois lords rigidly insisted that worker and peasant shih's instruction on selecting students from among students learn projective geometry first and tried to workers and peasants who were good both politically trip them up by such terms as intersecting bodies and and vocationally to take part in scientific research and the curve of il'rtersection. In this way, more than 40 arbitrarily withdrew 10 of 30 such students chosen. of the 170-odd worker and peasant students failed in Among the 21 worker students who were either Party an examination in 1957 and remained in the same or Youth League members and who stayed on at the grade. The bourgeois lords racked their brains to institute after graduation in 1959, only one became a deliberately mark down the work done by a student teacher; the great majority of them were sent to the who was a grade five (middle grade) engineering worker factory attached to the institute to become workers. and labour hero from Hunan Province. He was given Li Fu-hsing, a Party member, was a grade five worker 59, one point below the pass mark, and they insisted before going to the institute. But after four years of assigned that he stay back in the same grade another year. The study, he was to work as a helper in the tech- worker and peasant stu.dents said: ,,The marking nological laboratory. It was said that he was not quali- system is a handicap to workers and peasants and helps fied to be a lab assistant, to say nothing of taking the platform. restore capitalism." Suffering under the bourgeois Iecture examination system, 14 of the 1? worker and peasant At the same time, cadres of worker and peasant students accepted in 1960 rvere forced to 1eave. They origin were squeezed out. There were 44 worker and left with immense hatred for the revisionist educational peasant graduates of 1956 working in the institute and system. A fine worker from the Shanghai No. 3 print- most of them were Communist Party members; 29 were

September 13, 1968 t5 later thrown out of the ir,stitute. The capitalist roaders hai Institute of Mechanical Engineering from the time eaid to cadres of worker and peasant origin who worked it was established was a struggle in which the bour- in the institute as political instructors after graduation: geoisie tried to stage a come-back and the proletariat "You graduates of secondary vocational schools are opposed this. The central question in the struggle was useless; only university graduates are capable of work- one of political power. ing as instructors to university students." Recently, after summing up the positive and nega- They also mechanically copied the Soviet revision- tive experiences since the establishment of the institute, educational ist system in an attempt to push the some engineering and technical personnel of the Shang- quagrnire worker and peasant students into the hai Machine Tools Plant u,'ho graduated from the insti- of revisionism. order borrow from stock of In to the tute, workers in the factory attached to it and revolu- wa::es of Soviet revisionism in its entirety, they began tionary teachers and students gave the following rziervs inviting a number of foreign experts to the institute in and concepts concerning the revolution in education in 1954. In accordance with the sinister instruction of colleges of science and engineering: China's Khrushchov, "don't consider the results before you've copied the whole lot," they copied the whole (1) Chairman Mao recently pointed out: "It is Soviet revisionist system, from special course arrange- still necessary to have universities; here I refer mainly ments, training goals, teaching plans, syllabuses, text to colleges of science and engineering. However, it is books, teaching methods and teaching organization to essential to shorten the length of schooling, revolu- rules and regulations, inciuding what was called "six tionize edueation, put proletarian politics in command links," "seven kinds of plans," "twenty-four kinds of and take the road of the Shanghai Machine Tools Flant I gr'aphs," "the system of promoting or holding back in training technicians from among the workers. students," etc. A glaring example is the physical train- Students shculd be selected from among workers and ing course. In imitation of the Soviet Union, they made peasants with practical experience, and they should ball-room dancing a vogue in a stubborn effort to drive return to production after a few years' study." This the worker and peasant students on to the road to latest instruction of Chairman Mao's sets forth the basic revisionism. orientation for colleges of science and engineering in carr5'ing out the ploletarian levolution in education. Meanwhile, closely follot,ing the orders of their er.il These coiieges must solve the problem of which class master Lu Ting-yi. they raised the slogan, "learn from rvill exercise leadership, before they can take the road Chiaotung University and overtake the Harbin Engineer- of the Shanghai Machine Tools Plant. This refers, first ing Institute," borrowed from the capitalist and rerri- of all, to power in the political and organizational {ields. sionist "tradition of running schools," and put stress on Chairman Mao's sending of members of the working "high-grade, precision and advanced" and the "big, class into the colleges and universities to occupy the foreign and all-inclusive," aiming to train the students education front is the crucial guarantee that the work- to become bourgeois engineers and designers divorced iirg class will always retain in its hands the leadership from proletarian politics, from the worker-peasant of the colleges and universities whose doors will always masses and from production. In the name of seeking remain open to workers and peasants with practical "to do e\rerything on a big scale and to be all-inclusive experience. Why did the Shanghai Institute of Me- and up to date," these eiements set up rrassive, orrer- chanical Engineering, which at first took in students lapping and bureaucratic organizations and systems. frorrr among r.vorkers and peasants with practical ex- The number students remained of something over two perience, close its doors to them later on? The reason thousand, but the grew apparatus from only two depart- is that the problem of "power" had not been solved. ments and two offices in 1952 seven departments, to We must drarv a lesson from this. Second, there is offices 22 groups two aod teaching research in 1960; the question of "power" in the ideological field. If the the number of teachers, staff and workers rose sharply education front is not occupied by Mao Tse-tung's from something over 300 to more than 800; total the thought, it is bound to be submerged by bourgeois amount on spent teaching equipment shot up from one ideology. The lesson to be drawn from the fact that million yuan to more than eight yuan. miilion During the handful of capitalist roaders in the Party in the the revolution in education in 1958, the factory attached Shanghai Institute of Mechanical Engineering for a long to the institute served teaching and industrial and agri- time exercised the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie over cultural production; but afterwards, rvas put under it the rvorker and peasant students shows that the mass capitalist managernent and profits were put in com- revolutionary criticism and repudiation of the revision- rnand, so that it becairre a source of income for the ist educational line must be deepened and the crimes capitalist roaders' extravagance and waste. committed by the bourgeois intellectuals in ruling the schools must b,e criticized, as must the anti-proletarian How to Take the Road Shown by the idea of looking down on the workers and peasants and Shanghai Machine Tools Plant belittling practice, and the bourgeois notions of seeking personal fame and wealth. Mao Tse-tung's thought The sharp struggle between the two classes, the two must be established in the dominant position in the roads and the two lines which rvas waged in the Shang- schools, or the educational position will be lost again.

16 Peking Reoiew, No. 37 (2) The length of schooling in colleges of scienee personnel of the working class. In line rvith the needs and engineering should preferably be two to three years.. of the proletarian industrial revolution and proceeding In the arrangement,rof courses, their former division from the reality of production, the teaching principle of into foundation subjects and basic technical and spe- "running whatever schoois are needed, learning what- cializeC courses must be done away with. These three ever actual work calls for and providing whatever is can be integrated into an organic whole through the wanting" should be adopted in ruirning well a iarge study of a typical machine and typical parts in the ac- number of spare-time technical schools and short-term tual production process. Empty theorizing and scholas- training classes of ail types. ticism divorced from production practice must be (4) A contingent of proletarian teachers must be thoroughly eliminated. As far the as content of teach- formed. The present ranks of teachers are unable to ing is concerned the principle that the courses should be educate worker and peasant students with practical ex- fewer and better must be followed, so that the essence perience and, therefore, must be rectified, transformed can be grasped and content fully mastered. On-the-spot and reconstituted. In the future, the ranks of teachers teaching should be developed extensively for education should be a "three-in-one"' combination, comprising to be combined with productive laboun After being workers with a high proletarian political consciousness transformed the colieges of science and engineering will and practical experienee, worker and peasant students be not only schools but also factories and scientifie re- with practical experience and revolutionary intellec- search units. Students should have in mind the diverse tuals. The vast numbers of workers and technicians who and difficult problems they have encountered in the have made inventions or innovations should go to the course of production. Production departments and colleges periodically in a planned way to give lectures. scientific research units should propose topics to the The workers who undertake the work of teaching may colleges from an educational point of view and in a either be full-time or part-time teachers, but the great planned and purposefui way, so as to help the students majority should be part-time. The main role of the concentrate on improving their analytical powers and full-time teachers should be to arrange an organic link ability in solving problems in the course of production, among the colleges, factories and scientific research study and research, thus making education serve pro- units, which will help the students raise their practical ductive labour. knowledge to the theoretical level and then apply it practice. The students may go the lecture plat- (3) Colleges of science and engineering should also in to practical have. undertake the task of success,fully giving spare-time form to exchange the experience they The present teachers should go among the workers and technical education. The principle should be co-opera- peasants in groups one after another and take the road tion between faetories and colleges courses should be - of integrating themselves rvith the rvorkers and peas- run by factories rvith the aid of the colleges. This is ants. yet another important road for persisting in the mass line to train large numbers of engineering and technical ('Hongqi," No. 3)

(Continued from p. 10.) thusiastically acclaim the founding of revolutionary con:nlittees in all the provinces, munlcipalities and government among various the and the nationalit:e,s, autonomous regrorls of the country, with the exception of unite in the common fight against the enemy, and con- Tzriwan Province. They trail this success as a great vic- the defence as solidate border so to tuln the countlr,'s tory of the invincible thought of Mao Tse-tung and of southwest and northwest areas border into impregnable Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line. Grand Wails revi- Great of steel. Should the imperialists, celebration meetings and paraCes were held in 2? big sionists and Indian reactionaries dare invade China's to and mediuil-size.d cities including Peking, Shanghai, sacred territory, w-ill annihilate resolutely, we them Tientsin, Shenyang. Wuhan. Kwangchow, Chengtu and thoroughly, wholly and con-rpletely. Sian. Arrn5,men and cirzilians said with deep emotion: The celebration rallies in the capitals of the trvo This universal founding of revolutionary committees at autonomous regions adopted messages of salute to our the provincial, municipal and autonomcus regional great leader Chairman Mao amid stormy cheers :rnd level signifies that the great proletarian cultural revolu- applause. Each rally was foilowed by a grand celebration movement has entel'ed il-re great stage of struggie- tion parade. criticism-transformation on a nationwide scale. Under the leadership of the proletarian headquarters headed When the happy nels of the successful founding of by Chairman }/[ao, they are determined to carry for- the revolutionary committees of the tlvo autonomous ward the spirit of thoroughgoing revolution, win the regions, Tibet and Sinkiang, reached the other parts of battle of struggle-criticism-transformation and seize the country, everywhere a festive mood plevailed en- all-r-ound victory in the great cultural revolution so livened by the roar of firecrackers, drums and gongs. that Mao Tse-tung's thought shall shine still more The hundreds of millions of armymen and civilians en- brilliantly over the motherland.

September 13, 1968 17 So long as the world is divided into classes, the press will remain an instrument of class struggle. - MAO TSE-TUNG

Co wy the Greqt Revolution on the JoLfrnolistic Front Through to the End

-Repudioting the Counter-Revolutionory Revisionist Line On Journolism of Chino's Khrushchov

by THE EDITORIAL DEPABTMENTS OF ..BENMIN RIBAO,,, "HONGQI" AND "JIEFANGJUN BAO" n URING the great proletarian cultural revolution, turn journalism into an instrument for subverting the u there has been and stilL is an extremely fierce class dictatorship of the proletariat and restor:ing capitaiism. journalism. struggle on the front of In the tempestuous great proletarian cultural rev- The various branches of journalism, including the olution, the press, almost without exception, has been newspapers, the periodicals, the radio and the news a focus of the struggle every'uvhere between various agencies, are all instruments of class struggle. Their political forces. As a result of this struggle, China's propaganda influences the thinking, sentiments and Khrushchov and his agents in the field of journalism political orientation of the masses. The grave struggle have been ferreted out. The bourgeois line on journalism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie for seizing they pushed has gone utterly bankrupt. Nevertheless, the leadership of the position of journalism is a life-and- the class struggle is by no means over; the struggle be- death struggle between them on the ideological front. tween the proletariat and the bourgeoisie to seize the leadership of the press is by no means over. Therefore, Mao has always attached great impor- Chairman we are faced with the important task of energetically proletarian journalism. He pointed out as far tance to promoting Chairman Mao's proletarian line on jour- back as 20 years ago: run a newspaper well . . . "To nalism and completely liquidating the counter-revolu- this is an important question of prineiple in our Party's tionary revisionist line on journalism. work rvhich is not to be taken lightly."l Chairman Mao has down a eomprehensive proletarian line on laid the journalism during the protracted class struggle of the Should the Press Cheer and Shout for Chinese revolution. This line demands that proletarian Socialist Revolution, or Should It Clear journalism serve the political Iine of the proletariat and The Way for Capitalism? be a powerful weapon for the proletarian revolution On October 1, 7949, New China emerged like the and for the dictatorship of the proletariat. red sun in the East. With the democratic revolution China's Khrushchov and the rest of the handful of concluded in the main, the great socialist revolution top capitalist roaders in the Party have always been began. hostile to Chairman Mao's proletarian line on journal- Earlier, in April 1948, Chairman Mao pointed out ism and have always opposed it. Representing the in- in his brilliant work A Talk to the Editorial Staff of terests of imperialism, the Kuomintang reactionaries the "Shansi,-Suiguan Daily": You eomrades are news- and the landlords, rich peasants, counter-revolution- papermen. Your job is to educate the masses, to enable aries, bad elements and Rightists, they frenziedly pushed the masses to know their own interests, their own tasks a counter-revolutionary bourgeois line on journalism and the Party's general and specific policies." "Teach and placed renegades, enemy agents and capitalist road- the people to know the truth and arouse them to fight ers in various journalistic units, vainly attempting to for their own emancipation." Therefore, as an instru-

18 Peking Reuieu, No. 37 ment of public opinion for the dictatorship of the pro- geoisie had in mind were precisely his masters, the letariat, journalism in New China must clear the way capitalist class! for change-over the from the democratic revolutiou to Chairman Mao pointed out in his report to the the socialist revolution. Second Plenary Session of the Party's Seventh Central China's Khrushchov did his utmost to oppose this Committee that, after the countrywide victory of the change-over. He ranted that it was necessary to "let Chinese revolution and the solution of the land problem, capitalists remain and develop for a number of dec- the hasic contradiction internally was "the contradic- ades."2 He demanded that the press beat the drum and tion between the working class and the bourgeoisie." clear the way for capitalism in China. Where the bourgeoisie holds a place, the proletariat has no place; where capitalism holds a place, socialism Six months gave after Chairman Mao his talk to has no place. The aim of China's Khrushchov in trying the editorial staff Shansi,-Suiyuan Do,tlg, of the China's to win a "place" in the papers for the capitalists was Khrushchov poisonous came up with his big weed, "Talk precisely to overthrow proletarian leadership and de- the op- to North China Group of Newsmen," in open velop eapitalism in China. As a matter of fact, "My position press. to Chairman Mao's thinking on the Dream Has Come True!", a feature prettifying Sung In this talk, China's Khrushchov raised the supra- Fei-ching, a good friend of China's Khrushchov's and class, bourgeois slogan: "serve the readers." He alleged: a big capitalist in Tientsin, was broadcast. The bad "You serve your readers, those who read your news- editorial, "Fight for a Rich Life for the Peasants of papers. If your readers say your newspapers are good, North China," whieh blatantly advocated the develop- then your work has been well done."3 ment of capitalism in the countryside, and such slogans backing up the spontaneous forces of capitalism in the o'Readers" falI into different classes. Readers of countryside as "work diligently to become prosperous different classes definitely do not share the same likes and engage in production to get rich" and "grow cotton and dislikes. To what class do the "readers" whom if you want to get prosperous," were a1l carried in the China's Khrushchov wanted belong? we to "serve" If newspapers. take a look at his speeches after the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Chi- The capitalists were beside themselves with joy nese Communist Party, a meeting of great historic and the landlords and rich peasants were all smiles; significance, we shall see very clearly. their agent had indeed brought them "good news" about developing capitalism! In April 1949, shortly after the Second Plenary had decided views he Session of the Party's Seventh Central Committee, he China's Khrushchov on what rushed to fientsin where he cried out on behalJ of the referred to as "right and wrong" and "good and bad." $:as unhappy ne\,'spapers were bourgeoisie: "At present our newspapers in their prop- He very that our proletariat socialism; aganda do not give the liberal bourgeoisie even fourth "biased" in favour of the and place. The emphasis is not on unity but on attacking. when the capitalists frowned, he hastened to admit This is quite inappropriate."4 He clamoured: "The "mistakes" and went to the extremes of servility. What lackey capitalists those lackeys liberal bourgeoisie should have its place in propa- a faithful of the ! And this lackey, the counter-revolutionary revisionist Lu ganda !"5 of Ting-yi and his like, went so far as to assert that "our In May, he said with a bitter note of complaint in Party papers and journals should adapt themselves to Peking: The newspapers "report good news about the the needs of all classes, including the bourgeoisie," and workers every day, but are not friendly to the capital- they issued orders that Party papers at all levels "do ists and do not report good news about them."6 He not have to proclaim themselves as organs of the Chi- exerted himself pleading for the capitalists, saying: nese Communist Party, nor need they say they are or- "The capitalists said that our newspapers are no good. gans of the government; let them be called such and I say they are indeed not so good. I admit this mistake. such a paper of this or that place."e They were really Our newspapers are somewhat biased. In the future we thoroughgoing, abandoning even the name of the Com- should adopt this attitude: right is right and wrong is munist Party, in order to curry favour with the capi- wrong, good is good and bad is bad"; "if there is any- talists and to change the Party's news media smoothly thing good about the capitalists, we should say it's good; iinto a tool for capitalism. What downright shameless- if there is anything bad about the workers, we should ness! say so, too!"7 Chairman Mao says: "The birth of a new social In August, he went to northeast China. Speaking systern is always accompanied by shouting and uproar, in the tone of the capitalists, he said: "The capitalists that is, the propagation of the superiority of the new feel like this: you often say you treat us fine, but the system and the repudiation of the backwardness of the papers say we are bad. The papers report what is old."10 China's Khrushchov did quite the opposite; he good about the workers but what is bad about the did his best to reverse the wheels of proletarian jour- capitalists."s nalism and to make it a reactionary tool for stemming To what enormous pains did China's Khrushchov the tide of socialism and developing the capitalist go to plead again and again for a place for the capi- system. "Opportunists who want to stem the tide are talist class! The "readers" this No. 1 agent of the bour- to be found almost everywhere, but the tide can never

September 13, 1968 19 be stemmed. Socialism is everywhere advancing trium- century has passed, and those newspapers that rvear phantly, leaving all obstructions behind."ll Guided by the "independent" label are nothing but tools for par'- Chairman Mao's revolutionary line. the great Chinese ticular parties or financial groups. What China's socialist revolution has broken through one set of ob- Khrushchov advocated as being "independently run" structions alter another put up by the capitalist roaders and "unofficial" was a mere camouflage, a means by and advanced swiftly and vigorously. rvhich he tried to urrest "freedom" and "rig;hts" from the proletariat for the bourgeoisie and demanded the China's Khrushchov's Policy for Liberalization removal of "bonds." It can be seen that what he cailed And the Attack by the Eourgeois Eightists being "independently run" meant abotition of leadership by the proletariat and by the Communist Party. 1956, just as socialist transformation of the In the In a word, it meant being run by the bourgeoisie. ownership of the means of production on China's economic front had in the main been completed. the bour- Second: "Journalists in other countries stress that geoisie and its agents, who were not reconciled to step- their news reporting is objective, truthful and impar- ping down from the stage of history, took advantage tial; objective, truthtul and impartial reporting is their oI the large-scale emergence and spreading of modern slogan. If we dare not stress objective and truthful re- revisionism following the "Twentieth Congress" of the porting, but only stress standpoint, then, our report- Soviet Communist Party to launch vengeful political ing will be subjective and one-sided."16 Take a look at counter-attacks in a vain effort to recapture the posi- that! China's Khrushchov-this out-and-out slave of tions they had lost. At that point, China's Khrushchov, foreigners who prostrated himself in admiration before bourgeois journalists went so far as thinking that the climate was suitable for a "comeback," "foreign" - called together a handful of capitalist roaders in jour- to demand that proletarian newspapers should take nalistic circles on three consecutive occasions within a over "their slogan" in full. short period of some three weeks between May and Journalism has class character and partisanship, June, issued reactionary instructions and drew up a and supra-class "objective reporting" does not exist. reactionary programme, with the aim of placing the To deceive the people and maintain the criminal rule journalism instruments of under his control and making of their own class, bourgeois ne\vspapers constantly re- them raise a clamour to serve his attempt to restore verse right and rvrong and confuse black and white, capitalism. distorting objective facts at rvill and slandering the These taiks u,ere vile and long-winded. so fuil of revolutionary people without scruple. How can they absurdities that they need not be refuted point by point. talk of being "objective," "truthful" and "impartial" ! They all boiled down to one thing: opposing Chairman Beguiling words like "objective," "truthful" and "im- Mao's proletarian line on journalism, flagrantly advo- partial" are but so many soiled fig-leaves to hide the cating bourgeois liberalization and clearing the way for fact that they are serving the bourgeoisie and safe- frenzied attacks by the Rightists all over the country. guarding its interests! We select just three main fallacies from these talks for The proleiariat never conceals its views. The whole exposure before the public: purpose of proletarian jouri-ralism is to reflect the de- First: "What would be better for Hsinhua, to be mands of the proietariat and the revolutionary people a state news agency, or an unofficial one? h-r my view, and to serve the interests of the overwhelming ma- it is better to be an unofficial news agency. not a state ioriLv of people. Relying on that sharpest of weap- one."12 Why? Choking with anger, he said: "Evervthing ons. 1\tarxism-Leninism, Mao Tse-tung's thought, pro- is now being officially run, even the agricultural co- lel:arian journalists are not only abie to "comprehend operatives"; the Hsinhua News Agency should I be "un- the es.sence and larvs of objective things but dare to 1 I officially run," "should not aiways stress its official reveal lhis essence and these laws in reporting. Only I status, still less rigidly bind itself."lr What he called r,vhen one takes a clear-cut proletarian stand can one "officially run" was actually the dictatorship of the pro- reflect objective reality accurately. China's Khrushchov letariat. Thinking t.hat the dictatorship of the proletariat tried in vain to substitute the bourgeois slogan of "binds" the bourgeois journalistic line, he demanded "objeclivity," "truthfulness" and "impartiality" for "freedom" to oppose the dictatorship of the proletariat the partisanship and class character of the proletarian and restore capitalism. Chairman Mao teaches us that press He alleged: "News reporting norvadays is before classes are aholished, the newspapers, the period- biased it mentions only what is good, and so is one- icals, the radio and the ner,vs agencies all have their sided.- It is necessary to mention both what is good class character and all serve particular classes.la Jour- and what is not good." "to report what people there nalism must be led by. or "bound" to, a particular ciass, (in capitalist countries) say good about us and what they and journalism supposedi;r 1t"u of any "bonds" sit1-rply sa.v to revile us."17 "not only to report about does not exist. It is either bound to the proletariat crr imperialism as it is lrut also to report about the mistakes to the bourgeoisie one or the other. Where - are there of Communist Parties as they are."I8 This sermonizing, newspapers in the world today that are above classes? rvhich appeared to be "impartial," suited the interests The bourgeoisie long ago advertised their press as of the l'randful of reactionalies exactly and it could be "independent." "free from party affiliations," and "un- welcomed only by the bourgeoisie and imperialism. He trammelled by party connections."ls Bui more than a spoke about "taking no stand"' btrt in fact he stood

20 Peking Reuiew, No. 37 on the side of the enemies of the proletariat. What oppose centralism. They oppc,se the necessary, but not rvas described as "objective," "impartial" and so forth over-centralized, Ieadership, plannihg and control of u,as in fact a pack of lies, pure and simple! culture and education (including journalism), whieh are indispensable Third: In the press "there should be a number of to a planned eeonomy. Close as brothers, they and the Right-wing intellectuals different views. Here is the place to 'Let a hundred in society support each other and unison."ll schoois of thought contend."'le It should be pointed out work in that within the ranks of the people, we do allow dif- It rvas precisely the policies of China's Khrushchov ferent views to be raised in free discussion in the press, for bourgeois liberalization that became the general "so that the advanced people can educate the backward programme for action of the handful of Party capitalist people by the method of democracy and persuasion and roaders and bourgeois Rightists in journalistic circles backward ideas and systems can he conquered."20 But, for usurping proletarian positions in journalism and with regard to all reactionaries, we must have unanimi- opposing the Party and socialism, that became the rno- ty of public opinion and we do not allorv them to voice bilization orders of the boulgeois Rightists in launching "different views" and must not give them any freedom. their rvild attacks in 195?. Lenin put it weil: "We do not intend to make our Shortly after the three talks given by China's publication a mere storehouse of various views, On the Khrushchov and as a resuit of the concrete plotting of contrary, we shall conduct it in the spirit of a stricttry the counter-revolutionary revisionists Teng To, Wu defined tendency. This tendency can be expressed by Leng-hsi, Mei Yi and company, a series of in the word Marxisrn."ll The proletarian press must "changes format" and were carried out in the press, struggle in a clear-cut way against various reactionary "reforms" radio and news agencies. They rvanted to turn these classes, reactionary groups and reactionary trends of organs of public opinion serving the dictatorship of the thought which oppose Marxism-Leninism, lVlao Tse- proletariat into "weapons of the public" and "society's tung's thought. Without waging such struggles, the o.rgans of opinion,"25 in order to "allow people with proletarian press would lose its revolutionary character. different views" to "voice different opinions.":ti The Using crafty tactics, China's Khrushchov negated Rightists in journalism also barked like mad dogs. They the class content of the revolutionary policy "Let a viiified the Party press as "the papers of officialdom," hundred schools of thought contend" and vainly tried as "the one and only"; they wanted to "set up more to repiace it with "a number of different views." As non-Party newspapers," alleging that "nevrspapers run Chairman Mao has pointed out time and again, the by groups of colleagues should be turned into 'democra- "hundred schools" are in real.ity two schools, the pro- tic parties' in the field of the press," and they went so Ietarian and the bourgeois. The political tendency of far as to raise a hullabaloo that "it is permissible for a newspaper. in the last analysis. represents either the ne\\'spapers under soeialism to put on rival shorvs and views of the proletariat or those of the bourgeoisie; it to attack on miDor issues and support on major ones.''li propagates either Marxism-Leninism, Mao Tse-tung's For a time it appeared as if the ''city might crumble thought. or bourgeois, revisionist ideas. China's under the rveight of dark clouds" and the reactionary Khrushchov went the length of declaring that "it would bourgeois line in journalism came out into the open. be better if the Hsinhua News Agency opened its doors The handful of Party capitalist roaders in journalism, wide," "I stand for opening the doors wide"22' "the forging an alliance with the bourgeois Rightists. usurped press is allowed a bit of liberalism."2:| It is crystal the leadership of some newspapers and used these po- clear that, in preaching the idea that "there should be sitions in journalism to launch furious attacks on social- a number of different views," he aimed at "opening ism. Special mention should be made of the old the doors wide" to all sorts of bourgeois ideas and let- Wenhui Boo which was controlled by that notorious ting them run rife, while depriving Marxism-Leninism, Rightist Hsu Chu-cheng. This paper -- a great favourite UIao Tse-tung's thought, of its right to speak. of China's Khrushchov and a self-styled "disinterest- ed," paper in which of letters discuss These were the set of liberalistic, revisionist policies "unofficial" "men politics" and but do not interfere in politics" for running the press worked out by China's Khrush- "discuss became an anti-Party, anti-socialist shock force in chov, policies for "opening the doors wide" to the bour- 1957.- Putting up China's Khrushchov's signboard of geoisie. Chairman Mao time and again dealt this erril and reported host of tendency of bourgeois liberalization head-on blows. In "objectivity" ''impartiality," it a reactionary items which ran counter to the facts, printed May 1957, Chairman Mao made a concentrated exposure host reactionary statements and used a host of and repudiation of this quite serious revisionist idea a of layout, in the Party. He pointed out: "They deny the Party reactionary methods in stirring up storms and churning up waves so as to throw the country into spirit and class nature of the press, they try to obliterate confusion, topple the Communist Party and put the the differences of principle between proletarian and bourgeois Rightists in its place. CountlCss facts show bourgeois journalism, and they confuse journalism re- that the dark clouds menacing journalistic circles in fleeting the collective econorny of the socialist countries 1957 had their source in the three talks that China's with journalism refleeting the anarchic economy of the Khrushchov gave in 1956. capitalist countries with its inter-group competition. They admire bourgeois Iiberalism and oppose the From the very beginning, Chairman Mao saw that leadership of the Party. They favour democracy and class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the prole-

Septentber 13, 1968 21 tariat on the political-ideological tront r.vas inevitable. under the impact of the mighty revolutionary power of In early 1957, in his famous lr.orks On the Correct Mao Tse-tung's thought. Handling of Cantradictions Among the People and Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's Natiana| A Counter-Revolutionary Creating Conference on Propaganda Work, Chairman Mao made Tactic for a scientific, systematic and incisive analysis of the con- Public Opinion for Capitalist Eestoration tradictions, classes and class struggle in socialist society, At the Lushan Meeting in August 1959, the Peng expounded the laws governing class struggle in social- Teh-huai anti-Party clique which was under the wing ist society, advanced the theory, principies and policies of China's Khrushchov sprang out in wild opposition to for distinguishing contradictions between the enemy the general line,,the big leap forward and the people's and ourselves from people and contradictions among the corrununes, and attempted to overthrow the proletarian handling types eontradictions correctly, for these two of headquarters headed by Chairman Mao. But their eon- great policy and set forth the revolutionary of the spiracy Jailed. The great red banner of Mao Tse-tung's proletariat, "Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hun- thought flew high and the Right opportunists were dis- dred schools of thought contend." In connection with missed from office. the political situation of the time, Chairman Mao firmly declared: "We must not be afraid of opening wide, The Ninth Plenary Session of the Party's Eighth nor should we be afraid of criticism and poisonous Central Committee held in 1961 under the direct guid- weeds."28 "Only when ghosts and monsters are allowed ance of Chairman Mao re-affirmed that "the Party's to come out into the open can they be wiped out; general line for socialist construction, the big leap for- only when poisonous weeds are allowed to come out of ward and the people's communes suit the actual eondi- the ground can they be uprooted."2e But, Teng To, an tions of China," and it pointed out sharply: 'oAn ex- agent of China's Khrushchov, had the audacity to with- tremely small number of unreformed landlord and hold Chairman Mao's words from the Party paper, .bourgeois elements, aecounting for only a few per cent population, refusing to publicize Chairman Mao's great strategic of the are always attempting to stage a plan and keeping the Party's policy secret. On the eome-back have taken advantage of the difficul- contrary, he .gave some non-Party papers controlled ties caused by natural calamities and of some short- comings primary by the bourgeois Rightists a tree hand to make distorted in the work at the levels to carry out sabotage activities." propaganda in order to prevent tlre poisonous weeds from being exposed in the press, and thus interfered China's Khrustrchov, who always dreamed of restor- with and undermined the great struggle to counter- ing capitalism, once again extended his sinister hand attack the bourgeois Rightists. Chairman Mao issued into journalistic eircles. During this period, a handful ,an extremely sharp criticism, saying: The Party press of capitalist roaders g?oomed by China's Khrushchov should promptly give puhlicity to the Party's policies. were already in control of many press units. Soon It was a mistake not to report the conference on prop- after the Ninth Plenary Session of the Eighth aganda work. The conference was attended by both Central Committeg China's Khrushchov told his agents Party and non-Party people, why then has it not been in press circles: "Don't link news coverage too closely reported in the press? Why is there no editorial on tho with current reality. If you link them closely and Supreme State Conference? Why are the Party's potr- report the concrete work and struggles of the moment, ieies being kept secret? There is a ghost here; where is you are iiable to make mistakes. You should learn to this ghost? We used to say that it was the pedants who maintain links with current reality while keeping a cer- ran the papers, now we should say it is the dead. Moro tain distance from it. Don't restrict yourselves to reali- often than not you sing against the Central Committee's ties of the moment; you can also report things less close- policies. You dislikg you oppose, you disapprove of ly connected with current struggles."3l these policies.so To "keep a certai,n distance from current reality" The plots and tricks of all the counter-revolution- on the one hand and "report things less closely connected with current struggles" on the other here was ary revisionists were futile in the long run. On July 1 - that year, Chairman Mao himself wrote an important an even more sinister and cunning new taetic adopted by Khrushchov new situatio.n. editorial for Renmin Ribao- "The Bourgeois Orienta- China's in the In the words tion of Wenhui Bao Should Be Repudiated." In of his henchmen, this tactic was "fighting a bat- this brilliant article and a series of related instruc- tle in a turning manoeuvre," or "stressing no direct tions, Chairman Mao made a highly concentrated co-ordination" but using the method of "dealing with show generalization of the life-and-death struggle between a small subject to a big idea" and, from "different reserva- the two classes on the political-ideological front (partic- angles" and in "different forms," and "with tions," treating opposing the Party, socialism ularly in journalistic circles) in our country in 1957, "themes" and Mao Tse-tung's thought in a style of sharply and penetratingly criticized and repudiated all "round-about" writing, so as to act in indirect with the policies of China's Khrushchov for bourgeois lib "co-ordination"3z activities restore capitalism. eralization, and swept away the dark clouds over to journalistic circles. Those Rightist ghosts and freaks This was an absolutely vicious counter-revolution- who were so cocky and noisy for a time met their doom ary tactic! The agents of China's Khrushchov in

22 Peking Reui,ew, No. 37 journalistic circles had a deep understanding of it. They single statement. He "It though ,,It said: may look as came out with it plainly when they said: is politi- it's unconnected with reality, but this ls actually the cally necessary to write travelogues and essays im- best way to link up with reality. Not linking up means a pafting knowledge!" That notorious big renegade link too, for it is tinked with the big reality."34 W'asn't Teng ?o went so far as to exclaim with deiight at a this so-calied "big reality" the "reality" of China's "meeting of the gods" sponsored by four Peking news- Khrushchov's attempt to restore iapitalism! papers and journals that he would rely on this tactic to "strive to blaze a new trail!"33 "Things less closely connected with current strug- gLes"? Not at all! This was a soul-stirring class strug- Well, what "new trail" did they in fact blaze? Wu gle. Hiding behind the screen of "things less closely Leng-hsi came forward to put in the Party paper a connected with current struggles," they bent every ef- special column entitled "The Long and the Short" for fort to create counter-revolutionary pubtic opinion in the purpose of "reforming current abuses"; on the heels the ideological sphere. Their method was to "deeapi- of the column "Evening Chats at Yenshan" came the tate with a soft knife." They were a gang of murderers "Three-Family Village" gangster inn jointly sponsored who killed people without drawing blood. When the by Teng To, Wu Han and Liao Mo-sha; special pro- conditions were ripe, they would overthrow the dictator- grammes such as "Historical Tales" and "Reading and ship of the proletariat. Appreciation" were put on by the radio; special co- lumns imparting "knowledge" like "Rambling Talks Suddenly came a clap of spring thunder. Just as Beneath the Clouds of Yunnan" and "Rarnbling Chats these man-eating demons bared their fangs and un- at Lihsia" appeared one after another in many local sheathed their claws, our great supreme commander newspapers, and so on and so forth, Chairman Mao, at the Tenth Plenary Session of the Party's Eighth Central Committee, issued this earth- It was precisely along this "new trail" that those shaking call: Never fotget dass struggle! Chairman renegades, enemy agentq scum of aU sorts, ghosts and Mao wisely pointed out in this statement: "To over- monsters, survivals. feudal elass, bourgeois of the throw a political power, it is always necessary first of "scholars" and first raised heads and "authorities" their all to create public opinion, to do work in the ideolog- looked around and then swaggered into press circles, ical sphere. This is true for the revolutionary class as becoming counter-revolutionary hatchetmen China's of well as for the counter-revolutionary class." Chairman Khrushchov and agents. They collaborated his with Mao's brillia-nt concept educated the whole Party and each other, used one another, and for their common the people throughout the country and dealt a crushing needs," resorted every possible "political to plot and blow to the criminal activities of China's Khrushchov in stratagem, such as using ancient things to satirize the using the positions of public opinion for restoring cap- present, reviling one thing while pointing at another, italism. attacking by innuendo and "sailing the seas under a false flag" in an all-out counter-revolutionary campaign. China's Khrushchov Was the Chief Culprit "Keep a certain distance from current reality"? Opposing the Propagation of What an out-and-out fraud! Just see how they brought Mao Tse-tung's Thought out such corpses from feudal times as Hai Jui, Yu Chien and Li San-tsai and openly complained on behalf of On the initiative and under the guidance of Com- Peng Teh-huai and his gang, who had been dismissed rade Lin Piao, close comrade-in-arms of Chairman Mao, from office at the Lushan Meeting, and encouraged a mal:s movement for the creative study and applicaiion them, Was this "keeping a certain distance" from of Chairman Mao's works deveioped throughout the reality? They used all kinds of "stories," "fables" and country. Comrade Lin Piao many times instructed the "metaphors" to make unscrupulous attacks on the pro- press to propagate Mao Tse-tung's thought energetically Ietarian headquarters of the Party Central Committee and, "to hold aloft the great red banner of ll{ao headed by Chairman Mao and on Chairman Mao's Tse-tung's thought and to run ne\ /spapers in the spi;:it proletarian revolutionary line. Was this "keeping a of Chairman Mao's instructions."s5 It was at this certain distance" from reality,? Under cover of "getting juncture, namely, in 1964. that China's Khrushchov useful knowledge from ancient and present times," they could no longer hold in check his mortal hatred for the tried desperately to sell the rotten ideas of the landlord propagation of Mao Tse-tung's thought. He sprang out and capitalist classes, in order to poison people's minds, to eondemn newspapers for propagating Mao Tse-tung's undermine people's fighting rnorale and push "peaceful thought "too much," ranting that "a certain danger is evolution" in an all-round way. Was this "keeping a involved in doing too much."36 At their master's voice, certain distance" from reality? In point of fact, it was a hundred responses came from the lackeys. The agents during this very period that big counter-revolutionary of China's Khrushchov in journalism lost no time in poisonous weeds were running wild in "reality." The brandishing three big sticks - "formalism," "over- activities of China's Khrushchov and company were simplification" and "vu1garizati611" - to biock in every very closely linked with "reality." Mei Yi, who worked way the dissemination of the great thought of Mao with a will peddling the concept of "keeping a certain Tse-tung and the repcrting of the mass movement of I : distance," betrayed the essence of this 'otheory" in a the creative study and application of Chairman Mao's

September 73, 7968 23 I I works by rn,orkers, peasants and soldiers. They franti- thought well, our newspapers will be able to cally blustered: "It's impossible for the workeis, peas- help the masses free themselves from the ideological ants and soldiers to get qr-tick results from their study influences and shackles of the exploiting classes, resist of Chairman Mao's works."s? and that the propagation corruption by revisionist and bourgeois ideology and of Mao Tse-tung's thought "shouldn't be done with a promote the ideological revolutionization of people. big hullabaloo." They openly issued the order: "There has been a lot of publicity for some time about learning Mao Tse-tung's thought is a powerful ideological from the People's Liberation Army and about studying weapon for opposing imperialism and for opposing the Selected Works of Nlao Tse-tung. Now there is no revisionism and dogmatism. As an instrument of the need to report it so intensively and give it such prom- dictatorship of the proletariat, socialist' journalism inence,"38 and "no mention of a 'great upsurge' should energetically propagating Mao Tse-tung's thought and be made in regard to the study of Chairman Mao's using Mao Tse-tung's thought to criticize and repudiate lvorl

24 Peking Reuietu, No. 37 Ieading, blasted open the counter-revolutionary inde- school for the study, dissemination and populariza- pendent kingdom of the press controlled by China's tion of Mao Tse-tung's thought, and Mao Tse-tung's Khrushchov and his agents, and shook the vast land thought must be put in command of every aspect of China. China's Khrushchov and his pack of lackeys of news reporting, and the voice of Chairman Mao Peng Chen, Lo Jui-ching, Lu Ting-yi, Chou Yang and must be relayed most promptly and accurately, company were thrown into confusio{:t and their battle so that the worker, peasant and soldier masses are formation disrupted. To save themselves from their imbued with Mao Tse-tung's thought, translate it into doom, they hastily cooked up the counter-revolutionary their conscious action and make it an inexhaustible "February Outline Report on the Current Academic force for transforming the world. There must be ac- Discussion" rvhich reversed right and wrong, confused curacy in the propagation of Mao Tse-tung's thought. black and white and tried to suppress the revolution Any word or action which distorts, tampers with or and shield viilains. They used a host of schemes and runs counter to Mao Tse-tung's thought, especially the stratagems to maintatn their control over the press in base tactic of opposing the red flag by waving "red a futiLe effort to stamp out the raging flames of the fiags." must be resolutely resisted, firmly opposed an.d revolution, shift the target of attack and cover their thoroughly criticized and repudiated, whether it colnes own retreat. from the Right or from the extreme "Lett." Preventing Chairman Mao's voice from being heard is the com- The May 16, 1966 Circular of the Central Com- mon low trick used by all the counter-revolutionarv re- mittee of the Chinese Conrmunist Party an epoch- visionists. Our press must act resolutely in the opposite making document worked out under the- personal rvay. Thus our press will be able to hold aloft the great guidance of Chairman Mao dcalt China's Khru- red banner of Mao Tse-tung's thought and very cleali;y shchov and company a devastating- blorv. lhairman point out the orientation of struggle to the revolu- Mao called on the g,hole Party to hold high the tionar-v masses at every stage. great banner of the proletarian cultural revolution, In disseminating Mao Tse-tung's thought, it is im- and "thoroughly criticize repudiate reactionar] bour- perative to persist in a tit-for-tat stmggle against all geois ideas in the spheres academic education, of work, reactionary ideas that oppose Marxism-Leninism, op- journalism, Iiterature publishing, and art and and seize pose Mao Tse-tung's thought. At present. we must con- leadership the in these cultural spheres." In January tinue the mass exposure and mass criticism and repu- 1967, the proletarian revolutionaries of Wenhui Bao diation of modern revisionism internationally. We must in Shanghai rose to seize the leadership from the make further efforts to criticize and repucliate the handful of Party persons in authority taking the cap- counter-revolutionary revisionist line of China's italist road; thus the great storm of the "Januarv Khrushchov, criticize and repudiate the bourgeois reac- Revolution" was set off first of ali in journalistic tionary theory of "many centres." criticize and repu- circles. Chairman Mao gave a very appraisal the high to diate al1 manifestations of the reactionary bourgeois seizure power he pointed of in Wenhui Bao when out: rn orld outlook, such as the mountain-stronghold mer-r- This is a great revolution, a great revolution in which tality, sectarianism and individualism. and criticize one class overthrows another, and repudiate ail reactionary vietn'.s that oppose the The great cultural revolution on the joulnaiistic proletariat. Put tiestruction first, and in the process front, just as on other fronts, entered the nerv stage I'ou have construction. It is in the course of the strutq- o{ waging the struggle to seize power from the handful gle against all sorts of boulgeois reactionar;7 ideas th;rt of capitalist roaders in the Party. The forces of China's Mao Tse-tung's thought has develope.d. press Khrushchov dominating circles totally collapsed. Second. so long as the rvorld is divided into classes, Those poison-spreadjng and rumour-mongering old the press will remain an instrument of class struggle.tr newspapers. such as Yangclrcng Wanbao and Nonfon,g This is the basic viewpoint of Chairman Mao on the Ribao, one after another were closed down or stornred, work of the press. The proletariat vrants to keep the and their leadership seized by revolutionaries. Very Ieadership of the press in its own hands an'd make it an good! Very good, indeedl This is a mighty victory instrument of the dictatorship of the proleta.riat: the for the great proletarian cultural revolution, a great bourgeoisie tries hard to seize the leadership of the invincible thought Mao Tse-tung! victory for the of press and turn it into an instrument for subverting the The sharp and bitter class struggle on the front of dictatorship of the proletariat - this has been the focr,is journalism over the past 18 years has provided us with of the struggle between the two classes on the front past 18 years. extremely rich and valuabie experience and lessons. of journalism in our country over the This struggle does not end with the seizure of power First, the unswerving and consistent propagation of by the proletarian revolutionaries. The representatives Mao Tse-tung's thought is the fundamental task of the of the bourgeoisie rvill still continue plotting to con- proletarian press, radio and news agencies. The prole- tentt with the proletariat for the iea'dership in jour- tarian press must regard the spreading of Mao nalism by everv 'u'ile means- Therefore. an important Tse-tung's thought as its most sacred duty. Efforts task for journalistic circles at pt:e*sent is conscientiously must be made to turn the press into a great to purify the class ranks, so as to clear out the handful

September 13, L968 25 of diehard capitalist roa

26 Peking Reuiew, No. 37 duction should be drawn on to the newspapers' staffs, la'Talk at the Reception for Some of the Journalists and and large numbers of worker and peasant correspond- Publishers Attentling the Chinese Communist Party's Na- tional Conference on Propaganda Work," March 10, 1957. ents who remain in production should be trained so as to put an end to the situation in which intellectuals t5 "T'he Principles of Journalism," by Casper S. Yost. work in concentrated groups: 16 "Directive on the Work of the Hsinhua News Agency,' May 28, 1956. People working in journalism must go the among r7 ibid. worker, peasant and soldier masses, must integrate 18 themselves vrith the working people. They must take the "Second Directive on the Work of the Hsinhua News Agency," June lg, 1956. proletarian stand and carry out thorough investigations le and studies. They must be good at promptly reflecting "Dire€tive on the Work of the Hsinhua News Ageney," May 28, 1956. typical cases of advanced things that have emerged m from among the revolutionary masses and at promptly Mao Tse-tung, Introductory Note to the "second Set of Material About the Hu Feng Counter-Revolutionary reflecting the voices among the proletarian revolution- Clique," 1955. aries and the masses of revolutionary people who call zt'Declaration for advance. They of the Editoriat Board of 'fskra,"' Sep- must carry out the line of "from tember 1900. the masses, to the masses," concentrating the correct 22 ideas of the masses and persevering in them and cary- "Directive on the Work of the Hsinhua News Agency," May 28, 1956. ing them through, as Chairman Mao has always taught us to do. Without solving this question, a proietarian 23 "Second Directive on the Work of the Hsinhua Ner-s Agency," June 19, 1956. newspaper cannot be run well and the power of leader- %'Things ship can be lost very easily. This is a question that Are Undergoing a Change," May 195?. needs to be solved more fully. x "To the Readers," an editorial in Renmin Riboo on the change in format, JuIy 1, 1956. Let us hold high the great red banner of Mao 26 Mei Yi's talk at the Fourth National Conference on Tse-tung's thought, closely follow Chairman Mao's great Radio Broadcasting, August 16, 1956. strategic plan, continue our victorious advance and carry 27 A11 quoted from the speeches at the first forum of the great revolution on the journalistic front through to journalists in Peking in May 1957. the end! 28 "Speech at the Chinese Cornmunist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work," March lZ, 1957. 2, trI'he Bourgeois Orientation of 'Wenhui Bao' Should Be NOTES Bepudiated," July 1, 195?. $ Criticism ol "Renmin Bibao,,' April 195?. 1'A Talk to the Edifuriat .Shausi-Suiyuan Statl of the "Directive on the W'ork of Renmin Ribao," 1961. Dai[y,'" April 2, 194E. 'r 32 quotations 2 All cited from "Comments by the Editorial "Speech at the Congress of Workers and Staff in Tien- Committee of Rentnin Ribao in Diseussing the Special tsin," April 28, L949. Column 'The Long and the Short,"' 1982. 3 the "Talk to North China Group of Newsmen," October 33 Teng To's talk on July 28, 1961. 2, L948. 3a Mei Yi's talk on June 18, 1962. 4 "First Comments on the Work in Tientsin," April LB, 1949. 35 "I)irective on Running Newspapers Well," December 1960. s "Directive on the Work in Tientsin," April 24, 194g, 36 A talk in 1964. 6 at the First National Congress of Youth," "Speech May 37 12,1949. A talk by Wu Leng-hsi in 1964 to members of the reporting department and theoretical department of Renmin T "Speech at the Meeting of Peking Cadres," May 1g, Ribao. 1949. 38 A talk by Wu Leng-hsi during April or May of 1964. 8 "Speech at the Meeting of Cadres of the Northeast ssA joint Bureau (of the Central Committee talk by Wu Leng-hsi in 1966 to a conference of China of the Chinese press. Communist Party)," August 28, 1949. leading members of the Peking e "Directive on Not Publicizing the Status of party a0 Mao Tse-tung, "Letter to Comrades Liu Chien-hsun 12, 195E. Papers at Various Levels in the Future" issued by the o1d and Wei Kuo-ching," January Propaganda Department 41 of the Party's Central Committee, Quoteat from "The Boutgeois Orientation of 'Wenhui December 1949. Bao' Over a Period of Time," an article by the etlitorial tle- l0lntroductory Note to "strengthening the Co-op-A paftment of "Renmin Eibao," June 14, 1957. Good Example," 1955, a2Talk at a forum of heads of propaganda, cultural and 1r Mao Ise-tung, Introiluetory Note to ..The Enthusiasm eilucational departments of nine provinces and municipali- of Workers' Families Is Very High During the Co-operativo ties, March 6, 195?. Movement," 1955. 43A talk given in January 19611. 12 "Direct.ive on the Work of the Hsinhua News Agency,', 44 A talk concerning "Renmin Ribao" given in January May 28, 1956. ' 1958. i3 "Second Directive on the Work of the Hsinhua News z,s cA Talk to the Editoriat Staff of the 'Shansi-Suiyuan Agency," June 19, 1956. Daily,'" April 2, l9{8.

September 13, 1968 27 ffi Comrade Ghang $zu-teh [s I Remember tllm

by CHEN YAO

$ We publislzed th.e first instalment of the article "The1' are in danger of being swept away. Public prop- "Comrad.e Chang Szu-teh As I Remember Hi,m" in erty mustn't be lost." With this in mind, he ran back "Peking Reoieu" No. 36. Follouing is th.e second instal- to our squad, and, hurriedty putting dor,vn his rifle, rnent. P.R. Ed. called us to help save the back-boards. Just when we - were about to pick one up, the sports ground was flood- ed. Though fully clad Chang Szu-teh plunged forward There Revolutionory ls Work Everywhere to grab it at the risk of his life. The fast-flowing water Comrade Chang Szu-teh never paid any attention swept him away gripping the back-board over a con- siderable to personal loss and gain. A11 the time I was with him I distance, but he wouldn't let go and finally never heard him demand anything for himself. and succeeded in bringing it ashore. The other comrades, Eever saw him worried by private preoccupations. He spurred by his example, dragged the other back-board constantly thought of his comrades, of the people, and to safety. Not knowing how to swim, I stood on the did all he could to help his comrades-in-arms make shore and watched, very stirred by Chai-rg's heroic progress. Aiways considerate, he showed sincere, warm- deed. I recailed what he had said at the time when lve hearted concern for others. were making charcoal at Tuhuangkou. A bridge there was broken, causing great inconvenience to the peas- One summer day in 1941, when the rest of us were ants. He got us to repair it, saying: "There's revolu- taking a nap at noon and Chang was absorbed in read- tionary work everywhere. We must have the initiati-,,e ing, the battaiion commander came in rvith an urgent to take it up." message to be delivered to the Third Company at Yang- chialing. about eight ii arvay. Instead of w-aking one of What a lofty revoiutionary sense of responsibility us. Chang quietly took the message and set off. The these words revealed! Precisely beeause he was guided midsummer sun was scorching: the dirt roads and by such correct thinking, Chang always took the initia- mountain paths in Yenan were baking hot. Disregard- tive in doing all sorts of other work in his spare time ing the lreat Clrang broke into a run. He arrived at after fulfilling his assigned task, no matter how dif- Yangchialing panting and wet with sweat. But when ficult the circumstances or how intense the struggle. he entered the company headquarters to hand in the EIe helped the mess squad to tend the fire or fetch message, he found the commanders rvere still sleepirrg. water. Iile often read the newspaper to the comrades Then. he thought lhe message was urgent, but since he in that squad and taught them new characters. Chang had run all the rvay there was enough time for them to also helped the stockmen cut fodder, read the news- finish their rest. So he decided to rvait outside until paper to them too and told them stories of the Long the commanders woke up. March. They used to tell us proudly: "Chang Szu-teh That summer'. the Yenho River. rose suddenly. is rrct only your squad leader but our squad leader The loaring water surged against the banks. Chang too." was on his way ,back from a mission s,hen he spotted On Sundays Chang was busier than ever, mend- two basketball back-boards on the sports ground by the ing clothes or making straw sandais for the soldiers or river. "Which unit do they belong to?" he wondered. helping the peasants in the fields. In summer we were

28 Peking Reuiew, No. 37 plagued by mosquitoes, and because we had no mos- Our shoes lvore out very qurickly because the dirt quito nets they kept us au,ake at night. So Chang went roads and mountain paths in Yenan wel'e so stony and up into the hills one Sunday and gathered artemisia. we \,vere often carrying messages or working in the He plaited this into ropes which he drled in the sun. hilts. Yet every time neu, shoes l'n,ere issued. Chang Then he gave these to us to smoke out the mosquitoes. refused them, saying, "I can make sanclals n-ryself. if I take one pair -less, that rvill filean one pair less for the At that time there were not enough quilts. We rrillagers to make." Actualiy his cioth shoes rvele a shared one betrveen two. Later we had one apiece but mass of patches. rvith strar'v or bark stuffed in the hoie's. no mattresses; so usually two men pooled theirs, using To save shoes he often rvorked barefoot. one as a quilt and the other as a mattress. Chang and I often shared one qr-rilt. He always let me have most Chang had an enamel bo.,vl rvhich he had used dr-rr- chip- of it and washed it when it got dirty. Sometimes the ing the Long March. Most of the enamel had been ped .,vas badiy dented, but slill ire dirty ciothes we had changed out of disappeared, and off and the borvl r,rrould not throw it ar,l,ay. On one occasion. when ne't' we found that Chang had washed them for us. When bowls were issued, he gave his to someboJy else ai-rd anyone fell i11, Chang nursed him more carefully than kept his old one. Chang also had an old fountain-pr'rr, his own family could have done. Once a comrade was the nib of which \vas very blunt after much urse. tlr-tt too ill to get up, Chang carried him on his back he used it all the same. When the nib became too blnnt every day to the latrine. he sharpened it. He tleastired this pen so much that pouch it. Liu Ho-chung, a youtlgster in the orderly squad, he made a small cloth for was not keen on study and did not work too well. but The vears 1941 and 1942 s'ere the most diffic'-rlt he nevel missed a chance to play basketball. When period for the anti-Japanese bases in the enemy reai'- Chang urged him to rvork better and stud.v* harder. Liu We rvere short of grain, and at one time u'e did not scowled at him and demanded, "Is it any business of even have millet, but sprouting wheat kernels' Since yours? You're not my squad leader." With that he ran the food we got from the cookhouse lvas never enough' off. But Chang did not mind being snubbed. He learnt Chang would often pick up a bucket to fetch boiled that Liu was the youngest child in his family and rath- rvater during a meal so that the other comrades cot-tld er spoiled. So he began to get together with him more have his share. Once he said to me, "Our comrades are every day and help him by example to do his work new to the army. They're young and stili gro"ving. better. Gradually, they became good friends. Chang Better let ihem eat a bit more and keep fit for fighting. often talked lvith the youngster, patiently teaching him: It makes no difference to me having a little iess." We "A man should study hard when he is young. We can,t had very ferv vegetables, sonetimes none at all During serve the people really well now or meet the needs of the revolution later, unless rve master some skills." Chang gave Liu a notebook which he had kept carefully for several years. Later on, Liu turned out a good fighter.

The First to Beor Hordships, The Lost to Enloy Comforts Chang iived very simply and frugally. His padded tunic -was almost too ragged to be patched again. Everybody urged him to draw a new one. But he said, "No need. I can patch it and wear it for another two years." And patch it he did, stitch by stitch, making do rvith it for two more vears.

September 13, 1968 29 the break Chang often dug up wild herbs, picked ber- difficulties caused by the economic blockade of Japa- ries or shot pheasants in an effort to improve our mess. nese imperialism and the Kuomintang reaetionaries. One Sunday he went to a pool scores of Ii away and Nanniwan, over ninety Ii from Yenan, was sur- caught a number of fish. He dried them in the sun, rounded by high mountains. OnIy few families lived baked them and served these as a "feast" which every- a at the foot of the mountains. When we first arrived we body enjoyed. But Chang as usual went off with the had nowhere to stay. Chang gave the lead building bucket for water. in a conical shed with branches and cut grass to spread We were very much impressed by Chang's hard on the ground. At night we huddled together in this work, frugality and consideratron for others. We often shelter. We could see the stars as we lay there. The asked him, "What makes you so thrifty? Why do you food situation was bad. We had no vegetables at all wear such patched clothes?" He explained, 'oMy life and not enough salt. Chang used to teIl us, "We have in the past was much harder than our life today. FoI- nowhere to live in and very little to eat, but so long lowing Chairman Mao and being a Red Army soldier, as we have the correct leadership of our respected and I feel very happy." Sometimes he answered with these beLoved leader Chairman Mao, we can surmount every lvords, "There are still many peopie more poorly dress- difficulty." ed than we are. There are tens of millions of working It q,as much colder in Nanniwan than in Yenan. people in our country who have not been liberated yet. Though it was only late autumn, the nights were pierc- The revolution still faees many diffieulties. If every- ingly cold. Our commanders instructed every company body economizes it can be a great help to the revolution. to move into caves before rvinter. An expert at digging Besides, we are Communist Party members. We should caves, Chang acted as our technical adviser. The red do as Chairman Mao teaches us, that is, we should be ciay of the Nanniwas lills was very hard. Our picks the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy com- clanged as they struck it, jarring and hurting our hands. forts. We should think more about the people and do Chang kept on swinging his pick, even when his hands more work, without thought of our personal eomfort." were covered with, blisters. If someone took his piek away, he immediately push wheelbarrow. f remember when the Eighth Route Army Hall was started to a Some chunks of clay were too unwieldy for the barrow, completed, the Yenan Peking Opera Theatre came to and he would ask us put them caruy give a performance for the benefit of the builders. Our to on his back to off and throw into the After the squad had.taken part in the construction, and Chang ditch. the mouth of cave was made he was the first to go inside to work. had done outstanding work, for which he had been The clay mixed with his sweat clung his By commended. That day, we trooped into the hall and to body. the time we knocked Chang looked clay walked to the front and took.our seats. Chang sat down off like a figure. in the very last row. I urged him several times to come Apart from virgin forests Nanniwan abounded in up front with us, but he ahvays refused. large tracts of brambles. We decided to reclaim these, first cutting dol.vn the brambles and then setting them "We'r'e Communist Party members, servants of the on fire. The flames, fanned by the wind, licked over people," he said to me afterwards. "When there's work the hills. When the fire subsided, blackened ground to be done, we should step to the front. But when it's remained. Then we started to turn up the fertile loess time for pleasure and enjoyment, we ought to give way and to sow. Our tools were of the crudest. We had only to other comrades." picks, so it was hard work to reclaim the bare hills. But I was deeply moved by Chang's high level of rev- Chang would put fresh heart into us by saying, "Open- growing grain olutionary consciousness, and deeply ashamed that I ing up wasteland and more aren't simply made such low demands on myself, compared with him. to improve our living conditions. The big thing about them is that we are actively responding to Chairman Always thinking of others that was one of his Mao's call to provide ourselves with ample food and noblest qualities. - clothing through our own efforts and so defeat the enemy's economic blockade." Chang conscientiously prac- Chairman Mao teaches us: cadres must show "Our tised what he preached. The pick he used was one concern for every soldier, and people all in the revo- passed over by others. But in opening up the wasteland lutionary ranks must eare for each other, must love nobody could compete with him. On the very first day and help each other." he surpassed ihe target set by the leadership and was That is precisely what Chang did. commended" We went up to the hills at daybreak to reclaim the Use Our Own Honds to Provide Ample Food virgin soil, and the valleys resounded to the ring of And Clothing our picks. Our hard work was rewarded that year with a bumper harvest. When the comrades of our unit In the late autumn of 1941, our guards battalion were eating the golden millet, Comrade Chang Szu-teh arrived at Nanniwan. In response to Chairman Mao,s said with elation: "This is the fruit of our persistence call to provide ourselves with ample food and clothing in following Chairm.an Nllao's teachings and acting ac- by our own efforts, we resolved to wrest grain from cording to his instructions'" the barren mountains and thus overcame the serious (To be continued,.)

30 Peking Reoi.ew, No. 37 W//ZZZITZZZ/////W/WWZM//////tr/,//n/Z/W,ZAM/Z// THE WEEK

its head in the Soviet IJnion, and it Vice-Premier Chen Yi Condemns [J.S. had not yet embarked on the road of collaboration with imperialism, lmperialism and Soviet Revisionism while in Hungary there was indeed a counter-revolutionary armed rebel- For Collaborating in Vain Effort lion in which imperialism took a direct hand. But now, as a result of To Redivide the World the continued practice of Khrushchov revisionism by the Soviet revisionist renegade clique, socialist gains have Kim Jai Sook, Charge d'Affaires the determination of the Korean long been forfeited in both the ad interim of the Korean Embassy people to liberate south Korea and Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. To in China, gave a reception in Peking realize the reunification of their put it bluntly, "the socialist com- on the evening of September 9 to fatherland. munity" on the lips of the Soviet celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Kim Jai Sook condemned U.S. im- revisionist renegade clique today is founding of the Democratic People's perialism for occupying Taiwan, the simply a synonym for Soviet revi- Republic of Korea. sacred territory of the People's Re- sionism's sphere of influence. Among those present on the publie of China. The Chinese people Vice-Premier Chen Yi added: The occasion were Tung Pi-wu, Vice- would surely smash U.S. imperial- occupation of Czechoslovakia by Chairman of the People's Republic of ism's aggressive manoeuvres and Soviet revisionism with the tacit un- China; Chen Yi, Vice-Premier; and liberate their sacred territory, he derstanding of U.S. imperialism is a Kuo Mo-jo, Vice-Chairman of the said. signal of their intensified counter- Standing Committee of the National On behalf of the Chinese people revolutionary collaboration on a People's Congress. and the Chinese Government, Vice- global scale. It must be pointed out Both Charge d'Affaires ad interim Premier Chen Yi extended his warm here in particular that, in the Asian Kim Jai Sook and Vice-Premier Chen congratulations to the fraternal people's struggle against U.S. im- Yi spoke at the reception. Korean people and the Korean Gov- perialism and Japanese militarism, In his speech, Kim Jai Sook reca- ernment. He affirmed anew that the Soviet revisionist renegade clique pitulated the struggle of the Korean the Chinese people would, as always, has likewise played the role of the people for independence and their resolutely support the fraternal No. 1 accomplice of U.S. imperialism. achievements in building their Korean people in their just struggle The Soviet revisionist renegade country. against U.S. imperialism and Jap- clique not only has done its utmost invite Japanese militarism to Referring to the occupation of anese militarism and for the reuni- to the resources of Siberia, south Korea by U.S. imperialism, he fication of Korea. "exploit" but, fully in tune with U.S. im- saici: As a result of the colonial en- The Vice-Premier laid emphasis on perialism, is brazenly advertising slavement policy pursued by the U.S. exposing the fascist crimes of the Japanese militarism imperialists, south Korea has now Soviet Union in sending troops to oc- that is "peace- force in Asia." been completely turned into their cupy Czechoslovakia, the reactionary loving" and "a stable question reunifica- colony and military base; the nation- social-imperialist nature of the Soviet On the of the Korea, Soviet revisionist al economy of south Korea has revisionist renegade clique and the tion of the striving gone bankrupt and, under the most scheme of U.S. imperialism and renegade clique has been for many years to bring the question brutal fascist rule of terror, the south Soviet revisionism which are collud- into the orbit of U.S.-Soviet Korean people's right to live is con- ing in a vain effort to redivide the "co- operation" through the United Na- stantly threatened. By cooking up world. He said: The Soviet revision- the criminal "south Korea-Japan ist renegade clique is trying hard to tions while shutting its eyes to U.S. imperialism's forcible occupation of treaty," the U.S. imperialists have prove that, like the sending of troops provocative brought the Japanese imperialists, by the Soviet Union to suppress the south Korea and its activities conniving the return the sworn enemy of the Korean counter-revolutionary rebellion in in at of Japanese militarism to Korea. people, into south Korea and in- Hungary in 1956, its fascist aggres- As a matter of facto Soviet revision- stigated them to step up their col- sion against Czechoslovakia is neces- long tacitly recognized laboration with the Pak Jung Hi sitated by what it calis "the defence ism has south Korea as in the sphere of in- puppet clique in an attempt to make of the socialist community." But fluence of U.S. imperialism. the Japanese militarists their shock- there is no analogy at all between brigade in aggression against Korea the two. In 1956, Khrushehov revi- The Soviet revisionists, the Vice- and Asia. Kim Jai Sook expressed sionism rn,as only beginning to raise Premier continued, have shown by

September 13, 1968 31 their evil deeds that thev and the cultural revolution in China is ex- plete bankruptcy of the counter- U.S. imperialists are jachals froin cellent and an invigorating revolu- revolutionary schemes of China's IL the same lair. The great leader of tionary atmosphere prevails every- Khrushchov and his agents every- i4 the Chinese people Chairman N{ao 'ivhere. Revolutionary committees where and has totally exploded aII Itr has said. "The U.S. imperialists have been prov- f' set up in all the the counter-revolutionary lies fabri- Z and aII other such vermin have inces, . municipalities arrq auton- cated by U.S. imperialism and So- + already created their orvn grave- omous regions (with exception viet revisionism, shattering aII their + the IA diggers; the day of their burial is of Taiwan Province) in our eountry, fond dreams for bringing about o'peaceful not far off." We are firmly con- and ihe whole country is now red. evolution" in China. vinced that, under the guidance of This great is a victory for the in- Vice-Premier Chen Yi said: The ^.i Marxism, Leninism and .Mao vincible thought of Mao Tse-tung, Tse-tung's thought, the day will revolutionary people of all countries +i a great victory for Chairman Mao's may rest assured the Chinese )L come when the people of all that proletarian revolutionary line, a people, tempered in the great prole- n' countries will bury once and for all + great event in the seizing of all- revolution, will for imperialism headed by the United tarian cultural round victory in the great pro- remain their staunch and most 6 States and modern revisionism with ever letarian cultural revolution, and a revolutionary comrades-in- Soviet revisionism as its centre. reliable tu1 matter for great rejoicing in the arms in their struggle against im- 6FlJI Chen Yi said: At present, the political life of our 700 million perialism, modern revisionism and ,*i situation great proletarian ,{\ in the people! It has proclaimed the com- I all reaction. 7t I )L

PEKING REYIEW

VoI. 11, No. 37 Published in English, French, Spanish, September 13, 1968 Japanese and German editions

tN TH|S ISSUE

ARIICTES AND DOCUMENTS Meisoge From Com?edei Floxho ond Shehu lo Choir. mon Moo, Vice-Choirmon Lin Pioo ond Premier Long Live the All-Round Victory in the Greot Chou En-lci Most Ardently Congrotulotinq Them Estoblishment- Proletorion eulturol R.evolution! Hoilinq the on of Revolutionorv Cornmittees Thrcughout Chino 11 Estoblishment of Revolutionory Commiitees- in All Provinces, Municipolities ond Autonomous Regions "Honggi" (Red Flog) Editor's Note (With the Exception of Toiwon Province) in Chino The Revolution in Educotion in Colleges oi Scrence Editoriol of "Renmin Riboo" ond "Jie.fongjun - ond Engineerinq os Reflected in the Struggle Boo" Between the lwo Lines ot the Shonqhoi lnstitute of Mechonicol Enqineerlng (Report oi on ln- Peking Rolly ol Armymen and Ciuilions Wormly vestigotion) - l3 Celebrotes Founding of Reuolutionory Cornmittees C.orry the Greot Revolution on the journolistlc Fronl All Over Chino t Through to the End Repudioting the Counter- Revolutionory Revisionisl- Line on }ournolism of Premier Chou En-loi,s Speech 6 Chino's Khrushchov fls77mi11 Ribao. ITonoqi ond Jiefangjun Bao- Editoriol Deportrnents 1B Comrqde Chiong Ching's Speech 8 Ccmrode Chong Szu-teh As I Remember Him- Chen Yoo 28 Revolutionory Committees of Tibet .ond Sinkiong Simultoneously Estoblished' IHE WEEK 31

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