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Medical Metaphors in Plutarch: the Εxample of Πολιτικὴ Ἰατρεία

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Medical Metaphors in Plutarch: the Εxample of Πολιτικὴ Ἰατρεία Medical Metaphors in Plutarch: The Εxample of πολιτικὴ ἰατρεία Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde der Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil) der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Fachbereiche Sprache, Literatur, Medien I & II der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Eleni Plati aus Volos (Griechenland) Hamburg 2020 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christian Brockmann (Betreuer) 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Lennartz Datum der Disputation: 09.09.2020 Στους γονείς μου και την αδερφή μου Στη μνήμη του λατρεμένου μου θείου Τάκη Acknowledgments The idea of this project was conceived during my graduate studies at the University of Thessaloniki. From the inception of it to the final stage of this study, I have accumulated many debts to people who have supported me in one way or another. First of all, I am indebted to my supervisor Christian Brockmann for his careful remarks, acute comments, and intellectual support. I am also grateful to Professor Klaus Lennartz for his comments and intellectual enthusiasm, and to the whole scientific board that I met at the University of Hamburg. I would especially like to thank Marlene Grau for her encouragement and support on language matters. For supportiveness and stimulating discussion on Plutarchan matters and beyond I must look further back too. I am indebted to all my professors from the University of Thessaloniki, especially to Professor Evangelos Alexiou, who was the first who inspired me into the Plutarchan world. My warmest gratitude belongs to the dearly departed Professor Paraskevi Kotzia, who urged me to delve into the Galenic Corpus. Moreover, I am grateful to my Professor Maria Andronikou for her moral support and encouragement. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the Foundations that supported this project financially. The financial assistance provided by the Foundation for Education and European Culture (IPEP) allowed me to begin and promote my doctoral studies at the University of Hamburg. Furthermore, the grant by the Leventis Foundation made the progress of this study possible. Finally, the fellowship by the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the collaborative research center CRC 1015 Otium offered me the necessary otium to complete this study in peace of mind at the University of Freiburg. Above all, I wholeheartedly thank my friends and family for their support and affection in every imaginable manner. Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction Research Status ........................................................................................................................... 2 Politics and Medicine .................................................................................................................. 7 Terminology, Scope and Structure of the Study ....................................................................... 11 Chapter I The frontiers between medicine and philosophy 1.1. The Philological Debate ................................................................................................. 16 1.2 Ancient Sources on scientia and sapientia ...................................................................... 18 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter II Preliminary theoretical framework: Metaphors in context 2.1. Plato: εἰκών ..................................................................................................................... 28 2.2. Aristotle and the conceptual metaphor theory ................................................................ 30 2.3. Metaphor and intertextuality: Does metaphor open a text to its intertext? .................... 35 2.3.1. Interdiscursivity and medicine ................................................................................. 36 2.3.2. Metaphor and textuality of science: Does metaphor obscure or uncover scientific truth? .................................................................................................................................. 37 2.4. Galen on metaphor and Metaphors in medicine ............................................................. 38 2.5. Plutarch on metaphor ...................................................................................................... 45 2.6. Papyrus Hamburgensis 128............................................................................................ 50 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter III Metaphors from anatomy 3.1. ὥσπερ οἱ τῶν ἰατρῶν δεσμοί .......................................................................................... 58 3.2. παράρθρησις ................................................................................................................... 62 3.3. κατάτασις–κατάστασις ................................................................................................... 64 3.4. Galen & Aristotle on motion .......................................................................................... 67 3.5. Plutarch, Aristotle and Galen on proper place ................................................................ 68 3.6. δικαιοτάτη φύσις ............................................................................................................. 70 3.6.1. κατὰ φύσιν ............................................................................................................... 72 3.6.2. παρὰ φύσιν ............................................................................................................... 73 3.7. Ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ μετὰ τὴν τομὴν φεύγων τὸν ἰατρόν .......................................................... 78 3.8. ἕλκος Τηλέφειον ............................................................................................................. 80 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 85 Chapter ΙV ἀπόρρητος πολιτικὴ ἰατρεία Towards a Plutarchan political philosophy in the flesh (Praec. ger. reip. 814F-815C): 4.1. The term of embodiment in Cognitive Linguistic Theory (CLT) .................................. 88 4.2. πρᾷος ἰατρός: Philanthropia in medicine and politics ................................................... 90 4.3. ὥσπερ ἰατροὶ τὰ ταρακτικὰ πάθη τῆς πολιτείας ἔξω τρέποντες: Warding off the longa manus of the political doctor ................................................................................................. 94 4.4. ὡς γὰρ ἰατρός, ἀφελὼν πολὺ τοῦ διεφθορότος αἵματος: Bloodletting and political corruption............................................................................................................................... 99 4.5. ὀλίγον ἀβλαβοῦς τροφῆς προσήνεγκεν: Regimen against πλῆθος and στάσις ............ 102 4.6. διαφ(θ)ορά and πρόσκρου(σ)μα: Corruption in the political and human body ............ 108 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 113 Chapter V Metaphors from mixture (κρᾶσις) 5.1. δεῖ τὸ ἀπαθὲς καὶ τὸ ὑγιαῖνον ἐγκεκρᾶσθαι πολύ ........................................................ 115 5.2. ἰσχύσασα-σύμμετρος κρᾶσις vs στάσις ........................................................................ 118 5.3. Hippocrates on κρᾶσις .................................................................................................. 121 5.4. Galen on κρᾶσις ............................................................................................................ 123 5.5. Plutarch on κρᾶσις ........................................................................................................ 127 5.6. Plutarchus Aristotelicus and Galenus Aristotelicus on δι’ ὅλων κρᾶσις ...................... 130 5.6.1. The Aristotelian schema on μίξις, κρᾶσις, and σύνθεσις ....................................... 131 5.6.2 The paradigm of τετραφάρμακον ............................................................................ 132 5.6.3. Body going through body: The Stoic ἀντιπαρέκτασις ........................................... 134 5.7. Political bodies going through political bodies: Plutarch towards a Stoic ἀντιπαρέκτασις of political bodies?............................................................................................................... 142 5.8. ὕπουλος in medicine and politics ................................................................................. 149 5.9. ἄκρατος δημοκρατία and ἐλευθερία ............................................................................. 154 5.10. ὠφελέειν, ἢ μὴ βλάπτειν ............................................................................................. 159 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 163 Texts, translations, and abbreviations .................................................................................... 167 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 168 Appendix: Summary .................................................................................................................................. 191 Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................................
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