Hat Creek Project- Inventory, Assessment and Evaluation of the Cultural Heritze Resources - September 1979
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BRITISHCOLUMBIA HYDRO AND POWER AUTHORITY HATCREEK PROJECT Beirne, P.D. and D.L. Pokotylo, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Universityof British Columbia- Hat Creek Project- Inventory, Assessment and Evaluation of the Cultural HeritzE Resources - September 1979 NVIRO'N h dENTA VlP ACT STATE:MENT REFERENCE NIJMBE R: 60 HATCREEK PROJECT: INVENTORY, ASSESSMENTAND EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES Patricia 0. Beirneand David L. Pokotylo DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGYAND SOCIOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA VANCOUVER, 8. C. Finalversion September 1979 HAT CREEKPROJECT: INVENTORY, ASSESSMENT AN0 EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES PART ONE - THEASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE UPPER HAT CREEK VALLEY CONTENTS TABLES FIGURES PLATES 1.0 SUMMARY 2.0 INTRODUCTION 3.0 INVENTORY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES 4.0 ASSESSMENT OF THECULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE SITE STUOYAREA 5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPECTEDAOVERSE AN0 BENEFICIAL IMPACTS 6.0 EVALUATION OF WTENTIAL IMPACTS 7.0 REFERENCES CITED PART TWO - RECOMMENOATIONSFOR THE MITIGATION OF AOVERSE IMPRCTS ... GENERATEDBY THE PROPOSED HAT CREEKCOAL DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS u TABLES FIGURES m 1.0 SUMMARY 1' il a CONTENTS - (Cont'd) Section Subject PART TWO - RECOMMENDATIONSFOR THE MITIGATION OF ADVERSE IMPACTS GENERATED BY THE PROPOSED HAT CREEK COAL DNELOPKNT - (Cont'd) 2.0 INTRODUCTION 3.0 TYPES OF MITIGATIVE ACTIONS 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ALTERNATIVESFOR MITIGATIVE ,ACTIONS 5.0 SCHEDULE,STRUCTURE AND ESTIMATEDCOSTS OF RECOMIflENDED MITIGATION PROGRAMME 6.0 CITEDREFERENCES APPENDICES Appendix No. A Constituent Values of CulturalHeritage Resources; in the Upper Hat Creek Valley StudyArea B Geographic Distributions of CulturalHeritage Resources in the HatCreek Study Area C 1977 Quadrats:Predominant Vegetation 0 Group Assignments for ArchaeologicalSites Recorded in 1977 E Glossary PART ONE - THE ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE UPPER HAT CREEK VALLEY CONTENTS -Section Subject 9 1.0 SUMMARY 1-1 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Terms of Reference 2-1 2.2 Scope and Purpose 2-2 2.3 Ethnographic Background 2-8 2.4 Historic Background 2 - 34 2.5 Previous Archaeological Research in the Southern Interior Plateau 2 - 38 3.0 INVENTORY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES 3.1 General ,Categories of Cultural Heritage Resources 3-1 3.2 Inventory Methodology 3-4 3.3 Smary of Heritage Resources in the Regional Study Area and other Relevant Areas of the Southern Interior Plateau 3 - 13 3.4 Sumnary of Cultural Heritage Resources in the Local Study Area 3 - 27 3.5 Summary of Cultural Heritage Resources in the Site Study Area 3 - 33 3.6 Synthesis of Cultural Heritage Information ?ram the Regional, Local and Site Study Areas 3 - 98 4.0 ASSESSMENT OF THE CULTURALHERITAGE RESOURCES IN THESITE STUDY AREA 4.1 Criteria used to Assess Cultural Heritage Resource Values 4-1 4.2 Procedures used to Assess Cultural Heritage Values 4-7 4.3 Values Inherent in the Cultural Heritage Resources inSite the Study Area 4-9 5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPECTED ADVERSEAN0 BENEFICIAL IMPACTS 5.1 Types of Proposed Development - Related Impact, thei r Sources, their Geographic Distribution and Schedule 5-1 -i- Part One CONTENTS - (Cont' d) Section Subject & 5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPECTED AOVERSE AN0 BENEFICIAL IMPACTS - (Cont'd) 5.2 Expected Impacts without the Proposed Development 5-7 6.0 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS 6.1 Types and Names of Cultural Heritage Resources Affected by Impacts 6-1 6.2 Cultural Heritage Resource Values affected by Impacts 6-7 6.3 Overall Value of the Cultural Heritage Resources 6 - 13 7.0 REFERENCES CITED Table No. 2-1 Edible Roots in the Southern Interior: Habitat and Seasonal Availability 2-12 2-2 Edible Berries in the Southern Interior: Habital. and Seasonal Availability 2 - 13 2-3 Species Eaten as Vegetables by Native Peoples in the Southern InteriorSouthern the 2 - 14 2-4 Sources of Nutlets, Nuts and Seeds in the Southevn Interior 2 - 15 2- 5 Freshwater Fish Species in the Southern Interior 2 - 17 2-6 Small Mammals of Ethnographic Importance in the Southern Interior 2 - 19 .2- 7 Bird Species of Potential Ethnographic Importance the Southern InteriorSouthernin the 2 - 20 2-a Generalized Subsistence Schedule for Upper Thompson, Shuswap and UpperLillooet 2 - 25 CONTENTS - (Cont'd) Table No. 2-9 PopulationEstimates for FraserRiver Groups Circa 1935 2 - 31 3- 1 SamplingOesign Statisticsfor Phase 11 Inventory 3-7 3-2 A Summary of Sanger'sProposed Chronology 3 - 15 3-3 Distribution of Site Categories with Respect to PhysiographicContext in the Local Study Area: Numbers and Percent of Total 3 - 31 3-4 Distribution of Site Categories with Respect to Vegetation in theLocal Study Area: Numbers andTotal Percent of 3 - 32 3-5 Distribution of Site Categories with Respect to Water Availabi 1ity and Source in the Local Study Area: Numbers and Percent of Total 3 - 34 3-6 Phase I (1976) Survey: PrehistoricSites 3 - 35 3-7 Phase I (1976) Survey: Site Tool Assemblages 3 - 36 3-8 Expected Number of Prehistoric Sites in the PhaseArea I Study 3 - 37 3-9 Definitions of Size Classes for Site Area; Number of SurfaceArtifacts, Debitage, Blades and Retouched/Utilized Artifacts; and Density of SurfaceArtifacts Prehistoric for Sites 3 - 40 3-10 Distribution of Phase I Prehistoric Sites by Strata and Site Classes 3 - 42 3- 11 Distribution of Phase I Prehistoric Sites by Strara ... and Site Groups 3 - 43 3-12 Phase I1 (1977) Survey: PrehistoricSites 3 - 45 3-13 Phase 11 (1977) Survey: SiteTool Assemblages 3 - 49 3- 14 Number of Prehistoric Sites and Site Components Recorded for Each Vegetation Zone within each Proposed DevelopmentProposed Zone 3 - 52 .I - iii - Part One . CONTENTS - (Cont'd) Table No. 3-15 Phase 11, Year 1: Expected Number ofPrehistoric Sites and Site Components per Hectare for Vegegation Zone within each ProposedDevelopment .. Zone 3 - 53 3-16 Expected Number of Prehistoric Archaeological L Sites and Site Components for each Vegetation Zone within eachProposed Development Zone 3 - 54 n 3-17 Phase 11, Year 1: Range of Area in Square Meters for Prehistoric Sites and Site Components by Vegetation Zone andProposed Development Zone 3 - 55 a 3-18 Phase 11, Year 1: Range of Number of Artifacts Collected from the Surface of Prehistoric Sites and Site Components by Vegetation Zone and Propo:;ed opm ent Zone Devel opment 3 - 56 3- 19 Distribution of Phase 11, Year 1 Prehistoric Sites and Site ComponentsClassesSi'ze by 3 - 59 3-20 Phase 11. Year 1: Numbers and Types of Prehistoric Sites and Site Components Recorded in Strata A, ti, 0, E and H 3 - 62 3- 21 Phase 11, Year 1: Numbers and Types of Prehistovic Sites and Site Components Recorded in Stratum I 3 - 63 3-22 Phase 11, Year 1: Numbers and Types of Prehistor-ic Sites and Site Components Recorded in Stratum J 3 - 64 3-23 Phase I1 (1978) Survey: PrehistoricSites 3 - 66 3-24 Radiocarbon Dates for ArchaeologicalSites Excavated by the Hat Creek Archaeological Project 3 - 70 3-25 EeRj '159: Excavated Artifact Assemblage by Cluster,Unit and Artifact Type 3 - 85 3- 26 Phase 11 Survey: HistoricSites 3 - 88 3-27 Characteristicsof Archaeological Zones Identified in the in StudyLocal Area 3 - 92 - iv - Part One CONTENTS - (Cont'd) -TABLES - (Cont'd) Table No. 4- 1 Value Indices for Criteria of Scientific Value 4 - 11 4- 2 Value Indices for Criteriaof Public Value 4 - 20 5-1 Area of Land Disturbance from Predicted Direct Impacts 5-3 5-2 Predicted Sources ofDirect Impact and their Categories of Effects 5-4 5-3 Predicted Sources of Indirect Impact and their Categories of Effects 5-6 Expected Number of PrehistoricArchaeological Sites in the Major Development Zones 6- 2 6- 2 Expected Site Groups and Number of Prehistoric Sites within Major Proposed Development Zones 6-4 6-3 Expected Number of Archaeological Sites per Kilometer of Linear Off-site Facilities 6-5 6-4 Values Inherent in Prehistoric Sites Subject to Oirect Impact and not Subject to Oi rect Impact 6-8 6-5 Values Inherent in Prehistoric Sites Subject to Direct Impact from Proposed Major Oevelopment Components 6-12 FIGURES Fiqure No. 2- 1 Regional, Local and Hat Creek Site Study Areas 2-2 Northern Interior SalishEthnographic Group Boundaries 2-3 SchematicSide and Plan View ofSemi-subterranean Pit Houses Utilized by the Thompson Indians -v- Part One CONTENTS - (Cont'd) FIGURES - (Cont'd) Fiqure No. 2-4 Locations of Past Archaeological Research in the Southern Interior Plateau a 3-1 Phase I (1976) Sampling Frame 3-2 Stratified Phase I Sampling Frame and Quadrats Surveyed 3-3 Sampling Frames for No. 1 Openpit Mine and Houttl L Meadows Waste Dump 3-4 Sampling Frames for Medicine CreekWaste/Ash Dump, Upper Medicine CreekAsh Dumps, Harry Lake Power- plant, Powerplant Reservoir, Medicine Creek Offsite Area 111 3- 5 Sampling Frames for Hat CreekDiversion Reservoir 3-6 Combined Study Area of PhaseI and Phase I1 Inventory 1 3- 7 quadrats Sampled forNo. 1 Openpit Mine and Houth Meadows Waste Dump 3-a quadrats Sampled for Medicine CreekWaste/Ash Dump, Upper Medicine CreekAsh Dump, Harry Lake Powerplant, Powerplant Reservoir, Medicine Creek Offsite Area 3-9 C Stratum Quadrats 3-10 L Stratum quadrats 3-33 Borrow Areas A2 and B and Low Grade Coal Dumping Area 3-u Transect Surface Collection SiteMap 3-13 Archaeological Survey Quadrats in the North End of Upper Hat CreekValley 3- 14 Archaeological Survey Areas within Proposed Develop- ment Components - vi - Part One i' CONTENTS - (Cont'd) FIGURES - (Cont'd) Figure No. 3-15 ExcavatedArchaeological Sites in Upper HatCreek Val ey1 3-16 Borden Grid DesignationsApplicable to the Local Study Area 3- 17 Elevations of Sitesin the LocalStudy Area: a)Eleva- tions of Cultural Depression Sites with Artifacts, b) Elevations of CulturalDepression Sites without Artifacts, c)Elevations of Lithic Scatters 3-18 ClusterAnalysis of Phase I Site Tool Assemblages; 3-19 Distribution of Phase I Prehistoric Sites by Elevation 3-20 Distribution of Phase I1 (1977) PrehistoricSites by Elevation 3-21 Distribution of Known CulturalDepressions in the Upper Hat Creek Valley 3- 22 DimensionsRecorded for Cultural Depressions 3-23 EeRj 71, EnvironmentalSetting 3-24 EeRj 71.