Thompson-Nicola Regional District Regional Growth Strategy September 2015 Release September

TNRD Development Services Department 300-465 Victoria St. Kamloops, BC V2C 2A9 Office 250.377.8673 Toll Free (BC) 1.877.377.8673 www.tnrd.ca

Introduction

The Board of Directors adopted Regional Growth Strategy Bylaw 2409 in May of 2013, updating the original RGS of 2000. The RGS promotes human settlement that is socially, economically and environmentally responsible and that makes efficient use of public facilities, services, land, and other critical resources. The Local Government Act requires Regional Districts that have adopted an RGS to establish a program to monitor the implementation and the progress made towards the objectives and actions of that Strategy, and then to report on that progress on an annual basis. Monitoring RGS success requires gathering information to gauge our progress towards meeting the goals and objectives we have established. After extensive government and stakeholder consultation, the Board approved the 10 indicators that are examined in this report. The hope is that over time this data reveals trends that give us an accurate indication of the progress we are making toward achieving our RGS goals. These trends can determine the effectiveness of actions already implemented and the need for additional actions to protect current and future sustainability of our region. Monitoring gives us a feedback loop to tell us about the outcome of our decisions, those of higher governments, and the events and trends - sometimes global - that impact our lives in the TNRD.

Acronym Reference List of 10 Indicators

ALC Agricultural Land Commission LHA Local Health Area 1. Population ALR Agricultural Land Reserve MF Multi-Family AQHI Air Quality Health Index MoE Ministry of Environment 2. Housing BC British Columbia MSW Municipal Solid Waste BCAA BC Assessment Authority MV Motor vehicle 3. Transportation BMI Body Mass Index NAICS North American Industry Classification System BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy NHS National Household Survey 4. Economy

CAC Criteria Air Contaminants NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide CEEI Community Energy & Emissions Inventory PM10 Particulate matter 10 µm or less in diameter 5. Employment CRD Cariboo Regional District PM2.5 Particulate matter 2.5 µm or less in diameter 6. Agriculture EA Electoral Area RGS Regional Growth Strategy EC Established community RSWMP Regional Solid Waste Management Plan 7. Agricultural Protection FVRD Fraser Valley Regional District SFD Single-family dwelling GHG Greenhouse Gas SMR Standardized Mortality Ratio 8. Environmental Health GIS Geographic Information Systems SOV Single occupancy vehicle ha hectare TNRD Thompson-Nicola Regional District 9. Waste Diversion HSDA Health Service Delivery Area TODR Thompson-Okanagan Development Region IR Indian Reserve 10. Composite Health Indicator Population Indicator How has population changed in municipalities and rural areas? What are the key Regional population trends of the past 5 years?

RGS Goal: to recognize the importance of domestic and international immigration and attracting young families in 1 developing our labour force

The RGS encourages new residential development to locate in established communities, meaning those Commentary serviced by community systems. Creating smaller lots in communities with established services allows for more The TNRD 2006 to 2011 population increase of 5.1% is less than the provincial 7% increase over the same cost-effective services now and in the future. The RGS also recognizes the importance of increasing our labour period. Given the addition of 5,302 people, 86% of the total TNRD increase was in the City of Kamloops. The force and thus attracting young families via domestic or international immigration. other 10 municipalities, combined, gained 502 people. Our EAs lost more people (738) than the small municipalities gained. This urbanization trend parallels the global rural to urban migration as mechanization of Context agriculture and resource extraction drives people to cities to secure work. This trend is also due to seniors Population increase across the TNRD is neither directly influenced by the RGS nor a specific RGS objective. moving to larger communities to be closer to health care and families to be closer to education and other However, population - where growth is occurring and who is moving where – has a critical impact on the Region community services. This shift conforms to the RGS policies that guide new residential development into and its local governments. 1) Where growth occurs is important because communities that are compact (dense populated centres where services are available and where those services will be more cost-efficient as the population areas with smaller lots) and complete (where people can live, work, play and worship near home) per-capita costs go down due to an economy of scale. make cost efficient use of services, infrastructure, and resources. 2) Who is moving to the TNRD is important because our population is aging. Attracting and retaining young families refreshes the labour pool, expands the First Nations are the fastest market for goods and services, and assures a future for our established communities. growing population in our region, a trend repeated Where is population growth occurring? across the Province and the country. Population across the Chart 1.1 shows that there has been a 5.1% increase in population in the TNRD between 2006 and 2011 71 mainly rural reserves in the (Canada Census). The City of Kamloops had a 6.6% increase while all other municipalities combined had a TNRD increased by 1,121, 2.6% increase. EAs combined saw a 4.3% reduction. Indian Reserves experienced a 19.2% increase and the countering the trend to fastest growth in our region. urbanization, qualifying: local population increase on IRs is affected by the Sun Rivers Chart 1.1: Census Population residential development on 140000 2006 Kamloops IR No. 1.* Some local First Nations have opted 120000 2011 to enter into partnerships with local governments to extend 100000 services to their communities. RGS policy supports First Bass Coast Music & Arts Festival, EA “N” south of Merritt July, 2015 80000 Nations collaboration in regional settlement planning. 60000 Summary 40000 The 2006 and 2011 Census provide statistics for our 20000 municipalities, EAs and Indian Reserves. BC Statistics makes population estimates for interval years 2012 to 0 2014. Both the Census populations and BC estimates 10 Kamloops All ALL EAs ALL IRs All EAs and IRs TNRD BC (x 100) are shown on Figure 1.2. BC Statistics estimates do not Municipalities* Municipalities* include population residing on Indian Reserves. (excl Kamloops) * Kamloops IR1 (which includes Sun Rivers) population data is * 2006 data is configured so as to assume Barriere, Clearwater and Sun Peaks existed as municipalities. not disaggregated for aboriginal vs. non-aboriginal population growth. Kamloops, Source: PictureBC Indicator Population How has the population changed in municipalities and rural areas? What are the key Regional population 2006: 122,286 1 trends of the past 5 years? 2011: 128,473 5.1%

90000 Summary – Age Distribution Chart 1.2: Census Populations and Estimates for Municipalities and Total EAs The 2011 Population-Age Distribution Graph shows the overall TNRD age distribution ranges in dark green 2006 Census 2011 Census 2012** 2013** 2014** vs. that of all of BC, scaled down, shown in lighter colour overlay. The bulge of dark colours on the graph ** 2012, 2013 and 2014 populations are estimates indicates a relatively high proportion of residents aged 45 to 65, both in comparison with other age ranges in 80000 the TNRD, and also in comparison with the age-distribution demographic of BC.

Chart 1.3: Population Distribution Commentary 2011 Census 70000 # of People - BC Chart 1.2 shows the estimated populations of our municipalities and 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 total EAs for 2012 to 2014, with the known Census populations of 2006 and 2011. The estimates show a total TNRD population increase of 85 + Female TNRD 2,438 residents from 2011 to 2014. It is estimated that the City of 80-84 Male TNRD 60000 Kamloops saw 1,565 new residents or 64% of TNRD growth. 2011-2014 75-79 Female BC Male BC estimates also show our 10 EAs having a population increase of 643 70-74 people (26% of TNRD population growth). This is almost double the RGS forecast for EAs which estimated that only 15% of the population 65-69 50000 growth would occur in rural areas. 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40000 40-44

Age (years) 35-39 30-34 25-29 30000 20-24 15-19 10-14 20000 5-9 0-4

6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 # of People - TNRD 10000

Commentary - Who is moving here – Demographics: The predominance of an aging TNRD population means that our natural growth rate (i.e. generated by 0 existing residents having children) is lower than other communities with a higher proportion of young people. This means that the migration (domestic and international) of people into the TNRD will become increasingly important for growth and for our ability to provide a viable labour force for the business and industries that keep our economy prosperous. As the broader provincial and national labour market is challenged with the natural decrease in younger workers, communities will compete to be the most attractive and family-friendly destination. Health and educational infrastructure as well as recreational amenities contribute to a high quality of life for all, and may become the deciding factor for migrating families. Housing Indicator Percentage of new housing starts in Electoral Areas located in Established Communities vs Rural

RGS Goal: to preserve the rural and wilderness character of the region; contain urban and rural sprawl by building on the existing 2 network of diverse regional centers; and protect open space, and rural character.

Context New housing starts are The TNRD is forecast to grow by 29,000 residents by 2036. Approximately the number of dwellings 18,000 new housing units will be required to accommodate these new created by building residents. The RGS encourages new homes to be located in established permits issued for single communities where residents can live, work, and play in one place. family dwellings, multi- Whether housing starts happened in Established Communities (EC) or family dwellings, & Rural areas will have an impact on infrastructureApproved budgets; cost-effective manufactured homes shared transportation services; and the ability to meet our greenhouse gas Refused emissions reduction targets.

Chart 2.1: Total # New Housing Units Started 900 850 Established Community or Rural? 800 New housing is considered to be in an 750 established community if it is: 700 • within a municipality; 650 • served by a community water and/or

# Units 600 community sewer system; 2 550 • 2,000 m (1/2 acre) or less; or 500 • in a MHP. 450 All other locations are “Rural” 400 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Summary This indicator tracks the number of housing starts in municipalities and EAs for the 5 years from 2010 to 2014 and categorizes whether the housing unit is in an Established Community or Rural area. The Housing Starts map (adjacent) shows the number of new starts by administrative area and whether built in an Established Community or a Rural area. The number and location of starts is gathered annually by TNRD Building Inspection and GIS Services and by member municipalities. Chart 2.1 shows a significant drop in the number of housing starts from 870 in 2010 to the low 500s for the remaining years. Note the 2013 small spike, when 626 new housing units were started. Our longer term historical construction statistics show a cyclical pattern of housing starts with the most recent spike in 2008. Over this time, 76% of the total units started were in the City of Kamloops, suggesting the TNRD shares a global trend to urbanization. Chart 2.2 shows that the majority, 80%, of housing starts in Electoral Areas were in Rural areas rather than Established Communities. Chart 2.3 shows that 32% of the new housing starts were multi-family buildings. Housing Indicator Percentage of new housing starts in Electoral Areas located in Established Communities vs Rural 2 20%

According to the data, only 20% of housing starts in Electoral Chart 2.2: Proportion of New Housing Commentary Areas are built in Established Communities (see Chart 2.2). Starts in EAs An increasing trend in the % of units being built in an While we anticipate the Established Community would mean that we are moving construction of ~720 toward the RGS goal of containing rural sprawl by building on housing units/year until the existing network of diverse regional centers. Conversely, 2036, there are many an increase in housing starts in Rural areas is inconsistent with factors that affect the rural character of an area, be it the result of subdivision of annual residential 20% land or the fragmentation of multiple-parcel farms. EC building starts, 80% including: investor Note: 10% of Rural new housing starts were second or Rural confidence, availability “additional” dwellings for farm help. As farms are land- of skilled workers, extensive operations often kilometers from established interest rates, and the communities, additional dwellings for farm help are permitted economy’s impact on as means of allowing workers (often family members) to live in household size. proximity to their work. This need for proximal living is not the case for other rural industries where it is accepted that labour travels from nearby established communities and may not want to live close to industrial operations for health or aesthetic reasons.

Chart 2.3: New Housing Starts As per Chart 2.3, 32% of new housing starts are in multi- Single Family vs. Multi-Family family (MF) buildings. This segment of the housing market is expected to have the greatest relative growth over the next 25 years, with an estimated 38% (7,000 of 18,000 units) forecast to be built in MF buildings. Multi-family buildings have a lower per unit construction cost and cost less to heat in winter and 68% cool in summer making operating more affordable. They also SFD mean a higher number of users per metre of infrastructure and significant servicing cost efficiencies for local government. Multi-family housing results in higher density Venables Valley MF thus more affordable and efficient public transportation systems. 32%

Where are new homes being built? Of the rural units built 2010 to 2014 in all Electoral Areas, 50% were in EAs “J”, “L”, & “P,” surrounding Kamloops on parcels within daily commuting distance of the city.

This Indicator could be improved by tracking the density of housing in Rural areas vs. Established 2009 Keystone Award Winner, Source: CHBA Communities, rather than simply the number of housing starts. This may be possible in future RGS reports as we develop the capacity to pinpoint new dwelling units qualitatively by geography. The indicator could also be improved by including new housing starts on Indian Reserves. Transportation Indicator Commute to work – Mode of Transportation

RGS Goal: Integrate energy and transportation considerations with land use and settlement planning to achieve 3a conservation, mobility, and efficiency goals

Context Commentary Commute to work duration and travel mode share is the common indicator applied to monitor energy and transportation use. This indicator provides the number and % of residents commuting to work by specific modes, Driving in an SOV is the least energy-efficient way to get to work. As per Chart 3.1, 68% of TNRD commuters including single occupancy vehicle (SOV). with a usual place of work drove an SOV in 2006. By 2011, the proportion of SOV commuters increased to 70%. The commute to work travel mode share tells us how residents travel to get to work. It tells us what proportion of The proportion of commuters in Kamloops was the same, 68% SOV in 2006, rising slightly to 70% by 2011. residents are commuting by bus, bike and walking or whether we are commuting in single occupancy vehicles While Kamloops had a 6% increase in commuters 2006 to 2011, the city also made significant transportation (cars, trucks, vans, or motorcycles). infrastructure improvements such as the North Shore Transit Exchange and the construction of extensive walking/cycling paths. In all of our municipalities combined, the rate and pattern of SOV increase was similar. The duration of commute tells how much time residents spend getting to work. An increase in the duration of commute usually signifies an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and impacts the quality of life for Our EAs combined marked a decrease in the proportion of SOV commuters, from 77% in 2006, to 72% in 2011. commuters who must spend time away from family and leisure activities. Unfortunately commute duration data This may be a function of a corresponding 14% drop in the number of commuters living in the EAs (from 6,685 is available for 2011 only, thus 2011 serves as the baseline for future monitoring reports. to 5,815) over that same time period. The Community Energy & Emissions Inventory (CEEI), a report prepared by the Province, estimates the amount Quick facts Chutter Ranch Cattle Drive of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated in a given community by road transportation, buildings and solid waste. CEEI Walking: Sun Peaks, at 51%, had reports have been published for 2007 and 2010. the greatest proportion of residents that walked to work in 2006. In 2011, Summary EA “B” (Thompson Headwaters) with The mode of travel used to commute to work has 2 significant impacts: 1) quantity of GHG emissions generated 40% had the highest proportion of impacts air quality for all the residents; and 2) impact on health – are we getting exercise as we commute or are walking commuters; with Sun Peaks we sedentary? Single occupancy vehicle travel is the least efficient in energy use per person, produces the having the 2nd highest rate at 38%. most GHGs per person, and involves the least exercise (noting transit riders walk greater distances from transit This is likely a result of compact stops to their homes and places of work). By contrast, walking and cycling are the most active travel modes, community design and a network of producing next to no emissions. Commute to work travel mode data was gathered by Statistics Canada in the interconnected pathways in these 2006 Census and the 2011 National Household Survey. communities. Cycling: In 2006, EA “B” had the greatest % of folks cycling to work; then in 2011 Chase had the greatest Chart 3.1: Mode of Transportation proportion of cyclist commuters. Blue River, Avola, and Chase are all relatively flat, easy ground for cycling. TNRD 2006 Transit: In 2006, Lytton had the highest proportion of residents commuting to work by transit, while Kamloops TNRD 2011 had the second highest transit commuters. This is a difficult comparison given the population of Lytton as compared to Kamloops. By 2011, Kamloops had the greatest proportion of transit commuters. Kamloops 2006

Kamloops 2011 Hwy 5A North of Nicola Lake All Municipalities 2006 SOVs: In 2006, EA “L” (Grasslands) had the All Municipalities 2011 greatest % of residents who All EAs 2006 commuted to work in an All EAs 2011 SOV, followed by EA “A” (Wells Gray Country). All EAs & IRs 2006

All EAs & IRs 2011

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Car, truck, van as driver Car,truck, van as passenger (including taxi cabs) Public transit Walked Bicycle Motorcycle Other methods Transportation Proportion Indicator Commute to work – Duration and Emissions of People Using 3b SOVs

Summary Data for the duration of commute to work was gathered by Statistics Canada in the 2011 NHS. The prior Chart 3.3: Source of Emissions - 2010 Transportation Census did not collect this data thus we cannot use this indicator to gauge historical trends. We can however Building compare the duration of travel between areas within the TNRD and against the provincial average. % of Total Emissions Solid Waste TNRD

Ashcroft Chart 3.2: 2011 Average Commute Duration (minutes) CN tracks at Kamloops Lake, Source: Flickr Barriere Cache Creek BC Chase

TNRD Clearwater Clinton All EAs Kamloops

All Municipalities Logan Lake Lytton Kamloops Merritt

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Electoral Areas

Commentary 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% As shown above, the average commuting time for workers in the TNRD is 19.8 minutes, below the 25.1 minute Commentary average for all of BC. Looking at the difference between our combined municipalities and EAs, predictably the The TNRD has committed to 1) reducing emissions 2) being carbon neutral in corporate operations, and 3) average commuting time is 9 min less in municipalities than EAs as most secondary and tertiary employers are creating complete, compact and more energy-efficient rural and urban communities. We achieved carbon in municipalities that have the services required by their businesses and for their employees. Average neutral status in our corporate operations in 2013. The 2007 baseline showed that the transportation sector commuting times are longer for EA residents (27.6 min), many of whom commute to municipalities where most generated the greatest % of GHG emissions, followed by buildings and solid waste. The 2007 and 2010 service-sector employers are based. An exception is of course primary resource industry and tourism employers Inventory data shows that total tCO e emission generated in the TNRD has decreased 1.5%. However, during who may be in rural areas due to the location of the given natural resource. 2 that same period, the CO2 emissions generated by road transportation increased by 22,443 tonnes (from The 2011 commuting duration data is also grouped into 15-minute intervals. While the TNRD and combined 583,675 to 606,118 tonnes). municipalities have half of all residents commuting less than 15 minutes to work, only 36% of our EAs have such a short commute. 23% of EA residents commute for 30 to 45 minutes and 9% of EA residents commute an Chart 3.4: 2007 TNRD Emissions by Sector hour or more. EAs are broader geographically and the actual number of commuters is substantially lower, thus Chart 3.5: 2010 TNRD Emissions by Sector (t CO e) (t CO e) the impact on air quality is less significant. Still the longer commute may have a negative impact on quality of 2 2 life, qualifying that some EA residents may believe that the long drive to their rural homes is worth every minute. 9% 7% Transportation Summary Buildings The Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI) is a report prepared by Solid Waste the Province that tracks the use of energy and production of greenhouse gas Emissions in the TNRD 29% emissions (GHG) for the Regional District and municipalities. Using the 2007 (tonnes CO2e) 30% CEEI report as a baseline, the TNRD having signed the Climate Action Charter has committed to reducing our GHG emissions 10% by 2020 and 33% by 2050. 2007 964,185 CEEI reports for 2007 and 2010 show that carbon dioxide emissions (tCO e) in 61% 2 2010 949,978 64% the TNRD have decreased slightly. Economy Indicator Number of New Jobs in the region

RGS Goal: to support and encourage existing primary, secondary, and tertiary industries while promoting new economic 4 development opportunities.

Context Chart 4.2: Employment by Industry Sector (NAICS) Tracking the number of net new jobs in the region gives us an indication of the general health of the regional economy. Comparing past years of employment numbers with current data will give us the 2006 to 2011 # People Employed number of new jobs (or job losses) as an indicator of economic sustainability. While local government 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting is not the central level of government responsible, decisions regarding development can lay the # of jobs 21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction foundations for new business. Also, investment in health, education, and recreational infrastructure 22 Utilities assists in business attraction and retention as employers understand how quality of life makes a - 0.98% 23 Construction region more desirable for potential employees. 31-33 Manufacturing Summary 41 Wholesale trade The Canada Censuses of 2006 and 2011 contain the most accurate employment numbers for the TNRD. Chart 44-45 Retail trade 4.1 shows that between 2006 and 2011, there was a loss of 665 jobs in the TNRD. During that same period, the 48-49 Transportation and warehousing number of employed people in all municipalities increased by 240, while in EAs and Indian Reserves the number 51 Information and cultural industries of employed people decreased by 910. 52 Finance and insurance 2006 53 Real estate and rental and leasing 2011 Chart 4.1: Total # of Jobs 54 Professional, scientific and technical services 70000 2006 55 Management of companies and enterprises Spectra Energy, Savona, Source: Ministry of Environment 56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 60000 2011 61 Educational services 50000 62 Health care and social assistance 71 Arts, entertainment and recreation 40000 72 Accommodation and food services 81 Other services (except public administration) 30000

# Employed 91 Public administration 20000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

10000 Commentary 0 The top 3 fields employing the most people in the TNRD are all a part of the service sector, the dominant TNRD All Municipalities All EAs & IRs employment category. Next highest is construction, also top of the “goods producing” sectors. The ranking of Commentary these top 4 remained unchanged from 2006 to 2011. The sectors employing the most people in 2011 across Census data (see Chart 4.1) indicates that between 2006 and 2011 there was a 0.98% net loss of jobs in the BC were also in the services: 1) Retail trade; 2) Health care and social assistance; 3) Professional, scientific TNRD. Factors leading to the job loss include the 2007-2008 drop in housing starts which had a significant and technical services; and 4) Accommodation and Food. (Previously in 2006, manufacturing employed the impact on lumber demand and the general economic recession that was triggered by the USA sub-prime 3rd highest number of people in BC). mortgage crisis. During this time, 910 jobs (28%) were lost in the Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries/Hunting In TNRD municipalities, Retail led with the highest employment in 2011, followed by Health Care and Social sector and 1,430 jobs (30%) were lost in the manufacturing Assistance. In EAs and IRs, the primary resource industries (Agriculture/forestry/fishing/hunting) employed the sector (including wood product and furniture manufacturing). Top TNRD employment sectors (2011): most people - even after the 28% drop in this sector from 2006 to 2011. Construction was the second highest Summary employment sector in EAs and IRs for both 2006 and 2011. 1. Health Care and Social Assistance Chart 4.2 shows the numbers of TNRD residents employed in 2. Retail Trade The sector forecast to grow most rapidly in the TNRD is Health, with a projected 3,950 jobs being created over different industry sectors. 3. Accommodation and Food the next 25 years. The general trend toward more jobs in the service sector (rather than the goods-production 4. Construction sector) is also forecast to continue. Indicator Economy Number of New Jobs in the TNRD Minor Job RGS Goal: to support and encourage existing primary, secondary, and tertiary industries while promoting new economic Loss 4 development opportunities.

Summary Local government land use decisions about health, education, and recreational infrastructure can generally Annual employment numbers are gathered by the Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey, a nation-wide assist in business attraction and retention as employers understand the effect that a high quality of life has on sampling of large geographic areas. The TNRD is a part of the Thompson-Okanagan Development Region bringing employees and their families to the region. This is especially important as demographic change in (TODR) which encompasses 5 southern interior Regional Districts (shown on the adjacent map). Annual Canada forecasts a shortage of labour in coming years. In-migration of young families to the region could employment data is not available for individual Regional Districts. supply labour in what we expect to be a tight labour market in the coming years. While many of our Figure 4.3 Employment Rate for the Thompson-Okanagan Development Region and BC shows a loss of 7,000 municipalities have an economic development service, TNRD ec-dev initiatives have concentrated on the Film jobs from 2008 to 2009 and a net loss of 4,600 jobs over the 6 years between 2008 and 2014. Commission and the development of a new web portal and access to updated community profiles.

Commentary The Labour Force Survey indicates there was an immediate loss of 7,000 jobs in the Region following the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent recession. There was a second significant drop from 2012 to 2013 which can be attributed to the Labour Force Survey loss in service sector jobs (predominately Development Regions accommodation, food, and health care services) reflecting a reigning-in of discretionary expenses as confidence in the economy remained uncertain. 2012 also saw a loss of jobs in the transportation and warehousing industries. In the six years between 2008 and 2014 there was a net loss of 4,600 jobs as employment numbers recovered to 98.2% of the 2008 rate. Again, please note that these figures are not TNRD alone, but the 5 interior Monte Creek Ranch Winery RDs comprising the TODR.

Chart 4.3: Employment Rate 64 BC 63 TODR 62

61

60

59 Source: CPABC Regional Check-Up: Thompson-Okanagan report 58 Employment Rate

57

56

55 New Gold Mine 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Indicator Employment Median Total Income Median Total Income 11% 5 RGS Goal: One of goals of the RGS is to promote and encourage local and regional economic development. 2005 - 2010

Context Chart 5.2: Income by Industry - TNRD 2005 Median Total Income (in 2010 $) The median total income of residents is a reliable indicator of the availability Median Total Income $90,000 $80,000 2010 Median total income of well-paying jobs in the Regional District. Median income history tells us 2005 (in 2010$) $26,404 whether the relative income of our residents is increasing or decreasing. It $70,000 also enables a comparison with what is happening in other jurisdictions. 2010 $29,433 $60,000 $50,000 Summary $40,000 The median total income data comes from 2006 Census and the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), and $30,000 captures the median total income of residents for the year prior to the Census, i.e. 2005 and 2010, respectively. $20,000 For this indicator, the 2005 dollars have been adjusted for inflation for comparison with 2010 dollars. Chart 5.1 $10,000 shows the median total income of TNRD residents; the City of Kamloops; all 11 municipalities combined; all $0 EAs and IRs combined; and for the Province as a whole. 2005 to 2010 income rose in the TNRD, the municipalities combined, and the EAs and IRs combined.

Chart 5.1: Median Annual Income 22 Utilities 23 Construction assistance extraction leasing services industries recreation 44-45 Retail trade 44-45 Retail BC warehousing 41 Wholesale trade and hunting 31-33 Manufacturing and enterprises technical services administration)

The 2010 median total 61 Educational services 91 Publicadministration 62 Health care and social care and Health 62 52 Finance and insurance and Finance 52 21 Mining and oil and gas 48-49 Transportation and

TNRD and… management waste 71 Arts, entertainment and

income of $42,570 for and cultural Information 51 72 Accommodation and food 53 Real estate and rental and and rental estate Real 53 54 Professional, scientific and 55 Management of companies of Management 55 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing Electoral Area “B” 56 Administrative and support, 81 Otherservices (except public (Thompson Headwaters) Kamloops was 54% higher than the income for all EAs All Municipalities Commentary together ($27,467). All EAs and IRs In both 2005 and 2010 in the TNRD, Mining/Oil/Gas, and Utilities were 2 of the 3 highest income employment sectors. The TNRD has 2 large mines at Highland Valley and New Gold; and a number of smaller mining $0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 operations, which provide TNRD residents with well-paying jobs. (As we have no significant oil and gas extraction 2005 Median Total Income 2005 Median Total Income (in 2010 $) 2010 Median Total Income operations in the TNRD, the high incomes in the Mining/Oil/Gas come mostly from the mining portion of that sector, and TNRD residents who work shifts in oil and gas extraction operations in NE BC and Alberta may have Commentary an impact on those numbers). The Utilities sector involves the distribution of electricity, oil, and gas, the treatment Statistics Canada includes the median total income of residents 15 yrs+ in the Census taken every five years. and distribution of water, and the collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage, generally through a permanent We are using the data for people over the age of 15 years, who have an income. In 2005 and 2010, the median infrastructure of lines, pipes and treatment and processing facilities. The Utilities sector has been a consistently total income is used, rather than the average, as extreme values can skew an average. The median total high-income employment sector in the TNRD due to the presence of a number of major oil and gas utilities, BC income of TNRD residents rose from $26,405 in 2005 to $29,408 in 2010, an increase of 11%. The median total Hydro, and many public and private water and sewer systems. income in both the municipalities combined and EAs and IRs combined also increased by 11% from 2005 to In 2010 for our municipalities together, the highest median income sectors were: 1) Management of Companies 2010. By contrast, the median total income for BC increased by only 6%, and the median total income for and Enterprises; 2) Mining/Oil/Gas; and 3) Utilities. Canada increased by only 7% over the same period. In 2010 for our EAs and IRs combined, the highest income sectors were similar: 1) Utilities; 2) Mining/Oil/Gas. Summary Sectors with Highest However, the 3rd highest income sector in the EAs and IRs combined was unusual - the Information and Cultural Median Total Income in 2010 Industries sector, which comprises organizations producing and distributing information and cultural products, In 2010, the highest paying sectors were 1) Management of 1) Mgmt of companies and enterprises $86,592 including telecommunications, broadcasting and publishing enterprises. companies and enterprises; 2) Mining, and oil and gas extraction; and 3) Utilities. This is a change from 2005, when 2) Mining, and oil and gas extraction $74,083 The pattern of Utilities and Mining/Oil/Gas yielding the highest incomes by sector held across BC and Canada. In the highest paying sectors were 1) Mining/Oil/Gas; 2) BC the 2010 incomes were highest in: 1) Mining/Oil/Gas; 2) Utilities; and, 3) Public Administration. In Canada the Utilities; and 3) Public administration. 3) Utilities $72,555 2010 highest ranking incomes were: 1) Utilities; 2) Mining/Oil/Gas; and 3) Public Administration. Indicator Agriculture Net Agricultural Farm Income Income in the TNRD is RGS Goal: support the preservation and increased productivity of agricultural lands and local food production increasing 6a and processing facilities

Context Commentary Chart 6.2: # Farms by Total Gross Farm Receipts (2010) The agricultural industry plays a significant role in our local rural TNRD Fast Farm Facts Given 47% of farms in the TNRD are beef or 600 economy and contributes to the character of our communities. hay producers, the selling price of cattle is a The average annual farm income was chosen as an indicator of Land Farmed 462,032 ha critical factor in determining net farm income 500 farm product values and expenses and the general health of the Land Base Farmed 9.6% and is subject to market forces. The BSE agricultural economy. Farm income data can be volatile as it is (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) crisis 400 impacted by a variety of market forces. # of operating farms 1,177 that began in 2003 led to beef export restrictions as well as traceability and animal Summary # of Livestock Farms 820 300 disposal requirements, resulting in lower Chart 6.1 shows the 2008 to 2012 Average Net Farm Income for Beef Cattle Ranches 351 of 820 beef prices parallel higher operating costs. the TNRD, Cariboo RD (CRD), Fraser Valley RD (FVRD), and the Horse Ranches 254 of 820 200 Province of BC as a whole. Net Farm Income is a measure of the Farm income data shows that the average # of Hay Production Farms 206 farm operation was not profitable in 2008 and gross farm income minus operating costs; in short, whether farm 100 2010.Income was impacted by the dramatic operations are profitable. While the trend is positive, the data Farms for beef, horse, & hay 87% indicates TNRD average farm was not profitable in 2008 & 2010. increase in fuel prices from 2007 to 2009 and the increase in feed prices (due to the 0 increase in ethanol production). <$10K $10K - $25K $25K - $100K $100K - $1M $1M + The decrease in fuel prices between 2009 and 2010 had a positive effect on net farm income. However in 2010, Chart 6.2 shows the number of Farms in many ranches were challenged by decreased beef demand due to the recession and depressed beef prices as the TNRD by Total Gross Farm Receipts. It farmers continued to liquidate older cattle stock (that are more expensive to hold) due to BSE concerns. reveals that half, 594 of 1,177 operating Compared to farm operations in other Regional Districts, TNRD net farm incomes are substantially lower than farms, made less than $10,000 in gross farms in the FVRD. FVRD agriculture industry produces many higher value crops (e.g. flowers, berries, farm receipts in 2010, acknowledging that greenhouse produce); has many supply-managed commodities such as milk, eggs, broilers and turkeys; and is most farms reporting under $10K annually home to numerous large corporate farming operations. TNRD net farm income is lower than the BC average. still qualify for Class 9 farm tax assessment (see opposite). 50% of the farm operations in the TNRD grossed less than $10K in 2010. This suggests that nearly half of all farms are operating at a subsistence level or are lifestyle (hobby) farms BCAA minimum gross farm sales for Class 9: $10,000 ˂ 0.8 ha Can-A-Mex Ranch rather than viable commercial agricultural industries. The BC Chart 6.1: Average Net Farm Income Assessment Authority requirement of $2,500/year in gross $2,500 0.8 - 4 ha $2,500 (+5% land value) > 4 ha $80,000 receipts to qualify for farm tax assessment may play a role in TNRD CRD FVRD BC the number of farms reporting <$10K annually. 2011 TNRD Farm Income $70,000 $60,000 Upper Hat Creek Valley Total gross farm receipts $72,642,138 $50,000 Noteworthy trends: Total wages & salaries paid $13,435,019 $40,000 . Ministry of Agriculture notes that dairy farms in the lower mainland are choosing to expand operations into the TNRD $30,000 Increase in total farm income where they can produce hay and age future dairy cows on 60% (2008 – 2012) $20,000 much less expensive agricultural land. Increase in total farm capital $10,000 . The number of ha in the TNRD under irrigation decreased 64% (2006 – 2011) from 27,067 in 1996 to 21,720 ha in 2011. $0 . Internet -based direct sales is a growing trend in the -$10,000 distribution of agricultural (esp. beef) products. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Indicator Agriculture Price of Agricultural Land Prices Agricultural Land in the TNRD is slightly RGS Goal: Support the preservation and increased productivity of agricultural lands and local food production decreasing 6b and processing facilities

Context Commentary Chart 6.5: % sales by farm type The price of agricultural land per hectare is the second indicator of agricultural economic health. Land prices are From 2010 to 2014 the average annual price for TNRD Farms < 8 ha an important indicator because they reflect market demand for agricultural land: if this sector is doing well agricultural land decreased. 2010 being a year of net farm financially, there will be a greater demand for farm land and land selling prices increase. income loss, lower beef prices, and higher operating expenses, agricultural land prices for the next few years were GRAIN & BEEF (VACANT) Summary depressed as farmers sold land. FORAGE Chart 6.3 shows the Average Price of Farmland per ha over the past 5 years. Prices were compiled for the The TNRD 5-year average for large agricultural parcels is TNRD, Cariboo RD (CRD) and Fraser Valley RD (FVRD). Our average price of agricultural land ranged from a $10,691/ha and $59,510/ha for small parcels. Small high of $21,613/ha in 2010 to a low of $13,697/ha in 2011. agricultural parcels are 5X more expensive than those >8ha. Agricultural land prices have been separated into two categories: small parcels More large properties were sold than small during this time of ˂8 ha and large parcels ≥8 ha. Table 6.4 shows that the price of small Farm Sales in the TNRD which corresponds with industry consolidation of ranches and GRAIN & (2010 – 2014) cattle herds. Quilchena Ranch, comprising of numerous large FORAGE parcels was volatile, ranging from a low of $21,498/ha in 2011 to a high of (VACANT) $77,678/ha in 2014 (note that fewer property sales will skew data). The price parcels, sold in 2014 and may have impacted price data. Total # parcels sold 155 BEEF of large parcels was much less volatile and ranged from a high of $11,991/ha Over the last 5 years, the types of small farms most frequently MIXED in 2011 to a low of $9,345/ha in 2014. Average $/ha all parcels $16,131 sold were beef-producing; grain and forage; and mixed farms. Beef and feed-producing farms predominate all types of small Who’s buying? Average $/ha farms in the TNRD. Mixed farms are the third most frequent Agricultural Land prices may be affected by some operators from Chart 6.6: % sales by farm type Parcels < 8 ha $59,510 small farm type sold, including subsistence farms where Farms > 8 ha Fraser Valley “cashing out” by selling their high-priced holdings in the variety rather than economy of scale is the production goal; Lower Mainland and purchasing relatively cheap land in the TNRD. Parcels ≥ 8 ha $10,691 and, hobby farms where a rural lifestyle is the goal.

Meanwhile 75% of larger farms were beef-producing, requiring BEEF (VACANT) GRAIN & extensive lands. The sale of many large beef-producing FORAGE Chart 6.3: Average Price of Farmland (per ha) properties is consistent with the herd consolidation and $50,000 economy of scale measures following the regulatory impact of GRAIN & $340,000 $45,000 TNRD BSE. Ministry of Agriculture advises that some of these ranch FORAGE $40,000 $320,000 properties may be purchased for the maturation of young dairy (VACANT) CRD MIXED cows for milk-producing herds in the FVRD. $35,000 FVRD (right axis) $300,000 $30,000 DAIRY The average price of agricultural land sold in the TNRD $25,000 $280,000 over the last five years was $16,131/ha. By contrast, OTHER $20,000 $260,000 agricultural land in the FVRD was $272,216/ha over the TREE FRUITS $15,000 $240,000 same period. A number of factors led to lower prices in the BEEF $10,000 $220,000 TNRD: a lower proportion of high-quality soils; a smaller range $5,000 of possible crops due to climate limitations; and, a greater $0 $200,000 distance to market. Given that beef production and most other 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 products in the TNRD are not supply-managed, market and price volatility lead to less certainty/more risk for the farmer. In addition, the average price of any and all FVRD land would likely be higher than similar land in Table 6.4 - Price of TNRD Agricultural Land ($/ha) the TNRD simply due to proximity to Metro Vancouver with its high residential and commercial development 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 5 year av. pressures and opportunities. The price of farmland is often cited by farmers and ranchers as a barrier to bringing young people into the Parcels under 8 ha 71,159 21,498 77,645 49,570 77,678 59,510 agricultural industry. High land prices, land speculation, expansion of existing farms, and the low returns on Parcels over 8 ha 10,996 11,991 9,348 11,777 9,345 10,691 investment mean difficult financial times for newcomers to agriculture. The recent 5-year trend toward decreasing agricultural land prices bodes well for increasing the opportunities for new farmers in the TNRD. Cattle pasture west of Chase All Parcels 21,613 13,697 14,470 16,816 14,058 16,131 Indicator Agricultural Protection # of ALR applications forwarded to and approved by the ALC 7

Approved

Refused Refused Indicator Agricultural Protection % ALR Applications # of ALR applications forwarded to and approved by the ALC Approved 64% 7 RGS Goal: Protect farmland, encourage farming, and preserve the rural and wilderness character of the region (2009 to 2014)

Context Relevant Facts Chart 7.2: Subdivision Applications Chart 7.3: Non-Farm Use Due to the high proportion of grasslands and favorable climate, Approved/Refused Applications Approved/Refused 13% of the land in the TNRD is within the Agricultural Land Total ALR land in TNRD 574,374 ha Reserve (ALR). Cattle ranching, the predominate farm type in our TNRD land within ALR 13% agricultural economy, requires extensive land holdings to maintain BC Land in ALR 4% annual growth cycles. External economic factors such as a 11 worldwide increase in meat consumption and extreme weather # ALR Applications (2009-2014) 81 26 26 Approved events forecast an increased importance in preserving land for ALR Application Approval Rate 64% local food production. Approved Refused Refused The ALR was created to preserve agricultural land for future food production. If ALR owners wish to subdivide, use land for a non-farm use, include or exclude land from the ALR, the owner must submit an application to the 3 Agricultural Land Commission. The indicator chosen to monitor the protection of agricultural land is the number of ALR applications approved by the ALC. A reduction in the number of ALR applications over time would indicate that we are successfully protecting agricultural land in the TNRD for future farm use, rather than allowing agricultural land to be subdivided into decreasingly viable small farm parcels or used for non-farm uses. Farm near Barriere While there are a broad range of ALR applications, some of which go directly to the Commission, Indicator #7 looks at the most common applications that we process. According to ALC officials, the TNRD has amongst the 41% of all ALR applications highest number of applications forwarded by local government (even relative to the Okanagan or Lower were in Electoral Areas “L” & Mainland which see surprisingly fewer applications given the extent of ALR “P”, adjacent to the City of lands and farming operations). For over 30 years, we have forwarded Table 7.1: ALR Applications Kamloops. This illustrates the virtually all applications for ALC decision rather than undertake a screening impact of development pressure # applic. function. Ashcroft 0 on rural lands adjacent to a major urban center. The South Barriere 2 Summary Thompson Settlement Strategy Cache Creek 1 The ALC Decisions map illustrates the locations of ALR applications in the was initiated and adopted to Chase 0 TNRD (2009 to 2014). The corresponding ALR Application Decisions table stop the compromising of Clearwater 2 shows the number of all ALR applications for each municipality and EA. agricultural land. Clinton 0 Chart 7.1 shows the proportion of the different types of ALR applications Kamloops 6 completed 2009 to 2014 for all municipalities and EAs - 64% of all ALR Logan Lake 0 applications were for subdivision. As per Chart 7.2, an equal number of Commentary Lytton -no ALR - subdivision applications were approved and refused. By contrast, Chart 7.3 Merritt 7 shows there was a much greater % of non-farm use applications approved The most common type of ALR application was subdivision. Subdivision of land in the ALR often leads to a decrease in agricultural productivity for those 87% of TNRD land is Sun Peaks-no ALR - than refused. Chart 7.1: ALR Applications by Type lands as a greater proportion of land is used for housing, accessory buildings not in the ALR. While it Electoral Area "A" 3 and internal roadways. There is also a reduced advantage in the economy of may be slightly more Electoral Area "B" 1 scale and, as per Indicator 6b, five-fold increase in land cost. The high difficult to develop 14 Electoral Area "E" 7 proportion of subdivision applications in EAs “L” and “P” may be due to the housing, commercial, and Electoral Area "I" 4 Subdivision high value of land in the vicinity of a large urban center, illustrating the high industrial sites on non- Electoral Area "J" 3 7 ALR lands, it is important Non-Farm Use development pressure on these lands. This generally results in urban/rural Electoral Area "L" 18 to preserve a strong 4 sprawl and the fragmentation of farm land. Electoral Area "M" 2 Exclusion agricultural land base In closing, note that between 1996 and 2011 there was an increase of 5,522 close to the growing urban Electoral Area "N" 4 6 Inclusion ha of land being farmed in the TNRD (even accounting for the drop in area Electoral Area "O" 6 population that consumes 52 Other farmed during the BSE crisis of the early 2000s and a drop in ha under its agricultural products. Electoral Area "P" 15 irrigation), showing that the agricultural industry is growing as an important TOTAL 81 land use and economic driver in our region. Environment Indicator Air Quality RGS Goals: ● Protect and enhance the natural environment; 8 ● Encourage the development and adoption of air shed management plans and policies that contribute to the reduction or prevention of air pollution; and ● Encourage and support initiatives to upgrade wood-burning appliances through wood stove exchange programs to improve air quality.

Context Chart 8.1: Annual Mean PM 2.5 Values Chart 8.2: # of days per year mean 24-hr The TNRD has signed the Provincial Climate Action Charter thereby PM 2.5 is above 25 ug/m3 requiring us to take action to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sources of Air 11 10 Air quality and respiratory health are increasingly on the public’s Pollution dashboard especially as particulate matter in our regional airshed 10 8 . increases. The local monitoring station indicates that we rate amongst the Area -specific or localized* lowest 1/3 of BC’s reporting stations for air quality. *sources include wood heating, 9 6 open burning, and other point Impoverished air quality is due in part to macro events such as wildfires, sources (excl. industry and 8 4 3 climate change, reduced carbon sink (i.e. beetle kill of 40% BC pines), transportation) Provincial Annual Objective = 8 ug/m 7 2 and grassland degradation. As deep rooted bunch grasses become . Transportation sparse, sage - having more limited capacity as a groundcover and soil . 6 0 stabilizer - supplants grasses. Air quality can also be affected by Industry 2011 2012 2013 2014 2011 2012 2013 2014 uncontrollable events such as temperature inversions that trap poor quality air in valleys. Commentary New policies to reduce GHG emissions were incorporated into the recent RGS update. In addition to contributing Local PM2.5 levels for 2013 and 2014 are above the Provincial air quality objective of 8 µg/m³ (Chart 8.1). to climate change, GHG emissions and other air pollutants decrease the quality of the air we breathe, contribute . MoE notes that Kamloops is one of many BC communities that exceed the Provincial objective of 8 µg/m³. to poor health, and put a significant burden on our health-care costs. Chart 8.2 graphs a jump from 1 day in each of 2012 and 2013 to 9 days in 2014 when the fine particulate Since the only air quality monitoring station in the TNRD is located in downtown Kamloops, this data is matter maximum concentration was exceeded. This was attributed to forest fires in July of 2014. MoE notes applicable to the Kamloops airshed and may not accurately reflect air quality in other parts of the TNRD. To that, in smaller communities where there is no heavy industry or major transportation corridors, wood smoke determine whether our air quality is improving we are monitoring two indicators: concentrations of fine particulate may be the greatest source of PM2.5. matter (PM2.5) and the Air Quality Health Index. While the concentration of PM2.5 in the air is a component of the Air Quality Health Index, there is not a direct Summary correlation between PM2.5 levels and AQHI levels. MoE monitored the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the Merritt airshed from 2007 to 2010 during the PM2.5 is particulate matter of a diameter 2.5 micrometers or less. It is a Provincial Air Quality Objectives development of the Merritt Air Quality Monitoring Plan. They found that much of the PM in the Airshed was critical measure of air quality as it is fine particles that affect respiratory Mean PM2.5 due to “fugitive” dust (PM10) and not attributable to transportation or industry operating in Merritt. MoE may and cardiovascular health. The Provincial objective is that the annual Annual ≤ 8 µg/m³ establish another monitoring station in Merritt to assess the impact of two new industries: the Diacarbon mean concentration of PM2.5 not exceed 8 micrograms per cubic meter Daily ≤ 25 µg/m³ Biofuel Plant which commenced operating in 2014 and the Merritt Green Energy Project, currently under of ambient air (8 µg/m³). Chart 8.1 shows that the PM2.5 levels for 2013 construction. and 2014 are above the Provincial air quality objective. Large particulate matter (PM10), that is dust, is not being monitored as it is not as Large scale mining activities in the region significant a health risk. generate Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs), including fugitive dust (PM10) and inhalable Clinton Crows Bar The Province has also set particulate matter (PM2.5), which can impact an objective of a maximum localized air quality. Despite that increased mean PM2.5 concentration regulation, reporting, oversight, and new over a 24-hour period of 25 technology are lessening CACs, industry, micrograms per cubic meter mining and aggregate extraction (25 µg/m³). With this in mind, developments impact the level of CACs. Chart 8.2 shows the number Mining activities are heavily regulated and of days mean PM2.5 monitored to ensure compliance with concentrations exceeded 25 Guidelines for Air Quality Dispersion µg/m³ increased from 1 day Modelling in BC. in 2013 to 9 days 2014. Big Bar Creek Fire, August 2012 Indicator Environment Air Quality Health Index Air Quality is 8 variable

Summary Commentary The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a calculation based on the relative risks of a combination of common air pollutants that are known AQHI Chart 8.3 shows two incidents of high health risk in August 2010 and July 2014, which correspond to to harm human health (PM2.5, PM10, ground level ozone, and nitrogen the dates of two large wildfires in the BC interior. There are three occurrences of Moderate health risk: April dioxide (NO )). The AQHI uses a scale from 1-10 for the health index 2011 due to an unknown local source (measured in only one of two Kamloops air quality monitoring values and groups the AQHI index values into health risk level stations operating at the time); in July 2012, due to distant wildfires in the BC interior; and in Jan 2014, due categories as₂ shown in the table below. to a strong temperature inversion in the valley. Although we do not have data to determine the air quality in all TNRD communities, it is important to improve or maintain good air quality for our residents. Actions that local governments can take to improve air quality include: AQHI Value Risk Level • Provide opportunities for residents to reduce their use of fossil fuels by creating compact 10 + Very High communities, alternate transportation infrastructure, idling reduction policies and bylaws; 7 - 10 High • Provide opportunities for residents to decrease wood burning (exchange programs for wood burning 4 - 6 Moderate stoves and boilers, wood waste chipping and composting facilities); and 1 – 3 Low • Provide landscaping bylaws, dust control and air quality policies, and energy efficiency policies for residential, commercial and industrial development and operations. The RGS encourages the development of airshed management plans and policies to contribute to the

Landscape & pasture, EA “I” EA pasture, & Landscape reduction or prevention of air pollution. It encourages initiatives to upgrade wood-burning appliances through wood stove exchange programs. The City of Kamloops has adopted the Kamloops Air Shed Chart 8.3: Air Quality Health Index for Kamloops, BC Management Plan while City of Merritt has also endorsed the Merritt Air Quality Management Plan. Merritt 11 and EAs “M” and “N” supported a wood stove exchange program in 2010. Senior levels of government VERY HIGH should be encouraged to install air quality monitoring stations where new air emissions permits are issued 10 and at more locales within the TNRD so that the air quality trends can be accurately monitored. Maximum 9 Mean HIGH Pacific Bentonite, Upper Hat Creek Minimum 8 Kudos

7 In 2014, the TNRD received Level 3 6 Achievement of Carbon MODERATE Neutrality from the 5 Climate Action Charter for reductions in our 4 corporate carbon emissions through 3 improvements in our LOW vehicle fleet, solid 2 waste management, and building retrofits. 1 Jul-14 Jul-13 Jul-12 Jul-11 Jul-10 Jan-14 Jan-13 Jan-12 Jan-11 Jan-10 Sep-14 Sep-13 Sep-12 Sep-11 Sep-10 Nov-14 Nov-13 Nov-12 Nov-11 Nov-10 Mar-14 Mar-13 Mar-12 Mar-11 Mar-10 May-14 May-13 May-12 May-11 May-10 Indicator Waste Diversion Waste landfilled per capita 75,026 tonnes of waste was landfilled 9 RGS Goal: Adopt a “zero waste” philosophy and support Regional Solid Waste Management Plan waste reduction goals in 2014

Context Waste management, one of the TNRD’s primary functions, comprises a significant portion of the annual budget. Solid waste disposal in the TNRD has been divided into 3 sub-regions based on the receiving landfill, with The Regional Solid Waste Management Plan (RSWMP) zero waste philosophy is “to create waste reduction the City of Kamloops shown as a 4th sub-region (given it operates its own solid waste management and programs that maximize recycling, minimize waste, reduce consumption, and ensure that products are made to recycling programs). The weight calculation of non-recyclable waste per capita does not include waste be reused, repaired or recycled”. The 2007 RSWMP goal was to divert 30% of the 2004 volume of solid waste generated outside the TNRD (i.e. Metro Vancouver waste in the Cache Creek landfill is excluded) and into the recycling stream. Given creation of Eco-Depots and other waste management infrastructure, we can privately operated landfills such as the Owl Road and Blackwell landfills. now accurately track the weight of waste that is sent to our landfills – after it has been separated from recyclables. The 2014 waste landfilled per capita is used as a baseline for future RGS reporting. In 2014, EA residents disposed of 100 kg more waste per person than those living in Kamloops. The overall 2014 TNRD disposal rate of 563 kg/person/year was 5% higher than the BC provincial per capita disposal In 2013 and 2014, significant changes were made to solid waste management infrastructure in the TNRD. rate of 535 kg/person/yr (2013/14). Seven new eco-depots were opened, 3 transfer stations were upgraded to eco-depots, 3 landfill closures were completed and 2 landfills were upgraded. Expanded recycling programs were initiated for used oil, antifreeze, electronics, paint and small appliances. The wood waste diversion program was expanded and a pilot project to Chart 9.2: 2014 landfilled MSW recycle asphalt shingles was introduced. 80000 Figure 9.1: Solid Waste Table 9.3: 2014 Per Capita MSW Summary 70000 Sub-Regions Disposal Rate Chart 9.2 shows the total weight of 60000 kg/yr kg/day municipal solid waste (MSW) generated 50000 and landfilled in the TNRD (including 40000 TNRD 563 1.54

Kamloops), Kamloops only, the South tonnes Kamloops 530 1.45 Sub-Region (Lower Nicola landfill), the 30000 West Sub-Region (Cache Creek landfill), 20000 Electoral Areas 631 1.73 and the North-East Sub-Region (Heffley 10000 BC (2013/14) 535 Creek landfill). 0 TNRD (inc. all City of South Sub- West Sub- North & East muni.) Kamloops Region Region Sub-Region Ministry of Environment has set MSW disposal targets of: Heffley Creek Eco-Depot, Source: Gina Marks Photography 2014/15: 500 kg/person/yr 2015/16: 500 kg/person/yr 2016/17: 450 kg/person/yr 2017/18: 400 kg/person/yr

Commentary The non-recyclable (i.e. landfilled) waste generated per capita (Table 9.3) tells us if we are successfully meeting waste reduction targets. It allows us to measure the amount of material residents are purchasing and consuming and the success of our diversion programs. A reduction in non-recyclable waste per capita would show that we are moving toward meeting the “zero waste” philosophy and supporting RSWMP waste reduction goals. Indicator Waste Diversion Waste generated per capita % % recyclables landfilled 9 RGS Goal: Adopt a “zero waste” philosophy and support Regional Solid Waste Management Plan waste reduction goals.

Summary Commentary Table 9.4 shows the recyclable waste generated in 2014 in the TNRD, the City of Kamloops, and Electoral In 2008 the Regional Solid Waste Management Plan was Race to reduce . . . Areas. Residents in each area seem to generate a similar amount of recyclable material. amended, pushing us from an outdated system of landfills City of Kamloops accounted for 80% of the and minimal recycling to an innovative system of eco- Commentary solid waste emissions in the TNRD in 2007 Table 9.4: 2014 Recyclable Waste depots with extensive recycling opportunities and a and 77% in 2010, while only accounting for The TNRD manages recycling for a variety of materials including: Disposal Rate contracted landfill system. These innovations have led to a 66% (2006 Census) to 67% (2011 Census) of blue bag recycling (plastic, paper, cardboard, metal, etc.), glass, decrease in our solid waste GHG emissions from 2007 to the TNRD population. scrap metal, mattresses, concrete/asphalt, asphalt shingles, and kg/capita/yr 2010. GHG emissions from a disposal facility are attributed wood waste. Additional materials such as used oil, tires, TNRD 111 to the municipality or regional district that produced the electronics, small appliances, batteries, light bulbs and fixtures, waste - not where the facility is sited. The 2007 and 2010 CEEI reports include estimates of the historic annual City of Kamloops 112 beverage containers, and cell phones are collected and recycled MSW tonnages disposed of at all regional district landfills and each community’s estimated share of GHG through provincial extended producer responsibility stewardship Electoral Areas 110 emissions. So despite that some waste management facilities in the TNRD are now closed, they will continue to programs which put the responsibility for end-of-life contribute to the TNRD’s solid waste emissions for some time to come. recycling on the product maker. Many of these items are accepted at TNRD facilities where they are later collected by product stewards for processing. Although the City of Kamloops appears to recycle the most waste at 112 kg/person, the City’s recycling data includes all materials diverted at the landfill, except aggregate and clean fill; meanwhile, TNRD recycling data (111 kg/person) only includes materials managed by the TNRD. Materials that fall under product stewardship programs are not included in TNRD data. This difference makes it difficult to make valid comparisons.

In 2014, the Multi-Material BC Packaging and Printed Paper Table 9.5: Household Recycling Stewardship program came into effect. Neither the TNRD (Blue Bag, Cardboard, and Glass) nor Kamloops is currently part of this stewardship program. Collected at TNRD Sites The TNRD is on the program wait list. If the TNRD is Year Household Recycling (tonnes) included in the future, this will have an impact on the recycling numbers as a significant portion of the recyclable 2010 1,998 waste currently collected by the TNRD will fall under a 2011 2,193 stewardship program. 2012 2,204 2013 2,327 Chart 9.6: Solid Waste Emissions in the TNRD (t CO2e) 2014 2,120 2007 10% 2010 Summary 8% Chart 9.6 shows the TNRD solid waste 6% emissions. In 2007, solid waste made up South Thompson Eco-Depot 9.1% of TNRD greenhouse gas (GHG) 4% emissions (in tonnes of CO2e). In 2010, it dropped to 7.4%.

% of total emissions 2% Did you know that in 2014? • 1.53 million litres of used oil were collected in the TNRD and recycled by BC Used Oil Management Assoc. 0% • 3,145 tonnes of tires were collected in the TNRD and recycled by Tire Stewardship BC Indicator Composite Health Indicator Body Mass Index 10 BMI

Context The 2 main indicators to monitor the health of our Figure 10.1: Local Health Administration Structure Summary Figure 10.3: Socio-Economic Index by Local Service Area, 2012 residents are 1) the percentage of residents that are The 2012 BC Stats Regional overweight or obese; and 2) life expectancy. While Socio-Economic Index summa- the RGS does not specifically address population rizes the rating of 6 socio- health and health behaviours in our communities, economic indices that affect BC the health of residents can be indirectly influenced communities: economic hardship; by TNRD decisions supporting compact community crime; health problems; education development that increases the likelihood of concerns; children at risk; and residents engaging in active transportation youth at risk. Figure 10.3* adjacent (walking, cycling, rolling), and using recreational ranks the populations of the 5 amenities, which can reduce body mass index. In Local Health Areas (LHAs) in the addition, by reducing travel time to work, school, TNRD. More positive socio- and shopping, there is a reduction in polluting economic status is indicated by a greenhouse gases and other air emissions from lower value (Summerland -0.75) traffic that have a negative impact on the air quality while a higher number indicates and health of residents. poorer or negative socio-economic conditions (Lillooet +0.75). Summary *Source: Map from Kamloops Local Health Area Profile 2014, published by Interior Health In 2011, Interior Health publishes data for overweight or obese residents in the Thompson (IH Source: LHA Indices Reports, Overall Regional Socio-Economic Index, BC Stats, 2012) 57% Cariboo Shuswap Health Service Delivery Area (“the Delivery Area”), shown on Commentary Figure 10.1 (Map). While the Delivery Area is larger than the TNRD, it is similar The Regional Socio-Economic Index was developed in recognition of the global economic pressures that are residents enough to provide us with important information on what percentage of our having an influence on the economic and social health of BC communities. This impact is felt most strongly in overweight or obese residents are overweight or obese. Chart 10.2 shows that 52-57% of the communities that previously depended on primary resource industries such as forestry and mining. The residents in the Delivery Area were overweight or obese 2009 to 2013. populations of the LHAs in the Province were ranked using the IHA ranking scale of 1 (worst) to 77 (best). The in HSDA populations of our 5 LHAs are ranked as follows: Merritt 10; South Cariboo 15; 100 Mile House 29; Kamloops 38; and North Thompson 40. The index was developed to allow policy-makers at all levels of government to target those communities most in need of assistance; however, no attempt was made to explain why some Chart 10.2: Body Mass Index - Overweight Commentary areas rank better than others. or Obese The metric used to determine the percentage of our Summary 60% residents that are overweight or obese is the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is a relationship between The data for the Life Expectancy - Median Age at 55% weight and height that is associated with body fat and Death for the five LHAs in the TNRD is published health. 52-57% of the residents of the Delivery Area by Interior Health in Local Health Area Profiles. 50% were overweight or obese 2009 to 2013. TNRD While the five Local Health Areas (100 Mile residents are more overweight or obese than House, Kamloops, Merritt, North Thompson and 45% residents of the Interior Health Region as a whole or South Cariboo) do not correspond directly to Body Mass Index, the Province of BC. Overweight or Obese BMI, is a Regional District boundaries, the areas are 40% overweight overweight 18+)(age obeseor health behaviour indicator and is self-reported in the similar enough to provide us with important 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Canadian Community Health Survey. Overweight or information on the life expectancy of our Thompson Cariboo Shuswap HSDA Interior Health BC obese BMI values are associated with body fat and residents. Chart 10.4 Life Expectancy (Median are widely used to indicate health risks in adults. Age at Death) shows that life expectancy is less Overweight and obese individuals have a higher risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, in the TNRD than in the Interior Health Region as osteoarthritis and hormone-related diseases. As BMI values are increasing over time across the country, it is a whole and in BC. The data also shows that Kamloops Lake likely related to our built environment not providing enough opportunities to get exercise as we work, play, and people in the City of Kamloops, with the largest commute. population, live longest. Indicator Composite Health Indicator Median Age at Death Life 10 Expectancy

Summary Chart 10.4: Median Age at Death Chart 10.6 Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) 2007 to 2011 indicates that the causes of death in our 5 LHAs are greater than would be expected for provincial age-specific mortality rates. A ratio higher than 1 means BC more deaths than expected for the population. People in the TNRD are dying of chronic lung disease, motor vehicle accidents, artery diseases and drug and alcohol related causes at a rate higher than would normally Interior Health be expected.

Kamloops LHA Chart 10.6: Standardized Mortality Ratio (2007 - 2011) 2013 Merritt LHA 2014 5 Chronic Lung Disease 4.5 Motor Vehicle Accidents North Thompson LHA 4 Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries 3.5 100 Mile House LHA Drug-Induced Death 3 Alcohol Related Deaths South Cariboo LHA 2.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2 Age (Years) 1.5 More than Expected

Summary 1 Expected

Chart 10.5 Median Age at Death, Health Service Delivery Area and Kamloops LHA graphs the age of death 20- 0.5 Fewer than Expected year trend from 1994 to 2014 sourced from BC Stats PEOPLE data. Age of Death for the 5 LHAs is not shown as the small sample set generates excess volatility. 0 Kamloops Merritt North Thompson 100 Mile House South Cariboo

80 Chart 10.5: Median Age at Death in TNRD Health Regions Commentary 79 The high rate of chronic lung disease deaths in our LHAs can be related to behaviours such as smoking and 78 general health factors such as poor air quality. BC air quality advisories (based on PM2.5 concentrations) and 77 the federal Air Quality Health Index were developed to advise residents so as to enable them to manage their 76 exposure to poor quality air. These results are based on the population residing in the community 2007-2011, 75 and does not consider factors such as historical exposure to poor air quality in a previous workplace or place of residency or past smoking. Regarding motor vehicle (MV) deaths, an IHA report states that on rural roads 74 vehicle occupants and motorcyclists are at risk while in small municipalities, vulnerable road users include 73 pedestrians and cyclists. Also, our mountainous terrain exposes residents to dangerous winter driving

Median Death at Age Median 72 conditions over long travel distances. 36% of MV deaths in BC happen within the IHA, though it accounts for 71 Kamloops LHA Thompson Cariboo Shuswap HSDA only 18% of the population. By contrast, Vancouver has 6% of the deaths due to MV accidents but has 17% of the population. Although the causes of death in the SMR cannot be tied directly to any single factor, by 70 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 applying a long-term population health lense to decision-making the accumulated impact of land use and Year economic development decisions can benefit the health and life expectancy of our communities.

Commentary Health-related indicators do not directly address any of the RGS goals and objectives, but are an indirect consequence of the successful implementation of the RGS, which would involve increasing people’s use of From 1995 to 1998, the age of death in the Kamloops LHA varies little from the age of death in our Delivery active transportation to get from home to work, school, shopping and play; the use of local government Area. By 1999, the 20-year trend shows that the population in Kamloops LHA is generally living longer than the recreational infrastructure; and the consumption of fresh, healthy food. Delivery Area as a whole.

End Notes

Indicator 1 – Population Indicator 5 – Median Income

While the return of the 2006 Census was mandatory, the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) was voluntary and had a Statistics Canada calculates the median total income of all persons 15 years of age and over with income, positive or return rate of only 77%. As must be qualified whenever using the 2011 NHS data, voluntary survey return may have an negative. Persons with a total income of zero are excluded from the calculations. The median total income data comes from effect on the validity of the results. 2006 Census and the 2011 National Household Survey. It captures the median total income (wages, pensions and other sources of income) of residents for the year prior to the Census or Survey, i.e. 2005 and 2010, respectively. We converted Indicator 2 – Housing the 2005 income values to 2010 dollars by multiplying the 2005 income data by 1.089 to adjust for inflation (using the The number of new housing starts are gathered annually by TNRD Building Services and Geographical Information Canadian Consumer Price Index), as advised by Statistics Canada. Systems as well as the building departments of our member municipalities. 55 Management of Companies and Enterprises - This sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in managing New Housing Starts on Indian Reserves are not included. companies and enterprises and/or holding the securities or financial assets of companies and enterprises, for the purpose of owning a controlling interest in them and/or influencing their management decisions. They may undertake the function of All housing starts in member municipalities were considered to be in “Established Communities” rather than “Rural” despite management, or they may entrust the function of financial management to portfolio managers. (Source: NAICS 2007) that some new dwelling units were constructed on the rural unserviced lands on the periphery of a municipality. Indicator 6 – Agriculture Indicator 3 – Transportation Data for agricultural land prices is sourced through LANDCOR. This analysis includes sales of agricultural land and Total - Commuting Duration: Refers to the commuting time (in minutes) from home to the place of work for persons 15 references only those records that had a sales value greater than $0 and were not rejected by LANDCOR for sales years of age and older, in private households, who worked for pay or were self-employed. The data variable usually relates comparison purposes. Data often include outliers, or values that lie outside of a norm. For data sets with smaller sample to the individual's job held the week prior to enumeration; however, if the respondent did not work during that week and had sizes, the effect of these outliers can be large. The average sale price for all farmland in a region included all records worked at some time since January 1, 2010, the information relates to the job held longest during that period. Note: selected for analysis. That is, with a larger sample size, all values were used in calculating the average. respondents who declared 'working outside Canada' or declared 'working at home' or who had not worked since January 1, To deal with the outlier effect, two averages are calculated. The first is based on all selected records. The second, a 2010 are counted in the total only. modified average, excludes outliers, in this case the highest and lowest sale values. Where the difference between the Usual Place of Work: Classification of respondents was according to whether they worked at home, outside Canada, had no average of all records and the modified average is greater than 2.5%, the modified average is used. This reduces the fixed workplace, or worked at a specific address (usual place of work). outlier effect.

The number of SOV commuters was calculated by subtracting the number of commuters that indicated “Car, truck, van as Data for the sale price of agricultural land per hectare was gathered by a private corporation that tracks the sales of passenger (including taxi cabs)” from the number of commuters that indicated “Car, truck, van as driver” to get the number agricultural land in the Province of BC through BC Assessment Authority records. of commuters traveling alone in an SOV. Mixed farms are those determined by BC Assessment Authority as having two or more contributory agricultural uses. The CEEI data gathered for the on-road transportation sector was calculated by using the number and of type of vehicles Indicator 8 – Air Quality registered in the TNRD, the average fuel consumption rates for the type of vehicle, and the Average Vehicle Kilometers Traveled. (Reference: Technical Methods and Guidance Document 2007-2010 Reports. Community Energy and Emissions A second air quality monitoring station previously located in Brocklehurst has been removed. Inventory (CEEI) Initiative. Ministry of Environment. February, 2014) Indicator 9 – Waste Diversion 2007 “Agriculture” and “Land-use change - Deforestation” emissions values were not included in this report, as they were not reported in 2010 CEEI data. This was to allow comparison between 2007 and 2010 CEEI data. Per capita disposal rates were calculated using BC Stats population estimates for 2014.

2010 “Buildings – Large Industrial” emissions values were not included in this report, as they were not reported in 2007 Agriculture and land use change values were included in 2010 CEEI data, but not in that of 2007; therefore, they were CEEI data. This was to allow comparison between 2007 and 2010 CEEI data. excluded from 2007 data to enable accurate comparison between 2007 and 2010. Large industrial buildings were not reported in 2007, therefore were removed from 2010 data, again to enable comparison between 2007 and 2010. Indicator 4 – Net New Number of Jobs A conversion factor of 36 kg was used to convert the number of mattresses to tonnage based on 8 types of mattresses The employment rate (formerly the employment/population ratio) is the number of persons employed expressed as a commonly found in the solid waste stream. percentage of the population 15 years of age and over. The employment rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status) is the number employed in that group expressed as a percentage of the population for that group. Estimates are percentages, rounded to the nearest tenth.

62 Health Care and Social Assistance - This sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing health care by diagnosis and treatment, providing residential care for medical and social reasons, and providing social assistance, such as counselling, welfare, child protection, community housing and food services, vocational rehabilitation and child care, to those requiring such assistance. (Source: NAICS 2007). Bibliography

Indicator 1 – Population Statistics Canada. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2002 - Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects/standard/naics/2002/naics-2002l Statistics Canada. 2012. Census Profile. 2011 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE. Ottawa. Released June 27, 2012. Chartered Professional Accountants British Columbia. Regional Check-Up 2015. Thompson-Okanagan Development http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E Region. Retrieved from: https://www.bccpa.ca/CpaBc/media/CPABC/News_Events_Publications/Publications/CPABC%20Check- BC Regional District and Municipal Population Estimates 2011-2013. Demographic Analysis Section, BC Stats. Ministry of Up/2015/Thompson-Okanagan-(Optimized).pdf Technology, Innovation and Citizens' Services. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved from: http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Demography/PopulationEstimates.aspx Urban Futures. (9 May 2012). A Context for Change Management in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District – Projections of Population, Housing, and Employment Change. PictureBC. Province of BC. “Kamloops”. (August 16, 2008). Retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bcgovphotos/15977902315/in/album-72157649203893127/ Indicator 5 – Median Income License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/legalcode Statistics Canada. 2006 Census Custom Tabulation. Indicator 2 – Housing Statistics Canada. 2011 National Household Survey Custom Tabulation. Urban Futures. (May 9th, 2012). A Context for Change Management in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District – Projections of Population, Housing, and Employment Change. Statistics Canada. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2012. Catalogue no. 12-501-X. Retrieved from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-501-x/12-501-x2012001-eng.pdf Indicator 3 – Transportation

Statistics Canada. 2006 Census Custom Tabulation. Indicator 6 – Agriculture Statistics Canada. Table 004-0233 - Census of Agriculture, farms classified by total gross farm receipts in the year prior to Statistics Canada. 2011 National Household Survey Custom Tabulation. the census, every 5 years (number of farms reporting unless otherwise noted). Accessed: March 06, 2015. Community Energy and Emissions Inventory 2010 Reports for Village of Ashcroft, District of Barriere, Village of Cache Agriculture in Brief. Thompson-Nicola Regional District. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Agriculture, 1996, 2001, Creek, Village of Chase, District of Clearwater, Village of Clinton, City of Kamloops, District of Logan Lake, Village of Lytton, 2006, 2011, unless otherwise specified. Prepared by Ministry of Agriculture, Statistics and Research. January 2013. City of Merritt, Thompson-Nicola Regional District, and Thompson-Nicola Regional District Unincorporated Areas. Province of British Columbia. LiveSmartBC. Retrieved from: Statistics Canada. Table 002-0038 - Average total income of farm operators by farm type, incorporated and unincorporated http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/reports-data/community-energy-emissions-inventory sectors, annual (dollars unless otherwise noted). Accessed: February 11, 2015. Data for Average total income was also sourced from a special run by Statistics Canada based on Unincorporated and incorporated tax data from 2008 to 2012. Technical Methods and Guidance Document 2007-2010 Reports. Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI) Initiative. Ministry of Environment. February, 2014. Retrieved from: Statistics Canada. Table 002-0003 - Value per acre of farm land and buildings, at July 1, annual (dollars). Accessed: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/DownloadAsset?assetId=31055DDB5EF346FCB7EC3265ECFFE71E&filename=ceei_techmeth February 14, 2015. ods_guidance_final.pdf Data for agricultural land prices was sourced through LANDCOR. Flickr. BC Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. “Kamloops Lake at Savona”. (October 12, 2006). Retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tranbc/7129454075/in/photolist-bS1jiZ-ncjQ8N-v4chsw-8xd2bb-2Y7UEF-7BbPCH-5iWTR- Ministry of Agriculture staff contributed context. dj96U1-5GX7Cy-4bVth License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/legalcode BC Assessment. Fact Sheet – Classifying Farm Land. Retrieved from: Indicator 4 – Net New Number of Jobs http://www.bcassessment.ca/public/Fact%20Sheets/Classifying%20Farm%20Land.aspx. Accessed: July 30, 2015. Statistics Canada. 2006 Census Custom Tabulation. Indicator 7 – Agricultural Protection Statistics Canada. 2011 National Household Survey Custom Tabulation. TNRD Planning Services, ALC, member municipalities Statistics Canada. Table 282-0123 - Labour force survey estimates (LFS), by provinces, territories and economic regions based on 2011 census boundaries, annual (persons unless otherwise noted). Accessed: July 13, 2015. Ministry of Agriculture. Agriculture in Brief - Thompson-Nicola Regional District. Retrieved from http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/business/natural-resource-industries/agriculture/agriculture-documents/about-agriculture- Statistics Canada. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2012. Catalogue no. 12-501-X. and-seafood-in-bc/statistics/census/aginbrief_thompson-nicola.pdf Accessed: January 9, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-501-x/12-501-x2012001-eng.pdf

Statistics Canada. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2007. Catalogue no. 12-501-XIE. Retrieved from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-501-x/12-501-x2007001-eng.pdf Bibliography

Indicator 8 – Environment Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI) Initiative. 2007 and 2010 CEEI datasets. Retrieved from: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/reports-data/community-energy-emissions-inventory. Air Quality Health Index (monthly data) for Kamloops. Retrieved from: http://kamloops.weatherstats.ca/charts/health_index-1year.html Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI) Initiative. (February 2014). Technical Methods and Guidance Document 2007 – 2010 Reports. Retrieved from: BC Ministry of Environment. BC Air Data Archive. Retrieved from: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/climate-change/reports-and-data/community-energy-and-emissions- http://envistaweb.env.gov.bc.ca/ inventory-ceei/ceei_techmethods_guidance_final.pdf.

BC Ministry of Environment. BC Ambient Air Quality Objectives – Updated October 21, 2014. Provincial Air Quality BC Used Oil Management Association. BC Used Oil Management Association 2014 Annual Report. Retrieved from: Objective Information Sheet. Retrieved from: http://usedoilrecycling.com/resources/file/BC/2015/21012030_%20BCUOMA_AR_2014_06.11_N.pdf http://www.bcairquality.ca/reports/pdfs/aqotable.pdf Tire Stewardship BC. Tire Stewardship BC Annual Report to the Director 2014. Retrieved from: BC Lung Association. State of the Air 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.tsbc.ca/pdf/TSBC-AnnualReport2014.pdf. http://www.bc.lung.ca/airquality/documents/StateOfTheAir2014WebLR.pdf Indicator 10 – Composite Health Indicator BC Lung Association. State of the Air 2015 and Technical Appendix. Retrieved from: http://www.bc.lung.ca/airquality/documents/StateOfTheAir2015_Web.pdf and Interior Health. Office of the Senior Medical Health Officer. (September 2013). Road Safety Report for the Interior Health http://www.bc.lung.ca/airquality/documents/FinalAppendix2015_R4_web_Jun2015.pdf Authority. Retrieved from: http://www.interiorhealth.ca/AboutUs/Leadership/Documents/Road%20Safety%20Report%20for%20the%20IHA.pdf Merritt Air Quality Stakeholder Committee. 2007 Merritt Air Quality Management Plan. Retrieved from: http://www.bcairquality.ca/reports/pdfs/merritt_aqmp.pdf Interior Health. (2013). Local Health Area Profile – Kamloops.

City of Kamloops. Airshed Management Plan. Retrieved from: Interior Health. (2014). Local Health Area Profile – Kamloops. Retrieved from: http://www.kamloops.ca/environment/pdfs/13-05-AirshedManagementPlan.pdf https://www.interiorhealth.ca/AboutUs/QuickFacts/PopulationLocalAreaProfiles/Documents/Kamloops%20LHA.pdf

BC Ministry of Environment. BC Air Quality. Air Quality Health Index. Retrieved from: Statistics Canada. Table 105-0501 - Health indicator profile, annual estimates, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces, http://www.bcairquality.ca/readings/air-quality-health-index.html territories, health regions (2013 boundaries) and peer groups, occasional. Accessed: December 10, 2014. Data provided by: Carrie Winter, Interior Health. Hasselback, P., Taylor, E.(September 2010). Air Quality Health Index Variation across BC Retrieved from: http://www.bcairquality.ca/reports/pdfs/aqhi-variation-bc.pdf Statistics Canada. Estimates - Statistics Canada. Projections - BC Stats, May 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Demography/PopulationProjections.aspx. BC Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Division, Environmental Quality Branch, Air Protection Section. Accessed: July 30, 2015. (March 2008). Guidelines for Air Quality Dispersion Modelling in British Columbia. Retrieved from: http://www.bcairquality.ca/reports/pdfs/air_disp_model_08.pdf BC Stats. Socio-Economic Indices. Overall Regional Socio-Economic Index 2012. (2013-07-29). Retrieved from: http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/SocialStatistics/SocioEconomicProfilesIndices/SocioEconomicIndices/LH Indicator 9 – Waste Diversion AReports.aspx Statistics Canada. 2012. Census Profile. 2011 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE. Ottawa. Released June 27, 2012. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E

TNRD Environmental Services Department (tonnages of landfilled waste and recycling)

City of Kamloops Environmental Services Department (tonnage of landfilled waste)

City of Kamloops Public Works and Utilities Department Annual Report. Retrieved from: http://www.kamloops.ca/publications/pdfs/14-PWU-AnnualReport.pdf

Golder Associates Ltd. 2014 Annual Report – Cache Creek Landfill – Cache Creek, BC. Retrieved from: http://www.wastech.ca/poweringtheplaces/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/CCLF-2014-Annual-Report.pdf

Ministry of Environment and the Environmental Assessment Office – 2014/15 Annual Service Plan Report. Retrieved from: http://bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/Annual_Reports/2014_2015/pdf/ministry/env.pdf