DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Pennamericanum Pv. Nov., Causal Agent of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Pearl Millett M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Pennamericanum Pv. Nov., Causal Agent of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Pearl Millett M INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Oct. 1988, p. 362-366 Vol. 38, No. 4 0020-7713/88/O40362-05$02.OO/O Copyright 0 1988, International Union of Microbiological Societies Characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pennamericanum pv. nov., Causal Agent of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Pearl MilletT M. QHOBELAS AND L. E. CLAFLIN" Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 A survey for bacterial diseases of millet and sorghum was conducted in northern Nigeria during the 1984 growing season. Bacterial diseases were prevalent throughout the area surveyed. Yellow, mucoid bacterial colonies were consistently isolated from pearl millet leaves exhibiting bacterial streak symptoms. The causative organism was characterized as a pathovar of Xanthomonas campestris. The strains isolated formed a homogeneous group of aerobic, motile, gram-negative, rod-shaped organisms which were distinctly different pathologically, serologically, and by membrane protein patterns from other pathovars of X. campestris. The cells measured 0.45 by 2.25 pm, and each cell had one polar flagellum. Optimal growth occurred between 26 and 30°C, and the maximum NaCl tolerance was 3%. Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and Proso millet (Panicurn miliaceum) are the only known hosts. For this pathovar, we propose the name Xanthomonas campestris pv. pennamericanum pv. nov. (the name is derived from Pennisetum americanum, the Latin binomial for pearl millet). The holopathotype strain is strain B6-P, which has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. Bacterial diseases of pearl millet [Pennisetum america- B (13), and Xanthomonas phaseoli medium (4). The plates num (L.) Leeke] are generally assumed to be of limited were incubated for 4 to 6 days at 28°C and were examined for economic importance. This assumption is perhaps one of the bacterial colonies. Single colonies of the suspected patho- reasons that bacterial diseases of pearl millet have received gens were transferred to fresh YDCA plates. Verification of limited attention. Bacterial pathogens that have been re- pathogenicity was conducted by inoculating 3- to 4-week-old ported to incite diseases of pearl millet include Pseudomo- pearl millet seedlings (cultivar Serere 3A) grown under nus syringae pv. syringae (17), Pseudomonas avenue (L. E. greenhouse conditions (28°C). The results were recorded 2 Claflin, B. A. Ramundo, J. E. Leach, and I. D. Erinle, weeks after inoculation. The preparation of the inoculum Phytopathology 77:1766, 1987), Xanthomonas annama- and the inoculation method used are described below. The laiensis (20), Xanthomonas rubrisorghi (19), and Xantho- pathogenic isolates were lyophilized for long-term storage, monas penniseti (18); the last three species were subse- and working cultures were maintained on YDCA plates at quently determined to be Erwinia herbicola (7). A high 4°C. percentage of pearl millet plants observed in a survey Biochemical and physiological characterization. Two iso- conducted in northern Nigeria during the 1984 growing lates of the suspected pathogen were compared with X. season exhibited symptoms similar to those of bacterial leaf campestris pv. graminis (two strains), X. campestris pv. stripe and streak of sorghum (9). Two phytopathogenic holcicola (seven strains) , X. campestris pv. translucens bacteria were commonly isolated from leaf samples. One (seven strains), and X. campestris pv. vasculorum (seven isolate was determined to be Pseudomonas avenue, the strains) by using the following tests: Gram reaction (22);acid incitant of bacterial leaf stripe of pearl millet (Claflin et al., production from carbohydrates, using Hugh-Leifson me- Phytopathology 77:1766, 1987). The other was determined to dium (11); occurrence of a yellow water-insoluble pigment be an unknown pathovar of Xunthomonas campestris; this on YDCA (23); casein, gelatin, and Tween 80 hydrolysis (5); organism was determined to be the causal agent of bacterial growth on X. phaseoli medium (4); hydrogen sulfide produc- leaf streak of pearl millet. Chqracterization of the pearl millet tion (6); maximum sodium chloride tolerance (5); minimum bacterial leaf streak agent, X. campestris pv. pennamerica- and maximum growth temperatures (5); malonate and citrate num pv. nov., is reported here. utilization (8); arginine dihydrolase production (24); Kovacs oxidase test (14); and nitrate reduction (8). MATERIALS AND METHODS Dot-immunobinding assay. For the dot-immunobinding as- Isolation of bacterial strains. Symptomatic leaves were say (DIA), the method of Leach et al. (16) was used to rinsed three times in sterile distilled water (20 s per rinse). produce antisera and to assay for serological relationships Sections of leaf tissue (0.5 by 2 cm) were triturated in 4 ml of between the pearl millet pathogen and other X. campestris sterile 12.5 mM PO4 buffer (pH 7.2) by using a sterile mortar pathovars that infect cereal crops. Antiserum was produced and pestle. The resulting suspension was filtered through against the following pathogens: X. campestris pv. penna- two layers of cheesecloth and serially diluted with sterilized mericanum pv. nov. strain B6-PT (T = type strain), X. PO4 buffer. The diluted suspensions were plated onto yeast campestris pv. translucens XT-116, X. campestris pv. hol- dextrose cakium carbonate agar (YDCA) (22),King medium cicoia ATCC 13461, and X. campestris pv. vascuiorum NCPPB 1326. Antisera were cross-absorbed with Pseudo- monas syringae syringae Pseudomonas ave- * Corresponding author. pv. B359 and ? Contribution no. 88-244-5 from the Department of Plant Pathol- nue PA 134 to eliminate cross-reactivity with other bacterial ogy, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State Univer- pathogens of pearl millet. sity, Manhattan. Pure cultures of the following bacterial pathogens were $ Present address: Agricultural Research Station, Maseru 100, used as antigens in the DIA procedure: X. campestris pv. Kingdom of Lesotho. pennamericanum pv. nov., X. campestris pv. graminis, X. 362 VOL. 38, 1988 XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. PENNAMERICANUM PV. NOV. 363 TABLE 1. Bacterial strains used for the identification of the pearl millet pathogen Organism Strain" Host Origin X. albilineans NCPPB 2939= Saccharum oficinarum Fiji X. campestris pv. graminis PDDCC 3473 Lolium tnultiJlorum Switzerland PDDCC 5733T Da c ty lis g 1om e ra ta Switzerland X. campestris pv. holcicola KS 66 Sorghum bicolor Kansas KS 86 Sorghum bicolor Kansas TX- 1 Sorghum bicolor Texas LES 107 Sorghum bicolor Lesotho LES 124 Sorghum bicolor Lesotho NCPPB 1241 Sorghum bicolor Australia PDDCC 3103* Sorghum bicolor New Zealand X. campestris pv. oryzae PDDCC 3128 Oryza sativa India X. campestris pv. oryzicola PDDCC 5743T Oryza sativa Malaysia X. campestris pv. translucens ATCC 10731 Hordeum vulgare Unknown ATCC 9000 Triticum aestivum Canada ATCC 10771 Triticum aestivum Unknown XT-103 Secale cereale Georgia XT-115 Secule cereale Georgia XT-116 Triticum aestivum South Dakota PDDCC 5752T Hordeum vulgare United States X. campestris pv. vasculorum NCPPB 206 Zea mays Republic of South Africa NCPPB 1326 Saccharum oficinarum Zimbabwe PDDCC 253 Saccharum oficinarum India PDDCC 302 Roystonea regia Mauritius PDDCC 304 Saccharum oficinarum Australia PDDCC 327 Thysanolaena maxima Reunion PDDCC 5757T Saccharum oficinarum Mauritius Erwinia herbicola 112Y Unknown United Kingdom ~ a Strains were obtained from the following sources: American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. (ATCC); Plant Disease Division Culture Collection, Auckland, New Zealand (PDDCC); National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (NCPPB); Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan (strains KS 66, KS 86, TX-1, LES 107, LES 124, and 112Y); and B. M. Cunfer, Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment (strains XT-103, XT-115, and XT-116). campestris pv. holcicoia, X. campestris pv. ovyzae, X. distilled water (pH 6.75) was added. The samples were campestris pv. translucens, and X. campestris pv. vasculo- boiled for 2 min, allowed to cool, and stored at -20°C. rum. All of the antigen strains listed in Table 1 were checked The buffer system used for gel electrophoresis was the for reactivity with the homologous and heterologous anti- discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate system of Laemmli sera. (15). The separating gel contained acrylamide at a final Resolution of bacterial membrane proteins. A method concentration of 12.5% and was prepared from a stock adapted from the method of Ames (2) was used to resolve solution containing 30 g of acrylamide and 0.8 g of N,N'- and differentiate membrane proteins of the phytopathogenic methylene bisacrylamide in 100 ml of distilled water. The bacteria listed in Table 1. Cells were grown with vigorous stacking gel contained 5% acrylamide and was prepared agitation in 0.8% nutrient broth (Difco Laboratories) con- taining 0.5% (wthol) NaCl. A 200-ml portion of a culture in log phase was centrifuged for 20 min at 3,500 X g by using a TABLE 2. Plants used to determine the host range of the pearl Beckman model J-21C centrifuge equipped with a model millet pathogen JA-14 fixed-angle rotor. The bacterial pellet was suspended Scientific name Common name Variety Or Donorb in 10 ml of 10 mM tris(hydroxymethy1)aminomethane hydro- PI" no. chloride-30 mM NaCl (pH 7.2) and sonicated (100 W; Braun Pennisetum americanum Pearl millet Serere 3A 3 Sonic model 1510 sonicator) for 2 min in 20-s intervals with Panicum miliaceum Proso millet 463435 1 40 s of cooling between intervals. The crude sonic extract Zea mays Maize Gold cup 3 was centrifuged for 20 min at 6,000 x g by using a Beckman Sorghum bicolor Sorghum 80B 4 model J-21C centrifuge and a model JA-20 fixed-angle rotor. Saccharum oficinurum Sugarcane 468 5 The supernatant was removed without disturbing the loose Triticum aestivum Wheat Bounty 3 pellet floating above the tightly packed pellet at the bottom Hordeum vulgare Barley Dickson 3 of the tube and then centrifuged at 111,000 x g for 35 min Avenu sutiva Oats Larry 3 with a Beckman model L8-70 ultracentrifuge equipped with Eleusine coracana Finger millet 462979 2 a type 70.1 Ti fixed-angle rotor.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Enset Clones Against Enset Bacterial Wilt
    African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 89 - 95 ISSN 1021-9730/2008 $4.00 Printed in Uganda. All rights reserved ©2008, African Crop Science Society EVALUATION OF ENSET CLONES AGAINST ENSET BACTERIAL WILT G. WELDE-MICHAEL, K. BOBOSHA1, G. BLOMME2, T. ADDIS, T. MENGESHA and S. MEKONNEN Southern Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Awassa Research Center, P.O. Box 06, Awassa, Ethiopia 1Armauer Hansen Research Institute. P.O. Box. 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2Bioversity International Uganda Office, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda ABSTRACT Enset (Ensete ventricosum Welw. Cheesman) is an important food crop for over 20% of the Ethiopian population living in the southern and southwestern parts of the country. Enset farmers commonly grow combinations of clones in fields, but each clone is grown for its specific use. A large number of enset clones collected from the Sidama, Gurage, Kembata Tembaro and Hadyia zones were assessed for resistance/tolerance to enset bacterial wilt, Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) at the Awassa Agricultural Research Center, Awassa in Ethiopia, during the period 1994 to 2000. In addition, some enset clones that were reported by farmers and researchers as tolerant to Xcm were evaluated during the same period. The objective of the study was to screen field-grown enset clones collected from different zones of southern Ethiopia, for reaction against the wilt. All Xcm inoculated enset clones in each of the experiments developed disease symptoms to various intensity levels during the first 45 days after inoculation. However, several enset clones showed relative tolerance to the disease. The enset clones ‘Astara’, ‘Buffare’, ‘Geziwet 2’, ‘Gulumo’ and ‘Kullo’ showed 100% disease symptoms at 30 days after inoculation and could, hence, be used as susceptible checks in future screening trials.
    [Show full text]
  • Xanthomonas Campestris
    Journal of Agricultural Science December, 2009 Lettucenin A and Its Role against Xanthomonas Campestris Hong Chia Yean School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Markus Atong School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Tel: 6088-320-306 E-mail: [email protected] Khim Phin Chong (Corresponding author) School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Tel: 6088-320-000 x5655 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lettucenin A is the major phytoalexin produced in lettuce after being elicited by biotic or abiotic elicitors. The production of lettucenin A in leaf can be induced by 5% of CuSO4 and 1% of AgNO3. A clear inhibition zone where the fungi Aspergillus niger failed to develop on TLC plates dipped in hexane: ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) at Rf 0.45 was observed. Lettucenin A was detected at a retention time of approximately 5.3 min after being injected into the HPLC run with isocratic solvent system containing water: acetonitrile ratio 60:40, (v/v). In vitro antibacterial study with Xanthomonas campestris results showed this pathogen has different sensitivity to all tested concentrations of lettucenin A. The bacteria was more sensitive to higher concentration of lettucenin A (333, 533 and 667 g ml-1), compare to lower concentrations such as 67 g ml-1. Thus, the relationship between the bacteria growth rate and lettucenin A concentration was negatively correlated. However, the bacteria growth rate continues to increase after two hours of incubation.
    [Show full text]
  • (Cabbage, Louisiana). Muhammad Machmud Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1982 Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Armoraciae the Causal Agent of Xanthomonas Leaf Spot of Crucifers (Cabbage, Louisiana). Muhammad Machmud Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Machmud, Muhammad, "Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Armoraciae the Causal Agent of Xanthomonas Leaf Spot of Crucifers (Cabbage, Louisiana)." (1982). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3812. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3812 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation o f techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “ target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication o f either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed.
    [Show full text]
  • APHIS Entities Accredited Under the National Seed Health System
    APHIS Entities Accredited Under the National Seed Health System Company and Accreditation Status: Accredited for: Agri Seed Testing Inc. Official seed sampling for phytosanitary testing 1930 Davcor Street SE Visual phytosanitary seed inspection Salem, OR 97302 ACCREDITATION STATUS Began: 7/26/2019 Expires: 7/26/2022 Approved for Salem, OR location California Seed and Plant Laboratory Seed health testing for the following crops: 3556 Sankey Road Brassica spp. for the pathogens: Pleasant Grove, CA 95668 —Phoma lingam —Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ACCREDITATION STATUS Capsicum annuum (pepper) for the pathogens: Began: 3/15/2017 —Pospiviroids (CLVd, PCFVd, PSTVd, TASVd, TCDVd, and Expires: 10/30/2023 TPMVd) effective 12/4/2020 —Tobamoviruses (PMMoV, TMV, and ToMV) Approved for Pleasant Grove, CA location —Tomato brown rugose fruit virus effective 11/9/2020 —Xanthomonas spp. Cucurbitacae for the pathogens: —Acidovorax avengae spp. citrulli (seedling growout method and seedling PCR) —Acidovorax citrulli (seed extract PCR) —Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus —Didymella bryoniae —Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum on watermelon —Melon necrotic spot virus —Squash mosaic virus Daucus carota (carrot) for the pathogens: —Alternaria dauci —Alternaria radicina —Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae Lactuca sativa (lettuce) for the pathogen lettuce mosaic virus Phaseolus spp. (beans) for the pathogens: —Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola —Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) for the pathogens: —Clavibacter
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Phaseoli
    Tropical Plant Pathology, vol. 35, 4, 213-222 (2010) Copyright by the Brazilian Phytopathological Society. Printed in Brazil www.sbfito.com.br RESEARCH ARTICLE / ARTIGO Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in �ean seeds by f��low �y � ���e��y ������s������ �����d d��e���� ���b�e counting Nilvanira D. Tebaldi1, Jeroen Peters2, Ricardo M. Souza1, Luiz G. Chitarra3, Patricia van der Zouwen2, Jan Bergervoet2 & Jan van der Wolf2 1Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil; 2Plant Research International, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3Embrapa Algodão, 58.107-720, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil Author for correspondence: Ricardo M. Souza, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Flow cytometric analysis of immuno-stained cells (immuno-FCM) was compared to immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) and dilution plating on a semi-selective medium, for quantitative detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) in bean seed extracts. Cell concentrations of Xap between 103-107 CFU/mL were added to healthy bean seed extracts. A flow cytometry sorting procedure was developed to separate immuno-stained Xap cells from crude seed extracts and confirming by PCR. FCM was evaluated for direct viable counting (DVC) of Xap using combinations of propidium iodide (PI) and carboxy fluorescein diacetate (cFDA) or PI and SYTO 9 and also the combination of immuno-FCM and PI. Dilution plating and IF allowed detection of Xap in bean seed extracts in a range of 103-106 CFU/mL and immuno-FCM from 104-106 CFU/mL. Sorted cells could be detected in crude seed extracts by PCR without further extraction. FCM also allowed quantification of viable cells of Xap after DVC procedures; the red fluorescent dye propidium iodide was used to identify dead cells in combination with the green fluorescent dyes cFDA or SYTO 9, these identifying live cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Banana Xanthomonas Wilt: a Review of the Disease, Management Strategies and Future Research Directions
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 6 (8), pp. 953-962, 16 April 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2007 Academic Journals Review Banana Xanthomonas wilt: a review of the disease, management strategies and future research directions Moses Biruma2, Michael Pillay1,2*, Leena Tripathi2, Guy Blomme3, Steffen Abele2, Maina Mwangi2, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay4, Perez Muchunguzi2, Sadik Kassim2, Moses Nyine2 Laban Turyagyenda2 and Simon Eden-Green5 1Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa. 2International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda 3International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda 4International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria 5EG Consulting, 470 Lunsford Lane, Larkfield, Kent ME20 6JA, United Kingdom. Accepted 1 March, 2007 Banana production in Eastern Africa is threatened by the presence of a new devastating bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (formerly Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum). The disease has been identified in Uganda, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Tanzania. Disease symptoms include wilting and yellowing of leaves, excretion of a yel- lowish bacterial ooze, premature ripening of the bunch, rotting of fruit and internal yellow discoloration of the vascular bundles. Plants are infected either by insects through the inflorescence or by soil-borne bacterial inoculum through the lower parts of the plant. Short- and long-distance transmission of the disease mainly occurs via contaminated tools and insects, though other organisms such as birds may also be involved. Although no banana cultivar with resistance to the disease has been identified as yet, it appears that certain cultivars have mechanisms to ‘escape’ the disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic and Management Guide Xanthomonas Wilt of Bananas
    Xanthomonas Wilt of Bananas in East and Central Africa Diagnostic and Management Guide E. B. Karamura, F. L. Turyagyenda, W. Tinzaara, G. Blomme, F. Ssekiwoko, S. Eden–Green, A. Molina & R. Markham Bioversity International Rome, Italy Bioversity Kampala, Uganda Bioversity International is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. Bioversity has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four Programmemes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Commodities for Livelihoods. The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2008, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, COte d’lvoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania,
    [Show full text]
  • (Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Musacearum) of Enset (Ensete Ventricosum) in Ethiopia: a Review
    International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry Volume 7, Issue 2, 2020, PP 40-53 ISSN 2394-5907 (Print) & ISSN 2394-5915 (Online) Distribution and Management of Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Musacearum) of Enset (Ensete Ventricosum) in Ethiopia: a Review Misganaw Aytenfsu1* and Befekadu Haile2 1Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Horticulture, Mizan-Tepi, Ethiopia 2Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Plant Science, Mizan-Tepi, Ethiopia *Corresponding Author: Misganaw Aytenfsu, Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Horticulture, Mizan-Tepi, Ethiopia ABSTRACT Enset has high significance in the day to day life of more than 20 million of Ethiopian’s as a food source, fiber, animal forage, construction materials, and medicines. However, enset production in the country has been severely affected by bacterial wilt disease of enset (BWE). This review was carried out to investigate the spatial distribution and management options for bacterial wilt of enset, and identify gaps to guide future research. The diseases is widely distributed in major enset growing regions of the country and found to the crop at all developmental stages and lead to losses of up to 100% under severe damage. Currently, over 80% of enset farms are infected by BWE and no enset clone completely resistant to bacterial wilt has been reported. The distribution of the disease varied greatly with altitude having higher disease pressure at higher altitude range than the low altitude. Participatory based integrated disease management (IDM) through collective action approach is reported as a viable option for the successful and sustainable control of BWE.
    [Show full text]
  • CRISPR-Cas Systems in the Plant Pathogen Xanthomonas Spp. and Their Impact on Genome Plasticity Paula Maria Moreira Martins ; An
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/731166; this version posted August 9, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 CRISPR-Cas systems in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas spp. and their impact on 2 genome plasticity 3 Paula Maria Moreira Martins a*; Andre da Silva Xavier c*; Marco Aurelio Takita a 4 Poliane Alfemas-Zerbini b; Alessandra Alves de Souza a#. 5 *These authors contributed equally to this work 6 aCitrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico 7 de Campinas, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil 8 bDepartament of Microbiology, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária 9 (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil 10 cDepartament of Agronomy/NUDEMAFI, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 11 Brazil. 12 13 Key words: Phage, plasmids, Xanthomonadaceae, Xylella. 14 Running title: CRISPR-Cas systems in Xanthomonas spp. 15 Abstract 16 Xanthomonas is one of the most important bacterial genera of plant pathogens 17 causing economic losses in crop production worldwide. Despite its importance, many 18 aspects of basic Xanthomonas biology remain unknown or understudied. Here, we 19 present the first genus-wide analysis of CRISPR-Cas in Xanthomonas and describe 20 specific aspects of its occurrence. Our results show that Xanthomonas genomes harbour 21 subtype I-C and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems and that species belonging to distantly 22 Xanthomonas-related genera in Xanthomonadaceae exhibit the same configuration of bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/731166; this version posted August 9, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Risk from Xanthomonas Campestris Pv
    An analysis of the risk from Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum to banana cultivation in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa by JJ Smith, DR Jones, E Karamura, G Blomme and FL Turyagyenda Bioversity International is an independent international scientifi c organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. Bioversity has its head- quarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offi ces in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Commodities for Livelihoods. The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2008, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Re- public, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for Bioversity’s research is provided by more than 150 donors, including govern- ments, private foundations and international organizations. For details of donors and research ac- tivities please see Bioversity’s Annual Reports, which are available in printed form on request from [email protected] or from Bioversity’s Web site (www.bioversityinternational.org).
    [Show full text]
  • Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Fici (Cavara 1905) Dye 1978
    -- CALIFORNIA D EPAUMENT OF cdfa FOOD & AGRICULTURE ~ California Pest Rating Proposal for Xanthomonas campestris pv. fici (Cavara 1905) Dye 1978 Leafspot and dieback of fig Current Pest Rating: Q Proposed Pest Rating: B Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Gammaproteobacteria, Order: Xanthomonadales, Family: Xanthomonadaceae Comment Period: 02/17/2021 through 04/03/2021 Initiating Event: On December 1, 2020, a San Diego County agricultural inspector examined an incoming shipment of Ficus elastica (rubber plants) nursery stock from Martin County, Florida. The inspector observed and collected leaves with necrotic spots. The leaves were sent to CDFA’s Plant Pest Diagnostics Center at Meadowview. CDFA Plant pathologist Sebastian Albu detected Xanthomonas campestris pv. fici after culturing from the leaf spots. He confirmed his diagnosis with PCR, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. This is a known pathogen of Ficus spp. and other tropical foliage plants in Florida and Australia, but this was a first detection for California. The shipper received a notice of rejection from San Diego County and it was assigned a temporary Q rating. The risk to California from Xanthomonas campestris pv. fici is described herein and a permanent rating is proposed. History & Status: Background: Xanthomonads are bacterial plant pathogens that can cause cankers, vascular wilts, leaf spots, fruit spots, and blights of annual and perennial plants. They are found in tropical and temperate climates. They live as plant pathogens and epiphytes, with short survival times in the soil. Some are very aggressive primary pathogens while others are limited to secondary invasion after infection by primary pathogens. Some begin their association with host plants as epiphytes, using surface polysaccharides and forming biofilms.
    [Show full text]
  • Xanthomonas Spp. (Xanthomonas Euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas Gardneri, Xanthomonas Perforans, Xanthomonas Vesicatoria) Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Sweet Pepper
    Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2013) 43 (1), 7–20 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12018 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/110 (1) Organisation Europeenne et Mediterran eenne pour la Protection des Plantes Diagnostics Diagnostic PM 7/110 (1) Xanthomonas spp. (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas perforans, Xanthomonas vesicatoria) causing bacterial spot of tomato and sweet pepper Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Xanthomonas Approved in 2012–09. spp. causing bacterial spot of tomato and sweet pepper (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas perforans, Xanthomonas vesicatoria)1. (Doidge, 1921) from the starch-degrading group C strains Introduction originally isolated in the US (Gardner & Kendrick, 1921) Bacterial spot of Lycopersicon esculentum was first reported which were designated as X. perforans. The bacterial spot in South Africa and the US (Doidge, 1921; Gardner & pathogens currently fall into four validly described species Kendrick, 1921), and was first described on Capsicum annuum (X. vesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri) in Florida (Gardner & Kendrick 1923). The disease and X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria is no longer a valid name has since been observed in areas of all continents where (Bull et al., 2010). However, recent phylogenetic analyses Lycopersicon esculentum and Capsicum annuum are cultivated. based on DNA sequence similarity between single and multi- Classification of the bacteria causing leaf spot on both host ple gene loci (Young et al., 2008; Parkinson et al., 2009; plants, and therefore their routine identification, have been Hamza et al., 2010) support three distinct species, showing difficult to resolve.
    [Show full text]