1111 2 Germany’s Foreign Policy towards 3 4 Poland and the Czech Republic 5111 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 A thorough examination of critical aspects of Central and Eastern European 4 history, this book explores historical legacies and contemporary dynamics 5 in the relations between Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic. The 6 authors provide a comparative assessment of Germany’s post-reunification 7 relations with the Czech Republic and Poland from the perspective of a 8 social constructivist theory of foreign policy analysis. Identifying the key 9 actors and factors, they examine the long-standing continuity in the norms 20111 and values that underpin German foreign policy and explore the issues of 1 borders, territory, identities, minorities and population transfers. Paying 2 particular attention to the process of European integration and the role of 3 the new Germany within Europe, the authors identify how new possibilities 4 for co-operation might finally overcome legacies of the past. 5 This pioneering study will be of particular interest to students of 6 European Politics and International Affairs. 7 8 Karl Cordell is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Politics, University 9 of Plymouth, UK. 30111 1 Stefan Wolff is Professor of Political Science, University of Bath, UK. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 Routledge Advances in European Politics 2 3 1 Russian Messianism 12 The European Union and e-Voting 4 Third Rome, revolution, Communism Addressing the European Parliament’s 5 and after internet voting challenge 6 Peter J.S. Duncan Edited by Alexander H. 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Calleya 40111 Daniela Schwarzer 1 23 The Changing Face of European Identity 2 11 Europe A seven-nation study of (supra)national A Nietzschean perspective attachments 3 Stefan Elbe Edited by Richard Robyn 4 45111 1111 2 3 24 Governing Europe 29 Kosovo 4 Discourse, governmentality and The politics of identity and space 5 European integration Denisa Kostovicova 6 William Walters and Jens Henrik Haahr 30 The Politics of European Union 7 Enlargement 25 Territory and Terror Theoretical approaches 8 Conflicting nationalisms in the Basque Edited by Frank Schimmelfennig and 9 Country Ulrich Sedelmeier 1011 Jan Mansvelt Beck 1 26 Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy 31 Europeanizing Social Democracy? 2 and Central Europe The rise of the party of of European Claus Hofhansel Socialists 3111 Simon Lightfoot 4 27 Popular Protest in East Germany Gareth Dale 5 28 Germany’s Foreign Policy towards 6 Poland and the Czech Republic 7 Ostpolitik revisited 8 Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 45111 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 45111 1111 2 Germany’s Foreign Policy 3 4 towards Poland and the 5 6 7 Czech Republic 8 9 Ostpolitik revisited 1011 1 2 3111 4 Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 I~ ~~o~;~;n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2005 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2005 Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff Typeset in Sabon by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cordell, Karl, 1956– Germany’s foreign policy towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik revisited/Karl Cordell & Stefan Wolff. p. cm. – (Routledge advances in European politics; 28) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Germany – Foreign relations – Poland. 2. Germany – Foreign relations – Czech Republic. I. Title: Ostpolitik revisited. II. Wolff, Stefan, 1969– III. Title. IV. Series. DD120.P7C67 2005 327.4304371–dc22 2004024934 ISBN 978-0-415-36974-9 (hbk) For Jenny and Gunnel and Lucy and Sigrid 1111 2 Contents 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Acknowledgements x 4 5 1 The German question and German foreign policy: 6 7 a conceptual introduction 1 8 9 2 A usable past? German–Czech and German–Polish 20111 relations before the Second World War 16 1 2 3 An insurmountable legacy? Invasion, occupation, 3 expulsion and the Cold War 30 4 5 4 German–Czech and German–Polish relations since 6 the end of the Cold War: an overview 50 7 8 5 Foreign policy and its domestic consumption: the 9 German political parties and Ostpolitik 62 30111 1 6 Domestic constituencies and foreign audiences: 2 the Landsmannschaften and their impact on 3 German–Polish and German–Czech relations 82 4 5 7 The role of the minority populations 106 6 7 8 Ostpolitik: continuity and change 131 8 9 9 Towards a common future? 155 40111 1 2 Notes 166 3 Bibliography 171 4 List of interviews 177 45111 Index 179 1111 2 Acknowledgements 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 This book has been a truly collaborative effort and is the result of our 4 co-operation on this inherently complex subject matter of ‘the German 5 question’ that dates back around seven years. Apart from this book, we 6 have, individually and jointly, published a number of books and articles 7 on this topic, and have freely drawn on previously published and published 8 research. At the same time, this book represents a departure for both 9 of us. In the past, our concern had been primarily with ethnic German 20111 minorities in Europe, and to a lesser extent with the German refugee and 1 expellee communities. Only sporadically had we touched on more compre- 2 hensive assessments of the various dimensions of the German question. 3 In following and analysing political developments over the past fifteen 4 years, we came to realize that the German question, declared resolved by 5 many in 1990, continued to remain a significant factor in European 6 politics at least and in particular in Germany’s relations with Poland and 7 the Czech Republic. In this triangle of fate, we witnessed remarkable 8 change and stagnation, continuity and innovation, as well as compromise 9 and confrontation. In this volume we attempt to analyse its causes and 30111 consequences. 1 No work like this is merely the product of its authors’ efforts. We have 2 many people to thank for their comments on earlier drafts, for correc- 3 tions of factual errors, for the time they made available for us to interview 4 them. We benefited greatly from a research grant awarded by the British 5 Academy (LRG 35361), which allowed us to engage two very able research 6 assistants in Poland and the Czech Republic: Andrzej Dybczyƒski and 7 Zdenûk Hausvater; and from the equally generous support of our depart- 8 ments at the University of Plymouth and the University of Bath. Without 9 the encouragement of Heidi Bagtazo, Grace McInnes and Harriet Brinton 40111 at Routledge, we may never have started writing this book. Special thanks 1 are due to our family and friends who created the environment in which 2 we were able to finish this book. In particular we would like to thank 3 Jenny Hedström for her comments on early drafts of the manuscript, 4 Professors El˝bieta Stadtmüller and Beata Ociepka for the loan (again!) 45111 of their office at the University of Wroc∏aw, Robert Stradomski for sorting Acknowledgements xi 1111 things out in Poland, Sandra Barkhof for her assistance in the drafting of 2 requests and letters in German, and last but by no means least, many 3 thanks to Marta Urbanek for acting as chauffeur and minder in Poland.