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Behavior in Grasshoppers MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 141 A Comparative Study of Communicative Behavior in Grasshoppers BY DANIEL OTTE Department of Zoolo<gy, The Uniuersity of Texas at Austin ANN ARBOR MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IIECEMKEK 11, 1970 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, consists of two series-the Occasional Papers and the Miscellaneous Publications. Both series were founded by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradsha~v H. Swales, and D. W. W. Ncwcomb. The Occasional Papers, publication of which was begun in 1913, serve as a ~lledium for original studies based principally upon the collections in the Museun~.They are issued separately. When a sufficient number of pages has been printed to make a volume, a title page, table of contents, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. The Miscellaneous Publications, which include papers on field and Inuseuln tcch- niques, non no graphic studies, and other contributions not within the scope of the Occasional Papers, are published separately. It is not intended that they be grouped into volumes. Each number has a title page and, when necessary, a table of contents. A complete list of pnblications on Birds, Fishes, Insects, Mammals, Mollusks, and Reptiles and Amphibians is available. Address illquiries to the Director, Musum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. No. Directions for collecting and preserving specimens of dr;rgonflics for museum purposes. By E. B. WILLIA~ISON.(1916) 15 pi)., 3 figs. .......... $0.25 No. An annotated list of the Odonata of Indiana. By E. B. W11.1.1A~S0N. (1917) 12 pp., 1 map ................................................ 60.25 No. Notes on American species of Trincn~ithogynctand Gynncnnthn. By E. B. WILLIAMSON.(1923) 67 pp., 7 pls. .................................... .W.75 No. hTotcs on the genus Er)ltlrenlis with n description of a ncw species (Odonata). By E. R. WILLIAMSON. The 13hylogcny and the distribution of the gcnus Er)~t~le?tlis(Odonata). By CLARENCEH. KENNEDY.(1923) 21 pp., 1 pl. ....................out of print No. The gcnus Perilestes (Otlonata). By E. B. WILI.IA~TSONand J. H. WILLIAM- SON.(1924) 36 pp., 1 pl. ............................................. 61.00 No. A revision of the libelluline genus Peritheittis (Odonata). By F. RIS. (1930) 50 pp., 9 pls. ................................................ $0.75 No. The gcnus Oligoclndn (Odonata). By DONALDBORROR. (1931) 42 pp., 7 pls. $0.50 No. A revision of the Puer Group of the North American genus Me1anof)lus. with remarks on the taxonomic value of the concealed male genit;llia in the Cyrtacantllacrinae (Orthopetra, Acrididae). By THEODORE H. HUBBELL. (1932) 64 pp., 3 pls., 1 fig., 1 map ..................................... $0.75 No. A review of the dragonflies of the genera Neurocordtrlia and Platycordtllin. By FRANCISBYERS. (1937) 36 pp., 8 pls., 4 maps ........................ $0.50 No. The crane flies (Tipulidae) of the George Reserve, Michigan. By J. SPEED ROGERS(1942) 128 pp., 8 pls., 1 map .................................. $1.25 No. The ecology of the Orthoptera and Dermaptera of the Gcorge Reserve, Michigan. By IRVINGJ. CANTRALL.(1943) 182 pp., 10 pls., 2 maps ........ $1.50 No. Monograph of the family Mordellidae (Coleoptera) of North America, north of Mexico. By EMILLILJEBLAD. (1945) 229 pp., 7 pls. ............ 52.00 (Continued on back cover) MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 141 A Comparative Study of Communicative Behavior in Grasshoppers BY DANIEL OTTE Department of Zoology, The Uniuersity of Texas at Austin ANN ARBOR MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN I>ECEMBEK 11, 1970 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION................................................................. ACKNOWI.EDCMENTS ............................................................. METHODSOF STUDY............................................................. PRINCIPALBEHAVIOR PATTERNS .................................................. DESCRIPTIONAND COMPARISONOF BE'IAVIOR...................................... Subfamily Ocdipodinae .................................................... Genus Arphia ......................................................... Gcnus Chortophnga .................................................... Genus Encoptoloph~ls .................................................. Genus Lactistn and Platylactista ........................................ Genus Pardalopho~-a ................................................... Genus Hippiscus ...................................................... Genus Xanthippus Genus Leprus ....................................................... Genus Coirln~~la....................................................... Gcnus Spharagenzon .................................................. Genus Ilissosteira ...................................................... Genus Srirtetica ....................................................... Genus Tropidolofih~cs .................................................. Genus Psinidia ........................................................ Genus Derotn~ema ..................................................... Genus Mestobregma .................................................... Genus Trachyrhachys Gcnus Trimerotropis .................................................. Genus Conozoa ........................................................ Gcnus Hadrotettix ..................................................... Genus Circotettix ...................................................... Genus Aerocl~ore~ites................................................... Genus Cibolarris ...................................................... Genus Heliastz~s ....................................................... Summary to Suhfarnily Oedipodinae ........................................ Subfamily Acridinae ....................................................... Genus Chorthi11j)us .................................................... Genus Chloealtis ...................................................... Genus Neopodisnzopsis ................................................. Genus Preudopor~zala ................................................... Genus Mermerin ....................................................... Genus Acrolof)hit~cs .................................................... Genus Pedioscirtefes ................................................... Genus Morsielln ....................................................... Genus Eritettix ........................................................ Genus Syrbula ........................................................ Genus Arantherzls .................................................... Genus Pklibostroma .................................................... Genus Cordillacris ..................................................... Genus Ageneotettix .................................................... Genus Drepanof)ternu ........................ ... ...................... Genus Az~locara ....................... .. ............................. Genus Pnraponiala ..................................................... Genus Orf~h~~llela..................................................... Genus Dichronzorpha Genus I. igurotettix ..................................................... Genus Goniatron ...................................................... Genus Psoloe.\sa ....................................................... Genus nootettix ....................................................... Sun~lnaryto Subfamily Acridinae ........................................... Subfat~~iliesCyrtacnntltacridinae and Catantof~inae .......................... Gcnus Schistocercn ..................................................... Genus Mrlnnof~lvs..................................................... Genus Paroxya ....................................................... Genus Parairle~nona .................................................... Sunilnary to Cyrtac;~ntllacridinacand Catantopinae ........................... Subl'a~nilyRornalcinae: Genus Tarniofioda .................................. Farnily Pncurnoritlac: Genus Bzillacris ....................................... Falrlily Pamphagidae: Genus Porthetis ....................................... INTERSPECIFIC~NTERACI.IONS AND REPRODUCTIVEI SOL AT ION .......................... ORIGINAND EVOLUTIONOF SIGNALS.............................................. GENERALCONCLUSIONS .......................................................... SUMMARY..................................................................... APPENDIX..................................................................... LITERATURECITED .............................................................. ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE FRONTISPIECE OPPOSITE PAGE 5 1. Common acoustical and visual signals . 2. Lateral view of a grasshopper showing sound-producing and hearing apparatus 3. Hindwings of Circotettix rabula and Aerochoreutes carlinianus 4. Plot of crepitation rate against temperature 5. Aucliospectrogra~l~sof Arphia signals 6. Audiospectrographs of Lactista, Encofitolophus, Chortofihaga, Dissosteira, and Scirtetica signals . 7. Audiospectrographs of Pardalophora, Xanthififius, Hifipiscus, Lefirus, and Cam- 1zu1a signals ............................................................. 8. Audiospectrographs of Spharagei~~oncourtship signals 9. Audiospcctrographs of Triitlerotrofiis courtship
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