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Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA ESCUELA DE BIOLOGÍA ZONAS PRIORITARIAS DE CONSERVACION BIOLOGICA A PARTIR DEL ANÁLISIS ESPACIAL DE LA HERPETOFAUNA DE LOS ESTADOS DE PUEBLA Y TLAXCALA Tesis que para obtener el título de BIÓLOGO (A) . PRESENTA: GRISELDA OFELIA JORGE LARA TUTOR: DR. RODRIGO MACIP RÍOS NOVIEMBRE 2013 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS A los proyectos Estado de conservación de los recursos naturales y la biodiversidad de los estados de puebla y Tlaxcala. PROMEP/103.5/12/4367 Proyecto: BUAP-PTC-316 y Estado actual de Conservación de la Biodiversidad de Puebla. Proyecto VIEP modalidad: consolidación de investigadores jóvenes, por el apoyo económico brindado para la ejecución de esta tesis. Al Instituto de Instituto de Ciencias de Gobierno y Desarrollo Estratégico por abrirme sus puertas en todo el desarrollo de mi tesis. Al Dr. Rodrigo Macip por sus enseñanzas, su apoyo y su paciencia para la realización de esta investigación. A mis sinodales por la disponibilidad para la revisión del manuscrito y las pertinentes correcciones del mismo. Al M. en C. J. Silvestre Toxtle Tlamaní por su disponibilidad para atender mis dudas tanto de la tesis y en los últimos cuatrimestres de la carrera. Al Dr. Flores Villela y la Ma. en C. Guadalupe Gutiérrez Mayen por haberme facilitado literatura importante para el desarrollo de esta tesis. A Sami por dedicarme su tiempo su paciencia y nunca dejarme vencer, gracias por ser parte de mi vida. A mis amigas de la Universidad Paty Téllez, Vere Cruz, Elo Cordero, las gemelas Annya y Georgia, Azarel, Adris de Psicología, Sus Escobar que siempre estuvieron conmigo durante la carrera y apoyándome en mi tesis y a Karina y Misael que me hicieron pasar momentos muy agradables en el laboratorio de SIG. A mis padres y hermanos que siempre me apoyaron para seguir estudiando y preparándome cada vez más, muy en especial a mi mamá que ha sido el sostén de mi vida y que siempre que ha animado a seguir luchando demostrándome que siempre hay esperanza. 2 ÍNDICE Índice de Figuras ..................................................................................................... 5 Índice de cuadros .................................................................................................... 5 Resumen ................................................................................................................. 6 1. INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................................................. 7 2. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................ 10 2.1. La Diversidad Biológica ............................................................................. 10 2.1.1. Diversidad Biológica en México ........................................................... 10 2.1.2. Amenazas a la Biodiversidad ............................................................. 11 2.2. Conservación de la Biodiversidad ............................................................... 12 2.2.1. Áreas Protegidas .............................................................................. 14 2.2.2. Áreas Protegidas en México ............................................................. 15 2.2.3. Conservación en México ................................................................... 18 2.2.4. Conservación en Puebla y Tlaxcala .................................................. 20 2.3. Anfibios y Reptiles ....................................................................................... 20 2.3.1. Herpetofauna en México ................................................................... 24 2.3.2. Herpetofauna de los estados de Puebla y Tlaxcala .......................... 24 2.4. Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica en la Conservación .................... 25 3. JUSTIFICACION ............................................................................................... 27 4. OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................... 28 4.1. Objetivo General.......................................................................................... 28 4.2. Objetivos Particulares .................................................................................. 28 5. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ......................................................................................... 28 5.1. Ubicación y características generales del área de estudio .......................... 28 6. MÉTODOS ........................................................................................................ 31 6.1. Obtención de datos de presencia de Anfibios y Reptiles en los Estados de Puebla y Tlaxcala ..................................................................... 32 6.2. Análisis para determinar los cuadrantes con mayor diversidad y zonas a conservar .................................................................................... 32 6.2.1. Diversidad Alfa .................................................................................. 32 3 6.2.1.1 Riqueza de Especies ................................................................................ 33 6.2.1.2. Índice de Diversidad.................................................................... 33 6.2.1.3. Equitatividad o equidad ............................................................... 33 6.2.2. Diversidad Beta ................................................................................. 33 6.2.2.1. Índice de Similitud-Disimilitud ..................................................... 33 6.2.2.2. Índice de Recambio de Especies ................................................ 34 6.3. Análisis espacial para comparar las zonas prioritarias a conservar respecto a las ANP actuales ............................................ 35 7. RESULTADOS .................................................................................................. 36 7.1. Número de registros .................................................................................... 36 7.2. Análisis de gradilla de 1° x 1° ...................................................................... 37 7.2.1. Diversidad Alfa ................................................................................. 37 7.2.1.1. Riqueza ....................................................................................... 37 7.2.1.2. Índice de Diversidad Shannon-Weinner ...................................... 38 7.2.1.3. Equidad ....................................................................................... 38 7.2.2. Diversidad Beta ................................................................................. 39 7.2.2.1. Índices de Similitud-Disimilitud .................................................... 39 7.2.2.2. Índice de Recambio de Especies ................................................ 40 7.3. Análisis de gradilla de 0.5° x 0.5 ° ............................................................... 41 7.3.1. Diversidad Alfa .................................................................................. 41 7.3.1.1. Riqueza ....................................................................................... 41 7.3.1.2. Índice de Diversidad Shannon-Weinner ...................................... 41 7.3.1.3. Equitatividad ............................................................................... 42 7.3.2. Diversidad Beta ................................................................................. 43 7.3.2.1. Índices de Similitud-Disimilitud .................................................... 43 7.3.2.1. Índice de Recambio de Especies ................................................ 44 7.4. Zonas de alta Diversidad y prioritarias para la Conservación ...................... 50 7.4.1. Gradilla de 1° x 1° ............................................................................. 50 7.4.2. Gradilla de 0.5° x 0.5° ....................................................................... 51 8. DISCUSIÓN ...................................................................................................... 55 9. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................. 64 4 10. LITERATURA CITADA .................................................................................. 65 11. ANEXOS ........................................................................................................ 80 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fig. 1. Vegetación de los estados de Puebla y Tlaxcala. ..................................... 31 Fig. 2. Distribución de la herpetofauna en los estados de Puebla y Tlaxcala. ...... 36 Fig. 3. Zonas de alta diversidad en Puebla y Tlaxcala, gradilla de 1° x 1°. .......... 50 Fig. 4. Zonas de alta diversidad en Puebla y Tlaxcala, gradilla de 0.5° x 0.5°. .... 52 ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Tabla 1. Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) federales en los estados de Puebla y Tlaxcala ............................................................................................... 18 Tabla 2. Índices de diversidad alfa por cuadrante para la gradilla de 1° x 1° ....... 38 Tabla 3. Índice de diversidad Beta de Anfibios ..................................................... 39 Tabla 4. Índice de diversidad Beta de Reptiles .................................................... 39 Tabla 5. Índices de Complementariedad de especies de Anfibios ....................... 40 Tabla 6. Índices de Complementariedad de especies de Reptiles ....................... 40 Tabla 7. Índices de diversidad alfa por cuadrante para la gradilla de 0.5° x 0.5° . 42 Tabla 8.
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