The Southern Italian Peasant: World View and Political Behavior
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Three Main Groups of People Settled on Or Near the Italian Peninsula and Influenced Roman Civilization
Three main groups of people settled on or near the Italian peninsula and influenced Roman civilization. The Latins settled west of the Apennine Mountains and south of the Tiber River around 1000 B.C.E. While there were many advantages to their location near the river, frequent flooding also created problems. The Latin’s’ settlements were small villages built on the “Seven Hills of Rome”. These settlements were known as Latium. The people were farmers and raised livestock. They spoke their own language which became known as Latin. Eventually groups of these people united and formed the city of Rome. Latin became its official language. The Etruscans About 400 years later, another group of people, the Etruscans, settled west of the Apennines just north of the Tiber River. Archaeologists believe that these people came from the eastern Mediterranean region known as Asia Minor (present day Turkey). By 600 B.C.E., the Etruscans ruled much of northern and central Italy, including the town of Rome. The Etruscans were excellent builders and engineers. Two important structures the Romans adapted from the Etruscans were the arch and the cuniculus. The Etruscan arch rested on two pillars that supported a half circle of wedge-shaped stones. The keystone, or center stone, held the other stones in place. A cuniculus was a long underground trench. Vertical shafts connected it to the ground above. Etruscans used these trenches to irrigate land, drain swamps, and to carry water to their cities. The Romans adapted both of these structures and in time became better engineers than the Etruscans. -
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome Beginnings Founding • The Latins, an Indo-European-speaking Italic people from central Europe, crossed the Alps about 1500 B.C. and invaded Italy. • Attracted by the warm climate and fertile land, the Latins conquered the native peoples and settled in central Italy. • On the seven hills overlooking the Tiber River, they founded the city of Rome. • (According to Roman legend, the city was founded in 753 B.C. by two descendants of the gods – the twin brothers Romulus and Remus) Life Among the Early Latins The early Latins, a simple, hardy people, • worked chiefly at farming and cattle-raising; • maintained close family ties, with the father exercising absolute authority; • worshipped tribal gods (Jupiter, the chief god; Mars, god of war; Neptune, god of the sea; and Venus, goddess of love), and • defended Rome against frequent attacks Etruscan Territory • Etruscan architecture was created between about 700 BC and 200 BC, when the expanding civilization of ancient Rome finally absorbed Etruscan civilization. The Etruscans were considerable builders in stone, wood and other materials of temples, houses, tombs and city walls, as well as bridges and roads. The only structures remaining in quantity in anything like their original condition are tombs and walls, but through archaeology and other sources we have a good deal of information on what once existed. Etruscan Architecture Etruscan Funeral Urns From Etruscan Rule to Independence Rome was captured about 750 B.C. by its northern neighbors, the Etruscans. From these more advanced people, the Latins, or Romans, learned to • construct buildings, roads and city walls, • make metal weapons, and • Apply new military tactics; The Romans in 500 B.C. -
Feudal Contract – Medieval Europe
FEUDAL CONTRACT – MEDIEVAL EUROPE Imagine you are living in Medieval Europe (500 – 1500). Despite the fact that a feudal contract is an unwritten contract, write out a feudal contract. You and a partner will take on the roles of lord and vassal: - You Need to Write Out the Contract: - The lord can have a certain title (i.e. duke/duchess, baron/baroness, or count/countess), and specify what social standing the vassal has (i.e. lower-level knight, peasant, etc.). - In your contract, specify how much acreage in land (fief) will be given to the vassal. - Specify how much military service the vassal will serve, and what kind of fighting they will do (i.e. cavalry, foot soldier…) - How much money will a vassal provide his lord if he is kidnapped, and if there is a ransom? How much will a vassal provide for one of the lord’s children’s weddings? (Specify money in terms of weight and precious metal such as “30 lbs. gold”). - Specify other duties from the readings (Feudalism HW and class handout) that will be done by a lord and vassal (i.e. the lord will give safety and will defend his vassal in court). - List any other duties a lord/vassal will do of your choosing. (i.e. farm a certain crop, make a certain craft) - Define feudalism, fief, knight, vassal, and serfs. - Sign and date your contract at the bottom to make it official, and make sure the date is between the year 500 and 1500. Example: Lord/Vassal Feudal Contract: I am a peasant (name of vassal) and will serve and be the vassal of (name of Lord/Duke). -
Flavors of Southern Italy
FFllaavvoorrss ooff SSoouutthheerrnn IIttaallyy Rome * Amalfi Coast * Sicily With Capital Public Radio Insight Host Beth Ruyak June 16 - 28, 2017 “You may have the universe if I may have Italy.” Giuseppe Verdi Buongiorno! Dear friends, please join me, Beth Ruyak, Insight host for Capital Public Radio, and Italian guide extraordinaire, Natalia Mandelli, for a one-of-a-kind culturally rich, mouth-watering journey to Italy’s Deep South. Along the way, we will savor Spaghetti alle Vongole, fresh buffalo mozzarella and Sicily's rich olive oil. We’ll travel by ferry out to the gorgeous island of Capri; enjoy a classical music concert in Ravello, stroll through ancient Greek temples, elaborate Roman villas, Medieval Norman castles and colorful Moorish markets. Also included, an evening sunset cruise from the Naples to Sicily, wine tastings with the producers, colorful gardens and more! Join me, Capital Public Radio host Beth Ruyak, for what promises to be an extraordinary journey to Sicily and Southern Italy! Space is limited. Earthbound Expeditions Inc. POB 11305, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110 USA T. 800 723 8454 / T. 206 842 9775 / F. 206 238 8480 www.EarthboundExpeditions.com "God would have not have chosen Palestine if he had seen my kingdom of Sicily.” Frederick II YOUR JOURNEY 1 Night Historic Rome 3 Nights Ravello, Amalfi Coast 1 Night Sunset Cruise from Naples to Palermo 2 Nights Palermo, Capital of Sicily 1 Night Agrigento, Valley of the Temples 3 Nights Taormina, the Jewel of the Adriatic INSIDER EXPEREINCES Tickets to the Ravello Classical -
Undiscovered Southern Italy: Puglia, Calabria, Lecce & Reggio
12 Days – 10 Nights $4,995 From BOS In DBL occupancy Springfield Museums presents: Undiscovered Southern Italy: Puglia, Calabria, Lecce & Reggio Travel Dates: April 24 to May 5, 2019 12 Days, 10 Nights accommodation, sightseeing, meals and airfare from Boston (BOS) Escape to Southern Italy for a treasure trove of art, ancient and prehistoric sites, cuisine and nature. Enchanting landscapes surround historic towns where Romanesque and Baroque cathedrals and monuments frame beautiful town squares in the shadows of majestic castles and noble palaces. This tour is enhanced by the rich, natural beauty of the rugged mountains and stunning coastline. Museum School at the Springfield Museums 21 Edward Street, Springfield, Ma. 01103 Contact: Jeanne Fontaine [email protected] PH: 413 314 6482 Day 1 - April 24, 2019: Depart US for Italy Depart the US on evening flight to Italy. (Dinner-in flight) (Breakfast-in flight) Day 2 - April 25, 2019: Arrive Reggio Calabria. Welcome to the southern part of the beautiful Italian peninsula. After collecting our bags and clearing customs, we’ll meet our Italian guide who will escort us throughout our trip. We will check-in to our centrally located Hotel in Reggio Calabria. The city owns what it fondly describes as "the most beautiful mile in Italy," a panoramic promenade along the shoreline that affords a marvelous view of the sea and the shoreline of Sicily some four miles across the straits. This coastal region flanked by highlands and rugged mountains, boasts a bounty of local food products thanks to its unique geography. After check in, enjoy free time to relax before our orientation tour of the city. -
Peasantry and the French Revolution
“1st. What is the third estate? Everything. 2nd. What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing. 3rd. What does it demand? To become something therein.” -Abbe Sieyes 1789 Pre-Revolution • Louis XVI came to the throne in the midst of a serious financial crisis • France was nearing bankruptcy due to the outlays that were outpacing income • A new tax code was implemented under the direction of Charles Alexandre de Calonne • This proposal included a land tax • Issues with the Three Estates and inequality within it Peasant Life pre-Revolution • French peasants lived better than most of their class, but were still extremely poor • 40% worked land, but it was subdivided into several small plots which were shared and owned by someone else • Unemployment was high due to the waning textile industry • Rent and food prices continued to rise • Worst harvest in 40 years took place during the winter of 1788-89 Peasant Life pre-Revolution • The Third Estate, which was the lower classes in France, were forced by the nobility and the Church to pay large amounts in taxes and tithes • Peasants had experienced a lot of unemployment during the 1780s because of the decline in the nation’s textile industry • There was a population explosion of about 25-30% in roughly 90 years that did not coincide with a rise in food production Direct Causes of the Revolution • Famine and malnutrition were becoming more common as a result of shortened food supply • Rising bread prices contributes to famine • France’s near bankruptcy due to their involvement in various -
Southern Italy
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Southern Italy Naples & Campania p56 Puglia, Basilicata & Calabria p123 Sicily p185 Cristian Bonetto, Gregor Clark, Hugh McNaughtan PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to NAPLES & Salerno & the Cilento . 115 Southern Italy . 4 CAMPANIA . 56 Salerno . 115 Southern Italy Map . 6 Naples . 57 Cilento Coast . 119 Southern Italy’s Top 11 . 8 Bay of Naples . 79 Parco Nazionale del Capri . 79 Cilento e Vallo di Diano . 120 Need to Know . 16 Ischia . 86 Accommodation . 18 Procida . .. 89 PUGLIA, First Time South of Naples . 90 BASILICATA & Southern Italy . 20 Herculaneum (Ercolano) . .. 90 CALABRIA . 123 If You Like . 22 Mt Vesuvius . 95 Puglia . 126 Month by Month . 25 Pompeii . 95 Bari . 126 Sorrento . 102 Around Bari . 130 Itineraries . 28 The Amalfi Coast . 106 Promontorio Outdoor Activities . 38 Amalfi . 106 del Gargano . 132 Eat & Drink Nocelle . 108 Isole Tremiti . 138 Like a Local . 44 Positano . 109 Valle d’Itria . 140 Travel with Children . 51 Praiano . 112 Salento . 147 Regions at a Glance . 53 Ravello . 114 Basilicata . 160 ALFIYA SAFUANOVA/SHUTTERSTOCK © SAFUANOVA/SHUTTERSTOCK ALFIYA © ANTON_IVANOV/SHUTTERSTOCK STROMBOLI P211 FRANCESCA PIANZOLA/SHUTTERSTOCK © PIANZOLA/SHUTTERSTOCK FRANCESCA OSTUNI P145 Contents UNDERSTAND Matera . 161 SICILY . 185 Southern Italy Today . 252 Metaponto . 168 Palermo . 189 Potenza . 169 Tyrrhenian Coast . 200 History . 254 Appennino Lucano . 169 Cefalù . 200 The Southern Venosa . 170 Way of Life . 266 Aeolian Islands . 202 Basilicata’s The Mafia . 272 Western Coast . 170 Lipari . 203 Calabria . 173 Vulcano . 207 The Southern Table . 274 Northern Salina . 210 Art & Architecture . 283 Tyrrhenian Coast . 173 Stromboli . 211 Cosenza . 174 Ionian Coast . 213 SURVIVAL Parco Nazionale Taormina . -
Italian Immigrants and Italy: an Introduction to the Multi-Media Package on Italy
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 067 332 SO 004 339 AUTHOR Witzel, Anne TITLE Italian Immigrants and Italy: An Introduction to the Multi-Media Package on Italy. INSTITUTION Toronto Board of Education (Ontario). Research Dept. PUB DATE May 69 NOTE 16p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC -$ 3.29 DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; *Cultural Background; Elementary Education; *European History; Geography; History; *Immigrants; *Italian Literature; Resource Guides; Secondary Education IDENTIFIERS *Italy ABSTRACT The largest group of non-English speaking immigrants who come to Canada are Italians, the vast majority of whom are from Southern Italy. This paper furnishes information on their cultural background and lists multi-media resources to introduce teachers to Italian society so that educators may better understand their students. Immigrant children are faced with choosing between two conflicting life styles -- the values of Canadian society and family values and customs. When teachers are aware of the problem they can cushion the culture shock for students and guide them througha transitional period. The paper deals with history, geography, and climate, explaining and suggesting some ideas on why Southern Italy differs from Northern and Central Italy. Cultural differencescan be traced not only to the above factors, but also to ethnic roots and the "culture of poverty" -- attitudes of the poor which create a mentality that perpetuates living at a subsistence level. The low status of women as it affects society is discussed, since the family is seen as a society in microcosm. The last portion of the paper presents primary sources, annotated bibliographies, and audio-visual materials. A related document is SO 004 351. -
Italy Travel and Driving Guide
Travel & Driving Guide Italy www.autoeurope. com 1-800-223-5555 Index Contents Page Tips and Road Signs in Italy 3 Driving Laws and Insurance for Italy 4 Road Signs, Tolls, driving 5 Requirements for Italy Car Rental FAQ’s 6-7 Italy Regions at a Glance 7 Touring Guides Rome Guide 8-9 Northwest Italy Guide 10-11 Northeast Italy Guide 12-13 Central Italy 14-16 Southern Italy 17-18 Sicily and Sardinia 19-20 Getting Into Italy 21 Accommodation 22 Climate, Language and Public Holidays 23 Health and Safety 24 Key Facts 25 Money and Mileage Chart 26 www.autoeurope.www.autoeurope.com com 1-800 -223-5555 Touring Italy By Car Italy is a dream holiday destination and an iconic country of Europe. The boot shape of Italy dips its toe into the Mediterranean Sea at the southern tip, has snow capped Alps at its northern end, and rolling hills, pristine beaches and bustling cities in between. Discover the ancient ruins, fine museums, magnificent artworks and incredible architecture around Italy, along with century old traditions, intriguing festivals and wonderful culture. Indulge in the fantastic cuisine in Italy in beautiful locations. With so much to see and do, a self drive holiday is the perfect way to see as much of Italy as you wish at your own pace. Italy has an excellent road and highway network that will allow you to enjoy all the famous sites, and give you the freedom to uncover some undiscovered treasures as well. This guide is aimed at the traveler that enjoys the independence and comfort of their own vehicle. -
The Peasant Question and the Russian Revolution
The Peasant Question and the Russian Revolution: Revisiting Old Orthodoxies 1 By Paul Kellogg Professor, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Athabasca University March 31, 2019 Prepared for the conference, “Marx and Marxism 2019: Marxism without taboos – confronting oppressions” Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Marx e o Marxismo August 2019, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Draft only Not for publication Citation with permission of author [email protected] Bio Paul Kellogg is professor and chair of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies at Athabasca University in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He is the author of Escape from the Staple Trap: Canadian Political Economy after Left Nationalism (2015: University of Toronto Press) and Truth Behind Bars: Reflections on the Fate of the Russian Revolution (Forthcoming 2019: Athabasca University Press). 1 Revised version of this paper forthcoming as a chapter in Kellogg, Truth Behind Bars – Reflections on the Fate of the Russian Revolution. 2 Outline Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 The Patriarchal commune (mir) ...................................................................................... 1 Petty producers and the Petit-bourgeoisie ...................................................................... 5 Mistaken theory, catastrophic Practice ......................................................................... 15 War on the Kulaks and socialist Consciousness .......................................................... -
The Ancient People of Italy Before the Rise of Rome, Italy Was a Patchwork
The Ancient People of Italy Before the rise of Rome, Italy was a patchwork of different cultures. Eventually they were all subsumed into Roman culture, but the cultural uniformity of Roman Italy erased what had once been a vast array of different peoples, cultures, languages, and civilizations. All these cultures existed before the Roman conquest of the Italian Peninsula, and unfortunately we know little about any of them before they caught the attention of Greek and Roman historians. Aside from a few inscriptions, most of what we know about the native people of Italy comes from Greek and Roman sources. Still, this information, combined with archaeological and linguistic information, gives us some idea about the peoples that once populated the Italian Peninsula. Italy was not isolated from the outside world, and neighboring people had much impact on its population. There were several foreign invasions of Italy during the period leading up to the Roman conquest that had important effects on the people of Italy. First there was the invasion of Alexander I of Epirus in 334 BC, which was followed by that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC. Hannibal of Carthage invaded Italy during the Second Punic War (218–203 BC) with the express purpose of convincing Rome’s allies to abandon her. After the war, Rome rearranged its relations with many of the native people of Italy, much influenced by which peoples had remained loyal and which had supported their Carthaginian enemies. The sides different peoples took in these wars had major impacts on their destinies. In 91 BC, many of the peoples of Italy rebelled against Rome in the Social War. -
Petty Bourgeoisie’
Comments on the Term ‘Petty Bourgeoisie’ (S.H. — 4/28/19) Introduction First, I apologize for the length of this essay; as I got into the issue I kept thinking of additional aspects and related topics that should be mentioned. (Of course there are no doubt many more aspects not mentioned here!) And of necessity a discussion about how the petty bourgeoisie is defined must also discuss just how the proletariat and the bourgeoisie should be defined. These are not totally separate issues. Second, in this discussion I am not going to make any distinction between the various English and French spellings: I am taking the most common English term, ‘petty bourgeoisie’ to be the same thing as the ‘petit bourgeoisie’ and the ‘petite bourgeoisie’. Third, it is certainly true that the term ‘petty bourgeoisie’ is used in different ways by different people; i.e., it means different things to different people. Although some other conceptions will be mentioned, I am not setting out to catalog all the many different conceptions and to treat them all with equal validity, as a general lexicographical study would do in creating entries in a standard (bourgeois!) general-purpose dictionary. Instead, I am setting out to say 1) how I think the term has been used within Marxist-Leninist-Maoist theory, and 2) how I think it should be used within that theory in the U.S. today. In other words, I am setting out to define a technical term within MLM theory, but to also talk about a number of additional issues that come up in this regard.