REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
REDEVLOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARNA REKHA RIVER, GWALIOR, M.P.
MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
KINZALK CHAUHAN 2013MLA014
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, BHOPAL NEELBAD ROAD, BHAURI, BHOPAL – 462030
MAY 2015
REDEVLOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARNA REKHA RIVER, GWALIOR, M.P.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
A DESIGN THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
By
KINZALK CHAUHAN 2013MLA014
Under the Guidance of PROF. SAVITA RAJE
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, BHOPAL NEELBAD ROAD, BHAURI, BHOPAL – 462030
MAY 2015
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Declaration
I, KINZALLK CHAUHAN,, Scholar No.2013MLA014 hereby declare that the thesis entitled REDEVLOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDAOR ,CASE OF SWARNAREKHA RIVER ,GWALIOR M.P. submitted by me in partial fulfillment for the award of Master Of Landscape Architecture, in School of Planning and Architecture Bhopal, India, is a record of bonafide work carried out by me. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
MAY -2015 Kinzalk Chauhan
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Certificate
This is to certify that the declaration of KINZALK CHAUHAN is true to the best of my knowledge and that the student has worked for one semester in preparing this thesis.
RECOMMENDED
Prof. Savita Raje
Professor & Coordinator,
Master of Landscape Architecture
ACCEPTED
Prof.Savita Raje Dr.RachnaKhare
Professor and Coordinator Head
Master of Landscape Architecture Department of Architecture
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Abstract Most of the earlier settlements, initially developed adjacent to water bodies, these water bodies / rivers were the main resource of supply of water and other sources for the settlements. But now, the same source of water became a black spot in the urban setup due to continuous and haphazard urban development. Gwalior is a historical and major city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The urban form of Gwalior is influence by the unique landscape features, the high rocky hills surrounds the city from all sides and the Swarna Rekha river. With the growth of city the stress on the river increases, this result in predictable change in Swarna Rekha habitat, decline in the richness of fish communities which show the increase in the load of nutrients, metals, pesticides and other contaminants in River. To understand the site various studies is done in the aspect of data collection, topographical and climatic analysis. The project talks about the importance of the stream to its urban community and redesign in such a way that it can bring awareness to people while improving physical and ecological corridor connections and reduction of the urban heat island effect.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thesis has been an extremely educating experience for me and presenting this report fills me with a sense of satisfaction and gratitude towards the almighty and all those help me out of the way to reach this stage.
So my first debt of thanks to my Guide Savita Raje. In particular I must thank Sonal Tiwari for their support. Special thanks to Siddharth Mishra for his support and Saket Singh Tomer for helping me in model and my family members that has been a source of inspiration and motivation.
In particular, I must thanks to my friends for their support and help. Thank you all.
KINZALK CHAUHAN 2013MLA014
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Contents Abstract ...... 5
1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 10
1.1 URBAN STREAM ...... 10
1.2 NEED OF THE PROJECT ...... 10
1.3 AIM ...... 11
1.4 OBJECTIVE ...... 11
1.5 SCOPE/LIMITATION ...... 11
2.0 SITE INTRODUCTION ...... 12
2.0 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY ...... 12
2.1 TOPOGRAPHY ...... 12
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF GWALIOR CITY ...... 13
2.3 HISTORICAL GROUND ...... 14
Ancient period: ...... 14
Medieval: - ...... 14
Modern: ...... 14
2.4 URBAN PROCESS: GROWTH OF TOWN ...... 15
2.4.1 PHYSICAL GROWTH OF GWALIOR CITY ...... 17
2.4.2 CITY DEVELOPMENT PATTERN ...... 17
2.4.3 THE SWARNA REKHA RIVER ...... 18
PHOOLBAG: - ...... 19
3.1 GEOLOGY STUDY GWALIOR: ...... 20
3.2 GEOHYDROLOGY STUDY OF GWALIOR: ...... 21
3.3 DRAINAGE PATTERN ANALYSIS: ...... 22
3.4 WATER BODIES IN GWALIOR ...... 23
SAGAR TAL ...... 23
JANAK TAL...... 24
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
BAIJA TAAL ...... 24
KATORA TAAL ...... 24
4.0 CASE STUDY ...... 27
4.1 SABARMATI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ...... 27
4.1.1 SABARMATI AND AHMEDABAD ...... 27
4.1.2 SIMILAR ISSUES/ RELEVANCE TO THE THESIS TOPIC ...... 28
4.1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT ...... 29
Environmental Improvement: ...... 29
Social Infrastructure: ...... 29
Sustainable Development: ...... 30
4.1.4 THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ...... 33
4.2 OSHO TEERTH GARDEN IN OSHO AASHRAM, PUNE ...... 35
4.2.1 NALA CONVERT INTO CITY GREEN LUNG ...... 36
4.2.2 NALA CONVERT INTO CITY GREEN LUNG ...... 36
4.2.3 Similar issues ...... 37
4.2.4 CONCEPT ...... 37
4.2.5 THE DESIGN/ FILTRATION OF NALLA ...... 38
4.2.6 LIST OF PLANT MATERIAL ...... 38
5.0 GWALIOR: SITE ANALYSIS OF SWARN REKHA RIVER ...... 40
5.1 ISSUES AND INFERENCES ...... 40
5.1 BUILT-UP EDGES ...... 42
5.2 FLOODING DUE TO BLOCKING OF INLETS ...... 42
5.3 DISRUPTION IN STREAM ...... 42
5.4 CHANNELIZATION ...... 42
5.5 VEGETATED EDGES ...... 42
5.6 MODIFICATION ...... 43
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
6.0 DESIGN PROPOSAL ...... 43
6.1 OBJECTIVE OF DESIGN PROPOSAL ...... 43
6.2 PROCESS ...... 43
6.2.1 PROPOSING LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES ...... 43
6.2.2 CREATING A GREEN NETWORK ...... 45
6.2.3 FUNCTIONS AND FACILITIES ...... 45
6.2.4 WATER QUALITY OF SWARN REKHA RIVER ...... 45
6.2.5 PILOT PROJECT ...... 46
Bibliography ...... 47
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 URBAN STREAM An urban stream is a formerly natural waterway that flows through a heavily populated area. Urban streams are not just polluted but porn to flooding due to land cover and treatments. Government may alter the flow of an urban stream to prevent localized flooding by river engineering: lining stream beds with concrete, diverting the stream into culverts and storm sewers.
Figure i-urban stream Figure ii –Gwalior city
1.2 NEED OF THE PROJECT In 2011 the population of Gwalior is 1.101.981 and in 2013 the population reaches to 12lakh (http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/288-gwalior.html), with the growing population the presser on stream is increasing. These changes in demography have brought transformation in natural valley system, surface drainage pattern, urban runoff and lesser water in Swarna Rekha stream. This result in predictable change in Swarna Rekha habitat, decline in the richness of fish communities which shows the increase in the load of nutrients, metals, pesticides and other contaminants in Swarna Rekha. Swarna Rekha River is sub-tributary of river Chambal. It originates from Baray village which is 24 km from Gwalior city, the stream enters into Hanuman Dam from where it flows from the heart of Gwalior city in a length of 13.7 km.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure iii- swarna rekha river Figure iv swarn rekha river
1.3 AIM I. To understand the importance of the stream to its urban community and redesign in such a way that it can bring awareness to people while improving physical and ecological corridor connections. II. To contribute towards the reduction of the urban heat island effect.
1.4 OBJECTIVE i. To understand the role of urban stream in a city. ii. To understand various force acting on any urban stream. iii. To understand the role of urban stream in the master plan of city. iv. To understand the flood plain and watershed of stream. v. To understand the role of design in urban stream corridor. vi. To device design intervention of an urban stream for its value added integration in the city. vii. To provide Social Infrastructure by creating experience that is inviting, attractive and vibrant to make the stream its own destination; provision of socio-cultural amenities for the city and it even increase the job opportunities for the people.
1.5 SCOPE/LIMITATION i. The stream flows from the core area of the city so there will be restriction in design aspect as the designing will be on the urban vacant lots along the stream bed.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR ii. The design has to be done by keeping the existing and proposed land use in mind. iii. Availability of survey plans can be a major hurdle.
2.0 SITE INTRODUCTION
2.0 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY Gwalior the capital of former State of Scindia’s and the premier city of Madhya Bharat still continues to maintain its status as an one of the important regional center of the state and the country. Its cardinal points are latitude 26°-12’ N and 76°-18’ E. Altitude of the city is 212 meters above mean sea level. (Refer to fig. 1.1)The district derives its name (Gopadri) from the historic rock-fortress built on an isolated flat topped hill, which forms a commanding land-mark in that area known as “Gopagiri/ Gopanhal hill” (http://gwaliormunicipalcorporation.org/).
2.1 TOPOGRAPHY Gwalior district lies at the junction of Malwa plateau and gangetic plain, it falls into four divisions: the plateau in west, the central hilly tract, the south-eastern plain and north-eastern plain. The northern part has highest point at Tor hills (1,454ft) in Sirkoli reserved forest. Nearly whole of the western plateau is covered with forest. The eastern and western margin of plateau is higher than middle because of that the water flows from the middle region. Gwalior is located in a rock basin of Vindhyan hill in the west and Bijawar hills in the south-east. In between these two hills there are numerous residual hills such as Hanuman hill, Gupteshwar hill, Satyanarayan hill, and fort hill etc. and on the north it just forms the border of the Ganga- Yamuna drainage basin. The natural slope of the city is from south-west to north and north-east (gwalior). Gwalior is situated within two natural divisions the plain in the north east and hilly in the south-east.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure v- location map Figure vi- hydrology system at region level
Figure vii-google map og gwalior city Figure viii-google map of lashkar, Gwalior
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF GWALIOR CITY i. Gwalior city has rich and varied historical back ground .It has vary high degree of national importance due to presence of archeological monuments. Some of them are Gwalior Fort, ii. Teli Ka Mandir, Saas-Bahu temple in the fort , Mansingh Palace, Jai Vilas Palace etc. Gwalior can be a major TOURIST destination and iii. heritage city on the map of India due to its heritage buildings and history, and the connection with Delhi and Jhansi.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure ix-tourist route map Figure x-natural feature setting of Gwalior
2.3 HISTORICAL GROUND Ancient period: The period of first settlement in Gwalior is matter of debate, rom historical point of view; this is one of the oldest cities of India with a Middle Stone Age have also been found in the area. Pottery of Iron Age has been excavated in Gwalior and adjoining areas. Old name of Gwalior was Gopadri or Gopgiri. In the Mahabharta Gopalkaksh has been mentioned as the place of victory of Bhima. Probably Gopalkaksh is same Gopadri.
Medieval: - Gwalior has an action packed and romantic history, of which the most spectacular period in building and urban design ranged from the fifteenth to the early twentieth century AD. The city has a rich tradition of talented and ambitious warrior kings, poets, musicians, sculptors and saints. This multi faceted character is reflected in the architecture and landscape of the historic city. As per a popular myth, about 84 rulers of the SurajPal dynasty ruled from the fort for about 989 years. (galiya) The rule of the Pals was followed by that of the Parihars, who ruled for 102 years. 1233 AD under Sultan Iltutmish and from 1394 AD under the rule of the Tomars and became the centre of art and culture for more than two centuries, reaching its zenith during the rule of Mansingh Tomar.
Modern: During the third battle of Panipat, 1761, Maratha Empire received a severe jolt. Jat ruler Lokandra singh took over Gwalior after the battle of Panipat. Yet again in 1765 an able Scindhia ruler Mahadji scindhia regained Gwalior. Dulatrao (1794-1827) was successor who in 1810 shifted capital from Ujjain to Gwalior. Soldiers of Morar cantonment took part in the first freedom struggle of
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
India. On 14th June 1857 soldiers cut off the communication between Gwalior and Shivpuri. Frightened Maharaja Scindia sent British and his family members to Agra. Rani (Queen) of Jhansi, Laxmibai came to Gwalior when general Huroz of British army defeated Laxmibai in Kalpi. Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior betrayed Laxmibai. He gave her a weak horse. Sensing something fishy Laxmibai decided to leave Gwalior. She laid down her life, while fighting British, on 18th June 1858. (gwalior shahar)
2.4 URBAN PROCESS: GROWTH OF TOWN Beginning of legendary Gwalior fort found its roots in the 5th Century during the rule of a Kachhwaha Rajput prince, Suraj Sen. The first settlement in Gwalior was started on the plateau of the centrally located fort having size around 100 M high, 3.2 KM. Long and 823M wide and a tiny seasonal river to sustain life. During Rajput kindom (1500 A.D.) Maharaja Man Singh Tomar selected Gwalior as one of its capitol due to its geographical condition to control the central region of India. This area had potential to be having a settlement because it has centrally located hill which can provide protection from enemies. The Fort of Gwalior, described to be as one of the best and invulnerable forts of India and, according to the Mughal Emperor Babar "the pearl amongst the fortresses of Hind." They built many buildings and palaces on the FORT like man singh palace, gujari mahal, karan and vikaran mahal, etc.
1000-1500 AD: Fort was the main center of growth. All the activities were concentrated in the fort and the northern part of the present town (HAZIRA).Itwas the first pocket to be developed.
In the 1768, during the Maratha king Ranoji Rao Shinde, city started to expand. The first settlement below the hill was experienced. Unplanned irregular growths of settlement begin at north-east side of the fort. This area is known as OLD GWALIOR. In due course of time, the area of old Gwalior natural growth took place in concentric pattern and become dense. Than city, tend to expand in other direction.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
In 18th century, Mahadji Rao Scindia established his palace and administrative area at entirely new location at south side of the fort hill. This area is known as “LASHKAR”- a remarkable hub that is planned by British architect. It has a central open space with a landmark feature of statue of the king. a concentric growth took place and this area become central business district known as Maharaj Bada.
A tiny seasonal river called Swarnrekha River divides the city in two parts runs from south to north. Starts from catchments area of group of hills near hanuman hill and ultimately discharge into sank river. This river was the main source of the water supply which enhanced the urban growth. Due to this river a ribbon strip development was came into existence.
1880-1910 AD: During the British regime Morar, the Cantonment area on the eastern part of the city came into existence, situated at western side of hill. This town ship was developed for the housing the British army. They made barracks and market places for army persons. (history of gwalior)
Road and rail network were developed and thus the city developed as a multinucleated town with GWALIOR in north, MORAR in east AND LASHKAR in the south-west as three activity centers
In the year 1918, Sir Jiwaji Rao Scindia started industrial development in the city and established a cotton mill, Gwalior potteries, and other industries with the help of the Britishers. In 1970-80, an industrial area was developed near the Gwalior to promote the economy of the country. This area is act as a satellite town to the Gwalior known as Malanpur industrial area
(map of m.p).
Figure xi- historical map of Gwalior
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xii-chronological map
2.4.1 PHYSICAL GROWTH OF GWALIOR CITY
The overall growth pattern of the city reflects a combination of different types of growth theories as its some part is followed by concentric zone theory; some has ribbon or leaner development while some of the parts were well planned on gridiron pattern. In 1955-2001 AD: After the formation of Madhya Pradesh state, Gwalior became the head quarter of Gwalior district. (heritage of gwalior)
2.4.2 CITY DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
The river Swarnrekha, the natural heritage, was duly recognized in urban planning of the city of the yesteryears. Yet, in the current Development Plan, there is no special reference to it, nor it can be found in the given list of
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR conservation areas/ spaces. Not long ago, the waters in the river were a-plenty and unpolluted. But the modern planning has confined the river within impermeable and high concrete walls; the catchments areas and natural drainage network suffocated, with the result that this river is now converted into a polluted, smelling and sickly trickle of brackish water.
The river Swarnrekha, which cuts through the city and the hills in Gwalior like Satyanarayan Hill (244m) adjacent to the Fort, Hanuman Hill (260m) and Gupteshwar Hill (280m), Gudi-guda Hill and Amkhoa Hill has also influenced the urban form. The hills at present act as a constraint for contiguous urban development to the west and south, but simultaneously provide a unique landscape feature and rain water catchments area for network of urban water bodies. The settlement and urban growth pattern of the city confirms this fact that all major nodes of the city was developed within proximity of these rivers and widely influenced by its foot prints.
2.4.3 THE SWARNA REKHA RIVER
The initial settlements of Gwalior was started on the plateau of the centrally located fort hill and sustained by a tiny seasonal river “Swarna Rekha”. The River, originated from the Raipur Bandh (stop dam) in the south west direction of the Gwalior city and before entering into the city, it crosses series of five nos of bandh (stop dam) in continuation which were initially deigned in such a way that each lower level dam receives water from next upper level dam. This river was the main source of drinking water and guided the rout of urban growth. Due to this river a ribbon strip development was came into existence. The fort was surrounded by hill and a river be flowing that was Swarnrekha river on another side of the hill. It was a grand resource for the development, protection and sustaining the life.
In the initial phase of development of Gwalior fort and north-east flat part of Gwalior area started. This was like other initial urban settlements Gwalior development started due to availability of a great resource that is swarna rekha River area (in between swarnrekha and its tributary branches from southwest direction of the fort to north-east end of the fort) has got human settlement of the
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR people organically involved in the construction of fort etc and other developments. (old Gwalior)
Gradually population increased so urban needs and services including military setup requirements increased with this view second phase of Gwalior development took place in the southern direction of the fort named as Lashkar. The water requirement also has been increased almost at the same time and various arrangements took place like numbers of bawadi.
PHOOLBAG: - During late nineteenth century and early twentieth century extension of Lashkar, has been basically planned as a Royal Enclave, when the power,administrative section and the King’s palaces were shifted from Maharajbada to Phoolbag. The palaces have been placed within large monumental gardens, which displayed power, authority and caused a spatial unity. The palatial complexes of Moti Mahal, Jai Vilas and the Usha Kiran show a marked European influence and Indo-Saracenic style.
During the reign of Madhav Rao Scindia, theGwalior State opted secular religious policy and respected all religions alike. A sprawling garden was developed in which the Moti Masjid (for muslims),Gopal Mandir (for Hindus), Gurudwara (for Sikhs)and the Theosophical Lodge and Church (for the Christians) were constructed in 1920 AD, providing equal status and respect to all religions to enabled people of all religions to come together and share the beauty of faith in togetherness. Jiwaji Club, Badminton hall, Italian Garden, Jalvihar(a pavilion to enjoy the water in all forms of movement and stillness), etc, are some other examples of the building types in this Royal Enclave.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xiii- google map of phool bagh
3.0 ANALYSIS AT MACRO LEVEL OF SWARN REKHA RIVER
3.1 GEOLOGY STUDY GWALIOR: Gwalior city is settling on sand with oxidized calcareous nodules and fossiliferous boulders at bottom with inter-bands of silt stone and the swarn rekha river is flowing on basic rock base with lime stone patch. These kinds of layers have a tendency to hold the water underground. Layers include sandstone, Bundel khand Granite and basic rock (resource map of gwalior).
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xiv-geology map
3.2 GEOHYDROLOGY STUDY OF GWALIOR: Soil of Gwalior have moderate to high water holding potential. There is a lineament near Gwalior city at its original condition with the porous character still Depth to water level ranging between 15 and 22 m. (resource map of gwalior)
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xv-geohydrology map
3.3 DRAINAGE PATTERN ANALYSIS: Drainage analysis helps to understand the catchment area of Swarn rekha river and the natural flow of water.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xvi- contour plan
3.4 WATER BODIES IN GWALIOR In Gwalior, tanks, talabs and bodies traditionally performed the job of collecting and storing runoff water. As Swarna Rekha River was the life line for the city since from the beginning thus, considering the importance of water to life, many important buildings were constructed along this water body. During Scindia dynasty some artificially created water bodies were also constructed along this river and other low laying areas of the city to collect and store priceless rain water. These water bodies were not only serve as source of drinking water but also, act as center for socio-cultural activities and ground recharging. Some of these are Janak tal, Sagar tal, Katora tal, Baija tal etc.
SAGAR TAL: Constructed at low laying northern plains of the city where out fall of Swarna Rekha was spreads over a large chunk of fertile land destroying crops seems like ocean ”Sagar” and creates flood-like situation. To overcome this, able ruler of Scindia regime constructed a water body named as Sagar Tal.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
JANAK TAL: Janak tal is located at foot hills of hanuman hills, just outside of present municipal limits. This low laying areas spread between NH-3 A.B. Road and group of hills having great potential for collection and storage of rain water.Thus a well built water body was developed at this place by Scindia rulers .A network of sewage tanks and manholes has been placed in the river.
Though no building activities are permitted on the slopes of the Fort Hill, there are no regulations or architectural control over the buildings coming up at the foothills. The Janak Taal (pond) with its pavilions is a heritage asset, but due to lack of any regulations to protect its catchments or the setting, a colony has developed right next to it with a high boundary wall towards the pond.
BAIJA TAAL: Baija tal is located within palace complex and this was constructed over branch of Swarna Rekha River passing through the Scindia palace complex. This tal was designed as stop dam, source of water was created through underground intake tunnels at one end & over flow was flushed to River by out fall tunnels.
KATORA TAAL: It is situated along procession road near scindia’s cemetery constructed to perform rituals. Source of water to this tal was created by construction of underground tunnels carrying water from branch of Swarna Rekha passing at some distance. Apart from these historic water bodies many small step wells were also constructed at various parts of the city. The underline fact is that importance of water scarcity was noticed and many appreciable work for development of water bodies were done in past.
Figure xvii-katora taal Figure xviii-baija taal
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xix-water bodies present in Gwalior
Figure xx-road network Figure xxi-built-unbuilt plan
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Because of increase in urban development Swarn rekha river is totally covered by road and heavy traffic which increase the contamination of oil in water.The built-unbuilt plan shows the potential of designing green network on swarn Rekha River.
Figure xxii-plan of Gwalior city
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4.0 CASE STUDY
4.1 SABARMATI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
Figure xxiii-regional hydrology system
Ahmedabad, seventh largest populous city of India and Commercial Capital of Gujarat State has unique identity recognize by River Sabarmati and Gandhi Ashram. Sabarmati is one of the major rivers in the western region of India. It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli hills of Rajasthan and has basin areas in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The river after traversing a distance of 400km meets the Gulf of Cambay, it flows from north to south in the center of the city and splits the city in almost two equal parts. (sabarmati riverfront development)
4.1.1 SABARMATI AND AHMEDABAD
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Sabarmati river has been an integral part in the life of Ahmedabad since the time the city was founded in 1411 along the river banks. Besides being an important source of water, it provided a backdrop to cultural and recreational activities. During the dry seasons, the river bed became a place for farming. With time it also offered place for various informal economic activities (wikipidea)
Figure xxiv-building height
4.1.2 SIMILAR ISSUES/ RELEVANCE TO THE THESIS TOPIC • Though it is a major source of water for the city and despite the building of a major barrage to retain water, except for a few months during the monsoon the river is dry.
• Sewage contaminated storm water out-falls and the dumping of industrial waste pose a major health and environmental hazard.
• Though the riverbanks and bed provide a place to stay and source of livelihood for many poor citizens, the riverbank slums are flood prone and lack basic infrastructure services.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
• Basic difference between the case study and the swarnrekha Gwalior is of scale, even the city encompasses Population of about 4.5 million where Gwalior had the population of 12lakh
4.1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT The Sabarmati Riverfront created a singular identity for the city, bring people closer to water, bring back focus to the city center, and create social and recreation facilities
Environmental Improvement:
• Reduction in Erosion and Flood • Sewage Diversion • To stop the pollution of the river from untreated sewage and industrial effluents, an integrated storm water and sewage system with interceptor sewers has been implemented. • Water Retention and Recharge
As Sabarmati is not a perennial river, a comprehensive strategy to manage and maintain water in the river throughout the year has been worked out. Water retention in the river shall enable recreational activities as well as recharge the groundwater. (environmental or real state project)
Social Infrastructure:
• Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Riverbed Dwellers and Provision of Socio-cultural Amenities
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
• Rehabilitation for the slum dwellers, reorganizing the existing informal markets, laundry facilities. • Creation of Parks and Public Spaces
Sustainable Development:
• Revenue Generation: - The project aims to be self-financing – to achieve its goals without relying on any funding from the government.
THE SABARMATI RIVERFRONT become Ahmedabad’s much needed green lung . By channeling the river to a constant width of 263m, riverbed land has been reclaimed to create 11.25 kms of public riverfront on both the banks.
• Almost 40 per cent of land on the banks for gardens. City-based urban forestry expert Lavkumar Khachar has also been instrumental in designing the green spaces.
• A major attraction will be an ecological park spread across 1.58 lakh square metres.
• Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project has been developed by the Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL). The Central government funded the project and rehabilitation of slum dwellers in that area. (auda)
Figure xxv-master plan
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xxvi-Inaccessible and polluted riverfront demanding public intervention
Figure xxvii- Relocation of slum dwellers Figure xxviii- slum
Figure xxix-Land reclamation
• Defined waterway – 275m wide • Total reclaimed area – 202 hectares
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
• The project amount included the urban development scheme for placing slum dwellers in new houses. Government has given 10,000 houses to the affected families within the city limit 1,500 families were shifted.
Figure xxx-THE EXTENT – LAND RECLAMATION
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
4.1.4 THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Figure xxxi-Retaining wall and earth filling
Figure xxxii-Interceptor Retaining wall and earth fill
Figure xxxiii-CONNECTION
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
RAILWAY BRIDGE, SUBHASH BRIDGE, DADHLCHI BRIDGE, GANDHI BRIDGE, NEHRU BRIDGE, ELLIS BRIDGE,SARDAR BRIDGE, AMBEDKAR BRIDGE.
Figure xxxiv-connection within the city
Figure xxxv-development site
Figure xxxvi-Recreational spaces • 21% for residential and commercial purposes and rest of the land will be used to set up promenades, informal markets, gardens and to extend the road network. • For maximum usage of land, the floor space index (FSI) has been raised up to 5.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
• A portion of 10% has been reserved for the rehabilitation of slum dwellers (sabarmati river front project)
Figure xxxvii-surrounding
Figure xxxviii-PLANNING PRECINCTS
Figure xxxix-Sewage plan 4.2 OSHO TEERTH GARDEN IN OSHO AASHRAM, PUNE "The Osho Teerth is based on Osho's teaching of `leave the world a better place than you found it'.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
The tastefully laid out Japanese-style garden behind the Rajneesh Ashram today stands as a significant milestone. Osho Teerth is situated between lanes 2 and 3 of Koregaon Park, on a long strip, 850 meters long and 75 meters wide, over 12 acres of land. Work on the park began in 1990 .
It offers quite an interesting resting place for visitors. The design includes bridges made with stones, stone benches, and bamboo trees. The place offers a perfect habitat for several birds.
4.2.1 NALA CONVERT INTO CITY GREEN LUNG
The garden was once a piece of barren land with a black-sludge- carrying nala running through it. A lot of used oil was also being dumped into it by the nearby railway yard. The human waste from a nearby slum. The Ashram management took over the place in 1989 and invited Shunyo Foundation, a Japanese environmental firm, to revitalise the area. Shunyo brought in Nihar, a Japanese horticulturist and artist, to create a park out of the wasteland.
The nala flowed from north to south, discharging 500 gallons of water a minute at a particular point. Nihar first raised a barricade to keep off the cattle. (osho aashram)
4.2.2 NALA CONVERT INTO CITY GREEN LUNG
• The garden was once a piece of barren land with a black-sludge- carrying nala running through it. A lot of used oil was also being dumped into it by the nearby railway yard. The human waste from a nearby slum.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
The Ashram management took over the place in 1989 and invited Shunyo Foundation, a Japanese environmental firm, to revitalise the area. Shunyo brought in Nihar, a Japanese horticulturist and artist, to create a park out of the wasteland.
• The nala flowed from north to south, discharging 500 gallons of water a minute at a particular point. Nihar first raised a barricade to keep off the cattle. (wet land project)
Figure xl-google map
4.2.3 Similar issues
It was a piece of barren land with a black-sludge-carrying nala running through it. A lot of used oil was also being dumped into it by the nearby railway yard. The human waste from a nearby slum and residents nearby also contributed for the impurity.
4.2.4 CONCEPT
“The sound of music”, a silent yet melodious place. The environment that lifted the sprit into calmness. The idea behind the park was not to have dull symmetrical garden but to have surprises. The park is divided into two sections n
37 SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE ,NEELBAD ROAD, BHAURI
REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR connected by the bridge. on entering the garden the sense of quite only with the gentle sound of stream keep you company, gravel paved garden pathway will lead through thick canopy of tree to the green vista.
4.2.5 THE DESIGN/ FILTRATION OF NALLA
• Natural root zone filtration system, which activates by means of plants such water hyacinths, bulrushes and alocasias. The nalla first guided through the steel gate at south end of the park and the gate is provided with mesh to separate floating garbage.
• It is then guided through the series of 4 pond, created on natural bedrock which serve as settling tanks. The two upstream ponds cascade into each other by maintaining level difference of 300mm for oxidation.
• The stream was then made to course like a serpent over the land to allow maximum oxygenation of water there are almost 13 check dam but only 3 are in working position.
• It was planted with water hyacinth and stocked with fish such as gambusia and silver carp which eat pollutants and mosquito larvae. It was then passed through a sand filter. The oxygenation and filtering made the water almost 90 per cent pure, perfectly okay for irrigation and fish culture.
• Nearly 50,000 truckloads of soil was brought and dumped over the area. Local contractors were invited to dump their debris to create hills and dales. Several huge rocks were moved to the area and were chiseled into fine shapes. (osho theerth garden)
4.2.6 LIST OF PLANT MATERIAL
Balance of ecology can be proof by the lie of naturally inhabitation of fish, kingfisher, herons, lapwings they have made the park their permanent abode.
• Nephrolepis – used as ground cover • Caryota urens – fish tail palm • Phoenix bactylifera – date palm
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
• Fan palm • Chrysalidocarpus lutescens – areca palm • Ferkeria • Alocascia – used as ground cover • Polyelthia longifolia – ashoka tree • Terminalia catappa- badam tree • Eucalyptus tree • Hibiscus moscheutos – hibisus tree • Monstera – money plant • Tabermae montena – tagar • Areca catechu – supari tree • Bambosa ventricoca – bamboo with yellow stems • Alstonia scholaris – saptaparni • Thevetia peruviana – bitti tree • Delonix regia – gulmohar tree • Dendrocalanus strictus – bamboo
Bougainvillea
Figure xli-resource map of garden
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
5.0 GWALIOR: SITE ANALYSIS OF SWARN REKHA RIVER
5.1 ISSUES AND INFERENCES
Figure xlii-visual analysis of urban sprawl
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Figure xliii-infrences
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
5.1 BUILT-UP EDGES Built-up edges destroyed flora and fauna on edges. No thought has been given for protection, sustenance or enhancement of the river line ecosystem riparian area is totally destroyed.
5.2 FLOODING DUE TO BLOCKING OF INLETS Flood occurs because of disturbance in the natural valley by change. The continuous change land-use, land-surface treatment results in water logging and change in habitation.
5.3 DISRUPTION IN STREAM While the water of the rivers flows in the natural landscapes, there are many processes that are happening like Sediments are carried, fertile land is created along the banks, river channel is widened, flooding, deposition of sediments during flooding, cleansing of river etc. However the urban rivers are alienated from this natural landscape to such an extent that the rivers are reduced and become a channel.
5.4 CHANNELIZATION In this attempt of “pinching the river”, the original character of the river is changed completely from seasonally flowing river to a tank, like in Sabarmati channel has been uniformly narrowed to 275 meters during the riverfront development project, when naturally average width of the channel was 382 meters and the narrowest cross-section was 330 meters. the channelization even isolate the aquatic habitat, while in Osho Aashram pune the stream is channelized in more natural method. In case of sabarmati the channelization of river enhance the economy of the city, creat the identity and connecting the city life with the river and it become a successful real-estate project.
5.5 VEGETATED EDGES Vegetated edges help in natural cleaning of river and enhance the aquatic life. In osho Aashram the stream is design with green vista and start acting as the lung of the city.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
5.6 MODIFICATION Modification up to an extent can create recreational places in the city by connecting city life to the river. In the case of Sabarmati as well as the osho Stream create recreational spaces by different methods.
Riverfront project lay a heavy emphasis on beautification of rivers and treating river as extension of urban spaces, like in Sabarmati riverfront, but should not neglect the ecology of river.
6.0 DESIGN PROPOSAL
6.1 OBJECTIVE OF DESIGN PROPOSAL To understand the importance of the stream to its urban community and redesign in such a way that it can bring awareness to people while improving physical and ecological corridor connections. To contribute towards the reduction of the urban heat island effect. To provide Social Infrastructure by creating experience that is inviting, attractive and vibrant to make the stream its own destination; provision of socio-cultural amenities for the city and it even increase the job opportunities for the people.
6.2 PROCESS
6.2.1 PROPOSING LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES
6.2.1.1 URBAN STRESS Improve the riparian environment for a stream by giving a proper 30m setback from the river. The setback in the area of Lashkar is totally covered by Residential landuse, to develop the environment for a stream have to resettle the buildings or demolish according to “HOUSING TENURE” and there will be no construction on the vacant land.
Height restriction- the height of the building near the river should be restricted and FSI can go to 5.As the in the core area the plot size is ----- so building cannot achieve height max. G+2 (1.5* width of road)
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
6.2.1.2 URBAN RUNOFF AND SEWER OUTFLOWS Natural drainage systems help in controlling urban runoff by infiltrating and slowing the flow of storm water by bioswales, reducing impervious surfaces, using porous paving, increasing vegetation, and improving related pedestrian amenities. Bioswales intended to remove silt and pollution from surface runoff water.
At the points where the flow of waste water is high like the food hub chupati, falka bazar the water can treated through reed bed system which decrease the pollution stress on the river movement within the water can achieve by the help of check dams which enhance the oxidation of water.
6.2.1.3 CHANNELIZATION Building interceptor sewage line on the edge of the set back to collect the city sewage and pump it to the sewage treatment plant (STP) at downstream Designing of floating island in the channelized stream can redevelop the aquatic life which is isolated into two upstream and downstream . Natural features — open, vegetated swales, stormwater cascades, and small wetland ponds —mimic the functions of nature lost to urbanization. At the heart are plants, trees, and the deep, healthy soils that support them. All three combine to form a "living infrastructure" that, unlike pipes and vaults.
6.2.1.4 FLOOD ZONE Natural features — open; vegetated swales, stormwater cascades, and small wetland ponds — mimic the functions of nature lost to urbanization. At the Heart is plants, trees, and the deep, healthy soils that support them. All three combine to form a "living infrastructure" that, unlike pipes and vaults
6.2.1.5 HERITAGE ZONE Built-up edges should be converted into vegetated edges to allow percolation of water and to control runoff rate of storm water. The heritage zone of Gwalior i.e. old Gwalior near fort should be designed as untouched green zone.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
6.2.2 CREATING A GREEN NETWORK
Proposing available and designed a green network along the river throughout with the stretch of the city which will merge with the authorized open spaces of city or can say trying to connect with river channel and 30m buffer where design intervention keeping into consideration the guideline mention. This green network will act as a green lung for the city. This green space try to create a continuous corridor so that multiple species can be offer a continuous flow facilities.
6.2.3 FUNCTIONS AND FACILITIES
For the success of a project it should be sustainable, the Swarn Rekha River project is sustainable by the help of various facilities or function near by the channel, to create a special spaces for Gwalior people as recreational facilities. These facilities will enhance the social community and sustain the project. The functions are allocated according to the surrounding context so that the facility will match with the surrounding people attitude. Some of the facilities are maidan, orchard, Neighborhood Park, urban forest, wetland, Agrigarian landscape etc. green network will allow the people to reach the spaces from all the direction, the spaces will be connecting to the city and the functions will help in preventing the spaces from overcrowding.
6.2.4 WATER QUALITY OF SWARN REKHA RIVER
The water was contaminated in a different manner with in the city depending on the surrounding context so; the treatment adopted is depending upon the contamination and the surrounding context. To control the sewage contamination, the sewage system is channelized properly at the edge of 30 m buffer with interceptor and treatment plant at downstream. Check dams and fountain are designed to increase oxidation and aeration of water and creating reed bed system.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
6.2.5 PILOT PROJECT
For pilot project the site for designing is the Phool Bagh area. The area has its own historical importance in a city and the area is allotted for recreational area in the master plan of Gwalior. The whole Phool Bagh area is framed with the backdrop of Gwalior fort.
The spaces designed are according to the need of city and the climate of Gwalior which is extreme hot in summer and extreme cool in winter. To deal with the climate a lot of shaded and open spaces are designed so that the area permits the function throughout the year. Through design try to achieve the original essence of the space.
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REDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN STREAM CORRIDOR CASE OF SWARN REKHA, GWALIOR
Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved from http://gwaliormunicipalcorporation.org/. auda. environmental or real state project. (n.d.). galiya, g. k. gwalior shahar. gwalior, r. m. heritage of gwalior. history of gwalior. history of raja in gwalior. http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/288-gwalior.html. (n.d.). map of m.p. osho aashram. (n.d.). osho theerth garden. (n.d.). resource map of gwalior. resource map of gwalior. sabarmati river front project. sabarmati riverfront development. (n.d.). traditional water system in india. wet land project. (n.d.). wikipidea. (n.d.).
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