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TAMAÑO POBLACIONAL DE Tinamotis Plentlandii (KIBIO) Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SU HÁBITAT EN LA COMUNIDAD CAYACHIRA, DISTRITO DE SANTA LUCÍA, PUNO

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TAMAÑO POBLACIONAL DE Tinamotis Plentlandii (KIBIO) Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SU HÁBITAT EN LA COMUNIDAD CAYACHIRA, DISTRITO DE SANTA LUCÍA, PUNO Revista. Investig. (Esc. Post Grado) V 5, Nº3, 2009 Presentado: 19/11/2013 ISSN 1997- 4035 Aceptado: 20/05/2014 ISSN 2077- 8686 Depósito legal 2010-06800 Instituto de Investigación de la Escuela de Post Grado -Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno-Perú TAMAÑO POBLACIONAL DE Tinamotis plentlandii (KIBIO) Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SU HÁBITAT EN LA COMUNIDAD CAYACHIRA, DISTRITO DE SANTA LUCÍA, PUNO POPULATION SIZE OF Tinamotis pentlandii (KIBIO) AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HABITAT IN CAYACHIRA COMMUNITY, DISTRICT SANTA LUCIA, PUNO. Rocío Gutiérrez Flores1 & Ángel Canales Gutiérrez2 1 Programa de Postgrado en Recursos Naturales de la Universidad Católica de Chile. C.E. [email protected] 2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano UNA Puno. C.E. [email protected] RESUMEN La investigación se realizó entre los meses de mayo a diciembre del 2011, en el cerro Quenacoto de la comunidad Cayachira, Puno. Los objetivos fueron: (1) Estimar el tamaño poblacional, (2) Caracterizar el hábitat y (3) Determinar la dieta de T. pentlandii en la comunidad de Cayachira. Para estimar el tamaño poblacional se aplicó el método indirecto de búsqueda intensiva, en el que se registró y recolectó huellas, fecas, plumas, cantos de la especie. Cada indicio fue georeferenciado con un GPS Garmin HC. Se hizo muestreos aleatorios con cuadrantes de 1m de lado para determinar la diversidad y riqueza de especies del hábitat en el programa Krebs. Se tomó muestras del agua y suelo del hábitat para luego analizarlas en el laboratorio de la UNA Puno. La temperatura ambiental fue registrada con un Data Logger. Las fecas fueron remojadas en agua por 24 horas y analizadas con ayuda de un microscopio. Se recolectó 148 indicios, entre plumas y fecas principalmente, estimándose una abundancia de 2,18 individuos en los 6,18km recorridos. Se identificó 50 especies de flora silvestre, pertenecientes a 15 familias. Las familias con mayor representatividad fueron Poaceae con 32% y Asteraceae con 22%, mientras que las demás familias representan 37,5%. Las temperaturas más bajas se registraron en los meses de agosto, setiembre y noviembre, con valores que oscilaron hasta los -3,57C°, con una media de 10,57; 11,88 y 13,19C° respectivamente. El agua del hábitat es de buena calidad con un pH 7,6. El suelo que caracteriza la zona ubicada a los 4800 msnm, es de tipo arenoso franco. El 48,6% de la dieta estuvo constituida por semillas y tallos de Juncus sp. Palabras clave: Dieta, hábitat, kibio, tamaño poblacional, Tinamidae, Tinamotis pentlandii. ABSTRACT The research was conducted between May and December 2011 in the Cayachira Quenacoto Hill, Puno community. The objectives were: (1) to estimate the population size, (2) to characterize the habitat and (3) to determine the diet of T. pentlandii Cayachira community. To estimate population size the indirect method of intensive search was applied, in which footprints, feces, feathers, songs of the species were collected. Every indication was georeferenced with a GPS Garmin HC. Random samplings were done with 1m side quadrants to determine the diversity and richness of species habitat in the Krebs program. We took water and soil samples from the habitat for later analysis in the laboratory of the UNA Puno. The ambient temperature was recorded with a Data Logger. Feces were soaked in water for 24 hours and analyzed with the aid of a microscope. 148 signs, including feathers and feces mainly estimated an abundance of 2.18 individuals in the 6.18 km route were collected. 50 species of wild flora were identified, belonging to 15 families. The most representative families were Poaceae and Asteraceae with 22%, while other families represent 37.5%. The lowest temperatures were recorded in the months of August, September and November, with values ranging up to -3.57 ° C, with an average of 10.57; 11.88 and 13.19 ° C respectively. The water in the habitat has good quality with a pH of 7.6. The soil that characterizes the zone located to 4800 meters above sea level of sandy loam type. The 48.6% of the diet consisted of seeds and stems Juncus sp. Keywords: Diet, habitat, kibio, population size, Tinamidae, Tinamotis pentlandii. 12 Revista. Investig. (Esc. Post Grado) V 5, Nº3, 2009 Presentado: 19/11/2013 ISSN 1997- 4035 Aceptado: 20/05/2014 ISSN 2077- 8686 Depósito legal 2010-06800 Instituto de Investigación de la Escuela de Post Grado -Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno-Perú INTRODUCCIÓN 1). Algunos de los factores que influyen en su estado de conservación son la La puna, paisaje predominante de la zona transformación de hábitat, disminución de altoandina del sur del Perú, así como de especies de flora que sirven de alimento, Bolivia, Argentina y Chile (Vuilleumier, caza furtiva, recolección de huevos 1997) con características climáticas (Canales et al., 2003) y aprovechamiento de sumamente duras, permite el desarrollo de carne y plumas (Mujica, 2009). una flora silvestre dominada por pastos del Esta especie conocida como, “Kibio o género Festuca, Calamagrostis, Jarava Quiula puneña” T. pentlandii, habita la (Gibbons et al., 2011). Así mismo, zonas región de los Andes (Ward, 1957), arriba de permanentemente saturadas de agua, los 3300 msnm en el sur del Perú, oeste de llamados “bofedales”, forman parte de este Bolivia, norte de Chile y el noroeste de la ecosistema con especies como Oxychloe y Argentina (Blake, 1997). No obstante, Distichia, actuando como fuente alimenticia puede habitar hasta más de los 5300 msnm. y de agua para la fauna asociada. Estas (Cabot, 1992). Se encuentra dentro del características forman parte del hábitat de orden de los Tinamiformes, con la única muchas especies de aves, llegándose a familia Tinamidae, con un total de 47 identificar 148 especies (Vuilleumier, especies descritas (Cabot, 1992 & Bertelli 1986). et al., 2002). Estas aves terrícolas, de Asociado a estos ecosistemas, están los apariencia gallináceas, cabeza pequeña, problemas de conservación biológica cuello fino y largo y patas cortas, es muy producto de la pérdida de hábitats, la misma apreciada por su gran valor cinegético que es una de las principales amenazas para (Sick, 1985). Son consideradas como un la pérdida de la biodiversidad a nivel grupo antiguo, emparentadas con las ratites, mundial (Frankham et al., 2002). como lo indican los datos referentes a la Actividades como el sobrepastoreo ha sido disposición de los huesos de la bóveda identificado como la principal causa de palatina (Pinto, 1964). erosión y pérdida de hábitat (Lozada, 1991), El grupo de los tinamiformes constituye sobretodo de ganado alpacuno. De este uno de los órdenes de aves menos estudiado modo, en la zona altoandina, entre las (Oviedo, 2008) a pesar de ser común y especies en problemas de conservación, se endémica de la región Neotropical (Mosa, encuentra Tinamotis pentlandii “perdiz de 2004; Picasso & Dregrange, 2009). la puna”, clasificada como “Vulnerable” Particularmente sobre esta especie, existe por la UICN hasta el 2010 (Mujica, 2009), un gran vacío respecto a su población, aunque actualmente está en la categoría de hábitat y dieta. Sin embargo, durante la preocupación menor (UICN Versión 2013– 13 TAMAÑO POBLACIONAL DE Tinamotis plentlandii (KIBIO) Enero - Junio 2009 evaluación sobre la densidad poblacional de especies como Chloephaga melanoptera aves terrestres y acuáticas en seis zonas de “Huallata”. Del mismo modo, es frecuente estudio ubicadas en tres provincias del la presencia de bofedales altoandinos con departamento de Puno, se concluyó que especies predominantes como Distichia Nothoprocta ornata al igual que T. muscoides, Hypochoerissp. “pillis”. pentlandii requieren énfasis al plantear Además, existen actividades de pastoreo de estrategias de recuperación de poblaciones ganado camélido (alpacas y llamas). y restauración de hábitats. Esta última Estimación tamaño poblacional. especie es muy sensible a la perturbación de su hábitat, especialmente las zonas de Se aplicó el método de búsqueda intensiva, alimentación y nidificación (Canales et al., método indirecto que depende de 2003). evidencias indirectas de actividad dejadas Los objetivos fueron: (a) Estimación de la por los individuos, como rastros o indicios abundancia relativa (b) Caracterización del (López & Montenegro, 1993). Este método hábitat y (c) Determinación de la dieta de T. indirecto consiste en el conteo de huellas, pentlandii en la comunidad de Cayachira, fecas, dormideros (Litvaitis et al., 1994), Puno. los mismos que permiten calcular la abundancia y presencia de especies (Painter MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS et al., 1999). Entonces, la abundancia Área de estudio. relativa se estimó considerando indicios a través del número de indicios/kilómetro La investigación se realizó durante los recorrido (Aranda, 2000). En un formato meses de mayo a diciembre del 2011, en la de campo, se consideraron los siguientes comunidad de Cayachira, distrito de Santa datos: latitud, longitud, altitud, tipo de Lucía, departamento de Puno, a los 3900 indicio y fecha. Las evaluaciones fueron en msnm. Sus coordenadas geográficas son 15º forma mensual a partir de las 06:00 hasta 50'20" S, 70º 01' 43" O, con una las 15:00h, desde los 4.200 hasta los 4.900 temperatura que varía de 3 a 25 º C. msnm. Para estimar la abundancia, se La topografía de la zona es consideraron las huellas y fecas detectadas predominantemente colinoso, dominado por durante el recorrido. Cada grupo de huellas especies como Jarava ichu, Festuca se determinó como un solo registro orthophylla y Festuca dolichophylla (Carrillo et al., 2000) para evitar una principalmente. La evaluación se hizo en el sobreestimación (Fernández, 2005). Se cerro Quenacoto. En la zona se observó la utilizó el índice de abundancia relativa presencia de pequeñas lagunas altoandinas, propuesto por (Litvaitis et al., 1994). en el que temporalmente se observa 14 R. GUTIERREZ y A. CANALES Revista. Investig. (Esc. Post Grado) V 5, Nº3 퐀퐛퐮퐧퐝퐚퐧퐜퐢퐚 퐫퐞퐥퐚퐭퐢퐯퐚 con un termómetro digital Tomkey 16 MB 퐍° 퐝퐞 퐢퐧퐝퐢퐜퐢퐨퐬 (with calibration certificate). = 퐱ퟏퟎퟎ 퐦 퐫퐞퐜퐨퐫퐫퐢퐝퐨퐬 Dónde: Dieta alimenticia N° de indicios = número de huellas, La recolección de fecas fue en forma plumas, o excrementos encontrados sobre mensual.
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