DOCSLIB.ORG

中国科技论文在线 Available Online at Agricultural Sciences in China SCIENCE @DIRECT* 2006, 5(10): 793-797 October 2006

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
中国科技论文在线 Available Online at Agricultural Sciences in China SCIENCE @DIRECT* 2006, 5(10): 793-797 October 2006 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Agricultural Sciences in China SCIENCE @DIRECT* 2006, 5(10): 793-797 October 2006 Seasonal Change of Loline Alkaloids in Endophyte-Infected Meadow Fescue TONG De-wen[-2,WANG Jin-yil, Brain Patchettz and Ravi Gooneratne2 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China ZAgriculture and Life Sciences Division, Lincoln Universiiy, P.O. Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand Abstract Lolines are a group of saturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids that possess broad bioactivity against a wide array of herbivorous insects. However, they do not exhibit toxicity to ruminants such as cattle and sheep. In order to study the direct and potential physiological effects on ruminants and the mechanism of insecticidehsectifuge, the distribution of loline alkaloids in endophyte-infected meadow fescue and the seasonal change of the distribution were analyzed. The crowns, roots and leaves of endophyte-infected meadow fescue at its four different growth periods, i.e., spring, summer, early autumn and late autumn, in New Zealand were colleted. After powdering, organic solvent extraction and purification by column chromatography, all loline alkaloid samples were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with 4-phenylmorpholine (PM) as an internal standard. The analytic results showed that the loline contents in the roots, crowns and leaves of endophyte-infected meadow fescue vary with seasons. Even within the same season, the distribution of lolines in endophyte-infected meadow fescue varies. During summer, lolines mainly existed in the leaves and roots, but in early autumn, they are produced in the crowns. It was concluded that, lolines were mainly produced in the leaves and roots of endophyte-infected meadow fescue. In gas chromatographic analysis, N-formylloline, the major component of loline alkaloid in the plant, was employed to assay the alkaloids. Key words: Festuca pratensis Huds., loline alkaloids, gas chromatography In many temperate pasture grasses infected by INTRODUCTION endophyte, such as tall fescue and meadow fescue in- fected with Acremonium uncinatum, loline alkaloids can Loline alkaloids (Powell and Petroski 1992a, b) are a accumulate to levels up to 2% plant dry matter. The group of pyrrolizidine alkaloids that have an unusual investigation of loline alkaloids in pasture grasses was structure, containing three heterocyclic rings in a first conducted after cattle grazing on Festuca strained arrangement. The loline group of pyrrolizidines arundinacea, in which a development lameness known is comprised of saturated 1-amino pyrrolizidines with as “fescue foot”, and subsequent reports of abdominal various substitutes on the 1-amino group and an oxy- fat necrosis and increased respiration were followed gen bridge between C, and C,. Naturally, lolines occur (Paul et al. 2001). in endophyte-infectedLolium cuneatum (Dannhardt and Loline alkaloids are structurally unique saturated Steindl 1985), Festuca arundinacea (Richard and pyrrolizidines containing an amino substituent at C- 1 Donald 2003), Adenocarpus decorticans (Richard and and an ether linkage between C-2 and C-7; they do not Donald 2003) and Argyreia mollis (Tofen et al. 1999). appear to occur naturally as N-oxides. Lolines possess ~ ~ ~ Received 14 March, 2006 Accepted 12 September, 2006 TONG De-wen, Associate Professor, Ph D, Tel: +86-2947091192, E-mail: tdw41149nwsuaf.edu.cn 82006.CA4S.AllrightsreserVed.PublishedbyElsevkrLM. 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 7 94 TONG De-wen et al. broad bioactivity (Adriana and Alicia 1997) that pro- ergovaline, peramine and lolitrem B, and tall fescue give vides their host plantdgrasses with biological protec- rise to ergovaline, peramine and loline (Fig.2). tion from herbivorous insects. More importantly, they Ergovaline and lolitrem B are toxic to ruminants. do not cause classical pyrrolizidine toxicity since they By employing capillary gas chromatography, the dis- lack the requisite unsaturation between C-1 and C-2 tribution of lolines in the roots, crowns and leaves, and and the esterified acid moiety (TePaske et al. 1993). the fluctuation of the distribution during its four growth Studying on loline distribution in grasses and its bio- periods were analyzed and the results are discussed in logical activity is a very effective approach to improve this paper. the quality of pasture grasses, as well as to protect grasses from insects. The biosynthesis of lolines in MATERIALS AND METHODS grasses was studied by Spiering et al. (2002). Paul et al. (2001) synthesized (+)-loline via a pathway that employed intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of an Plant material acy lnitrosodiene. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) (Justus et Infected meadow fescue (F. pratensis, Fig.3) plants al. 1997), one of the prominent pasture grasses that and seeds were either collected in New Zealand, or were grow under cool, moist conditions, and tolerates wet artificially infected with endophytes (Neotyphodiurn and occasionally flooded soils, was infected by the en- uncinaturn) via meristem wounding of 1-week-old seed- dophytic fungus, Neotyphodiurn uncinatum (Petroski lings using the method of Latch and Christensen (Siege1 et al. 1990) in New Zealand and produces its related et al. 1990). Endophytes, isolated through the use of alkaloids. In contrast to the other two main pasture potato dextrose agar, were identified as Neotyphodium grasses (perennial ryegrass and tall fescue) (McLeod uncinaturn (Fig.3). et al. 2001) in New Zealand, endophyte-infected Meadow fescue plants were grown in 10-cm plastic meadow fescue only produced loline alkaloids, such as pots in a greenhouse (winter 17-21°C, summer 24- N-formylloline, N-acetylnorloline, N-methylloline, N- 28°C) and maintained by dividing older plants and acetylloline, norloline and N-formylnorloline (Fig. 1). repotting them in a mixture of one part soil (Maury silt Endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass contains loam) and three parts PRO-MIX BR every four to six R' Rz Rt RZ N-R' N-formylloline (1) HC=o CH3 N-acelylnorloline (2) CH$=O H loline (3) CH3 H N-methylloline (4) CH3 CH3 N-acetylloline (5) CH3C=0 CH3 norloline (6) H H N-formylnorloline (7) HC=O H Fig. 1 Loline alkaloids (saturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids). Ergovaline Peramine Lolitrem B Fig. 2 Ergovaline and peramine isolated from perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, and lolitrem B from perennial ryegrass. 02006.CAAS. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Seasonal Change of Loline Alkaloids in Endophyte-Infected Meadow Fescue 795 Fig. 3 Festuca pratensis and Neotyphodium uncinatum. months. Most, but not all plants were routinely trimmed twice with 10 mL dichloromethane for 22-24 h. After to reduce excess foliage. Plants were fertilized biweekly removing the solid residues through a Whatman No. 41 in winter and weekly in summer with a dilute solution filter paper, the filtrate was treated with a 3-mL Baker of soluble fertilizer (317 mg L-I of N-P-K). column, which was prepared by 1 mL dichloromethane/ Meadow fescue samples used for the lolines analysis methanol (75:25, v/v). The extract filtrate (1.0 mL) were harvested at four different growth periods, i.e., was applied to the column, and then was eluted with 3 spring, summer, early autumn and late autumn. In or- mL dichloromethane/methane (75:25, v/v), 1 mL der to study the distribution of loline alkaloids in meadow dichloromethane/methanol/ NH,OH (75:25:0.05, v/v), fescue at its different growth periods, we also collected 3 mL methanol/ NH,OH (1005, v/v), respectively. All samples from different parts (i.e., leaf, root and crown) alkaloidal solutions were collected and combined of meadow fescue plants. By conjunction with the together, and then were kept in a refrigerator at 4°C previous labeling methods, the samples used for final prior to gas chromatography analysis. analysis were labeled as MI.,,MI., MIS, M,,, MZr, RH,.c, RH,.,, qr,RH,.c7 RH,.,, RH,.r and RH,.c9 Capillary GC analysis respectively. All the samples were air-dried at ambient tempera- Loline analysis was out in a Model 6890 gas ture and powdered to pass through a OS-mm mesh chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, PA, USA) and were stored at -20°C prior to extraction. equipped with a flame ionization detector. The injector was maintained at a temperature of 220°C and pres- Standards sure 115 kPa. Detector temperature was 250°C. The separation was done in fused-silica capillary wide-bore Standard Festuca pratensis bulk seed was used as a (0.53-mm) HP-1 columns 10-m, with a film thickness reference sample. 4-phenylmorpholine (PM) was pur- of 2.65 pm. Split-vent flow rates were 1 mL 18 s-I for chased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI, 5-m column. The initial oven temperature was 100°C. USA and used as an internal standard in gas chromato- After 2 min, a 6°C min-I gradient was applied to reach graphic analysis. 220"C, and this temperature was maintained for 30 min. The carrier gas was helium at 20 mL min-I. Hydrogen Alkaloid extraction flow rate was 30 mL min-', and air was 400 mL min-I. A volume of 1.5 pL of loline solution was injected into Ground meadow fescue material (1 .O g) and the inter- the GC system. The process was repeated three times nal standard, 4-phenylmorpholine (0.3 g) were extracted per sample. (02006, CAAS. All Chts reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 796 TONG De-wen et al. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION phyte-infected meadow fescue. Fig. 5 presents the results of the distribution of lolines in endophyte-infected meadow fescue and the change After being infected by the endophyte, Neotyphodium in distribution at different growth periods obtained from uncinatum, meadow fescue will produce loline alkaloids. the gas chromatography analysis. In order to minimize In order to study the distribution of lolines in the plant and the fluctuation of the distribution within its growth periods, infected samples were analyzed by capillary PA: gas chromatography.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Gene Clusters for Insecticidal Loline Alkaloids in the Grass-Endophytic Fungus
    Genetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on January 16, 2005 as 10.1534/genetics.104.035972 1 1 Gene Clusters for Insecticidal Loline Alkaloids in the Grass-Endophytic Fungus 2 Neotyphodium uncinatum 3 4 Martin J. Spiering*, Christina D. Moon*1, Heather H. Wilkinson† and Christopher L. 5 Schardl* 6 7 *Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546- 8 0312 9 10 †Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College 11 Station, Texas 77843-2132 12 13 1Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, 14 United Kingdom 15 16 Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the GenBank database under 17 accession nos. AY723749, AY723750 and AY724686. 18 2 18 Running title: Loline alkaloid gene clusters 19 20 Key words: alkaloids, biosynthesis genes, pyrrolizidines, RNA-interference, symbiosis 21 22 Corresponding author: Christopher L. Schardl, Department of Plant Pathology, 23 University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, 24 KY 40546-0312, USA. Email [email protected]; Tel 859-257-7445 ext 80730; Fax 859- 25 323-1961 26 3 26 ABSTRACT 27 Loline alkaloids are produced by mutualistic fungi symbiotic with grasses, and protect 28 the host plants from insects. Here we identify in the fungal symbiont, Neotyphodium 29 uncinatum, two homologous gene clusters (LOL-1 and LOL-2) associated with loline- 30 alkaloid production. Nine genes were identified in a 25-kb region of LOL-1, and 31 designated (in order) lolF-1, lolC-1, lolD-1, lolO-1, lolA-1, lolU-1, lolP-1, lolT-1, and 32 lolE-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Occurrence in Crop Plants
    molecules Review Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Occurrence in Crop Plants Sebastian Schramm, Nikolai Köhler and Wilfried Rozhon * Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (N.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-8161-71-2023 Academic Editor: John C. D’Auria Received: 20 December 2018; Accepted: 29 January 2019; Published: 30 January 2019 Abstract: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are heterocyclic secondary metabolites with a typical pyrrolizidine motif predominantly produced by plants as defense chemicals against herbivores. They display a wide structural diversity and occur in a vast number of species with novel structures and occurrences continuously being discovered. These alkaloids exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, tumorigenic, and neurotoxic activities, and thereby pose a serious threat to the health of humans since they are known contaminants of foods including grain, milk, honey, and eggs, as well as plant derived pharmaceuticals and food supplements. Livestock and fodder can be affected due to PA-containing plants on pastures and fields. Despite their importance as toxic contaminants of agricultural products, there is limited knowledge about their biosynthesis. While the intermediates were well defined by feeding experiments, only one enzyme involved in PA biosynthesis has been characterized so far, the homospermidine synthase catalyzing the first committed step in PA biosynthesis. This review gives an overview about structural diversity of PAs, biosynthetic pathways of necine base, and necic acid formation and how PA accumulation is regulated. Furthermore, we discuss their role in plant ecology and their modes of toxicity towards humans and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Intermediate Steps of Loline Alkaloid Biosynthesis
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 INTERMEDIATE STEPS OF LOLINE ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS Jerome Ralph Faulkner University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Faulkner, Jerome Ralph, "INTERMEDIATE STEPS OF LOLINE ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS" (2011). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 209. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/209 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION JEROME RALPH FAULKNER THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY 2011 INTERMEDIATE STEPS OF LOLINE ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS DISSERTATION A dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Jerome Ralph Faulkner Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Christopher L. Schardl, Professor Plant Pathology Lexington, Kentucky 2011 Copyright © Jerome Ralph Faulkner 2011 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION INTERMEDIATE STEPS OF LOLINE ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS Epichloë species and their anamorphs, Neotyphodium species, are fungal endophytes that inhabit cool-season grasses and often produce bioprotective alkaloids. These alkaloids include lolines, which are insecticidal and insect feeding deterrents. Lolines are exo-1- aminopyrrolizidines with an oxygen bridge between carbons 2 and 7, and are usually methylated and formylated or acetylated on the 1-amine. In previously published studies lolines were shown to be derived from the amino acids L-proline and L-homoserine.
    [Show full text]
  • Enzymes from Fungal and Plant Origin Required For
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Chemistry Faculty Publications Chemistry 12-22-2014 Enzymes from Fungal and Plant Origin Required for Chemical Diversification of Insecticidal Loline Alkaloids in Grass-Epichloë Symbiota Juan Pan University of Kentucky, [email protected] Minakshi Bhardwaj University of Kentucky, [email protected] Padmaja Nagabhyru University of Kentucky, [email protected] Robert B. Grossman University of Kentucky, [email protected] Christopher L. Schardl University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_facpub Part of the Chemistry Commons Repository Citation Pan, Juan; Bhardwaj, Minakshi; Nagabhyru, Padmaja; Grossman, Robert B.; and Schardl, Christopher L., "Enzymes from Fungal and Plant Origin Required for Chemical Diversification of Insecticidal Loline Alkaloids in Grass-Epichloë Symbiota" (2014). Chemistry Faculty Publications. 59. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_facpub/59 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemistry at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemistry Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Enzymes from Fungal and Plant Origin Required for Chemical Diversification of Insecticidal Loline Alkaloids in Grass-Epichloë Symbiota Notes/Citation Information Published in PLOS One, v. 9, no. 12, article e115590, p. 1-19. © 2014 Pan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Loline Alkaloid Production by Fungal Endophytes of Fescue Species Select for Particular Epiphytic Bacterial Microflora
    The ISME Journal (2014) 8, 359–368 & 2014 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/14 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Loline alkaloid production by fungal endophytes of Fescue species select for particular epiphytic bacterial microflora Elizabeth Roberts and Steven Lindow Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA The leaves of fescue grasses are protected from herbivores by the production of loline alkaloids by the mutualist fungal endophytes Neotyphodium sp. or Epichloe¨ sp. Most bacteria that reside on the leaf surface of such grasses can consume these defensive chemicals. Loline-consuming bacteria are rare on the leaves of other plant species. Several bacterial species including Burkholderia ambifaria recovered from tall fescue could use N-formyl loline as a sole carbon and nitrogen source in culture and achieved population sizes that were about eightfold higher when inoculated onto plants harboring loline-producing fungal endophytes than on plants lacking such endophytes or which were colonized by fungal variants incapable of loline production. In contrast, mutants of B. ambifaria and other bacterial species incapable of loline catabolism achieved similarly low population sizes on tall fescue colonized by loline-producing Neotyphodium sp. and on plants lacking this endophytic fungus. Lolines that are released onto the surface of plants benefiting from a fungal mutualism thus appear to be a major resource that can be exploited by epiphytic bacteria,
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Loline Alkaloids and Mycelial Biomass in Endophyte-Infected Schedonorus Pratensis by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
    microorganisms Article Determination of Loline Alkaloids and Mycelial Biomass in Endophyte-Infected Schedonorus pratensis by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Giovanni Cagnano 1,2 , Beatriz R. Vázquez-de-Aldana 3, Torben Asp 2, Niels Roulund 1, Christian S. Jensen 1 and Milton Carlos Soto-Barajas 4,* 1 DLF Seeds A/S, Højerupvej 31, 4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark; [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (N.R.); [email protected] (C.S.J.) 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; [email protected] 3 Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] 4 Cátedras-CONACYT, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, 24520 Campeche, Mexico * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 March 2020; Accepted: 19 May 2020; Published: 21 May 2020 Abstract: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an accurate, fast and nondestructive technique whose use in predicting forage quality has become increasingly relevant in recent decades. Epichloë-infected grass varieties are commonly used in areas with high pest pressure due to their better performances compared to endophyte-free varieties. The insect resistance of Epichloë-infected grasses has been associated with four main groups of endophyte secondary metabolites: ergot alkaloids, indole-diterpenes, lolines and peramine. Concentrations of these alkaloids are usually measured with high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography analysis, which are accurate methods but relatively expensive and laborious. In this paper, we developed a rapid method based on NIRS to detect and quantify loline alkaloids in wild accessions of Schedonorus pratensis infected with the fungal endophyte Epichloë uncinata.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Analysis of Biosynthesis and Roles of Anti-Herbivore Alkaloids Produced by Grass Endophytes
    118 Genetic Analysis of Biosynthesis and Roles of Anti-Herbivore Alkaloids Produced by Grass Endophytes C. L. Schardl, J. Wang, H. H. Wilkinson and K.-R. Chung Abstract A characteristic of seed-borne clavicipitaceous symbionts (endophytes) that mediates their mutualisms with host grasses is production of anti-herbivore metabolites. Ergot alkaloids and indolediterpenes are potent neurotoxins in vertebrates ; saturated 1- aminopyrrolizidines (lolines) and the pyrrolopyrazine alkaloid, peramine, are active against insects. All except lolines are reported to be produced in cultures of fungal endophytes free of plant material. We identified lolines in defined-medium cultures of Neotyphodium un- cinatum. We have also developed Epichloe festucae and Epichloe typhina as Mendelian genetic models to test the effects on aphids of lolines and peramine, respectively. In each case, the phenotypic difference of expression or non-expression was apparently governed by a single locus. Genotypes of E. typhina expressing peramine caused killing of greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum) on the host plants. Lolines were associated with killing of both greenbug and bird-cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi). Statistically, the anti-aphid activities of the endophytes were entirely attributable to their alkaloids. Recent progress on genetic control of ergot alkaloid and indolediterpene expression holds promise for analogous tests for roles of these alkaloids in host benefits. Mendelian segregation and molecular knockouts can be used eventually to test the ecological importance of all known endophyte alkaloids in the many established endophyte effects, including increased drought tolerance, competitiveness, resistance to nematodes, and resistance to vertebrate and insect herbivores. Genetic knockouts in endophytes of genes for anti-vertebrate alkaloids will likely become an integral part of forage cultivar development.
    [Show full text]
  • Epichloë Fungal Endophytes—From a Biological Curiosity in Wild Grasses to an Essential Component of Resilient High Performing Ryegrass and Fescue Pastures
    Journal of Fungi Review Epichloë Fungal Endophytes—From a Biological Curiosity in Wild Grasses to an Essential Component of Resilient High Performing Ryegrass and Fescue Pastures John R. Caradus 1,* and Linda J. Johnson 2 1 Grasslanz Technology Ltd., Palmerston North PB11008, New Zealand 2 AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North PB11008, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: The relationship between Epichloë endophytes found in a wide range of temperate grasses spans the continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic. The diversity of asexual mutualistic types can be characterised by the types of alkaloids they produce in planta. Some of these are responsible for detrimental health and welfare issues of ruminants when consumed, while others protect the host plant from insect pests and pathogens. In many temperate regions they are an essential component of high producing resilient tall fescue and ryegrass swards. This obligate mutualism between fungus and host is a seed-borne technology that has resulted in several commercial products being used with high uptake rates by end-user farmers, particularly in New Zealand and to a lesser extent Australia and USA. However, this has not happened by chance. It has been reliant on multi-disciplinary research teams undertaking excellent science to understand the taxonomic relationships of these endophytes, their life cycle, symbiosis regulation at both the cellular and molecular level, and the impact of secondary metabolites, including an understanding of their mammalian toxicity and bioactivity against insects and pathogens. Additionally, agronomic trials and seed biology studies of these microbes have all contributed to the delivery of robust and efficacious products.
    [Show full text]
  • Antifeedant Effects and Repellent Activity of Loline Alkaloids from Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Against Horn Flies, Haematobia Irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)
    molecules Article Antifeedant Effects and Repellent Activity of Loline Alkaloids from Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue against Horn Flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) Javier Espinoza 1,2,* , Manuel Chacón-Fuentes 1,2, Andrés Quiroz 1,2,*, Leonardo Bardehle 1,2,3, Paul Escobar-Bahamondes 4 and Emilio Ungerfeld 4 1 Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; [email protected] (M.C.-F.); [email protected] (L.B.) 2 Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile 3 Departamento de Producción Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile 4 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Vilcún, Región de La Araucanía, Temuco 7500502, Chile; [email protected] (P.E.-B.); [email protected] (E.U.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (A.Q.) Abstract: Haematobia irritans is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of cattle and is the global major pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent upon Citation: Espinoza, J.; broad-spectrum pesticides, which lately has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, Chacón-Fuentes, M.; Quiroz, A.; alternative control methods are necessary. Endophyte-infected grasses have been studied as an Bardehle, L.; Escobar-Bahamondes, P.; alternative due to their capability to biosynthesize alkaloids associated with anti-insect activities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Production of Loline Alkaloids in Artificial and Natural Grass/Endophyte Associations
    Pasture Weeds and Pests 264 THE PRODUCTION OF LOLINE ALKALOIDS IN ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL GRASS/ENDOPHYTE ASSOCIATIONS O.J.-P. BALL and B.A. TAPPER AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North ABSTRACT Infection of grasses by Neotyphodium spp. endophytes is associated with the presence of alkaloids. This study investigated the production of loline alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue, meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass. Most of the grass/endophyte associations were artificially created by inoculating parent plants with different Neotyphodium endophytes. The presence of lolines was dependent upon endophyte species and strain, but host species also influenced which lolines were produced. Concentrations of the different lolines, and the ratio at which they occurred, were also dependent upon endophyte isolate and host species. These findings are significant given that lolines contribute to host resistance against some insect pests. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium, lolines, fescue, ryegrass. INTRODUCTION Infection of pasture grasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) with fungal endophytes belonging to the genus Neotyphodium, confers resistance to the host against a number of insect pests (Popay and Rowan 1994). However, their presence is also associated with a number of health problems in grazing livestock including ryegrass staggers and fescue toxicosis (Fletcher and Easton 1997). Research has indicated that insect resistance and livestock health effects are caused by the presence of alkaloids in infected plants (Dahlman et al. 1991; Fletcher and Easton 1997). In perennial ryegrass infected with N. lolii and tall fescue infected with N. coenophialum, the two most intensively studied grass/ endophyte systems, research has focussed on four alkaloids, or alkaloid groups.
    [Show full text]
  • RNA Applications for Endophytic Research
    RNA applications for endophytic research J.C. Polonio1, A.D. Polli1, J.L. Azevedo2 and J.A. Pamphile1 1Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil 2Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil Corresponding author: J.A. Pamphile E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 15 (3): gmr.15038879 Received June 14, 2016 Accepted July 22, 2016 Published September 19, 2016 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15038879 Copyright © 2016 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 License ABSTRACT. Endophytic microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, have intrinsic relationships with the host plants, involving complex chemical and genetic communication networks. The relationship among these organisms involves the development of regulatory mechanisms of gene expression that control their development and response to different interactions. Although RNA molecules are already being used in studies of microorganism diversity and taxonomy, for example, using comparisons of rRNA regions, they may also be useful tools in the exploration of gene regulation and modeling of other molecules, such as the analysis of microRNA and small interfering RNAs. Transcriptional profile analyses are capable of providing robust information on biosynthetic pathways, genes involved in the interaction and differential production of metabolites by endophytes, using RNA-seq approaches. In-depth studies of RNA types and their functions in endophytes may provide valuable information that can be used for biotechnological manipulation of microorganisms to produce metabolites, bioremediation, biological Genetics and Molecular Research 15 (3): gmr.15038879 J.C.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of NEMATOLOGY Festulolium and Fungal
    JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-076 e2020-76 | Vol. 52 Festulolium and fungal endophyte associations: host status for Meloidogyne incognita and nematotoxic plant extracts Susan L. F. Meyer1,*, Brian J. Patchett2, Timothy J. Gillanders2, Mihail R. Kantor1, Patricia Timper3 Abstract 1 and Margaret H. MacDonald Festulolium hybrids are forage grasses used worldwide in temperate 1USDA ARS Mycology and climates. They are associated with the fungal endophyte Epichloë Nematology Genetic Diversity and uncinata, which aids in nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and Biology Laboratory, Northeast production of metabolites that protect against parasites and Area, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville herbivores. Epichloë uncinata produces loline alkaloids, which can Agricultural Research Center deter insect pests. Festulolium has not been widely studied for (BARC)-West, Beltsville, MD, 20705. susceptibility to plant-parasitic nematodes, so Festulolium lines, with and without fungal endophytes, were tested in the greenhouse for 2 Cropmark Seeds Ltd, 49 Manion host status to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. All Road, RD7 Christchurch, 7677, were poor hosts, regardless of line or endophyte status. Pepper New Zealand. seedlings planted into soil following removal of the Festulolium plants 3USDA ARS Crop Protection and were infected by nematodes, likely because of surviving nematodes Management Research Unit, from the original inoculation combined with some reproduction on Southeast Area, Tifton, GA 31793. Festulolium. Lolines were found in shoots and roots of all endophyte- associated lines, and some types of lolines in roots increased after *E-mail: [email protected] nematode infection. Methanolic extracts from roots and shoots of a This paper was edited by tested Festulolium line did not inhibit egg hatch, but killed nearly a Axel Elling.
    [Show full text]