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5B4b0bf120446ef98673cf7dcbf6 WFL Publisher Science and Technology Meri-Rastilantie 3 B, FI-00980 Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11 (2): 1008-1016. 2013 www.world-food.net Helsinki, Finland e-mail: [email protected] Chinese forest ecosystem research network: A platform for observing and studying sustainable forestry Xiang Niu 1, Bing Wang 1, 2* and Wen J. Wei 3 1 Institute of Forest Ecology and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China. 2 Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network Center, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091,China.3 Liaoning Academy of Forestry, Shenyang 110032, China. *e-mail: [email protected]. Received 29 January 2013, accepted 20 April 2013. Abstract Long-term research network is a power tool for studying the structure and functions dynamics of forest ecosystems at regional, national and global scale. In particular, it is essential to construct such a nationwide network in terms of implementing scientific research and the result-based implication in policy making. Over the last two decades, a great progress has been achieved in the establishment of the Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), with some distinct features relative to other nation-scale networks in the world. Currently, as the largest forest ecosystem research network of a single ecosystem type, CFERN consists of more than 70 stations, covering 49 forest types across the country, which is a platform for observing and studying sustainable forestry. In the arrangement of CFERN stations, crucial geographical, climatic, biological and human factors, such as temperature, moisture, landscape topography, Chinese ecological function zoning, biodiversity hotspots and critical areas of forests, were integrated at the national level. Among CFERN stations, two national-level transects, the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) (heat-based) and West-East Transect of Southern China (WETSC) (moisture-based), were set up, respectively. To efficiently run the CFERN, a series of general guidelines have been developed for station infrastructure construction, biological and environmental monitor, data management and application for local stations. Utilizing the data of CFERN, scientific research results have been achieved and some were used for national- and international-level policy making. All these information of CFERN was systematically introduced in this paper, with great help to scientists, managers, policy makers and the public, who are concerned with the characteristics and functions of China’s forest ecosystems at the national and international scales, especially this network was regarded as a platform which plays a role in communicate with experts in other countries. Key words: Long-term, ecological research, spatial distribution pattern, guideline. Introduction Ecosystems and natural resources have been an integral part of globe 11. The lack of progress is largely due to the separation of the national and global infrastructure for science research and field observation and ecological issues, and transformation from public service, and these properties have guideline for decision small scale to large scale. Although some scientists have realized makers and managers 1. Key cognitive of that few ecosystems are the importance of studying long-term phenomena in ecology, major free of extensive human influence 2. Although many studies have advancement in long-term ecological research has not yet been examined human-nature interactions 3, the complexity of coupled made in many parts of the world 12. The shortage of comprehensive systems has not been well understood 4-5. With the fast and reliable data from Asian regions is a serious impediment to socioeconomic development, the strong negative effects on the understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate and ecological environment emerged, including environmental environmental change 13-15. An increasing number of interdisciplinary deterioration and natural resources destroyed. These serious programs have been integrating ecological and social sciences to consequences resulted from insufficient understanding on study the interactions between human and natural systems 16. complexity coupled of natural system and human. Understanding Meanwhile, network theory has proven to be a fruitful area of and mitigating the consequences of global environmental changes research for examining the interactions between the components of will require an integrated global effort towards comprehensive a system 17. Forest ecosystem long-term research is become more long-term data collection, synthesis, and action 6. The Long-term and more attention in evolving social issues and science questions Ecological Research (LTER) is proposed in 1980 as a groundbreaking calling for sustained and interdisciplinary studies at contemporary. collaborative effort to investigate ecological processes in the As the third largest country in the world, China occupies United States over broad spatial and long temporal scales 7, and approximately 6.5% of the global land area and stretches about also has promoted synthesis and comparative research across 5500 km from north to south and about 5000 km from east to west. sites and ecosystems 8-10. Across the country, there are a variety of topographies, climates, Addressing global climate change has become an increasingly soils and anthropogenic disturbances, resulting in a great diversity important issue influencing ecosystem management around the of forest ecosystems in terms of composition, structure and 1008 Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013 function. In order to exemplify these spatially and temporally greatly in a number of respects, including forest, grassland, extensive and multifaceted changes to ecology, long-term research agriculture, wetland and multi-type ecological network. As a forest is essential for ecologist and relevant major’s scientists. As declared network of the largest number in single ecosystem type in the by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations world, CFERN has experienced considerable changes over its (FAO) in March 2010, China is one of the five most forest-rich development, the history can be briefed as follows. In fact, countries in the world, and its large tree-planting program accounts ecologist dedicated to the ecological research in the late 1950s. At for most of the recent gains in forest area 18. Chinese Forest that time, biogeographic methodology of the former Soviet Union Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN) is a platform for scientists was adopted and the first research site was established in Sichuan to understand ecological environments influenced by human activity Province. Subsequently, an initial phase of specific site-scale and and the responses of global changes. Meanwhile, it can support a short-term observation and research were started. In the 1970s, series of observation data as cornerstone for ecological research long-term observation and research at forest ecosystem station and policy-making. For instance, the largest areas of forests not was initiated along with the adoption of ecosystem theory and only provide timber but also supply ecosystem services for human, monitoring methods refer to Europe and the United States, but and several studies showed the high value of forest ecological the network research was not started. As the increasing of forest services 19-22. To quantify the value of forest ecosystem service ecosystem stations, the network of observation and research has accurately, it needs to know the ecological processes depends on been enlarged since 1992, and CFERN was established official at CFERN, such as forest structure and functions, human and natural the same time, only 11 forest ecosystem stations included of the system, always some phenomenon cannot be investigated by means network. Until 2000, there are 15 forest stations exist belong to of disparate studies conducted at individual sites or in short periods CFERN. Which were located in different vegetation regions (Table 1). of observation. Over the past several decades years, as a major component of In this article we describe the missions and its history of CFERN, the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS), the International highlight the characteristics and development concept of CFERN Long-Term Ecological Research network (ILTER), the Environmental as a platform for research. We pay particular attention to the CFERN’s Change Network (ECN) and the AsiaFlux regional research network, spatial distributed pattern and its planned strategy to 2020. We CFERN has played an important role in research both domestically introduced the two main transects to addressing scientific issues and abroad, which can be considered as an efficient platform for across the broad temporal and spatial gradients, which are the all scientists pursuing relevant ecological research. Currently, there North–South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) and the West- are 70 stations of the CFERN (Fig. 1), which is the largest network East Transect of Southern China (WETSC). Also, we elucidate the with the quantity and forest types in single ecosystem types. criterion systems should be followed from station establishment, Extensive observational data on ecosystem features such as field observation and research, data management to data hydrological, pedological, atmospheric and biological elements is applications. To do so, network study must be reinforced with spatial acquired through CFERN’s
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