DOCSLIB.ORG

The House Fly

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The House Fly Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Volume 8 Number 12 1967 Article 5 1-1-1967 The house fly Clee Francis Howard Jenkins Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4 Part of the Entomology Commons, and the Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Jenkins, Clee Francis Howard (1967) "The house fly," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 8 : No. 12 , Article 5. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol8/iss12/5 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INSECT PESTS THE HOUSE FLY (Musca domestic ) By C. F. H. JENKINS, M.A., Government Entomologist MANY insects are so commonly associated with man and his dwellings that they may almost be called domesticated. In olden days the presence of these insects was accepted as a matter of course, but present knowledge shows that many of them can be important disease carriers while others may cause damage to food and clothing. There is no more widely known pest or LIFE HTISTORY disease carrier than the house fly. Volumes A single fly may lay from five to twenty have been written dealing with its habits batches of eggs, each batch containing and control, but it still remains one of from 75 to 150 eggs. The elongated light- the most important problems of the medi­ coloured eggs measure about l-25th of an cal entomologist. The name "common inch in length and take from eight to 24 house fly" is quite an appropriate one, for hours to hatch under optimum conditions. the insect is cosmopolitan. The small white maggot grows rapidly and There are several local flies which closely passes through a number of instars or resemble the house fly and are often con­ stages, each stage being marked by a fused with it. The two commonest are the moulting or shedding of the skin and an bush fly (Musca vetustissima), and the increase in size. stable fly (Stornoxys calcitrans). Both are small greyish flies about the size of the house fly, but they seldom come indoors. The species which pesters one when on a country walk and clusters thickly on one's back is not, as popularly believed, the house fly, but the bush fly. The stable fly may be quickly recognised by its stiff piercing mouth parts and its "bite" for again contrary to the popular idea, the house fly never "bites." Description of adult fly The adult house fly measures about a quarter of an inch in length and has transparent wings. The body is greyish and the thorax is characteristically marked with four dark longitudinal stripes. These stripes distinguish the house fly from the '/ bush fly, for in the latter each pair of dark tripes converges towards the base to form The house fly (enlarged) a Y-shaped mark. (After Gibson and Twinn) 503 Journal of Agriculture, Vol 8 No 12 1967 When fully grown the maggot passes RELATION TO DISEASE through an inactive pre-pupal stage, dur­ The house fly exemplifies one of the ing which no feeding is done and after simplest types of disease transmission by which it buries itself in the soil to pupate. insects, the role of the fly being merely The larval stage may cover from three that of a mechanical carrier. As already to five days in favourable weather and stated, flies infest and breed in all manner the pupation time an equal period. From of refuse such as garbage, damp lawn the figures quoted it will be evident that clipping, human excreta, and various types the house fly can complete its life cycle of manure. Under such circumstances in a little over a week. A further period they have every opportunity of coming of from seven to fourteen days normally in contact with disease-contaminated elapses however before a female can lay material, tiny portions of which may eggs, so that the interval between succes­ either be swallowed or carried about sive generations is about three weeks. adhering to the hairs of the legs and body. HOW LONG DO HOUSE FLIES LIVE? Bearing in mind the house flies' liking It must be clearly understood that the for sugar, milk and other foodstuffs, it is time taken to complete any particular not difficult to understand how easily even stage may be greatly protracted by cold or a single fly can contaminate food and other adverse weather conditions. The drink by merely settling on them. larval stage, for instance, may extend The habit of regurgitating a drop of fluid over a month or more under certain cir­ in order to moisten certain foods offers an cumstances, consequently an adult fly can additional means of contamination since emerge in a week or several months from viable bacteria are known to have occurred the time of egg laying, according to in "fly specks." In order to emphasise the whether conditions are favourable or potentialities of the house fly as a disease otherwise. Furthermore, the adult fly itself carrier, may be quoted the fact that a may live for a period of weeks or months single insect has been known to carry well according to conditions. If these particu­ over 6,000,000 bacteria. lars are kept in mind the old question, Amongst the diseases carried by the "Where do the flies go in the winter house fly are typhoid, cholera, various time?" offers little difficulty. Much of the population dies out if conditions are par­ types of dysentery and ophthalmia and ticularly adverse but a portion survives in tuberculosis. No further propaganda than various stages of development and is able the above list should be required for an to bring about a rapid build up of numbers anti-fly campaign, and yet only too often when the opportunity arises. the matter is given but scant attention. HOW FAR DO THEY FLY? Control Normally house flies do not range very SANITATION far afield although under certain circum­ The first essential for fly control is strict stances they may travel several miles sanitation. This applies not only to the down-wind. One investigation in America involving the release of 54,000 marked immediate vicinity of dwellings, stables house flies showed that 1,216 were re- and dairies but to the disposal of garbage, caught within half of a mile of the release lawn clippings, fowl manure and other centre, 272 between one and four miles organic matter which only too often is distant, and only four at a distance of piled in some out of the way corner or eight miles. This and other experiments, shovelled into a shallow pit. If garbage coupled with general observations, indicate is buried it should be treated with an that when flies are numerous, the breed­ insecticide if already fly struck and covered ing source is usually close at hand. with at least a foot of compacted soil. WHERE DO THEY BREED? GARBAGE TINS House flies will breed in almost any type of decaying organic material, but they are Garbage tins should have close fitting particularly attracted to all types of lids and all materials should be wrapped animal manures, compost heaps, lawn before disposal. Moist waste should not be clippings and kitchen garbage. placed in garbage cans. Mi Journal of Agriculture, Vol 8 No 12 1967 COMPOST can only be obtained if the necessary It is not generally realised that lawn attention is also given to general hygiene clippings and various other garden refuse and the disposal of garbage, manure and can breed house flies if left in a neglected other fly breeding media. On no account heap. Where composting is not carried out should baits and sprays be used as alter­ grass cuttings should be spread out thinly natives to the more fundamental methods over the garden where they will dry quickly of control, as the indiscriminate use of and cause no fly hazard. If a compost pit chemicals may finally lead to the develop­ is used then the clippings should be put ment of insecticide resistant flies, and so, immediately into the pit and covered wtih to the intensification rather than the relief a layer of soil to keep off flies. of the fly problem. Where fowls are kept, the droppings Space Sprays (for indoor use) should be cleaned up daily before fly in­ festation has occured and either spread (i) Pyrethum -f synergist = rapid out thinly to dry, or placed in a compost knockdown. No residual action. pit with a thin covering of soil. (Concrete (ii) Pyrethum + synergist and residual sided pits or boxes with fly proof covers additive (e.g., DDT, Methoxychlor, lin­ are satisfactory for composting, but they dane) = rapid knockdown plus some should be actually fly proof and not just residual action. a roughly covered container to which flies have easy access. Baits (i) Impregnated mats and crystal baits STABLE MANURE (containing Dipterex, Diazinon, DJD.V.P.*, Manure should be collected and disposed etc.), may be used inside or outside—near of daily by thin spreading. Where this is resting sites. not possible, fly breeding may be reduced (ii) Bait sprays (Dipterex, Diazinon, by tightly packing the material on a con­ Malathion, etc). These materials are gen­ crete base with a 6 in. ditch containing erally used at 0.1 per cent, concentration water surrounding the heap.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Insect Succession Pattern on Decomposing Pig Carcasses In
    Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 153, 2019 31 INSECT SUCCESSION PATTERN ON DECOMPOSING PIG CARCASSES IN TASMANIA: A SUMMER STUDY by Paola A. Magni, J. David North, Melle Zwerver, Ian R. Dadour (with one text- igure, two plates and one table) Magni, P.A., North, J.D., Zwerver, M., Dadour, I.R. 2019 (14:xii). Insect succession pattern on decomposing pig carcasses in Tasmania: a summer study. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 153: 31–38. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.153.31 ISSN 0080–4703. Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia (PAM, IRD). Murdoch University Singapore, King’s Centre, 390 Havelock Road, Singapore 169662 (current address: PAM). Tasmania Police Forensic Services, 37–43 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia (JDN). Tasmania Police, Devonport Police Station, 24 Wenvoe Street, Devonport, Tasmania 7310, Australia (MZ). *Author for correspondence: Email: [email protected]. Insect succession has been studied around the world using the predictable and mostly sequential arrival pattern of different insect species that are attracted to a decomposing carcass. In cases of suspicious death of humans and animals, carrion insects may be used to assist in crime scene reconstruction. The present research represents the first study in forensic entomology to be undertaken in Tasmania, investi-gating insect succession patterns on decomposing pig carcasses and providing a preliminary database of forensically important insects. Six pig carcasses were placed in two contrasting locations (rural and urban) in northern Tasmania. Insect successional waves were recorded over a 40-day study during the austral summer season.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Control of the Trachoma Vector Musca Sorbens
    Durham E-Theses Ecology and control of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens Emerson, Paul Michael How to cite: Emerson, Paul Michael (2001) Ecology and control of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3995/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Ecology and control of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens Paul Michael Emerson The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Department of Biological Sciences University of Durham Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, December 2001 EcoBegy and control of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens Paul M. Emerson The work described in this thesis was conducted in rural Gambia and builds a body of evidence incriminating the fly Musca sorbens as a vector of the blinding disease, trachoma, which is caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.
    [Show full text]
  • Selecting New Kinds of Dung Beetles for Better Bush Fly Control
    Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Volume 25 Number 3 1984 Article 14 1-1-1984 Selecting new kinds of dung beetles for better bush fly control T J. Ridsdill-Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4 Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Ridsdill-Smith, T J. (1984) "Selecting new kinds of dung beetles for better bush fly control," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 25 : No. 3 , Article 14. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol25/iss3/14 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. • Dung beetles By T. J. Ridsdill Smith, CSIRO Division of Biological control shredding fresh dung. Entomology, Perth Biological control is a strategy by which other Native dung beetles are found in south-western living organisms are used to control a species Australia, but they are largely restricted to that has become a pest. Once the introduced areas of natural uegetaf ion where they feed on species is successfully established, it is dung pellets of marsupials. self-perpetuating. When European man cleared the land, planted Dung beetles and bush fly larvae both feed in pastures and introduced cattle, he created a dung. When beetles are abundant in a dung pad new type of environment which did not suit they compete with the flies which are then killed most native beetles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Colour on the Numbers of Houseflies Resting on Painted Surfaces
    THE EFFECT OF COLOUR ON THE NUMBERS OF HOUSEFLIES RESTING ON PAINTED SURFACES By D. F. WATERHOUSE* [Accepted for Publication September 22, 1947] Summary A simple technique for determining the preference of houseflies for surfdces of various colours is described. This consists of liberating adults into a Peet·Grady testing chamher fitted with movable coloured corners. The numbers of flies rest· ing on the coloured corners are recorded at intervals to provide adequate data for comparison. The ascending order of preference for the particular colours lested was white and sky hlue (equal) ,light grey, green, yellow and medium grey (equal), dusky hIue, and red. From measurements of the visual reflectances of the various colours it was found. that the order of preference could he explained. largely hy a reaction to the intensity of the light reflected hy the coloured surfaces, darker surfaces heing preferred to lighter surfaces. I. INTRODUCTION Colour perception in insects has been reviewed extensively by Weiss (1943, 1944, 1946), who points out' that most of the available information indicates that light intensity is more important than wavelength' in producing reactions. However, von Frisch and others have shown that, for bees at least, there is a definite wavelength discrimination (Wigglesworth 1939). The present tests were initiated when a proposal was made during the war that army kitchens and hospitals should be painted dark blue to repel flies. While it is well known that the common bush fly, Musca vetustissima, will not enter darkened rooms, the reaction of the housefly, M. domestica, is quite dif­ ferent. Thus there is a general trend in the evidence of Freeborn and Berry (1935) and Atkeson et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Bionomics of the Dog Dung Fly, Musca Sorbens Wiedemann, in Hawaii 12 Ronald F
    Vol. XXIII, No. 3, February, 1981 375 Bionomics of the Dog Dung Fly, Musca sorbens Wiedemann, in Hawaii 12 Ronald F. L. Mau,MinoruTamashiro, and WallaceC. Mitchell Department of Entomology university of hawaii, honolulu, hawaii 96822 Musca sorbens Wiedemann (Diptera: Muscidae) is a dung breeding fly which occurs in the Ethiopian, Oriental, and some tropical and subtropical areas of the Palearctic region. The fly has also been recorded from many Pacific islands among which are Guam, Kwajalein, Ebeye, Aitutaki, Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Hawaii. The larvae develop in various types of animal feces. Human, dog, pig, horse, cattle, and water buffalo dung are common breeding sources. In Hawaii, larval habitats include dog, cat, bovine, horse, goat, and pig dung (Yu 1971). Dog and cat dung were reported to be excellent sources for lar val development when compared with cattle dung (Mau 1978). The dog dung fly was discovered in Hawaii in 1949 (Joyce 1950). Wilton (1963) reported that there were many complaints about annoying flies where M. sorbens was present. By 1970, complaints about flies were widespread and numerous, and subsequent surveys by Department of Health entomologists indicated that much of the problem was directly attributable to activities of the dog dung fly. In order to develop and implement control procedures, detailed infor mation on the biology and seasonal abundance was needed. This paper presents the results of biological studies. Materials and Methods Rearing, A laboratory culture was established from field collections of adults from several locations on Oahu and maintained using the following procedures. Flies were provided daily with sliced beef liver beginning the second day following emergence and continuing for 3 days thereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • Bushflies (DPI Vic)
    May, 1995 Bushflies AG0410 Richard Crow, Burnley ISSN 1329-8062 Expiry date: May, 1998 The bushfly (Musca vetustissima) is a native fly found all cattle, sheep, and native animals is preferred. Only fresh over Australia. It is often confused with the housefly. The dung is attractive and the female usually feeds on this bushfly does not bite but is a persistent outdoor pest that before laying her eggs. causes irritation to people and animals. An egg-laying female attracts other females, so many thousands of eggs may be laid in one place. The eggs hatch in less than eight hours in hot weather. The larvae quickly emerge, burrow into the dung and begin feeding. They grow rapidly, passing through three stages, each marked by shedding of the skin. The length of the larval period, like the egg stage, is controlled by temperature and takes about five days. Maggots of the bushfly cannot survive at temperature below 120C. The fully-grown larvae leave the dung at night and bury themselves in the soil where they form pupae. Adult bushfIles emerge from three to 18 days later. They reach Figure 1. The bushfly (Musca vetustissima) sexual maturity after about three days, but the females Appearance and identification mate and lay eggs only after obtaining a feed of protein, mainly from the dung and body fluids of animals. The adult bushfly is about 6 mm long and has one pair of colourless, transparent wings. The body is grey with black The adult bushfly lives for from two to 11 weeks, markings on the abdomen, of which the first segment is depending on temperature and availability of food and completely black.
    [Show full text]
  • OECD/OCDE 228 Adopted: 29 July 2016
    OECD/OCDE 228 Adopted: 29 July 2016 OECD GUIDELINEFOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS Determination of Developmental Toxicity to Dipteran Dung Flies(Scathophaga stercoraria L. (Scathophagidae), Musca autumnalis De Geer (Muscidae)) INTRODUCTION 1. This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of the test chemical on the development of dung dwelling life stages of dung-dependent dipteran species. In this test, insects are exposed under controlled conditions [1] to the test chemical spiked into the dung. An extended test, in which the flies are exposed to dung originating from livestock treated with the test substance, is described in ANNEX 4. 2. Scathophaga stercoraria L. (Scathophagidae) and Musca autumnalis De Geer (Muscidae)) are considered to be suitable indicator species for estimating the developmental toxicity of parasiticides on dung dependant Diptera for the following main reasons: Collectively, the species cover a wide geographic range. S. stercoraria and M. autumnalis are widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. By including a Musca-species the area which is covered by this guideline is extended: For example, the Australian species M. vetustissima could be tested in the same way as M. autumnalis, while S. stercoraria is not occurring there. Despite some overlap, the two species differ in their temperature preferences: S. stercoraria avoids temperatures >25° and has been found in Iceland and at high altitudes in the Alps while M. autumnalis prefers just the opposite. 3. Both species are dung-dependent, are multi-voltine, do not undergo obligate diapause and are easy to culture and have a short life-cycle which makes it possible to determine effects on development and survival in the laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Pest Control 1 Biological Pest Control
    Biological pest control 1 Biological pest control The current scope of this article does not include composting techniques. For these see Composting: Destroying pathogens, seeds, or unwanted plants or Mulch: Mulching (composting) over unwanted plants. Biological control is a method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) using other living organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic types of biological pest control strategies: importation (sometimes called classical biological control), augmentation and conservation. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Types of biological pest control There are three basic types of biological pest control strategies: importation (sometimes called classical biological control), augmentation and conservation.[1] Importation Importation (or "classical biological control") involves the introduction of a pest's natural enemies to a new locale where they do not occur naturally. This is usually done by government authorities. In many instances the complex of natural enemies associated with a pest may be inadequate, a situation that can occur when a pest is accidentally introduced into a new geographic area, without its associated natural enemies. These introduced pests are referred to as exotic pests and comprise about 40% of the insect pests in the United States. The process of importation involves determining the origin of the introduced pest and then collecting appropriate natural enemies associated with the pest or closely related species.
    [Show full text]
  • Bush Flies : Where They All Come From
    Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Volume 25 Number 3 1984 Article 13 1-1-1984 Bush flies : where they all come from J N. Matthiessen Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4 Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Matthiessen, J N. (1984) "Bush flies : where they all come from," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 25 : No. 3 , Article 13. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol25/iss3/13 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ^J*/*2j^^^wmiJm?*d — where they all come from By J. N. Matthiessen, CSIRO Division of Seasonal distribution Entomology, Perth Permanent bush fly populations are found in about half of the agricultural region of south­ western Australia, north-east of a line from The bush fly is a native Australian insect which Dandaragan-Cunderdin-Newdegate. They die breeds in dung and has had its reproductive out in winter south-west of this line because it is opportunities greatly expanded by the too wet and cold for continuous breeding (see introduction of cattle into the country. map). In the agricultural region of south-western Where flies are always present, fewest are found Australia bush flies appear in large numbers in in late winter. After the build-up of populations spring and early summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Excreta, Flies and Trachoma
    A WELL FACTSHEET Excreta, flies and trachoma Text by: Paul Emerson, Technical Editing by: Andrew Cotton Quality assurance by: Sandy Cairncross Edited and produced as a PDF document: May 2020 This factsheet presents evidence on the relationship between the common eye-seeking fly musca sorbens, the eye disease trachoma and the role that environmental health factors (including habitat, climate and sanitation) play in its transmission. Introduction Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis – a micro-organism which spreads through contact with eye discharge from the infected person and through transmission by eye-seeking flies. Trachoma affects about 84 million people of whom about 8 million are visually impaired and repeated infection, if untreated, can lead to blindness. Trachoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness and continues to be a major problem in many of the poorest and most remote rural areas of Africa, Asia, Central and South America. Active disease is most common in pre-school children with prevalence rates as high as 60-90%. It often strikes the most vulnerable members of communities--women and children, with adult women at much greater risk of developing the blinding complication of trachoma than are adult men. The key environmental risk factors are water shortage, flies, poor hygiene conditions, and crowded households (WHO 2006). The eye-seeking fly Musca Sorbens Adult Musca sorbens feed directly from people or on food gathered by people. They lay their eggs on the faeces of people (and their domestic livestock) and they rest at night on the walls of human structures. The close affinity of Musca sorbens to man, coupled with aggressive feeding on substances (ocular and nasal discharges) that may contain Chlamydia trachomatis by females, allow it to be a mechanical vector of trachoma.
    [Show full text]
  • The Requirement for Reassessment of Interactions Among Dung Beetles
    120 Miscellaneous Publication No. 61 Biological Control of M uscoid Flies 121 a greater survival might result through easing of the crowding effect thereby increasing each The Requirement for Reassessment of Interactions Among individual's chance of finding ample food for development. Such dispersal may be quite common Dung Beetles, Symbovine Flies, and Natural Enemies in nature, especiaIly in fields where soil is moist and large populations of dung-burying scarabs have turned underground huge quantities of fresh dung. Macqueen (1975) and Hughes et al. (1978) reviewed several cases in the field where bush fly reductions may have resulted from the activities E.F. Legner of scarab beetles; and Ridsdill-Smith and Mattiessen (1984) give experimental evidence for some Division of Biological Control reduction by endemic and imported scarab beetles. However, the degree ofcontrol was generally University of California very low. Immigration of bush flies from outside the experimental area often tends to confound Riverside. CA 92521. USA the results. The only apparent reduction of noticeable magnitude in density of symbovine flies as a result Abstract of biological control was reported from Fiji involVing a single predator, Hister chinemis Quensel, that was not imported for control of symbovine flies in the first place (Bornemissza 1968). A minor Scarab dung beetles continue to be utilized effectively for biological control of cattle dung, but success apparently occurred in Hawaii, which involved both dung-burying scarab and predatory densities of symbovine Diptera remain unacceptably high. It is now apparent that dung dispersion beetles (Legner (1978b). by these beetles does not always automatically lead to diminished fly abundance under natural There is no question that several species of scarab beetles can attain field population densities field conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects As Biocontrol Agents
    © 2020 JETIR June 2020, Volume 7, Issue 6 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Insects as biocontrol agents Ankita kumari*, 1Prof. Arti prasad, 2Manoj joshi, 2Chetna suvalka, 2Kanishtha acharya 1Professor and Head , Department of Zoology , UCOS , MLSU , UDAIPUR. 2Research Scholar, Lab of Public Health Entomology, Dept of Zoology , UCOS, MLSU, UDAIPUR Abstract An attractive alternative method to chemical pesticides is the insect biocontrol (MBCAs) agents. They are the natural enemies devastating the pest population with no hazard effects on human health and the environment. Like Entomopathogenic fungi has an important position among all the biocontrol agents because of its route of pathogenicity, broad host rang and its ability to control both sap sucking pests such as mosquitoes and aphids as well as pests with chewing mouthparts, yet they only cover a small percentage of the total insecticide market. Improvements are needed to fulfill the requirements for high market share. The biocontrol agent are required to eliminate the chance that the putative impact of the biocontrol agent is not confounded with other causes. Overall, we argue that well replicated and landscape-scale post release monitoring programs are required not only to evaluate critically the degree of success and failure of biocontrol programs worldwide but also to provide insights into improving future biocontrol efforts. Keywords: Biological control, Fungai, Bacteria, Viruses, Predators, Parasitoids, Pathogens. Introduction: - Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.[1] It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role.
    [Show full text]