Organizace a Vybavení Vojska V 15. Století: Paralelní Vývoj Ve Francii, Burgundsku a St Řední Evrop Ě

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Organizace a Vybavení Vojska V 15. Století: Paralelní Vývoj Ve Francii, Burgundsku a St Řední Evrop Ě UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV ČESKÝCH D ĚJIN HISTORICKÉ V ĚDY Jan Biederman Organizace a vybavení vojska v 15. století: paralelní vývoj ve Francii, Burgundsku a st řední Evrop ě Organization and equipment of the army in 15 th century: parallel development in France, Burgundy and in the Central Europe DISERTA ČNÍ PRÁCE VEDOUCÍ DISERTA ČNÍ PRÁCE: doc. PhDr. Martin Nejedlý, Dr. PRAHA 2015 Prohlašuji, že jsem diserta ční práci napsal samostatn ě s využitím uvedených a řádn ě citovaných pramen ů a literatury a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze, dne 28. července 2015 ................................................. Klí čová slova ( česky) organizace vojska – zásobování – zbrojní výroba a výzbroj – palné zbran ě – transport Klí čová slova (anglicky) military organization – food supply – weapons production and armament – firearms – transport Abstrakt Organizace a vybavení vojska v 15. století: paralelní vývoj ve Francii, Burgundsku a st řední Evrop ě Tak jako v jiných epochách, i v pozdním st ředov ěku m ěla na kvalitách vojska klí čový podíl forma vojenské organizace, zajišt ění zásobování, technické možnosti a podmínky transportu a samoz řejm ě i povaha výzbroje. V této souvislosti byly d ůležité také dobové technické možnosti zbrojní výroby, obchodu se zbran ěmi a v neposlední řad ě též p řístup k progresivn ě se rozvíjející složce výzbroje, jíž p ředstavovaly palné zbran ě. Zám ěrem této práce je vzhledem ke zmín ěným tematickým okruh ům komparace oblasti st řední Evropy s důrazem na české zem ě a frankofonního západu Evropy, zastoupeného francouzským královstvím spolu s burgundským vévodstvím. Kone čným cíl zde p ředstavuje hledání rozdílných specifik ve sledovaných regionech a zárove ň detekování shodných trend ů a vliv ů. Abstract Organization and equipment of the army in 15 th century: parallel development in France, Burgundy and in the Central Europe The form of the military organization, providing of food supply, technical possibilities and conditions of transport and, of course, a character of armament had share in qualities of the army during the late Middle Ages as well as in the other eras. In this context were important contemporary technical possibilities of the weapon production, commerce of weapons and last but not least also the attitude to the progressively developed group of weapons - firearms. Purpose of this thesis is comparison of aforementioned themes context between the middle Europe with the emphasis on Bohemian lands and francophone west Europe, presented by the kingdom of France both with the duchy of Burgundy. Final aim of this effort is searching of different specifics in the studied regions together with the detection of identical trends and influences. Na tomto míst ě bych rád pod ěkoval vedoucímu diserta ční práce, doc. PhDr. Martinu Nejedlému, Dr., za odbornou a inspirativní pomoc p ři zpracování tohoto tématu. Dále bych cht ěl pod ěkovat Mgr. Petru Žákovskému, PhD. a Mgr. Pavlu Soukupovi, PhD. za díl čí podn ětné rady a p řipomínky. Obsah 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Stav zpracování tématu, rozbor literatury a pramen ů .......................................................................... 6 3. Organizace vojska – vývoj a trendy .................................................................................................. 11 4. Potraviny a zásobování ...................................................................................................................... 16 4.1. Kultura potravin a stravování pozdního st ředov ěku ................................................................... 16 4. 2. Rostlinná strava ......................................................................................................................... 19 4. 3. Živo čišná strava ......................................................................................................................... 24 4. 4. Nápoje ....................................................................................................................................... 26 4. 5. Role obchodu ............................................................................................................................. 30 4. 6. Úprava potravin a konzervace ................................................................................................... 34 4. 7. Typologie zásobování ................................................................................................................ 38 4. 8. Výživa vojska – celková koncepce a možnosti ......................................................................... 46 4. 9. Vliv zásobování na morálku vojska .......................................................................................... 53 5. Zbrojní výroba a vystrojování – pozadí a kontext ......................................................................... 57 5. 1. Základní p ředpoklady ................................................................................................................ 57 5. 2. Výzbroj pro kontaktní boj ......................................................................................................... 64 5. 2. 1. Me číři, noží ři, čepelníci, hrotníci a ková ři ........................................................................ 64 5. 2. 2. Me če .................................................................................................................................. 71 5. 2. 3. Tesáky ............................................................................................................................... 74 5. 2. 4. Dýky .................................................................................................................................. 75 5. 2. 5. Vrhací sekery a železa ....................................................................................................... 76 5. 2. 6. D řevcové zbran ě ................................................................................................................ 76 5. 2. 7. Sudlice, k ůsy a jejich variace ............................................................................................ 77 5. 2. 8. Partyzány a korseky ........................................................................................................... 78 5. 2. 9. Halapartny ......................................................................................................................... 80 5. 2. 10. Bojové sekery .................................................................................................................. 81 5. 2. 11. Drtivé d řevcové zbran ě .................................................................................................... 81 5. 2. 12. Bodné d řevcové zbran ě ................................................................................................... 83 5. 3. Ochranná zbroj a p říslušenství .................................................................................................. 85 5. 3. 1. Štíta ři ................................................................................................................................. 85 5. 3. 2. Brní ři ................................................................................................................................. 88 5. 3. 3. Platné ři a jejich odv ětví ..................................................................................................... 91 5. 3. 4. Textilní prvky zbroje ......................................................................................................... 99 5. 4. Metací osobní zbran ě ............................................................................................................... 101 5. 4. 1. Kuša ři a luka ři ................................................................................................................. 101 5. 4. 2. Luk ................................................................................................................................... 102 5. 4. 3. Kuše ................................................................................................................................. 106 5. 5. Skladování zbraní a zbroje ...................................................................................................... 110 5. 6. Organizace výroby .................................................................................................................. 111 5. 7. Obchod se zbrojním materiálem .............................................................................................. 114 5. 8. Zp ůsoby vystrojování .............................................................................................................. 119 5. 9. Realizace vystrojení a vyzbrojení ............................................................................................ 121 5. 10. Charakter výstroje a regionální rozdíly ................................................................................. 124 6. Palné zbran ě, st řelný prach a munice .............................................................................................. 144 6. 1. Výroba - puška ři a palné zbran ě .............................................................................................. 144 6. 2. Proces výroby .........................................................................................................................
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