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7288-BERR-CST Pathways HowHow academiaacademia andand governmentgovernment cancan workwork togethertogether A report by the Council for Science and Technology October 2008 THE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CST) IS THE PRIME MINISTER’S TOP- LEVEL ADVISORY BODY ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY ISSUES. CST’s remit is to advise the Prime Minister and the First Ministers of the devolved administrations on strategic issues that cut across the responsibilities of individual government departments. CST organises its work around five broad themes (research, science and society, education, science and Government, and technology innovation) and takes a medium to long term approach. CST’s past work profile includes reports on ‘Pathways to the Future: the early careers of researchers in the UK’, Strategic decision making for technology policy, ‘Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: A Review of Government’s Progress on its Policy Commitments’, ‘Health Impacts – A Strategy Across Government’, A ‘Better Use of Personal Information: Opportunities and Risks’; ‘An Electricity Supply Strategy for the UK’; and ‘Policy Through Dialogue: informing policies based on science and technology’. The Council has also provided advice to Government how procurement can drive innovation. The members of the Council are respected senior figures drawn from across the field of science, engineering and technology. The current membership of the Council: Professor John Beddington (co-chair) Professor Sir John Beringer Professor Geoffrey Boulton Professor Peter Davies Professor Dame Janet Finch (co-chair) Professor Alan Gilbert Professor Wendy Hall Dr. Hermann Hauser Professor Alan Hughes Dr. Sue Ion Sir Paul Nurse Sir Keith Peters Dr. Raj Rajagopal Dr. Philip Ruffles Professor Michael Sterling Professor Kathy Sykes Dr. Mark Walport CONTACT Council for Science and Technology Kingsgate House, 66–74 Victoria Street London SW1E 6SW +44 (0)20 3300 8510 [email protected] www.cst.gov.uk HOW ACADEMIA AND GOVERNMENT CAN WORK TOGETHER – A REPORT BY THE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 6 Inhibitors of engagement 8 Recommendations for Government and Academia to enhance the engagement 12 Area 1: Build relationships and communication 13 Area 2: Build capacity to ensure a more productive engagement 16 Area 3: Rate, value and reward the engagement 21 Annex A: Terms of reference for the work 25 Annex B: Interactions between academia and policy making in the US 26 Annex C: Organisations and Individuals contacted by CST 30 1 HOW ACADEMIA AND GOVERNMENT CAN WORK TOGETHER – A REPORT BY THE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Executive Summary A healthy engagement between academics and policy makers is essential to the provision of informed, evidence based, world-class policy making. Academics already play a key part throughout the policy making process, providing advice on a huge number of topics to recipients at all levels of Government. The diversity of the UK’s world-class academic expertise means that it is a formidable resource for policy-makers in the UK. By engaging with policy makers academics become involved in answering some of the most challenging questions faced by the UK, and their ideas contribute to national policy. Our investigation has shown that the engagement between academics and policy makers in the UK is not as strong as it might be. A great deal of goodwill exists on both sides and strides have been taken in recent years to strengthen engagement: in particular through the introduction of Departmental Chief Scientific Advisers and Scientific Advisory Councils, and clear commitments by Government to evidence- based policy. Despite this CST has identified areas on both sides where improvements clearly can and should be made. The UK position is not unique: most countries have difficulties in balancing the relationship between academics and policy-makers. Even where parts of the engagement seem superior in other countries it is often because the political systems are different. For example, the greater flow of academics to and from Government in the US is at least in part due to the absence of a permanent civil service. There are strong parallels between the effort by academics to improve their engagement with Government and the successful transformation of academic engagement with business in recent years, and it is important that the lessons are learned. It is clear that from the discussions we had that there are strong opinions on how to improve Government and academia engagement. The relationship is complex; rather than attempt to list every issue and potential solution we have sought to meet the challenges set by a number of those we talked to: first, to highlight the key inhibitors to good Government/academia engagement, and then to suggest a core set of sustainable actions we believe both sides need to take to improve that engagement. We have identified the following key inhibitors to engagement: G Less than professional working relationships G Ignorance on both sides of what good engagement can deliver G A degree of mistrust between academics and policy makers G Failure to value the relationship We recommend Government and academia take action in three areas: 1. Build relationships and communication Core recommendation to Government and academia: Government departments, Universities, Research Councils and Learned Societies need to work collectively to identify and create a set of exchange mechanisms, including world- class internship and secondment schemes, and promulgate them widely. 3 HOW ACADEMIA AND GOVERNMENT CAN WORK TOGETHER – A REPORT BY THE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2. Build capacity to ensure a more productive engagement Core recommendation to Government: Mechanisms need to be put in place to further empower Departmental Chief Scientific Advisers (DCSAs), Scientific Advisory Councils (SA Councils) and Heads of Analysis to act as the core conduits for capacity- building between academia and Government, in particular by ensuring: (i) Sufficient access to Ministers (ii) Buy-in from Ministers to setting up SA Councils (iii) Wider advertising within the academic community of these bodies Core recommendation to Academia: Universities should seek to improve and professionalise their capabilities and structures for engaging with Government so that they operate more like consultancy organisations, in particular by: (i) Building on their experience of working with business, including concepts such as relationship managers (ii) Considering whether new structures within the university itself might be needed (iii) Utilising appropriate funding sources 3. Rate, value and reward the engagement Core recommendation to Government: Identify criteria to assess quality within the major categories of academic engagement with Government; and identify mechanisms to incentivise each category, in particular: (i) Through the RAE and its successor for publishable outputs (ii) By setting up peer review bodies within Government (jointly with academia) that are capable of assessing both the academic quality of the paper, and its quality and impact in terms of policy making (iii) by investigating whether a more flexible approach could be taken within the RAE/REF so that policy papers could be submitted and assessed both in terms of academic quality and policy value to Government, with appropriate safeguards (iv) By developing a ‘gold standard’ acknowledgement from Government for valued engagement, where this involves non-research and non-publishable outcomes, that could be sent to an academic’s institution and the relevant Research Council. Core recommendation to Academia: Recognise and reward engagement with Government through academic career development, in particular: (i) By rewarding quality in non-research and non-publishable engagements between academia and Government through career progression in the same ways that traditional academic research excellence is rewarded CST also believes that Government should make greater use of bodies such as the Learned Societies, Research Councils and the independent bodies such as the CST, all of which have strong academic links and provide another valuable source of external academic capacity. 4 HOW ACADEMIA AND GOVERNMENT CAN WORK TOGETHER – A REPORT BY THE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The desired outcomes of these recommendations will be: G A culture change leading to greater clarity in the relationship, better interaction, mutual understanding and a more coherent relationship between academia, Government and professional bodies G A more professional, innovative and effective relationship between academia and Government with agreement of where and how to build the necessary capacity G Government-academia engagement being seen as career developing on both sides due to the mechanisms to value and reward the interaction CST believes that by implementing these core recommendations Government and academia will have taken major steps to improve engagement. CST intends to conduct a further study in twelve to eighteen months time to investigate what progress has been made against these recommendations, and will report its findings to Government. 5 HOW ACADEMIA AND GOVERNMENT CAN WORK TOGETHER – A REPORT BY THE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Introduction CST has been commissioned to investigate ways in which the interaction between academia and public policy makers in Government can be improved. This document sets out the CST’s conclusions, which are based on over fifty interviews with academics
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