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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting STATUS OF THE SUGARCANE BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) AND ITS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS IN FLORIDA SUGARCANE AND RICE By ERIK LEONEL ROLDAN SALAZAR A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Erik Leonel Roldán Salazar To my God, family, and friends ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my parents and family for always supporting me throughout all my life and decisions I have made. Numerous graduate student colleagues, interns, staff, and faculty helped in one way or another and I will always be thankful. I will always be grateful for the opportunity of being here and meeting such wonderful people and for allowing me to be their friend. Due to this opportunity I have family all around the world. I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Julien Beuzelin, for all the guidance, respect and help during my master’s project. In addition, I am grateful to my committee members, Drs. Ron Cherry and Matt VanWeelden, for their input and advice. I am pretty sure I will reflect and use most of their advice in my professional career. I would like to thank Donna Larsen, Roberto Ramirez, Mike Karounos, Les Baucum, Kasey Shaber, Gilberto Villareal, Amir Avila, Adrian Alanis, and Daniel Vital for their help in data collection and technical assistance. Jason Williams helped in the identification of ants for my project and provided very useful identification keys. I would like to thank United States Sugar Corporation, Florida Crystals Corporation, and the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida for allowing us the use of their land. Finally, I would like to thank Ann and Gary Hartman for their help getting acclimated to the life in the United States and more importantly in southern Florida. For showing me the American culture and sharing many holidays with me and other international students, I am so grateful. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 10 2 STATUS OF THE SUGARCANE BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN SUGARCANE FIELDS IN FLORIDA....................................................................... 18 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 20 Field Selection .................................................................................................. 20 Soil Characteristic Determination ..................................................................... 21 Diatraea saccharalis Injury, Infestation, and Parasitism Level Determination .. 22 Ant Foraging Activity Determination ................................................................. 22 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................ 23 Results .................................................................................................................... 24 Soil Chemical Composition and Depth ............................................................. 24 In-season and End-of-season D. saccharalis Injury, Infestation, and Parasitism Levels .......................................................................................... 24 Ant Foraging Activity Determination ................................................................. 25 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 27 3 STEM BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) OF FLORIDA RICE FIELDS ..... 39 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 40 Field Selection and Rice Varieties Used .......................................................... 40 Pheromone Trap Monitoring for Eoreuma loftini Adults .................................... 41 Stem Borer Sampling in Rice Fields ................................................................. 41 Results .................................................................................................................... 42 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 43 4 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 47 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 50 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 58 5 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Mean soil chemical composition and depth among Florida sugarcane fields produced on organic and mineral soils. .............................................................. 33 2-2 Statistical comparisons of soil type, sampling date, and the soil type by sampling date interaction for the foraging activity of seven ant species in sugarcane fields produced on organic and mineral soils, Florida, 2017-2018. ... 34 2-3 Linear regressions among the number of foraging ants and SOM content and organic soil depth for seven ant species in sugarcane fields, Florida, 2017- 2018. .................................................................................................................. 35 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Foraging activity of four ant species in sugarcane fields across soil types and sampling dates, Florida, 2017-2018. .................................................................. 36 2-2 Linear regression between the number of foraging N. bourbonica and soil organic matter (SOM) content in sugarcane fields, Florida, 2017-2018. ............. 37 2-3 Linear regression between the number of foraging S. invicta and organic soil depth in sugarcane fields, Florida, 2017-2018. ................................................... 37 2-4 Linear regression between percentage of foraging S. invicta and organic soil depth in sugarcane fields, Florida, 2017-2018. ................................................... 38 3-1 Locations of 60 commercial rice fields selected for stem borer sampling, Florida, 2017-2018 ............................................................................................. 46 7 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science STATUS OF THE SUGARCANE BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) AND ITS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS IN FLORIDA SUGARCANE AND RICE By Erik Leonel Roldán Salazar May 2019 Chair: Julien Beuzelin Major: Entomology and Nematology The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), feeds on sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southern United States. The insect was considered a major pest of sugarcane in Florida until a biological control program was implemented in the mid-1990s. In Florida rice, the insect has not been reported as a pest. However, the status of D. saccharalis under current sugarcane and rice production practices has not been the focus of recent research. In 2017 and 2018, approximately 30 commercial sugarcane and rice fields were sampled for D. saccharalis and natural enemies. In sugarcane, each field was scouted four times during the summer of each year by inspecting 100 randomly selected stalks. Plants injured by D. saccharalis were observed in one and two fields in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In both years, only one live D. saccharalis larva was collected. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was the dominant predaceous ant species recorded during the study. In rice, each field was sampled once during the summer of each year. At each of ten locations, all plants within three 1-m2 quadrats were inspected. Plants injured by D. saccharalis were observed in 38% and 30% of fields in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2017, plants 8 exhibiting D. saccharalis injury averaged 0.024 plants/m2, with infestation levels averaging 0.006 larvae or pupae/m2. In 2018, injury and infestation levels averaged 0.062 plants/m2 and 0.023 larvae or pupae/m2, respectively. Results suggest that D. saccharalis pest pressure in Florida sugarcane and rice is extremely low. 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is Florida’s most valuable field crop with an annual production value that can exceed $600 million. This crop is commercially grown in southern Florida in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) and neighboring regions surrounding the southern half of Lake Okeechobee (USDA 2017, Rott et al. 2018). The EAA is known for its rich organic soils, also known as histosols or muck soils, whereas neighboring regions have mineral, sandy soils (Baucum et al. 1992). Most of commercial sugarcane is produced on organic soils (74% of the acreage) whereas the remaining acreage is produced on mineral soils (VanWeelden et al. 2017). The EAA was transformed from wetlands to agricultural land, and this change has affected the sustainability of the organic
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