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SANDHILL CRANE Grus Canadensis Original1 Prepared by Martin Gebauer

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SANDHILL CRANE Grus Canadensis Original1 Prepared by Martin Gebauer SANDHILL CRANE Grus canadensis Original1 prepared by Martin Gebauer Species Information upper throat, and black primaries. Young are more brownish and without a bare forehead patch Taxonomy (Godfrey 1986; NGS 1999). Of the 15 crane species in the world (Sibley 1996), two Distribution breed within North America: Sandhill Crane (Grus Global canadensis) and Whooping Crane (Grus americana) (NGS 1999). Early literature recognized three The Sandhill Crane is restricted to North America subspecies of Sandhill Crane (AOU 1957), however, breeding primarily from the northwestern United more recent literature recognizes six subspecies: States (e.g., northwestern California, Nevada, and Lesser (G. canadensis canadensis), Canadian (G. Oregon) and the Great Lakes area north to Alaska, canadensis rowani), Greater (G. canadensis tabida), and the Northwest Territories including Baffin and Florida (G. canadensis pratensis), Cuban (G. canadensis Victoria Islands. Resident populations breed in the nesiotes), and Mississippi (G. canadensis pulla) Mississippi River delta, Florida and southern (Walkinshaw 1973, Tacha et al. 1992) of which the first Georgia, and Cuba (Tacha et al. 1992). Sandhill three subspecies occur in British Columbia (Cannings Cranes winter from central California, southeastern 1998). Arizona east to central Texas, in scattered areas of the Gulf Coast and southern Florida, and south to The Lesser Sandhill Crane is a common migrant the states of Sinaloa, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Durango, through British Columbia, as is the Greater Sandhill and Veracruz in Mexico (Tacha et al. 1992; Howell Crane and possibly the Canadian Sandhill Crane and Webb 1995; Drewien et al. 1996). breed. The Greater Sandhill Crane is thought to be the subspecies breeding in the Lower Mainland, the British Columbia Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, the The Sandhill Crane has a widespread breeding Hecate Lowlands, and interior areas of the province distribution in British Columbia, although the (Campbell et al. 1990). Some authors have ques- breeding distributions of the three separate sub- tioned the splitting of Greater and Canadian species is not well understood. Known breeding Sandhill Cranes into separate subspecies since a areas include much of the central Interior, the continuum in morphology and random pairing Queen Charlotte Islands, the central mainland coast, among the supposed subspecies has been Mara Meadows near Enderby, East Kootenay, demonstrated (Tacha et al. 1992). northeastern British Columbia near Fort Nelson, Description and at Pitt Meadows and Burns Bog in the Lower Mainland (Gebauer 1995; Cooper 1996). The These large grey birds are perhaps most often Greater Sandhill Crane is thought to breed through- confused with the morphologically similar, but out most of the Interior, whereas the Canadian taxonomically different, Great Blue Heron Sandhill Crane is thought to breed on the coast (Ardea herodias). Sandhill Cranes can be distin- (Cooper 1996) but may also breed in the central guished by their large size, overall grey colouration Interior and northeast (Littlefield and Thompson (often stained with rusty colouration), with dull red skin on the crown and lores, whitish chin, cheek and 1 Volume 1 account prepared by J. Cooper. 1 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 1 2 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 1979). Lesser Sandhill Cranes occur in the province in IDF: dk1, dk1a, dk1b, dk2, dk3, dk4, mw1, mw2, large numbers primarily during migration, but may mw2a also breed in the northeast (Cooper 1996). Stopover MS: all points for migrating Sandhill Cranes include White PP: all Lake in the south Okanagan, Lac Le Jeune in the SBPS: dc, mc, mk, xc Kamloops area, Becher’s Prairie near Williams Lake, SBS: dk, dw1, dw2, dw3, mc, mc1, mc2, mc3, mh, the Kispiox Valley north of Smithers, Nig Creek mk1, mk2, mw northwest of Fort St. John and Liard Hot Springs in north-central British Columbia (Campbell et al. Broad ecosystem units 1990). BB, BG, BS, CB, CF, ES, ME, OW, RE, SS, TF, WL Forest region and districts Elevation Coast: Campbell River, Chilliwack, North Coast, Breeding: sea level to 1220 m North Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, South Non-breeding: sea level to 1510 m Island, Squamish (Campbell et al. 1990) Northern Interior: Fort Nelson, Kalum, Mackenzie, Nadina, Peace, Prince George, Skeena Stikine, Life History Vanderhoof Southern Interior: 100 Mile House, Arrow Diet and foraging behaviour Boundary, Cascades, Central Cariboo, Chilcotin, Sandhill Cranes are opportunistic foragers, feeding Headwaters, Kootenay Lake, Okanagan Shuswap, on both animal (primarily invertebrates) and plant Quesnel, Rocky Mountain foods (Walkinshaw 1973; Mullins and Bizeau 1978; Ecoprovinces and ecosections Ballard and Thompson 2000). In Nebraska, cranes BOP: CLH, HAP, KIP, PEL feeding in cornfields ate >99% corn whereas those feeding in native grasslands and alfalfa fields CEI: BUB, CAB, CAP, CHP, FRB, NAU, NEU, QUL, WCR, WCU consumed 79–99% invertebrates (Reinecke and Krapu 1986). Invertebrates consumed by cranes in COM: CPR, CRU, FRL, HEL, KIM, KIR, NAB, NAM, NIM, NPR, NWL, OUF, QCL, SKP, Nebraska included earthworms, beetles, crickets, WIM, WQC grasshoppers, cutworms, and snails. In Idaho, plants GED: FRL, LIM, NAL made up 73% of the total food consumption of summering cranes, and insects and earthworms NBM: LIP, TEB, TEP made up the remaining 27% (Mullins and Bizeau SBI: BAU, ESM, MAP, MCP, NEL, NHR, PAT, 1978). Large flocks of staging cranes feeding on SHR agricultural grain crops has lead to crop depredation SIM: BBT, CAM, EKT, QUH, SCM, SFH, SHH, in some areas (Tacha et al. 1985; McIvor and SPM, UCV, UFT Conover 1994a, 1994b). Other foods taken by SOI: GUU, NIB, NOB, NTU, OKR, SHB, SOB, Sandhill Cranes include crayfish, voles, mice, frogs, STU, TRU, (THB – eastern end only) toads, snakes, nestling birds, bird eggs, berries, and TAP: ETP, FNL, MAU, MUP, PEP, TLP carrion (Cooper 1996). Biogeoclimatic units Reproduction BG: all BWBS: dk1, dk2, mw1, mw2 Dates for 20 clutches in British Columbia ranged from 2 May to 25 June with 50% recorded between CDF: mm 9 and 24 May. Clutch size ranged from one to three CWH: all eggs with 84% having two eggs (Campbell et al. ICH: all 1990). Dates from two nests in British Columbia 3 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 3 suggest an incubation period of 33–34 days (Campbell are occasionally seen in the Barkley Sound and et al. 1990), more than the 28–32 days reported by Johnstone Strait regions. The main passage of Ehrlich et al. (1988). Dates for 47 broods in British migrants occurs in early April, whereas the autumn Columbia ranged from 15 May to 1 September with movement peaks in October (Campbell et al. 1990). 57% recorded between 15 June and 15 July. Sizes of Birds using the coastal route (~3500) are suspected 46 broods ranged from one to two young with 72% of of nesting in the coastal islands of British Columbia the broods having one young (Campbell et al. 1990). and southeast Alaska (Campbell et al. 1990). In the Fledgling period ranges from 65 to 70 days (Ehrlich et central Interior, the migration route follows the al. 1988; Campbell et al. 1990). Replacement clutches Okanagan Valley to Peachland, then over Chapperon may be laid if the first clutch is lost within an interval Lake and the Kamloops area, through the central of about 20 days (Nesbitt 1988). Chilcotin-Cariboo, over the Fraser Plateau following the Bulkley and Kispiox valleys, past Meziadin Lake Site fidelity and into southeastern Alaska. Between 22 000 and Drewien et al. (1999) found that radiomarked Sandhill 25 000 birds are thought to use this route (Campbell Cranes of the Rocky Mountain population exhibited et al. 1990). The main spring movement is at the end strong site fidelity to summer and winter grounds of April, with the main passage in the fall from late during successive years, and that juveniles apparently September to early October. Known stopover points learned traditional use patterns from parents. Tacha et include White Lake in the south Okanagan, Lac Le al. (1984) found that individuals (particularly Jeune, Becher’s Prairie west of Williams Lake, and established pairs) consistently returned to the same the Kispiox Valley north of Hazelton (Campbell et wintering grounds. However, preliminary data in al. 1990). In northeastern British Columbia, between central British Columbia suggest that site fidelity of 150 000 and 200 000 birds move through the Peace breeding pairs between years is not strong (Cooper River area on their way to Alaskan and Siberian 1996). breeding grounds (Kessel 1984; Tacha et al. 1984), generally passing over Nig Creek and Cecil Lake Home range (Campbell et al. 1990). Spring migration occurs Sandhill Crane territories at Grays Lake, Idaho, with from late April to early May, whereas fall migration the densest known nesting concentrations, averaged is generally during the second and third weeks of 17 ha (Drewien 1973). At Malheur National Wildlife September (Campbell et al. 1990). Reserve (NWR), territories averaged approximately After hatching, young leave the nest and forage with 25 ha (Littlefield and Ryder 1968). Walkinshaw their parents around the perimeter of the natal (1973) found average territory sizes ranging from wetland, primarily in sedge meadows. Once young 53 to 85 ha in Michigan. Territory sizes of cranes have fledged, localized congregations occur in pre- nesting in British Columbia have not been migration staging areas (Gebauer 1995). In the fall determined. at Burns Bog, cranes moved from roosting areas Movements and dispersal within the Bog to agricultural fields for foraging each day, moving distances of 2–4 km (Gebauer Three migration routes are known in British 1995). Lewis (1975) found the average distance of Columbia, each of which is used in spring and flight movements between feeding and roosting autumn: coastal, central Interior, and northeastern areas to range from 2 to 16 km.
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