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Late Prehistoric Subsistence in the Strait of Georgia Region Of LATE PREHISTORIC SUBSISTENCE IN THE STRAIT OF GEORGIA REGION OF THE NORTHWEST COAST Diane Kay Hanson A.A. Anchorage Community College 1975 B.A. Western Washington State College 1977 M.A. University of Alaska, Fairbanks 1981 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department 0 f Archaeology @Diane K. Hanson SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY April 1991 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Abstract Zooarchaeological data reported from twenty-two Developed Coast Salish horizon (1500 years before present to European contact) sites in the southern Strait of Georgia region were compared with subsistence information from regional ethnographies in an attempt to discover whether the ethnographic record is an accurate portrayal of 1ate prehistoric subsistence. Additional data coll ected during the 1984 and 1985 excavations from DeRt 1 on Pender Island, British Columbia were included in the comparisons. Cluster analyses of the zooarchaeological data showed that sites excavated in a similar manner tended to fall in the same cluster, indicating that archaeological methods were strongly i nfl uenci ng perceptions of regional subsistence patterns. Mammal assembl ages were dominated by ungulates and canids. The dominance of wapiti on main1 and sites contradicts the ethnographic record, which stated that wapiti were a staple only on Vancouver Island. Sea mammals were a minor component of the mammal assemblages. Not surprisingly, waterfowl were the most commonly identified birds recovered from the sites. As predicted from the ethnographic record, salmonids figured prominently, and were identified in all Strait of Georgia sites. In sites in which column samples were taken and sediments screened through fine-mesh screens, herring appeared to be more common than indicated from assembl ages coll ected using coarser screens. She1 1fish frequency data were not usually provided. iii While the ethnographic records were useful for understanding general subsistence patterns, there were some differences between the ethnographic and the archaeological record. The greatest differences were between ethnographic accounts of fishing activities and the archaeological fish assembl ages. True cods, scul pins and perches were more important in some sites than expected based on the ethnographic information, while ha1 i but was less important. This suggests that there was a change in the economic importance of these species associated with the introduction of the commercial fishing industry which emphasized salmon. The focus on salmonids in the Northwest Coast 1i terature has apparently obscured the contribution of other animals which may have played a larger part in the subsistence of late prehistoric Southern Strait of Georgia people. Acknowledgments Many people have contributed to the completion of this project and I am deeply indebted to each of them. Volunteers and workers who collected, processed and sorted columns, and numbered bones include Bryan Snow, Tony Boggis, Avrom Digance, Teresea Doucette, Dave Maxwell, Wayne Hood, Dietmar Stoll, John Breffitt, and Denise Lauritano in no particular order. Tina van Gaalen has contributed a significant amount of her time to this project and her diligence was appreciated. Rebecca Wigen, at the University of Victoria, and Darlene Bal kwi 11 of the Zooarchaeol ogi cal Identification Centre, National Museums of Canada, gave permission to use the collections, freely gave advice when it was needed and helped with puzzling identifications. Other people who gave permissions to use the collections for which they were responsible were Maria Rutzmoser, Curator of Mammals, Raymond A. Paynter, Curator of Birds and Karsten Hartel, Curatorial Associate of Fishes all of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, David Nagorsen of the Royal Museum of British Columbia, and Dick Cannings of the Vertebrate Museum at the University of British Columbia. Ingrid Nystrom and Andrew Barton have been of particular assistance in obtaining materials, funding, and space to work. Intellectual aid for this project has come from Pam Ford, Karla Kusmer, Murielle Nagy, Brian Chisholm, Wendy Unfreed, Joanna Casey, Larry Titus, Beth 0' Leary and many of the people already mentioned above. The Department of Sociology and Anthropology at New Mexico State University helped by providing office space as I was writing. Jan Wilson helped with some of the editing. Bob Furilla provided extensive he1 p with editing, drafting, computer crises and financi a1 aid. A1 len F. and Kay D. Hanson have also provided considerable financial aid during the final part of this project. Funding during the excavations and laboratory work came from the Presidents Research Grant, and the Graduate Stipend from Simon Fraser University and research assistantships. Funding for the excavations came from the Programmes of Excellence at Simon Fraser University and the Heritage Conservation Branch, Victoria. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Jonathan C. Driver for his continued assistance throughout this study. I thank Dr. Roy L. Carlson for providing the opportunity to work at Pender Canal. I also thank Dr. Knut R. Fladmark for his help during this study. Finally, I thank Dr. David R. Yesner and Philip M. Hobler for their assistance in reviewing this manuscript. - Table of Contents Approval i i Abstract iii Acknowl edgements v Table of Contents vii List of Tables xi ii List of Figures xv i Chapter 1: The Study of Regional Subsistence Analysis of subsistence in the Strait of Georgia Ethnographic and ethnohistoric analogy Interassembl age vari abil i ty Non-cul tural sources of variation Taphonomy Cultural sources of variabil i ty Archaeological Sources of variability The Site Recovery Techniques Analysis and Quantification Purpose Chapter 2: The Southern Strait of Georgia Cl imate Biogeography Prehistory Ethnography vii History Chapter 3: Developed Coast Salish Phase Sites Vancouver Is1 and Fort Rodd Hi 11 (DcRu 78) Esquimalt Lagoon (DcRu 2) DcRt 1 Cowichan Bay (DeRv 107) Gulf and San Juan Islands Montague Harbour (DfRu 13), Galiano Island Georgeson Bay (DfRu 24), Gal iano Island Helen Point (DfRu 8), Mayne Island Pender Canal (DeRt l), Pender Island Fossil Bay (45 SJ 105b), Sucia Is1 and Cattle Point (45 SJ I), San Juan Island Jekyll 's Lagoon (45 SJ 3), San Juan Island Moore (45 SJ 5), San Juan Island Mackaye (45 SJ 186), Lopez Is1 and The Main1 and Belcarra Park (DhRr 6), Indian Arm Cates Park (DhRr 8), Burrard Inlet St. Mungo (DgRr 2), Fraser River Tait Farm (DhRt 36), Fraser River Delta Crescent Beach (DgRr l), Boundary Bay Tsawwassen (DgRs 2), Fraser River Delta viii Semi ahmoo Spit (45 WH 17), Semi ahmoo Bay 45 WH 9, Birch Bay Discussion Chapter 4: Pender Island Pender Canal Archaeological Investigations Methods Processing the fauna Stratigraphy and chronology Unit 18 Chapter 5: Results of faunal analyses from Pender Canal (DeRt 1) Mammal s Birds Fish Shel 1fish Col umn samples Unit 18 contexts Shel 1 contexts Ash contexts Dark midden contexts Subsistence at DeRt 1 Chapter 6: Mammals Insectivores Lagomorphs Rodents Sciuridae Voles (Mi crotus sp. ) Peromyscus sp. House mouse (& musculus) Beaver (Castor canadensi s) Muskrat (Ondatra zi bethicus) Porcupine (Erethi zon dorsatum) Carnivores Canidae Bears (Ursus sp.) Raccoon (Procvon lotor) Mustel ids River Otter (Lutra canadensis) and Sea Otter (Enhydra 1utra) Mink and Weasels (Mustela spp.) Marten and Fishers (Martes spp.) Skunks Fel idae Ungulates Deer (Odocoi 1eus sp .) Wapiti or Elk (Cervus ela~hus) Moose (Alces alces) Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus) Ungulate remains from archaeological sites Sea Mammals Pi nni peds (seal s) Cetaceans (Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises) Discussion Chapter 7: Birds Waterfowl Diving Birds Dabbl i ng Ducks Perch i ng Ducks Swans, Geese and Whistling Ducks Wading Birds Gulls and Terns Ocean Birds Birds of Prey Grouse and Ptarmigan Forest Birds Discussion Chapter 8: Fishes Chondrichthyes - the cartilaginous fish Sturgeons Herring, sardines, anchovies, smelt and eul achon Salmon, Trout and Char Batrachoidi formes True cods Perci formes Pl euronect i formes Archaeological remains Chapter 9: Shellfish The Molluscs Bivalves (cl ass Pel ecypoda) Gastropods (cl ass Gastropoda) Chitons (class Amphineura) Tusk Shel 1s (cl ass Scaphopoda) Octopuses and squids (cl ass Cephal opoda) The Crustaceans Barnacl es (order Thoraci a) Crabs (order Decapoda) The Echinoderms Sea Urchins (class Echinoidea) Ethnographic information Shel 1fish remains from Archaeological Sites Chapter 10: Summary and Di scussi on Appendix 1 Bi bl i ography xii List of Tables Developed Coast Salish sites used in Faunal Comparisons 59 Radiocarbon dates from samples collected at DeRt 1 9 1 Levels from trench units separated into associated phases Mammals recovered from DeRt 1 trench and Unit 18 102 Beaver elements identified from DeRt 1 Microtus elements identified from DeRt 1 Canid elements identified from DeRt 1 109 Ungulate elements identified from Unit 18 and the trench of DeRt 1 113 Deer bones showing butchering marks from DeRt 1 117 Delphinid elements identified from DeRt 1 118 Seals identified from DeRt 1 Birds identified from DeRt 1 Fish identified from DeRt 1, Unit 18 Fish identified from DeRt 1, Unit 18 Shellfish from DeRt 1 133 Shell fish from Unit 18 level bags 137 Vertebrates from Unit 6 column (8-mm mesh screen) 140 Vertebrates from Unit 6 column (5.6-mm
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