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Bulletin of the Geological Society of America Vol. 63, Pp BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 63, PP. 96-166, 15 FIGS., 11 PLS. FEBRUARY 1962 MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM THE PERMIAN KAIBAB FORMATION, WALNUT CANYON, ARIZONA BY HALKA CHRONIC ABSTRACT During the summer of 1946, field investigations of the Alpha member of the Permian Kaibab formation were undertaken in the region of Walnut Canyon, south of Flagstaff, Arizona. Excellence of exposures greatly facilitated the measuring of sections and tracing of rock units along the canyon. Specimens were collected for lithologic analyses, and representative fossils secured from several zonules. More extensive fossil collections were made at three exposures several miles north of Walnut Canyon, and at a fourth some 35 miles north. The fauna is analyzed and described, and an attempt is made to in- terpret the environment in which it developed and the conditions under which it was preserved. Environ- mental factors such as depth, salinity, temperature, and turbidity of the water, presence or absence of currents and other agitation, intensity of light, and the nature of the bottom are discussed. Conclusions reached indicate that the fauna, composed largely of mollusks, developed in a warm, shallow, epeiric sea not very far from land. A gradual retreat of the sea probably did not modify the depth of the sea very greatly. From low land to the northeast, fine sediments were brought into the sea, but it is believed that the water was not very brackish, except perhaps for short periods of time. The sea bottom was composed of a silty, clayey, calcareous mud containing abundant shells of dead organisms, and most of the smaller mollusks may well have lived attached to seaweeds and other marine growth, while larger and heavier forms crawled over or burrowed into the mud bottom. Periodic changes of conditions, probably due to oscillations in depth and a corresponding change in the nearness of the shore, brought about local extinction of the fauna and changes in the nature of the sediments. CONTENTS TEXT Figure Page Page 3. Relation of width and pleural angle to Introduction 96 height in Ananias franciscanus 115 Review of literature 96 4. Relation of width and pleural angle to Statement of problem 96 height in Glabrocingulum laeviliratum 117 Acknowledgments 96 5. Position of carinae and selenizone in Stratigraphy 97 Platyworthenia, delicata 121 Physiography and structural geology 97 6. Position of carinae and selenizone in General description of stratigraphy 97 Worthenia corrugata 122 Stratigraphy in the Walnut Canyon region.. 97 7. Relation of width and pleural angle to Descriptions of measured sections 100 height in Murchisonia. geminocarinata 124 Paleontology........ 104 8. Position of selenizone in Murchisonia a 106 geminocarinata, Murchisonia sp, and 9 S ' '' ' ' ' ' ' 111 ' ReTtbn of width;pleural angle,'and height "* Peewpoda136 of aPerture to height> and of heiSht of Scaphopoda 153 aperture to width of aperture, in Glypto- Echinodermata.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 153 - ^acristulata .... 128 Selected bibliography 154 10n- Relation of width and height of aperture to height in Naticopsis kaibabensis 134 H. Relation of width and pleural angle to height in Orthonema f strialonodosum 135 Figure Page 12. Relation of height and convexity to length 1. Location of sections and fossil localities. ... 98 in Nwulana obesa 137 2. Relation of width and height of aperture 13. Relation of height and convexity to length to height in Bdlerophon deflectus 112 in Palaeonucula levatiformis 139 95 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/63/2/95/3441285/i0016-7606-63-2-95.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 96 HALKA CHRONIC—MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM WALNUT CANYON, ARIZONA Figure Page Facing 14. Relation of height and convexity to length Plate page in Rimmyjimina arcula 149 5. Gastropods and crinoids 160 15. Relation of height and convexity to length 6. Pelecypods 161 in Astartella subquadrata 151 7. Pelecypods 162 Facing 8. Pelecypods 163 Plate page 9. Pelecypods 164 1. Gastropods 156 10. Pelecypods 165 2. Gastropods 157 11. Stratigraphic sections of the Alpha mem- 3. Gastropods 158 ber of the Kaibab formation, in the Wal- 4. Gastropods 159 nut Canyon region 166 INTRODUCTION tend to crumble and form soil-covered slopes. In the region around Bottomless Pits, however, Review of Literature there are outcrops of these beds where fossil molds are readily collected. The rocks are ex- A consideration of the fauna and ecology of posed here in an erosion gully and two old rail- the Kaibab formation of northern Arizona road cuts. Supplementary material was was presented by McKee in 1938. His study of obtained from a third locality, 35 miles north. the fossils of the Kaibab, though the most ex- Fossils from this locality are silicified and can tensive yet offered, was directed mainly toward be etched from the limestone in which they analysis and description of the brachiopods of occur. A number of limestone blocks collected the Kaibab and underlying Toroweap forma- and etched at the American Museum yielded tions. The molluscan elements were not de- abundant material for study, and this was sup- scribed. Other discussions of Kaibab fossils plemented by collections loaned by the Museum are scattered and varied. Early collections by of Northern Arizona and by the Grand Canyon Gilbert were described by White (1877; 1879); National Park museum. trilobites from this region were the subject of Localities and beds from which fossils were an article by Joseph Snow (1945); several collected are: pectinids and myalinids were described by Locality 1. Bottomless Pits. T 21 N, R 8 E, Newell (1937); and Nicol (1944) attempted a SW J sec. 17. brief environmental study of elements of the Bed 2—fossils preserved as molds in dolomitic facies discussed in this paper, but no systematic limestone. description of the molluscan fauna has been Bed 9—fossils preserved as molds in dolomitic published. limestone. Locality 2. Railroad cut. T 21 N, R 9 E, SW i Statement of Problem sec. 16. This paper attempts to interpret more ex- Bed 4—fossils preserved as molds in dolomitic actly than has heretofore been done the nature limestone. of the fauna and sediments of the Alpha mem- Locality 3. Rimmy Jim tank. T 27 N, R 9 E, ber of the Kaibab formation in the area of NW i sec. 17. Walnut Canyon, about 8 miles southeast of Fossils silicified in limestone. Flagstaff, Arizona. The area studied is bounded on the southwest by Lake Mary and extends A cknowledgments northeastward about 7 miles, following the stream course. The region around Bottomless The writer expresses her appreciation to Dr. Pits, 3 miles north of Walnut Canyon, is also Norman Newell of Columbia University, Dr. considered (Fig. 1). Siemon W. Muller of Stanford University, and The molluscan fauna of the Alpha member is Mr. Edwin McKee of the Museum of Northern described. In most of the natural exposures in Arizona for guidance and valued suggestions this region, fossil-bearing strata of the Alpha in the preparation of this paper. Thanks are member were not in evidence, apparently be- also due Dr. J. Brookes Knight for many sug- cause fossiliferous beds are very porous and gestions relating to study of the gastropods, Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/63/2/95/3441285/i0016-7606-63-2-95.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 INTRODUCTION 97 Dr. Walter Bucher for aid in sedimentary Throughout the length of Walnut Canyon, aspects of the study, and the writer's husband, as well as at Lake Mary, strata are horizontal Dr. John Chronic, for advice and assistance or very nearly so. Near Bottomless Pits, north and for critical reading of this paper. The of Walnut Canyon, a few degrees of dip were privilege of using the Museum of Northern noted and taken into account when measuring Arizona laboratories during the summers of sections there. 1946 and 1947, and the laboratories of the American Museum of Natural History during General Description of Stratigraphy 1947-1949, is gratefully acknowledged. Per- The stratigraphic relationships of the Kaibab mission to carry on research within Walnut formation as a whole have been described by Canyon National Monument was granted by McKee (1938), who divided the formation the United States National Park Service, and into three members: collections of the Grand Canyon National The lowest, or Gamma, member was laid Park, the Museum of Northern Arizona, and down when the sea was gradually encroaching American Museum of Natural History were upon the land from the west. The dominant made available to the writer. rock type is a fine-grained limestone containing a molluscan fauna. It was deposited in water STRATIGRAPHY which was shallow and probably brackish, not very far from shore as the shore-line migrated Physiography and Structural Geology eastward. It overlies the Toroweap formation, The Kaibab formation forms the surface rock contact between the two being in most places of most of the Colorado plateau in the Grand level, though channelling and evidence of Canyon area. The plateau is cut by numerous slight deformation have been observed. canyons, among which is Walnut Canyon, a The Beta or middle member was deposited narrow gorge some 400 feet deep carved through at the time of the sea's maximum advance. In the entire thickness of the Kaibab formation most areas Beta sediments are pure marine and well into the underlying Toroweap. Al- limestones, but in the Walnut Canyon area the though the stream course is somewhat tortuous, rocks are fine-grained, silty to dolomitic lime- it runs in a general west-to-east direction. stones alternating with beds of chert. The Throughout most of the canyon, steep walls fauna here is dominantly molluscan in contrast and sparse vegetation combine with absence of to a brachiopod fauna farther west.
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