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Xerox University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 >' 1 74-24,299 | BOEKENKAMP, Richard Paul, 1929- GEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 4 DURING THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY. | The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 | Education, sciences [ University Microfilms, A XEROXCompany, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. GEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Richard Paul Boekenkamp, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. Robert B. Sutton Dr. Robert L. Bates Dr. Victor J. Mayer College of Education ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is in part about great teachers. The writer owes a deep debt of gratitude to his adviser, a great teacher - Dr. Robert B. Sutton. His unusual ability in combining a notable intellect, extreme patience and perseverance far beyond the expected, an incomparable sense of humor coupled with a masterful use of examples, stories, illustrations that are managed skillfully to clarify and instruct, insight into the nature and relationships of problems be they historical, educational, scientific, high standards of scholarship, and a genuine concern for his fellowman as students and human beings is, indeed, rare and is to be cherished. Special recognition is due Dr. Robert L. Bates and Dr. Victor J. Mayer for their demonstrated interest in the project and their helpful assistance with constructive advice and criticism. This study would never have been completed had it not been for the efforts of Professors Sutton, Bates and Mayer. Deep appreciation is extended to Professor Aurele La Rocque of the Department of Geology at The Ohio State University whose special interest in and enthusiasm for ii the History of Science contributed in great part to the writer's selection of this topic. He kindly made available for use the notes on Dr. Frederic W. Simonds's lectures on geology during the late 1800's, a work with which Dr. La Rocque has plans for an in-depth study at a later date. Kind remembrance is made of the late Professor Earl W. Anderson who accepted the responsibility for guidance and directing the writer's graduate program in its early stages. The Administration and many colleagues at Widener College, former associates at Franklin and Marshall College and The Episcopal Academy have contributed, in their own way, by encouragement and interest in the success of this study. Sincere appreciation is extended also to the many respondents to the questionnaires, librarians and archivists at Widener College and The Ohio State University and others, some of whom appear in the Bibliography, for more than generous professional assistance with a number of questions and problems characteristic of this type of research. Many thanks are due the typist, Mrs. Elizabeth A. McGonigle who exercised both care in the preparation of the dissertation, and who took more than usual interest in its progress throughout the years. iii Finally, lasting appreciation to Marion and Albert, my parents, for they understood and cared - in their "loving kindness they met me at every corner." IV VITA August 3, 1929.... Born - Ridley Park, Pennsylvania 1950.............. B.S., Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. Major - Geology; Minor - Chemistry 1953-5 4 ........... Rotary Foundation Fellowship for Advanced Study. Academic Year. University of Glasgow, Scotland 1954-6 5 ........... Head, Science Department; Director of Guidance, The Episcopal Academy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1963.............. M.S., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Thesis: "The Stratigraphy of the Sherburne Member (Genesee Formation) of the Cayuga Trough, Central New York" Major - Geology; Minor - Ecology 1964-196 5 ......... Teaching Assistant, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1965-Presen t ..... Assistant Professor, Biology and Earth Science, Widener College, Chester, Pennsylvania FIELDS OF STUDY HIGHER EDUCATION: Dr. Earl W. Anderson (Administration); Dr. Collins W. Burnett (Student Personnel); Dr. Everett J. Kircher (Philosophy); Dr. Robert B. Sutton (History of Education, Comparative Education) GEOLOGY: Dr. Robert L. Bates (Adviser); Dr. Earle R. Caley (History of Chemistry); Dr. Richard P. Goldthwait (Polar and Alpine Studies); Dr. Aurele LaRocque (Paleoecology, History of Geology); Dr. James M. Schopf (Paleobotany); Dr. Edmund M. Spieker (Stratigraphy- Sedimentation, History of Science) V TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................... ü VITA............................................... V LIST OF TABLES.................................... viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................ ix INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 Chapter I. SCIENCE AND GEOLOGY IN AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.................................... 9 II. FORCES AND EVENTS CONTRIBUTING TO AN AWAKENING OF INSTRUCTION IN THE EARTH SCIENCES IN THE 1800's..................... 47 III. SELECTED MAJOR INSTITUTIONS TYPIFYING LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY INSTRUCTION IN THE EARTH SCIENCES........................ 8 6 Birthplace of Geological Instruction in America - Yale University Founded and Cradled by a Geologist - Massachusetts Institute of Technology A New Giant in the Midwest - The University of Chicago IV. GEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE SMALLER COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES................ 121 "Piety and Intellect" - Amherst College More Modest Beginnings - Cornell College, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Lawrence University, Wittenberg University, Franklin and Marshall College V. CONCLUSION................................. 145 VX APPENDIX Page A. Questionnaire................................. 1 5 3 B. Manual of Geology, J.D. Dana .................. 156 C. Henry Augustus Ward Papers............... 160 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND OTHER SOURCES A. Books and Similar Materials................... 161 B. Selected Questionnaires, Correspondence and Other Communications Useful in This study «..................................... 178 vxi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Publication Rate of Articles on North American Geology .......................................... 15 2. Discipline Specialities with the Number of Degrees Granted in Each Category ............... 69 3. Summary of Statistics of Colleges in Which Geology is Taught (1893-1894)................... 74 4. Number of Colleges Beginning the Subject of Geology in Different Years from 1845-1895 .... 75 5. Lists of the Presidents of Colleges Who Taught Geology, Name of College, and the Branches Taught by Each ......................... 76 6 . Ladies Teaching Geology in Colleges in the United States..................................... 76 V l l l LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Classification of Geologic Processes......... 29 2. Classification of Geology..................... 30 3. Graph Showing Date of Admission of Each State and Periods of Active State Geological Surveys to 1900................................. 38 4. Instruction of Geology at Yale 1802-1952..... 89 Plate I. Title Page, Professor Simonds's Lectures..... g2 II. Sample Page, Professor Simond's Lectures..... 63 XX INTRODUCTION This study is a history. It deals in part with the history of geology, but it does not treat of geology specifically as a discipline. Its purpose is to investigate and characterize the state of geological education in institutions of higher learning in the United States
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